1
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Preparation of oriented attapulgite nanofibers using evaporation induced self-assembly. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Acauan LH, Wang H, Zheng Y, Liu M, Maruyama S, Xiang R, Wardle BL. Micro- and Macrostructures of Aligned Boron Nitride Nanotube Arrays. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18178-18186. [PMID: 36314378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) possess a broad range of applications because of several engineering-relevant properties, including high specific strength and stiffness, thermal stability, and transparency to visible light. The morphology of these nanoscale fibers must be controlled to maximize such properties, which can be achieved by synthesizing long aligned arrays of crystalline hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanotubes. Herein, we synthesize high-quality millimeter length, vertically aligned (VA-) BNNTs using free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays as scaffolds. In addition to high optical transparency of the VA-BNNTs, we also demonstrate several micro- and macrostructures of BNNTs via patterning and/or postprocessing of the arrays, including engineering of either disconnected or interconnected tubes in VA-, horizontally aligned (HA-), or coherently buckled BNNTs. The internanotube spacings and interconnections between aligned BNNT can thus be tailored to create BN macrostructures with complex shapes and advantaged morphologies for hierarchical materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Acauan
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongjia Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Zhang L, Biesold GM, Zhao C, Xu H, Lin Z. Necklace-Like Nanostructures: From Fabrication, Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200776. [PMID: 35749232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shape-controlled synthesis of nanocrystals remains a hot research topic in nanotechnology. Particularly, the fabrication of 1D structures such as wires, rods, belts, and tubes has been an interesting and important subject within nanoscience in the last few decades. 1D necklace-like micro/nanostructures are a sophisticated geometry that has attracted increasing attention due to their anisotropic and periodic structure, intrinsic high surface area, abundant transport channels, exposure of each component to the surface, and multiscale roughness of the surface. These characteristics enable their unique electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the advanced research progress on the fabrication strategies, novel properties, and various applications of necklace-like structures. It begins with the main fabrication methods of necklace-like structures and subsequently details a variety of their properties and applications. It concludes with the authors' perspectives on future research and development of the necklace-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gill M Biesold
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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4
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Walker JS, Macdermid ZJ, Fagan JA, Kolmakov A, Biacchi AJ, Searles TA, Walker ARH, Rice WD. Dependence of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Alignment on the Filter Membrane Interface in Slow Vacuum Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105619. [PMID: 35064635 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of slow vacuum filtration (SVF) technology has shown great promise for reproducibly creating high-quality, large-area aligned films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from solution-based dispersions. Despite clear advantages over other SWCNT alignment techniques, SVF remains in the developmental stages due to a lack of an agreed-upon alignment mechanism, a hurdle which hinders SVF optimization. In this work, the filter membrane surface is modified to show how the resulting SWCNT nematic order can be significantly enhanced. It is observed that directional mechanical grooving on filter membranes does not play a significant role in SWCNT alignment, despite the tendency for nanotubes to follow the groove direction. Chemical treatments to the filter membrane are shown to increase SWCNT alignment by nearly 1/3. These findings suggest that membrane surface structure acts to create a directional flow along the filter membrane surface that can produce global SWCNT alignment during SVF, rather serving as an alignment template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zia J Macdermid
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andrei Kolmakov
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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5
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang P, Hou H, Zhao Y. Investigation and optimization of polarization properties of self-assembled carbon nanotube films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:195702. [PMID: 35051913 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4d56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Super-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film has strong anisotropy to light propagation. In order to better integrate the self-assembled CNTs into microelectromechanical system (MEMS) for polarization applications, some inherent impacts on polarization properties of CNT film were investigated. We described the polarization effects of the film thickness variation in detail, giving an optimum thickness range which is around 700-800 nm. The amorphous carbon content of CNT film was reduced by oxidation process where the transmittance increased by almost 4 folds. The alignment of CNT arrangement was optimized from 0.41 (Chebyshev orientation parameter) to 0.54 by manipulating the C2H4flow rate from 54 to 80 sccm. More specifically, a sample possessing a degree of polarization up to 99% and transmittance over 45% was obtained through proper regulations. The validated optimization makes the aligned CNT films more feasible and valuable for the integration of the CNT polarimeters with MEMS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Huwang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery & Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
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6
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Yamamoto D, Karasawa S, Sharma KP, Saida T, Naritsuka S, Maruyama T. Iridium‐Catalyzed Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Alcohol‐Gas‐Source Method Under Low Ethanol Pressure: Growth Temperature Dependence. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
| | - Shusaku Karasawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Saida
- Department of Applied Chemistry Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
- Nanomaterial Research Center Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
| | - Shigeya Naritsuka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
- Nanomaterial Research Center Meijo University Aichi 468‐8502 Japan
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7
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Quantitative Evidence for the Dependence of Highly Crystalline Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Synthesis on the Growth Method. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123461. [PMID: 34947810 PMCID: PMC8706310 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a study quantitatively demonstrating that the method of synthesis (gas phase, fixed bed, non-fixed bed) represents a determining factor in the level of crystallinity in growing single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Using far infrared spectroscopy, the "effective length" (associated with the level of crystallinity) was estimated for CNTs grown using various synthetic methods (lab-produced and supplemented by commercially purchased SWCNTs) as a metric for crystallinity (i.e., defect density). Analysis of the observed "effective lengths" showed that the SWCNTs fell into two general groups: long and short (high and low crystallinity) synthesized by gas-phase methods and all other supported catalyst methods, respectively. Importantly, the "long" group exhibited effective lengths in the range of 700-2200 nm, which was greater than double that of the typical values representing the "short" group (110-490 nm). These results highlight the significant difference in crystallinity. We interpret that the difference in the crystallinity stemmed from stress concentration at the nanotube-catalyst interface during the growth process, which originated from various sources of mismatch in growth rates (e.g., vertically aligned array) as well as impact stress from contact with other substrates during fluidization or rotation. These results are consistent with well-accepted belief, but now are demonstrated quantitatively.
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8
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Li Y. Growth of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes on Substrates Using Carbon Monoxide as Carbon Source. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Thurakitseree T, Kramberger C, Chanlek N, Nakajima H. Possibility of doping nitrogen into single-walled carbon nanotubes by γ-irradiated N2 molecules. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Li Y, Sha J, Sui S, Salvatierra RV, Ma L, Shi C, Liu E, He C, Zhao N. W Clusters In Situ Assisted Synthesis of Layered Carbon Nanotube Arrays on Graphene Achieving High-Rate Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19117-19127. [PMID: 33851817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
W atoms/clusters are employed to in situ assist the development of layered vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs) through hot-filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) with liquid binary Fe3O4/AlOx catalysts. The hot W filament was utilized to in situ evaporate atomic W and form W clusters on Fe catalysts, which have a strong impact on the growth of layered VACNT arrays. The migration and Ostwald ripening of Fe catalysts are found to be suppressed immediately with more W clusters deposition during CNT growth. Through controlling the deposition of W clusters, the electrochemical energy storage performance of as-prepared layered VACNT arrays is also tunable as electrodes of ion-based supercapacitors. The layered VACNT arrays can achieve a high capacity of 83.1 mF cm-2 and possess desirable rate performance due to the suitable hot filament condition (55 W for 90 s). This work provides a new perspective to in-depth understand the behavior of W filament during HFCVD and the significant role of the in situ generated W clusters on the growth of CNTs by maintaining the catalytic activity and structure of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Sha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Simi Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rodrigo V Salvatierra
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Liying Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Enzuo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunnian He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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11
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Rashid H, Sapiee NM, Arsad N, Ahmad H, Bakar AAA, Reaz MI. Fabrication of a carbon nanotube/tungsten disulfide visible spectrum photodetector. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2839-2845. [PMID: 33798162 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional-material-based photodetectors are gaining prominence in optoelectronic applications, but there are certain factors to consider with bulk material usage. The demand for a highly responsive and highly efficient device with an inexpensive fabrication method is always of paramount importance. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are well known, owing to their upheld vigorous structural and optoelectronic characteristics, but to fabricate them at a large scale involves multifarious processes. A visible range photodetector device structure developed using a simple and inexpensive drop-casting technique is reported here. The optoelectronic characteristics of the device are studied with IV measurements under the light and dark conditions by incorporating a thin CNT layer on top of tungsten-disulfide-based heterojunction photodetector to enhance the overall characteristics such as detectivity, responsivity, photocurrent, rise time, and fall time in the visible range of the light spectrum with a violet light source at 441 nm. In the DC bias voltage range of -20 to 20 V, IV measurements are carried out under dark and illumination conditions with different incident power densities. The threshold voltage is recognized at 2.0 V. Photocurrent is found to be highly dependent on the state of the incident light. For 0.3074mW/cm2 illuminated power, the highest responsivity and detectivity are determined to be 0.57 A/W and 2.89×1011 Jones. These findings encourage an alternative fabrication method at a large scale to grow CNTs for the enhancement of optoelectronic properties of present two-dimensional-material-based optoelectronic and photonics applications.
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12
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Yonezawa S, Chiba T, Seki Y, Takashiri M. Origin of n type properties in single wall carbon nanotube films with anionic surfactants investigated by experimental and theoretical analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5758. [PMID: 33707619 PMCID: PMC7952386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the origin of n-type thermoelectric properties in single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films with anionic surfactants via experimental analyses and first-principles calculations. Several types of anionic surfactants were employed to fabricate SWCNT films via drop-casting, followed by heat treatment at various temperatures. In particular, SWCNT films with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant heated to 350 °C exhibited a longer retention period, wherein the n-type Seebeck coefficient lasted for a maximum of 35 days. In x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SWCNT films with SDBS surfactant exhibited a larger amount of sodium than oxygen on the SWCNT surface. The electronic band structure and density of states of SWCNTs with oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, water molecules, sulfur atoms, and sodium atoms were analyzed using first-principles calculations. The calculations showed that sodium atoms and oxygen molecules moved the Fermi level closer to the conduction and valence bands, respectively. The water molecules, oxygen, and sulfur atoms did not affect the Fermi level. Therefore, SWCNT films exhibited n-type thermoelectric properties when the interaction between the sodium atoms and the SWCNTs was larger than that between the oxygen molecules and the SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yonezawa
- Department of Materials Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Chiba
- Department of Materials Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuhei Seki
- Department of Materials Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takashiri
- Department of Materials Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan.
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13
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Kolanowska A, Herman AP, Jędrysiak RG, Boncel S. Carbon nanotube materials for electrocardiography. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3020-3042. [PMID: 35424207 PMCID: PMC8693996 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08679g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as 1D nanomaterials of excellent physicochemical characteristics bring hope to compete and eventually conquer traditional solutions in electrocardiography - one of the most powerful and non-invasive diagnostic tools in cardiac disorders. Our review tracks (from 2008) the development of CNTs as critical components in the systems where CNTs serve mainly as electroconductive fillers hence enable recording electrocardiographs (ECG). The characteristics of the CNT-based ECG systems - mainly to-skin electrodes and in a few cases wiring - covers their electrical and mechanical performance (adhesivity, flexibility, elasticity) and qualitative biocompatibility. By comprehensive analysis of the state-of-art in this field, we intend to indicate the most important challenges for the CNT (and other) materials to be applied in scale-up solution for electrocardiography in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolanowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, NanoCarbon Group Bolesława Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 20 94 +48 32 237 12 72
| | - Artur P Herman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, NanoCarbon Group Bolesława Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 20 94 +48 32 237 12 72
- Department of Semiconductor Materials Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał G Jędrysiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, NanoCarbon Group Bolesława Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 20 94 +48 32 237 12 72
| | - Sławomir Boncel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, NanoCarbon Group Bolesława Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland +48 32 237 20 94 +48 32 237 12 72
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14
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Sugime H, Sato T, Nakagawa R, Cepek C, Noda S. Gd-Enhanced Growth of Multi-Millimeter-Tall Forests of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13208-13216. [PMID: 31674760 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multi-millimeter-tall vertically aligned single-wall carbon nanotube (VA-SWCNT) forests were grown using Fe/Gd/Al2Ox catalyst with high initial growth rate of ∼2 μm s-1 and long catalyst lifetime of ∼70 min at 800 °C. The addition of Gd with a nominal thickness of 0.3 nm drastically prolonged the catalyst lifetime. The analysis of the VA-SWCNT forests by a transmission electron microscope showed that the average diameter of the SWCNTs grown with Gd is constant from the top to the bottom of the forests, while it monotonically increased without Gd. This indicated that Gd suppresses the structure change of the Fe nanoparticles in the lateral direction during the CNT growth. By X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was found that the longer catalyst lifetime with Gd stems from the suppression of the interaction between Fe and C resulting in the smaller structure change of the Fe nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugime
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM) , Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km. 163.5 , I-34149 Trieste , Italy
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
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15
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Yu HT, Yang M, Zhu W, Chang T, Jiang JW. Diameter-dependent polygonal cross section for holey phenine nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:085702. [PMID: 31675728 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab53a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cross-sectional shape of the nanotube is a key factor governing fundamental mechanical properties of the nanotube and the nanotube forest. In contrast to most circular nanotubes, in the present work, we demonstrate that the holey phenine nanotubes have polygonal cross sections with diameter-dependent number of sides. The non-circular cross section is attributed to the high twistability of the continuous C-C chains in the phenine nanotube. Consequently, the phenine nanotube forest has a square lattice structure rather than the regular hexagonal lattice of the carbon nanotube forest, resulting in a smooth buckling process under biaxial compression. The buckling pattern of the phenine nanotube forest is highly ordered with the orientation determined by the initial dislocation that frequently appears in the phenine nanotube forest.
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16
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Walker JS, Fagan JA, Biacchi AJ, Kuehl VA, Searles TA, Hight Walker AR, Rice WD. Global Alignment of Solution-Based Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films via Machine-Vision Controlled Filtration. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7256-7264. [PMID: 31507183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the chemical control (chiral enrichment, length sorting, handedness selectivity, and filling substance) of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Recently, it was shown that large, horizontally aligned films can be created out of postprocessed SWCNT solutions. Here, we use machine-vision automation and parallelization to simultaneously produce globally aligned SWCNT films using pressure-driven filtration. Feedback control enables filtration to occur with a constant flow rate that not only improves the nematic ordering of the SWCNT films but also provides the ability to align a wide range of SWCNT types and on a variety of nanoporous membranes using the same filtration parameters. Using polarized optical spectroscopic techniques, we show that under standard implementation, meniscus combing produces a two-dimensional radial SWCNT alignment on one side of the film. After we flatten the meniscus through silanization, spatially resolved nematicity maps on both sides of the SWCNT film reveal global alignment across the entire structure. From experiments changing ionic strength and membrane charging, we provide evidence that the SWCNT alignment mechanism stems from an interplay of intertube interactions and ordered membrane charging. This work opens up the possibility of creating globally aligned SWCNT film structures for a new generation of nanotube electronics and optical control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Valerie A Kuehl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Howard University , Washington , D.C. 20059 , United States
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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17
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Campo T, Pinilla S, Gálvez S, Sanz JM, Márquez F, Morant C. Synthesis Procedure of Highly Densely Packed Carbon Nanotube Forests on TiN. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040571. [PMID: 30965642 PMCID: PMC6523890 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to obtain high-density single-walled carbon nanotube forests (SWNTs) on conductive substrates for different applications, including field emission. For this, dip-coating was chosen as the catalyst deposition method, to subsequently grow SWNTs by Alcohol Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (AC-CVD). Si (100) was chosen as the substrate, which was then coated with a TiN thin film. By sputtering with Ar, it was possible to generate alternating TiN and Si lanes, with a different wettability and, therefore, a different affinity for the catalysts. As a result, the Mo-Co catalyst was mainly deposited on TiN and not on sputtered-Si, which allowed the selective growth of SWNT forests on the TiN conductive surfaces. These as-synthesized SWNTs were used for field emission measurements in a high vacuum chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Campo
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Pinilla
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santos Gálvez
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Sanz
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Márquez
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, 189 St. Rd. km 3.3, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA.
| | - Carmen Morant
- Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Polymer nanocomposites with improved mechanical and thermal properties by magnetically aligned carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Gao W, Kono J. Science and applications of wafer-scale crystalline carbon nanotube films prepared through controlled vacuum filtration. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181605. [PMID: 31032018 PMCID: PMC6458426 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make an ideal one-dimensional (1D) material platform for the exploration of novel physical phenomena under extremely strong quantum confinement. The 1D character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual CNTs features extraordinary electronic, thermal and optical properties. Since their discovery in 1991, they have been continuing to attract interest in various disciplines, including chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. However, the macroscopic manifestation of 1D properties is still limited, despite significant efforts for decades. Recently, a controlled vacuum filtration method has been developed for the preparation of wafer-scale films of crystalline chirality-enriched CNTs, and such films have enabled exciting new fundamental studies and applications. In this review, we will first discuss the controlled vacuum filtration technique, and then summarize recent discoveries in optical spectroscopy studies and optoelectronic device applications using films prepared by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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20
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Rao R, Pint CL, Islam AE, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S, Meshot ER, Wu F, Zhou C, Dee N, Amama PB, Carpena-Nuñez J, Shi W, Plata DL, Penev ES, Yakobson BI, Balbuena PB, Bichara C, Futaba DN, Noda S, Shin H, Kim KS, Simard B, Mirri F, Pasquali M, Fornasiero F, Kauppinen EI, Arnold M, Cola BA, Nikolaev P, Arepalli S, Cheng HM, Zakharov DN, Stach EA, Zhang J, Wei F, Terrones M, Geohegan DB, Maruyama B, Maruyama S, Li Y, Adams WW, Hart AJ. Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for Synthesis toward Mainstream Commercial Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11756-11784. [PMID: 30516055 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remain critical to realizing many important commercial applications. Here we review recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of SWCNTs and highlight key ongoing research areas and challenges. A few key applications that capitalize on the properties of SWCNTs are also reviewed with respect to the recent synthesis breakthroughs and ways in which synthesis science can enable advances in these applications. While the primary focus of this review is on the science framework of SWCNT growth, we draw connections to mechanisms underlying the synthesis of other 1D and 2D materials such as boron nitride nanotubes and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , U.K
| | - Eric R Meshot
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Nicholas Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Placidus B Amama
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carpena-Nuñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Christophe Bichara
- Aix-Marseille University and CNRS , CINaM UMR 7325 , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nanotube Research Center , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Homin Shin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Francesca Mirri
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University School of Science , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Michael Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Baratunde A Cola
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pavel Nikolaev
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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21
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Thurakitseree T, Kramberger C, Maruyama S. Feedstock-dependent nitrogen configurations of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes in a CVD process. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14579-14585. [PMID: 30027966 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The modification of nitrogen configurations is a viable way to control the electronic properties of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (N-doped SWCNTs). N-doped SWCNTs were synthesized by a conventional chemical vapor deposition process with a mixed carbon/nitrogen (C/N) feedstock. While higher feedstock flow rates promote the formation of encapsulated N2 molecules, lower flow rates show a predominance of pyridinic and graphitic nitrogen structures as revealed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Therefore, the nitrogen doping in the sp2 carbon network can be controlled by the flow rate of the C/N feedstock.
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22
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Sugime H, Ushiyama T, Nishimura K, Ohno Y, Noda S. An interdigitated electrode with dense carbon nanotube forests on conductive supports for electrochemical biosensors. Analyst 2018; 143:3635-3642. [PMID: 29956699 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive interdigitated electrode (IDE) with vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube forests directly grown on conductive supports was demonstrated by combining UV lithography and a low temperature chemical vapor deposition process (470 °C). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of K4[Fe(CN)6] showed that the redox current of the IDE with CNT forests (CNTF-IDE) reached the steady state much more quickly compared to that of conventional gold IDE (Au-IDE). The performance of the CNTF-IDE largely depended on the geometry of the electrodes (e.g. width and gap). With the optimum three-dimensional electrode structure, the anodic current was amplified by a factor of ∼18 and ∼67 in the CV and the chronoamperometry measurements, respectively. The collection efficiency, defined as the ratio of the cathodic current to the anodic current at steady state, was improved up to 97.3%. The selective detection of dopamine (DA) under the coexistence of l-ascorbic acid with high concentration (100 μM) was achieved with a linear range of 100 nM-100 μM, a sensitivity of 14.3 mA mol-1 L, and a limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) of 42 nM. Compared to the conventional carbon electrodes, the CNTF-IDE showed superior anti-fouling property, which is of significant importance for practical applications, with a negligible shift of the half-wave potential (ΔE1/2 < 1.4 mV) for repeated CV measurements of DA at high concentration (100 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugime
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishi Waseda, Shijuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.
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23
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Inoue S, Lojindarat S, Kawamoto T, Matsumura Y, Charinpanitkul T. Spontaneous and controlled-diameter synthesis of single-walled and few-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Suga K, Mori Y, Moritani R, Kaneda M. Combined effects of molecular geometry and nanoconfinement on liquid flows through carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:053109. [PMID: 29906844 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.053109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the geometry effects of diatomic molecules on liquid flows in carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Oxygen molecules are considered as the fluid inside armchair (n,n) (n=6-20) CNTs. The simulated fluid temperature and bulk pressure for the liquid state are T=133 K and ρ_{b}=1346kg/m^{3}, respectively. In the agglomerated molecular cluster, nanoconfinement-induced structural changes are observed. As the CNT diameter decreases, it is confirmed that the flow rate significantly increases with irregular trends (discontinuity points in the profiles). From the discussion of the structure of the agglomerated fluid molecules, it is found that those trends are not simply caused by the structural changes. The main factor to induce the irregularity is confirmed to be the interlayer molecular movement affected by the combination of the molecular geometry and the arrangement of the multilayered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Suga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Rintaro Moritani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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25
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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26
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Raghavendra AJ, Fritz K, Fu S, Brown JM, Podila R, Shannahan JH. Variations in biocorona formation related to defects in the structure of single walled carbon nanotubes and the hyperlipidemic disease state. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8382. [PMID: 28814800 PMCID: PMC5559455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ball-milling utilizes mechanical stress to modify properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including size, capping, and functionalization. Ball-milling, however, may introduce structural defects resulting in altered CNT-biomolecule interactions. Nanomaterial-biomolecule interactions result in the formation of the biocorona (BC), which alters nanomaterial properties, function, and biological responses. The formation of the BC is governed by the nanomaterial physicochemical properties and the physiological environment. Underlying disease states such as cardiovascular disease can alter the biological milieu possibly leading to unique BC identities. In this ex vivo study, we evaluated variations in the formation of the BC on single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) due to physicochemical alterations in structure resulting from ball-milling and variations in the environment due to the high-cholesterol disease state. Increased ball-milling time of SWCNTs resulted in enhanced structural defects. Following incubation in normal mouse serum, label-free quantitative proteomics identified differences in the biomolecular content of the BC due to the ball-milling process. Further, incubation in cholesterol-rich mouse serum resulted in the formation of unique BCs compared to SWCNTs incubated in normal serum. Our study demonstrates that the BC is modified due to physicochemical modifications such as defects induced by ball-milling and physiological disease conditions, which may result in variable biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyut J Raghavendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
- Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, 29625, USA
| | - Kristofer Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Sherleen Fu
- School of Health Sciences, College of Human and Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA.
- Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, 29625, USA.
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Human and Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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27
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Advances in Production and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:18. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Tsuji T, Hata K, Futaba DN, Sakurai S. Unexpected Efficient Synthesis of Millimeter-Scale Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Forests Using a Sputtered MgO Catalyst Underlayer Enabled by a Simple Treatment Process. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16608-16611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuji
- CNT-Application
Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- CNT-Application
Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Don N. Futaba
- CNT-Application
Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sakurai
- CNT-Application
Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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29
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Janas D, Koziol KK. Carbon nanotube fibers and films: synthesis, applications and perspectives of the direct-spinning method. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19475-19490. [PMID: 27874140 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct-spinning method of creation of CNT macroassemblies has received a lot of attention because of its simplicity to produce high-performance material without apparent limits to its size. CNT fibers or films have shown unparalleled properties and opened new areas of research and commercial development. The process designed more than a decade ago has already given interesting information about the basic science of nanomaterials, which in parallel led to the creation of the first prototypes with high potential of implementation in everyday life. Because of this, there has been growing interest in this technique with research articles coming into view from all around the world on a frequent basis. This review aims to summarize all the progress made in the direct-spinning process on a spectrum of fronts ranging from the study of complex synthesis parameters, material properties to its viable applications. The strong and weak points of the "Cambridge process" are carefully evaluated to put forward what challenges are most pressing. The future overlook puts the state of the art into perspective and suggests the prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Janas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Krzysztof K Koziol
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK.
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30
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He X, Gao W, Xie L, Li B, Zhang Q, Lei S, Robinson JM, Hároz EH, Doorn SK, Wang W, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, Adams WW, Hauge RH, Kono J. Wafer-scale monodomain films of spontaneously aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:633-8. [PMID: 27043199 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The one-dimensional character of electrons, phonons and excitons in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes leads to extremely anisotropic electronic, thermal and optical properties. However, despite significant efforts to develop ways to produce large-scale architectures of aligned nanotubes, macroscopic manifestations of such properties remain limited. Here, we show that large (>cm(2)) monodomain films of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes can be prepared using slow vacuum filtration. The produced films are globally aligned within ±1.5° (a nematic order parameter of ∼1) and are highly packed, containing 1 × 10(6) nanotubes in a cross-sectional area of 1 μm(2). The method works for nanotubes synthesized by various methods, and film thickness is controllable from a few nanometres to ∼100 nm. We use the approach to create ideal polarizers in the terahertz frequency range and, by combining the method with recently developed sorting techniques, highly aligned and chirality-enriched nanotube thin-film devices. Semiconductor-enriched devices exhibit polarized light emission and polarization-dependent photocurrent, as well as anisotropic conductivities and transistor action with high on/off ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Sidong Lei
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - John M Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Erik H Hároz
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Robert H Hauge
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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31
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Cui K, Maruyama S. Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Solar Cells: Improving performance for next-generation energy systems. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2015.2506318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Amama PB, Islam AE, Saber SM, Huffman DR, Maruyama B. Understanding properties of engineered catalyst supports using contact angle measurements and X-ray reflectivity. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:2927-2936. [PMID: 26781333 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08108d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in broadening the type of catalyst substrates that support the growth of high-quality carbon nanotube (CNT) carpets. In this study, ion beam bombardment has been utilized to modify catalyst substrates for CNT carpet growth. Using a combination of contact angle measurements (CAMs) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) for the first time, new correlations between the physicochemical properties of pristine and engineered catalyst substrates and CNT growth behavior have been established. The engineered surfaces obtained after exposure to different degrees of ion beam damage have distinct physicochemical properties (porosity, layer thickness, and acid-base properties). The CAM data were analyzed using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good model, enabling the determination of the acid-base properties of the substrate surfaces. For the XRR data, a Fourier analysis of the interference patterns enabled extraction of layer thickness, while the atomic density and interfacial roughness were extracted by analyzing the amplitude of the interference oscillations. The dramatic transformation of the substrate from "inactive" to "active" is attributed to a combined effect of substrate porosity or damage depth and Lewis basicity. The results reveal that the efficiency of catalyst substrates can be further improved by increasing the substrate basicity, if the minimum surface porosity is established. This study advances the use of a non-thermochemical approach for catalyst substrate engineering, as well as demonstrates the combined utility of CAM and XRR as a powerful, nondestructive, and reliable tool for rational catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placidus B Amama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Ahmad E Islam
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, RXAS, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA and National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. 20001, USA
| | - Sammy M Saber
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, RXAS, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA and UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Daniel R Huffman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, RXAS, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA and UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, RXAS, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
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Cui K, Kumamoto A, Xiang R, An H, Wang B, Inoue T, Chiashi S, Ikuhara Y, Maruyama S. Synthesis of subnanometer-diameter vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes with copper-anchored cobalt catalysts. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1608-1617. [PMID: 26690843 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) with subnanometer diameters on quartz (and SiO2/Si) substrates by alcohol CVD using Cu-anchored Co catalysts. The uniform VA-SWNTs with a nanotube diameter of 1 nm are synthesized at a CVD temperature of 800 °C and have a thickness of several tens of μm. The diameter of SWNTs was reduced to 0.75 nm at 650 °C with the G/D ratio maintained above 24. Scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-STEM) and high angle annular dark field (HAADF-STEM) imaging of the Co/Cu bimetallic catalyst system showed that Co catalysts were captured and anchored by adjacent Cu nanoparticles, and thus were prevented from coalescing into a larger size, which contributed to the small diameter of SWNTs. The correlation between the catalyst size and the SWNT diameter was experimentally clarified. The subnanometer-diameter and high-quality SWNTs are expected to pave the way to replace silicon for next-generation optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehang Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Akihito Kumamoto
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hua An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Benjamin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shohei Chiashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. and Energy NanoEngineering Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-8564, Japan
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Yasuoka H, Takahama R, Kaneda M, Suga K. Confinement effects on liquid-flow characteristics in carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063001. [PMID: 26764798 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid flow dynamics through the armchair (6,6)-(160,160) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. The liquid is modeled by nonpolar argon atoms to understand the fundamental flow physics. The velocity profiles and slip lengths are discussed considering the radial distributions of the fluid density by the presently proposed finite difference-based velocity fitting method. It is found that as the CNT diameter D increases, the slip length and the flow rate enhancement show three-step transitional profiles in the region of D≤2.3 nm. The slip length and the flow rate stepwise increase at the first transition while they drop at the second and third transitions. The first transition corresponds to the structural change from the single-file chain to single-ring structures of the molecule cluster. The second and third transitions take place when the ring structure starts to develop another inner layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Ryo Takahama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Suga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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35
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Ohga Y, Inoue S, Matsumura Y. In situ measurement of activation energy for pyrolysis of ethanol as a first reaction in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Sugime H, Esconjauregui S, D'Arsié L, Yang J, Robertson AW, Oliver RA, Bhardwaj S, Cepek C, Robertson J. Low-Temperature Growth of Carbon Nanotube Forests Consisting of Tubes with Narrow Inner Spacing Using Co/Al/Mo Catalyst on Conductive Supports. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16819-16827. [PMID: 26176167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We grow dense carbon nanotube forests at 450 °C on Cu support using Co/Al/Mo multilayer catalyst. As a partial barrier layer for the diffusion of Co into Mo, we apply very thin Al layer with the nominal thickness of 0.50 nm between Co and Mo. This Al layer plays an important role in the growth of dense CNT forests, partially preventing the Co-Mo interaction. The forests have an average height of ∼300 nm and a mass density of 1.2 g cm(-3) with tubes exhibiting extremely narrow inner spacing. An ohmic behavior is confirmed between the forest and Cu support with the lowest resistance of ∼8 kΩ. The forest shows a high thermal effusivity of 1840 J s(-0.5) m(-2) K(-1), and a thermal conductivity of 4.0 J s(-1) m(-1) K(-1), suggesting that these forests are useful for heat dissipation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugime
- †Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorenzo D'Arsié
- †Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Junwei Yang
- †Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Robertson
- ‡Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Oliver
- §Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Bhardwaj
- ∥Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- ∥Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - John Robertson
- †Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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37
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The Application of Gas Dwell Time Control for Rapid Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Forest Synthesis to Acetylene Feedstock. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1200-1210. [PMID: 28347060 PMCID: PMC5304639 DOI: 10.3390/nano5031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One aspect of carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis that remains an obstacle to realize industrial mass production is the growth efficiency. Many approaches have been reported to improve the efficiency, either by lengthening the catalyst lifetime or by increasing the growth rate. We investigated the applicability of dwell time and carbon flux control to optimize yield, growth rate, and catalyst lifetime of water-assisted chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) forests using acetylene as a carbon feedstock. Our results show that although acetylene is a precursor to CNT synthesis and possesses a high reactivity, the SWCNT forest growth efficiency is highly sensitive to dwell time and carbon flux similar to ethylene. Through a systematic study spanning a wide range of dwell time and carbon flux levels, the relationship of the height, growth rate, and catalyst lifetime is found. Further, for the optimum conditions for 10 min growth, SWCNT forests with ~2500 μm height, ~350 μm/min initial growth rates and extended lifetimes could be achieved by increasing the dwell time to ~5 s, demonstrating the generality of dwell time control to highly reactive gases.
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38
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Karimi M, Solati N, Amiri M, Mirshekari H, Mohamed E, Taheri M, Hashemkhani M, Saeidi A, Estiar MA, Kiani P, Ghasemi A, Basri SMM, Aref AR, Hamblin MR. Carbon nanotubes part I: preparation of a novel and versatile drug-delivery vehicle. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1071-87. [PMID: 25601356 PMCID: PMC4475469 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is 23 years since carbon allotrope known as carbon nanotubes (CNT) was discovered by Iijima, who described them as "rolled graphite sheets inserted into each other". Since then, CNTs have been studied in nanoelectronic devices. However, CNTs also possess the versatility to act as drug- and gene-delivery vehicles. AREAS COVERED This review covers the synthesis, purification and functionalization of CNTs. Arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition are the principle synthesis methods. Non-covalent functionalization relies on attachment of biomolecules by coating the CNT with surfactants, synthetic polymers and biopolymers. Covalent functionalization often involves the initial introduction of carboxylic acids or amine groups, diazonium addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or reductive alkylation. The aim is to produce functional groups to attach the active cargo. EXPERT OPINION In this review, the feasibility of CNT being used as a drug-delivery vehicle is explored. The molecular composition of CNT is extremely hydrophobic and highly aggregation-prone. Therefore, most of the efforts towards drug delivery has centered on chemical functionalization, which is usually divided in two categories; non-covalent and covalent. The biomedical applications of CNT are growing apace, and new drug-delivery technologies play a major role in these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Karimi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Solati
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amiri
- Sharif University of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Polymeric Materials Research Group, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirshekari
- University of Kerala, Department of Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Elmira Mohamed
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiar Taheri
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Saeidi
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Kiani
- Iran University of Science and Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Sharif University of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Polymeric Materials Research Group, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir R Aref
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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39
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Patel SC, Lalwani G, Grover K, Qin YX, Sitharaman B. Fabrication and cytocompatibility of in situ crosslinked carbon nanomaterial films. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10261. [PMID: 26018775 PMCID: PMC4446896 DOI: 10.1038/srep10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of carbon nanomaterials into two-dimensional (2D) coatings and films that harness their unique physiochemical properties may lead to high impact energy capture/storage, sensors, and biomedical applications. For potential biomedical applications, the suitability of current techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, spray and dip coating, and vacuum filtration, employed to fabricate macroscopic 2D all carbon coatings or films still requires thorough examination. Each of these methods presents challenges with regards to scalability, suitability for a large variety of substrates, mechanical stability of coatings or films, or biocompatibility. Herein we report a coating process that allow for rapid, in situ chemical crosslinking of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into macroscopic all carbon coatings. The resultant coatings were found to be continuous, electrically conductive, significantly more robust, and cytocompatible to human adipose derived stem cells. The results lay groundwork for 3D layer-on-layer nanomaterial assemblies (including various forms of graphene) and also opens avenues to further explore the potential of MWCNT films as a novel class of nano-fibrous mats for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny C. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Kartikey Grover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA
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40
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41
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Zulkapli NN, Azam MA, Zubir NMAM, Ithnin NA, Rashid MWA. A simple and room temperature sol–gel process for the fabrication of cobalt nanoparticles as an effective catalyst for carbon nanotube growth. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt catalyst thin films were prepared on silicon wafers using a spin coating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Najihah Zulkapli
- Carbon Research Technology Research Group
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- 76100 Durian Tunggal
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Asyadi Azam
- Carbon Research Technology Research Group
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- 76100 Durian Tunggal
- Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohamad Azren Mohd Zubir
- Carbon Research Technology Research Group
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- 76100 Durian Tunggal
- Malaysia
| | - Nur Azura Ithnin
- Carbon Research Technology Research Group
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- 76100 Durian Tunggal
- Malaysia
| | - Mohd Warikh Abd Rashid
- Carbon Research Technology Research Group
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- 76100 Durian Tunggal
- Malaysia
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42
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Yan Y, Miao J, Yang Z, Xiao FX, Yang HB, Liu B, Yang Y. Carbon nanotube catalysts: recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3295-346. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are promising materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Jianwei Miao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Zhihong Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Fang-Xing Xiao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Hong Bin Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
| | - Yanhui Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637459
- Singapore
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43
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Beard JD, Evans KE, Ghita OR. Fabrication of three dimensional layered vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures and their potential applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated deposition of catalyst and nanotube growth allows fabrication of multilayer nanotube forests, which can be patterned using shadow masks, with application to nanoelectronic devices, nanocomposite structures and additive manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Beard
- Exeter Advanced Technologies
- College of Engineering
- Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
| | - K. E. Evans
- Exeter Advanced Technologies
- College of Engineering
- Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
| | - O. R. Ghita
- Exeter Advanced Technologies
- College of Engineering
- Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter
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44
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Son IH, Song HJ, Kwon S, Bachmatiuk A, Lee SJ, Benayad A, Park JH, Choi JY, Chang H, Rümmeli MH. CO2 enhanced chemical vapor deposition growth of few-layer graphene over NiO(x). ACS NANO 2014; 8:9224-32. [PMID: 25171048 DOI: 10.1021/nn504342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of mild oxidants in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactions has proven enormously useful. This was also true for the CVD growth of carbon nanotubes. As yet though, the use of mild oxidants in the CVD of graphene has remained unexplored. Here we explore the use of CO2 as a mild oxidant during the growth of graphene over Ni with CH4 as the feedstock. Both our experimental and theoretical findings provide in-depth insight into the growth mechanisms and point to the mild oxidants playing multiple roles. Mild oxidants lead to the formation of a suboxide in the Ni, which suppresses the bulk diffusion of C species suggesting a surface growth mechanism. Moreover, the formation of a suboxide leads to enhanced catalytic activity at the substrate surface, which allows reduced synthesis temperatures, even as low as 700 °C. Even at these low temperatures, the quality of the graphene is exceedingly high as indicated by a negligible D mode in the Raman spectra. These findings suggest the use of mild oxidants in the CVD fabrication as a whole could have a positive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hyuk Son
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Company, LTD , 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, Republic of Korea
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Islam AE, Nikolaev P, Amama PB, Saber S, Zakharov D, Huffman D, Erford M, Sargent G, Semiatin SL, Stach EA, Maruyama B. Engineering the activity and lifetime of heterogeneous catalysts for carbon nanotube growth via substrate ion beam bombardment. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4997-5003. [PMID: 25079258 DOI: 10.1021/nl501417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that argon ion bombardment of single crystal sapphire leads to the creation of substrates that support the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes from iron catalysts with a density, height, and quality equivalent to those grown on conventional, disordered alumina supports. We quantify the evolution of the catalyst using a range of surface characterization techniques and demonstrate the ability to engineer and pattern the catalyst support through control of ion beam bombardment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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Sugime H, Esconjauregui S, D'Arsié L, Yang J, Makaryan T, Robertson J. Growth kinetics and growth mechanism of ultrahigh mass density carbon nanotube forests on conductive Ti/Cu supports. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15440-15447. [PMID: 25126887 DOI: 10.1021/am504048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the growth kinetics and growth mechanism of ultrahigh mass density carbon nanotube forests. They are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition at 450 °C using a conductive Ti/Cu support and Co-Mo catalyst system. We find that Mo stabilizes Co particles preventing lift off during the initial growth stage, thus promoting the growth of ultrahigh mass density nanotube forests by the base growth mechanism. The morphology of the forest gradually changes with growth time, mostly because of a structural change of the catalyst particles. After 100 min growth, toward the bottom of the forest, the area density decreases from ∼ 3-6 × 10(11) cm(-2) to ∼ 5 × 10(10) cm(-2) and the mass density decreases from 1.6 to 0.38 g cm(-3). We also observe part of catalyst particles detached and embedded within nanotubes. The progressive detachment of catalyst particles results in the depletion of the catalyst metals on the substrate surfaces. This is one of the crucial reasons for growth termination and may apply to other catalyst systems where the same features are observed. Using the packed forest morphology, we demonstrate patterned forest growth with a pitch of ∼ 300 nm and a line width of ∼ 150 nm. This is one of the smallest patterning of the carbon nanotube forests to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugime
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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47
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Janas D, Koziol KK. A review of production methods of carbon nanotube and graphene thin films for electrothermal applications. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3037-45. [PMID: 24519536 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05636h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrothermal materials transform electric energy into heat due to the Joule effect. To date, resistive wires made of heavy metal alloys have primarily been used as the heat source in many appliances surrounding us. Recent discoveries in the field of carbon nanostructures revealed that they can offer a spectrum of advantages over the traditional materials. We review the production methods of thin films composed of carbon nanotubes or graphene and depict how they can be used as conductive coatings for electrothermal applications. We screen all reports from the field up to now and highlight the features of designed nanoheaters. A particular focus is placed on the analysis of general findings of how to tune their electrothermal properties, why carbon nanostructure devices operate the way they do and in what aspects they are superior to the currently available materials on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Janas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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Chen G, Seki Y, Kimura H, Sakurai S, Yumura M, Hata K, Futaba DN. Diameter control of single-walled carbon nanotube forests from 1.3-3.0 nm by arc plasma deposition. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3804. [PMID: 24448201 PMCID: PMC3897958 DOI: 10.1038/srep03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to both precisely and continuously control the average diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a forest ranging from 1.3 to 3.0 nm with ~1 Å resolution. The diameter control of the forest was achieved through tuning of the catalyst state (size, density, and composition) using arc plasma deposition of nanoparticles. This 1.7 nm control range and 1 Å precision exceed the highest reports to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Chen
- 1] Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan [2]
| | - Yasuaki Seki
- 1] Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan [2]
| | - Hiroe Kimura
- 1] Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan [2] Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sakurai
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Motoo Yumura
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- 1] Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan [2] Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan [3] Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Park J, Heo K, Hong S, Min YS, Seong MJ. Observation of localized strains on vertically grown single-walled carbon nanotube forests via polarized Raman spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:025705. [PMID: 24334621 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/2/025705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vertically grown single-walled carbon nanotube (V-SWCNT) forests, synthesized by water-assisted plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, were studied using polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy. Among three different sections (root, center and end) along the vertical growth direction, the degree of V-SWCNT alignment was highest in the center section. Raman frequency red-shifts up to 7 and 13 cm(-1), for RBM and G-band, respectively, were observed in the center section, with respect to the Raman frequencies measured in the root and the end sections. Raman frequency downshift and concurrent linewidth broadening of the G-band, revealing a localized strain, were also observed in the center section. The existence of a localized strain in the center section of the V-SWCNT was further confirmed by observing a strong polarization anisotropy of up to 8 cm(-1) in the G-band Raman frequency for different polarized Raman scattering configurations at the same probed spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Park
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
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Zipping, entanglement, and the elastic modulus of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube films. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20426-30. [PMID: 24309375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312253110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliably routing heat to and from conversion materials is a daunting challenge for a variety of innovative energy technologies--from thermal solar to automotive waste heat recovery systems--whose efficiencies degrade due to massive thermomechanical stresses at interfaces. This problem may soon be addressed by adhesives based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, which promise the revolutionary combination of high through-plane thermal conductivity and vanishing in-plane mechanical stiffness. Here, we report the data for the in-plane modulus of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube films using a microfabricated resonator method. Molecular simulations and electron microscopy identify the nanoscale mechanisms responsible for this property. The zipping and unzipping of adjacent nanotubes and the degree of alignment and entanglement are shown to govern the spatially varying local modulus, thereby providing the route to engineered materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical and thermal properties.
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