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Ma R, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Xu W. Longitudinal associations between family functioning and generalized anxiety among adolescents: the mediating role of self-identity and cognitive flexibility. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:399. [PMID: 39026265 PMCID: PMC11264820 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety (GA) is showing a high prevalence among adolescents nowadays; investigations on influencing factors and potential mechanisms are important to inform intervention development. The present two-wave study investigated the ways in which family functioning predicted GA six months later among adolescents, by considering the mediating role of self-identity and cognitive flexibility. METHODS Adolescents were recruited from 27 randomly selected classes in two secondary schools in Chongqing and Fujian Province, China. Survey questionnaires assessing family functioning, self-identity, cognitive flexibility and GA were obtained from 1223 adolescents (Mage = 13.14, SD = 1.35) at two time points of the 6-month interval. RESULTS The association between family functioning (T1) and GA (T2) was significant (r= -0.152, p < 0.01). Self-identity and cognitive flexibility sequentially mediated the relationship between family functioning (T1) and GA (T2) (with the indirect effect = -0.005, 95% CI = -0.007~ -0.002) after controlling for age, gender, and GA at baseline. Cognitive flexibility also showed a significant and direct mediating effect (with the indirect effect = -0.008, 95% CI = -0.012 ~ -0.005). CONCLUSION Findings indicated that family functioning can be a protective factor of GA, and self-identity and cognitive flexibility act as a crucial role in the association between family functioning and GA. Future studies should adopt more time points and long-term follow-up assessments using more robust approaches to improve the reliability of the study findings. Findings may offer some implications that building a harmonious, open and warm family and guiding adolescents to develop self-identity as well as more flexible cognitive style could be helpful to prevent and cope with anxious emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Wójtowicz-Szefler M, Grzankowska I, Deja M. The mental condition of Polish adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1257384. [PMID: 37915812 PMCID: PMC10617677 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the experience of the COVID-19 global pandemic has significantly affected the mental condition of entire societies by increasing anxiety and stress resulting from its sudden and completely unexpected nature. In Poland, apart from the pandemic, there is an ongoing threat of an armed conflict just across the border, which can constitute direct and indirect threats to physical and mental health. Each of these situations is unusual and difficult. It is also in sharp contrast to the developmental needs of children and adolescents. It especially violates the principal need of this developmental period, which is to grow up in a predictable as well as physically and emotionally safe environment. The purpose of the conducted research was to assess the psychological condition of Polish adolescents, whose social situation is difficult, in order to take appropriate preventive measures based on this assessment. The study was conducted using the "Who are You?" Scale of Transparency Anxiety and the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), as well as a researcher-made survey containing questions about well-being in relation to the pandemic, distance learning and the ongoing war in a neighbouring country. Approval was obtained from the Bioethics Committee to conduct the projected research. The study included 945 adolescents aged 11 to 15 (M = 13.10; SD = 1.11) making a representative sample of adolescents from 14 regions in Poland. The results of the research and analyses show that the adolescents under study have a medium level of intensity of neuroticism, with the highest levels occurring in adolescents aged 14. Moreover, the adolescents manifest relatively lower symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as concern about the pandemic and the war in Ukraine than expected.
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Kim HJ, Bang M, Park CI, Lee SH. Altered DNA Methylation of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Associated with Early Life Stress and White Matter Microalterations in Korean Patients with Panic Disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2023; 82:210-219. [PMID: 37231896 DOI: 10.1159/000530313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Changes in the DNA methylation of 5-HTTLPR are associated with the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD). This study was conducted to investigate the association between stressful life events and the level of 5-HTTLPR methylation in patients with PD. We also examined whether these factors were associated with white matter alterations in psychological trauma-related regions. METHODS The participants comprised 232 patients with PD and 93 healthy adults of Korean descent. DNA methylation levels of five cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in the 5-HTTLPR region were analyzed. Voxel-wise statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data was performed within the trauma-related regions. RESULTS PD patients showed significantly lower levels of the DNA methylation at 5-HTTLPR 5 CpG sites than healthy controls. In patients with PD, the DNA methylation levels at 5-HTTLPR 5 CpG sites showed significant negative association with the parental separation-related psychological distress, and positive correlations with the fractional anisotropy values of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) which might be related to trait anxiety. CONCLUSION Early life stress was significantly associated with DNA methylation levels at 5-HTTLPR related to the decreased white matter integrity in the SLF region in PD. Decreased white matter connectivity in the SLF might be related to trait anxiety and is vital to the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Botelho C, Pasion R, Prata C, Barbosa F. Neuronal underpinnings of the attentional bias toward threat in the anxiety spectrum: Meta-analytical data on P3 and LPP event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108475. [PMID: 36503040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review analyzes brain responses at later stages of neuronal processing (P3 at 300-500 ms, and LPP at 300-700 ms). Both P3 and LPP are implicated in attentional threat bias in disorders grouped into fear and distress dimensions of the anxiety spectrum described by the Hierarchical Taxonomy Model of Psychopathology (HiTOP), but there are no consistent findings so far. METHOD Meta-analyses with between- (32 studies, n = 1631) and within-groups design (31 studies, n = 1699) were performed for assessing P3 and LPP modulation in negative, positive, and neutral stimuli, while also considering differences between controls and anxious individuals. Relevant moderators (e.g., age, sex, task) were controlled for and negative stimuli were further decomposed in terms of category (Relevant, Fear/Threat, or Unpleasant). RESULTS Increased P3 and LPP amplitudes were found for negative and positive stimuli, when compared to neutral stimuli (within-subjects analysis), confirming that both components are elicited by emotionally arousing information. Within-effects for negative and positive stimuli were higher for the anxious groups. Nonetheless, between-groups analyses showed that attentional threat bias occurs only in anxious groups when negative, personally relevant-threat information is presented. The HiTOP fear dimension moderated the findings. LIMITATIONS Potential missed studies; ERPs time windows' heterogeneity; adult sample only; the uneven number of computed effects; categorical analyses. CONCLUSION Attentional bias toward disorder-congruent threatening cues can be a transdiagnostic mechanism of HiTOP fear disorders, clustered within the anxiety spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Botelho
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 535, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita Pasion
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 535, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-LAB), Lusófona University, Portugal
| | - Catarina Prata
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 535, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 535, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Kalenik AM, Topolski M, Górnik J, Wolańczyk T. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children with psychiatric diagnoses - multidimensional CCPCA Model. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:495. [PMID: 35870970 PMCID: PMC9308485 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to assess the severity of symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with previously diagnosed psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. METHODS Online questionnaires were used to investigate three groups of subjects: patients with a psychiatric diagnosis, primary school pupils, and children from children's homes. A total of 167 children with their parents or guardians participated in the study. In addition to basic statistics, a multidimensional Centroid Class Principal Component Analysis (CCPCA) model was used. RESULTS It was found that the strongest fear of the coronavirus was experienced by children from children's homes, while the most severe depressive symptoms and state anxiety were observed among patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Parental care by assisting with school education and lack of close contact with other people (less than two metres) at parents/guardians' work had the most potent protective effect in reducing the fear of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for further research in children and adolescents to develop effective strategies for protecting their mental well-being when faced with social isolation or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kalenik
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-191, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Topolski
- grid.7005.20000 0000 9805 3178Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Górnik
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-191 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolańczyk
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-191 Warsaw, Poland
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Li Y, Ma X, Feng C, Wang Y. Parental psychological control and adolescents depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating and moderating effect of self-concept clarity and mindfulness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35891892 PMCID: PMC9303049 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health state of adolescents had caused widespread concern, especially the various problems caused by the relationship between adolescents and their parents in the long isolation at home. Based on the mindfulness reperceiving model and Rogers's Self-theory, this study aimed to explore the roles of adolescents' self-concept clarity and mindfulness level in the relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent depression. A total of 1,100 junior high school students from China completed the questionnaires regarding parental psychological control, depression, self-concept clarity, and mindfulness. Moderated mediation analyses suggest that parental psychological control affects adolescent depression via self-concept clarity. The association between parental psychological control and depression is moderated by self-concept clarity. The effect was stronger among adolescents with high mindfulness levels than those with low. This study suggests that it is necessary to consider both parental factors and adolescents' factors in the future. The interventions on self-concept or mindfulness may ameliorate adolescent mental problems more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Feng
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
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Méndez FJ, Orgilés M, Espada JP, García-Fernández JM, Essau CA. Editorial: Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: Psychopathology, Assessment, and Treatment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:930299. [PMID: 35795416 PMCID: PMC9252446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Nikolić M, Hannigan LJ, Krebs G, Sterne A, Gregory AM, Eley TC. Aetiology of shame and its association with adolescent depression and anxiety: results from a prospective twin and sibling study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:99-108. [PMID: 34132398 PMCID: PMC9292396 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shame is considered a maladaptive self-conscious emotion that commonly co-occurs alongside depression and anxiety. Little is known, however, about the aetiology of shame and its associations with depression and anxiety. We estimated, for the first time, genetic and environmental influences on shame and on its associations with depression and anxiety in adolescence. METHODS The sample was twin and sibling pairs from the Genesis 1219 Study (Time 1, N = 2,685; males 42.8%, Mage = 14.95, SD = 1.67, age range: 12-21; Time 2, N = 1618; males 39.7%, Mage = 16.97, SD = 1.64, age range: 14-23). Participants completed validated questionnaires to measure shame (at Time 1), depression and anxiety (at Times 1 and 2). RESULTS Shame was moderately to strongly associated with concurrent depression and anxiety. Prospectively, shame was significantly associated with an increase in depression, but not anxiety. Genetic analyses revealed that shame was moderately heritable with substantial nonshared environmental influence. The associations between shame and concurrent depression and anxiety were primarily accounted for by overlapping genetic influences. Prospectively, the association between shame and later depression was primarily accounted for by genetic and nonshared environmental influences shared with earlier depression. The unique association between shame and later depression was mostly explained by common nonshared environmental influences. CONCLUSIONS The findings offer novel evidence regarding aetiology of shame-although moderately heritable, shame in adolescents may also result from nonshared environmental factors. Genetic and nonshared environmental influences contribute to the co-occurrence of shame with depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georgina Krebs
- King’s College LondonLondonUK,National and Specialist OCD and Related Disorders Clinic for Young PeopleSouth London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
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9
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Doom JR, Rozenman M, Fox KR, Phu T, Subar AR, Seok D, Rivera KM. The Transdiagnostic Origins of Anxiety and Depression During the Pediatric Period: Linking NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Constructs to Ecological Systems. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1599-1619. [PMID: 35281333 PMCID: PMC8916713 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, an abundance of research has utilized the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework to examine mechanisms underlying anxiety and depression in youth. However, relatively little work has examined how these mechanistic intrapersonal processes intersect with context during childhood and adolescence. The current paper covers reviews and meta-analyses that have linked RDoC-relevant constructs to ecological systems in internalizing problems in youth. Specifically, cognitive, biological, and affective factors within the RDoC framework were examined. Based on these reviews and some of the original empirical research they cover, we highlight the integral role of ecological factors to the RDoC framework in predicting onset and maintenance of internalizing problems in youth. Specific recommendations are provided for researchers using the RDoC framework to inform future research integrating ecological systems and development. We advocate for future research and research funding to focus on better integration of the environment and development into the RDoC framework.
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James KM, Foster CE, Tsypes A, Owens M, Gibb BE. Maternal criticism and children's neural responses to reward and loss. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 211:105226. [PMID: 34252754 PMCID: PMC9887476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parental criticism is linked to a number of detrimental child outcomes. One mechanism by which parental criticism may increase risk for negative outcomes in children is through children's neural responses to valenced information in the environment. The goal of the current study, therefore, was to examine the relation between maternal criticism and children's neural responses to monetary gains and losses. To represent daily environmental experiences of reward and punishment, we focused on reactivity to monetary gains versus losses in a guessing task. Participants were 202 children and their mothers recruited from the community. The average age of the children was 9.71 years (SD = 1.38, range = 7-11), with 52.0% of them male and 72.8% Caucasian. Mothers completed the Five Minute Speech Sample to assess expressed emotion-criticism, and of these dyads 51 mothers were rated as highly critical. In addition, children completed a simple guessing game during which electroencephalography was recorded. Children of critical mothers displayed less neural reactivity to both monetary gain and loss than children without critical mothers. Our results were at least partially independent of children's and mothers' current levels of internalizing psychopathology. These findings suggest that children exposed to maternal criticism may exhibit disruptions in adaptive responses to environmental experiences regardless of valence. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing expressed emotion-criticism may lead to changes in a child's reward responsiveness and risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Max Owens
- University of South Florida, St. Petersburg
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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Kammermeier M, Paulus M. Maternal sensitivity and non‐intrusiveness at 12 months predict attention to emotional facial expressions at 24 months: A cross‐lagged panel approach. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kammermeier
- Department of Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Markus Paulus
- Department of Psychology Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
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12
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Fearful Temperament and the Risk for Child and Adolescent Anxiety: The Role of Attention Biases and Effortful Control. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 23:205-228. [PMID: 31728796 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fearful temperament represents one of the most robust predictors of child and adolescent anxiety; however, not all children with fearful temperament unvaryingly develop anxiety. Diverse processes resulting from the interplay between automatic processing (i.e., attention bias) and controlled processing (i.e., effortful control) drive the trajectories toward more adaptive or maladaptive directions. In this review, we examine the associations between fearful temperament, attention bias, and anxiety, as well as the moderating effect of effortful control. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose a two-mechanism developmental model of attention bias that underlies the association between fearful temperament and anxiety. We propose that the sub-components of effortful control (i.e., attentional control and inhibitory control) play different roles depending on individuals' temperaments, initial automatic biases, and goal priorities. Our model may help resolve some of the mixed findings and conflicts in the current literature. It may also advance our knowledge regarding the cognitive mechanisms linking fearful temperament and anxiety, as well as facilitate the continuing efforts in identifying and intervening with children who are at risk. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion on the existing limitations and then propose questions for future research.
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Li Z, Sturge-Apple ML, Russell JD, Martin MJ, Davies PT. The Role of Emotion Processing in the Association between Parental Discipline and Adolescent Socio-Emotional Development. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:85-100. [PMID: 33017487 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated whether biases in processing threatening emotional cues operate as an indirect pathway through which parental harsh discipline is associated with adolescent socio-emotional functioning. Participants were 192 adolescents (M age = 12.4), and their parents assessed over two years. Findings revealed two significant indirect pathways involving fear processing. Greater parental harsh discipline was linked to more emotional response inhibition difficulty for fear, which was linked to more depressive symptoms in the following year. Greater parental harsh discipline was also associated with more emotional response inhibition difficulty for fear, and thereby, more peer problems later. Findings suggest that adolescent emotional processing operated as an indirect pathway linking parental harsh discipline and adolescent socio-emotional functioning within the broader social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- University of Rochester and Mt. Hope Family Center, USA
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Yeo K, Frydenberg E, Northam E, Deans J. Coping with stress among preschool children and associations with anxiety level and controllability of situations. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Yeo
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Erica Frydenberg
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Elizabeth Northam
- Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Janice Deans
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
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15
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Kim HJ, Bang M, Lee KS, Choi TK, Park CI, Lee SH. Effects of BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on White Matter Microalterations of the Corpus Callosum in Patients with Panic Disorder in Korean Populations. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:967-975. [PMID: 33017888 PMCID: PMC7596279 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphism is suggested to be associated with the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (PD). Although the fronto-limbic white matter (WM) microstructures have been investigated, the corpus callosum (CC) has not yet been studied regarding its relationship with BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in PD. METHODS Ninety-five PD patients were enrolled. The Neuroticism, the Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-Revised, Panic Disorder Severity Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were administered. Voxel-wise statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data was performed within the CC regions using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. RESULTS The GG genotype in BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the body and splenium of the CC, neuroticism and depressive symptom scale scores than the non-GG genotype in PD. The FA values of the body of the CC in the two groups were significantly different independent of age, sex, neuroticism, and BDI-II. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with WM connectivity of the body and splenium of the CC, and may be related to neuroticism and depressive symptoms in PD. Additionally, the CC connectivity according to BDNF polymorphism may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Kiu Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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16
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Calleja RL, Rapee RM. Social threat sensitivity and its relationships with peer victimisation and internalising symptoms among adolescent girls. Behav Res Ther 2020; 133:103710. [PMID: 32836111 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consistent associations have been shown between self-reported peer victimisation and internalising symptoms. In distinct literature, anxious and depressed youth have been shown to interpret ambiguous social stimuli in a manner consistent with social threat and rejection. The aim of the current study was to determine whether this sensitivity to social threat among anxious/depressed youth explains significant variance in the relationship between self-reports of peer victimisation and internalising symptoms. Two hundred and sixty-seven students in grades seven and eight (M age = 12.62, SD = 0.65) completed measures of their own symptoms of anxiety and depression as well as their experiences of being physically or relationally victimised by their peers. They also read descriptions of 10 hypothetical ambiguous social interactions and provided responses indicating whether they interpreted each scenario as indicating social threat (rejection/negative evaluation) and the extent to which they perceived it as victimisation. As expected, anxiety and depression were positively correlated with self-reported peer victimisation and with interpretations consistent with social threat and victimisation (social threat sensitivity). In turn, social threat sensitivity was positively correlated with both self-reported relational and physical victimisation, but moreso with the former. However, the relationship between anxiety and depression and victimisation remained significant, even after controlling for social threat sensitivity. Results suggest that a sensitivity toward social threat can influence self-reports of peer victimisation among anxious and depressed youth, but that the relationship between internalising and victimisation goes beyond this sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Calleja
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Kim HJ, Song C, Bang M, Lee SH. Early sexual trauma is related with the tapetum in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:107-113. [PMID: 32063561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early trauma exposure is suggested to confer a greater risk for the development of panic disorder (PD) by altering neurodevelopmental processes. A body of studies have shown that white matter microstructures, particularly in the fronto-limbic and callosal regions, could be affected by a history of early trauma in patients with PD. The tapetum, the extended posterior part of the corpus callosum connecting the bilateral temporal lobes, has not yet been studied regarding its relationship with early trauma, especially sexual one. METHODS Seventy participants with PD, sixty age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF), Neuroticism Scale, and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were administered. Voxel-wise statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging data was performed within the bilateral tapetum regions using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). RESULTS In participants with PD, higher levels of sexual trauma were significantly associated with the increased fractional anisotropies (FAs) in a cluster of the right tapetum. Exploratory correlation analysis revealed that FAs in this cluster were significantly correlated with higher neuroticism and poorer treatment response after one year of pharmacotherapy. No significant correlation was found between FAs of the right tapetum cluster and the PDSS scores. LIMITATIONS The possibility of retrospective recall bias for early trauma cannot be completely ruled out. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the right tapetum may serve as a potential neural marker of early sexual trauma in patients with PD and contribute to personal vulnerability and poorer treatment outcome after pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Chaerim Song
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea; Clinical Counseling Psychology Graduate School, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.
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The Influence of Parents’ Anxiety on Children’s Anxiety: Mediation Effects of Parents’ Overprotection and Children’s Cognitive Distortions. ADONGHAKOEJI 2019. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.5.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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19
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de Lijster JM, Utens EMWJ, Dieleman GC, Alexander TM, Hillegers MHJ, Legerstee JS. Familial Aggregation of Cognitive Biases for Children with Anxiety Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Aktar E, Van Bockstaele B, Pérez‐Edgar K, Wiers RW, Bögels SM. Intergenerational transmission of attentional bias and anxiety. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12772. [PMID: 30428152 PMCID: PMC6590262 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Earlier evidence has revealed a bi-directional causal relationship between anxiety and attention biases in adults and children. This study investigated the prospective and concurrent relations between anxiety and attentional bias in a sample of 89 families (mothers, fathers, and first-born children). Parents' and children's attentional bias was measured when children were 7.5 years old, using both a visual probe task and visual search task with angry versus happy facial expressions. Generalized and social anxiety symptoms in parents and children were measured when children were 4.5 and 7.5 years old. Anxiety in parents and children was prospectively (but not concurrently) related to their respective attentional biases to threat: All participants showed a larger attentional bias to threat in the visual search (but not in the visual probe) task if they were more anxious at the 4.5 (but not at the 7.5) year measurement. Moreover, parents' anxiety levels were prospectively predictive of the visual search attentional bias of their children after controlling for child anxiety. More anxiety in mothers at 4.5 years was related to a faster detection of angry among happy faces, while more anxiety in fathers predicted a faster detection of happy among angry faces in children at 7.5 years. We found no direct association between parental and child attentional biases. Our study contributes to the recently emerging literature on attentional biases as a potential mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety by showing that parents' anxiety rather than parents' attentional bias contributes to the intergenerational transmission of risk for child anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology UnitLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bram Van Bockstaele
- Department of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Koraly Pérez‐Edgar
- Department of PsychologyChild Study CenterThe Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Susan M. Bögels
- Department of Child Development and EducationUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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21
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Fliek L, Roelofs J, van Breukelen G, Muris P. A Longitudinal Study on the Relations Among Fear-Enhancing Parenting, Cognitive Biases, and Anxiety Symptoms in Non-clinical Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:631-646. [PMID: 30767154 PMCID: PMC6589147 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study explored the relations between fear-enhancing parenting behaviors (modeling and threat information transmission) and children's cognitive biases and anxiety symptoms on three subsequent time points over a one-year period. Participants were 216 children aged 7-12 years (114 boys and 102 girls), and their mothers (n = 199) and/or fathers (n = 117). On each time point, children and parents completed the Parental Enhancement of Anxious Cognitions scale, which measures parental modeling and threat information transmission. Furthermore, children filled in a measure of anxiety disorder symptoms. In addition, confirmation bias and interpretation bias were measured by means of a number of computerized tasks. The results yielded support for a circular model in which cognitive biases enhanced anxiety symptoms, which in turn promoted cognitive biases on each of the three time points. However, no evidence was found for longitudinal effects of cognitive biases on anxiety or vice versa. In contrast to what we expected, cognitive biases and anxiety appeared to promote parental modeling and threat information rather than the other way around. These findings extend research on the relations between parenting behaviors, cognitive biases, and childhood anxiety symptoms, and suggest valuable leads for assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Fliek
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey Roelofs
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Breukelen
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Methodology & Statistics, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & CAPHRI School for Care and Public Health, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2214 904Xgrid.11956.3aStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Cassidy AR, Bernstein JH, Bellinger DC, Newburger JW, DeMaso DR. Visual-spatial processing style is associated with psychopathology in adolescents with critical congenital heart disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:760-778. [PMID: 30585527 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1503333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether visual-spatial processing style is associated with psychopathology in a large sample of adolescents with critical congenital heart disease (CHD). Local (part-oriented) style was hypothesized to increase risk for internalizing (but not externalizing) forms of psychopathology. METHOD Participants included 278 adolescents with critical CHD (dextro-transposition of the great arteries = 134, tetralogy of Fallot = 58, single-ventricle cardiac anatomy requiring the Fontan procedure = 86). Visual-spatial processing style was indexed using Copy Style Ratings from the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure-Developmental Scoring System. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children-Present & Lifetime Version was used to determine presence/absence of diagnosable DSM-IV psychiatric disorder(s). Processing style and psychopathology were assessed concurrently. RESULTS Thirty-three percent of the sample had a part-oriented processing style. In multivariable binary logistic regression models, part-orientation was associated with more than twice the odds of having an anxiety disorder (lifetime: OR = 2.2, p = .02, 95% CI = 1.1-4.1; current: OR = 2.7, p = .03, 95% CI = 1.1-6.5) but was not associated with an increased risk for ADHD, disruptive behavior, or mood disorders (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with critical CHD who approach complex visual-spatial materials in a local, part-oriented fashion are more likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder than those who approach complexity more holistically. Part-orientation may make it more difficult for individuals to judge the relative importance of isolated details and engage in more adaptive perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Cassidy
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jane Holmes Bernstein
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David C Bellinger
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Neurology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jane W Newburger
- c Department of Cardiology , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David R DeMaso
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Chapman HR, Kirby-Turner N. Psychological Intrusion - An Overlooked Aspect of Dental Fear. Front Psychol 2018; 9:501. [PMID: 29719519 PMCID: PMC5913370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental fear/anxiety is a widely recognised problem affecting a large proportion of the population. It can result in avoidance and/or difficulty accepting dental care. We believe that psychological intrusion may play a role in the aetiology and maintenance of dental fear for at least some individuals. In this narrative review we will take a developmental perspective in order to understand its impact across the lifespan. We will consider the nature of 'self,' parenting styles, the details of intrusive parenting or parental psychological control, and briefly touch upon child temperament and parental anxiety. Finally, we draw together the supporting (largely unrecognised) evidence available in the dental literature. We illustrate the paper with clinical examples and discuss possibly effective ways of addressing the problem. We conclude that psychological intrusion appears to play an important role in dental fear, for at least some individuals, and we call for detailed research into the extent and exact nature of the problem. A simple means of identifying individuals who are vulnerable to psychological intrusion would be useful for dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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24
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Brown EA, De Young A, Kimble R, Kenardy J. Review of a Parent’s Influence on Pediatric Procedural Distress and Recovery. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018; 21:224-245. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-017-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Murphy YE, Luke A, Brennan E, Francazio S, Christopher I, Flessner CA. An Investigation of Executive Functioning in Pediatric Anxiety. Behav Modif 2018; 42:885-913. [PMID: 29319333 DOI: 10.1177/0145445517749448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although science's understanding (e.g., etiology, maintaining factors, etc.) of pediatric anxiety and related problems has grown substantially over recent years, several aspects to anxiety in youths remain elusive, particularly with relation to executive functioning. To this end, the current study sought to examine several facets to executive functioning (i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibition, planning, working memory) within a transdiagnostic sample of youths exhibiting varying degrees of anxiety symptoms. One hundred six youths completed a comprehensive battery, including several self-report measures (e.g., Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children [MASC] or MASC-2) and an automated neurocognitive battery of several executive functioning tasks (Intradimensional/Extradimensional [IDED], Stop Signal [SST], Spatial Span [SSP], Stockings of Cambridge [SOC] tasks). Regression analyses indicated that youths exhibiting marked anxiety symptoms demonstrated increased planning time and probability of inhibition compared with youths with minimal or no anxiety symptoms. Youths with marked anxiety symptoms similarly demonstrated better cognitive flexibility (i.e., set shifting) compared with youths with minimal anxiety. In addition, analyses indicated a trend such that youths exhibiting marked anxiety symptoms demonstrated poorer working memory compared with youths with no anxiety symptoms. Group classification did not predict remaining outcomes. Limitations and future areas of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Luke
- 1 Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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26
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Ollendick TH, Ryan SM, Capriola-Hall NN, Reuterskiöld L, Öst LG. The mediating role of changes in harm beliefs and coping efficacy in youth with specific phobias. Behav Res Ther 2017; 99:131-137. [PMID: 29101841 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with specific phobias (SPs) often experience catastrophic cognitions and compromised efficacy regarding their ability to cope when in the presence of the phobic object/situation. In the current study, 165 children (7-16 years; 62% male) received either One Session Treatment or Educational Support Therapy for their SP. The children identified their feared belief and rated "how bad" it was, "how likely" it was to occur, and their ability to cope if it did occur. All of these ratings were reduced from pre-treatment to 6-month follow-up, across both treatment conditions. However, ratings of "how bad" and "how likely" reduced to a significantly greater degree for children who received OST. Greater change in each of the three beliefs predicted lower clinician severity ratings (CSRs) at post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Additionally, changes in "how bad" and "how likely" the children rated their beliefs, and their reported ability to cope, partially mediated the relationship between treatment and post-treatment and follow-up CSRs. Overall, these findings suggest that although both treatment conditions produced changes in harm beliefs and coping efficacy, OST elicited greater changes and these changes may be important mechanisms in reduction of SP clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Ollendick
- Virginia Tech, Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Sarah M Ryan
- Virginia Tech, Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| | - Nicole N Capriola-Hall
- Virginia Tech, Child Study Center, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Lena Reuterskiöld
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Göran Öst
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Waters AM, Candy EM, Candy SG. Attention bias to threat in mothers with emotional disorders predicts increased offspring anxiety symptoms: a joint cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:892-903. [PMID: 28722537 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1349650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence of the transmission of anxiety and depression from parents to children; however, mechanisms by which this vulnerability is passed on are unclear. Cognitive models and a small body of cross-sectional research suggest that parental attention biases (ABs) may be one mechanism involved in transmission. Longitudinal associations of maternal and offspring ABs with offspring symptoms have been scarcely studied. Forty-three mothers-child dyads were included. All children (7-12 years old) were diagnosis-free while 24 mothers had a lifetime emotional disorder (anxiety or depression) (high risk, HR) and 19 mothers had no psychiatric diagnoses (low risk, LR). This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of maternal and child AB and child anxiety symptomology at initial and 12-month assessments. ABs were assessed using a visual-probe task with emotional faces. There was a significant cross-sectional but not longitudinal association of increased child anxiety symptoms with increased maternal threat AB for HR but not LR dyads. At the cross-sectional level, increases in HR but not LR offspring anxiety symptomology were associated with maternal threat AB. Larger longitudinal studies are required that examine the interplay between parent-child variables and include multiple time-points of assessment and measures of AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Waters
- a School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Mt Gravatt , Australia
| | - Elise M Candy
- a School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Mt Gravatt , Australia
| | - Steven G Candy
- b Scandy Statistical Modelling Pty Ltd , Blackmans Bay , Australia
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28
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Gonzalez A, Rozenman M, Langley AK, Kendall PC, Ginsburg GS, Compton S, Walkup JT, Birmaher B, Albano AM, Piacentini J. Social Interpretation Bias in Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders: Psychometric Examination of the Self-report of Ambiguous Social Situations for Youth (SASSY) Scale. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2017; 46:395-412. [PMID: 28740356 PMCID: PMC5521277 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-016-9381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health problems in youth, and faulty interpretation bias has been positively linked to anxiety severity, even within anxiety-disordered youth. Quick, reliable assessment of interpretation bias may be useful in identifying youth with certain types of anxiety or assessing changes on cognitive bias during intervention. OBJECTIVE This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Self-report of Ambiguous Social Situations for Youth (SASSY) scale, a self-report measure developed to assess interpretation bias in youth. METHODS Participants (N=488, age 7 to 17) met diagnostic criteria for Social Phobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and/or Separation Anxiety Disorder. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on baseline data from youth participating in a large randomized clinical trial. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors (Accusation/Blame, Social Rejection). The SASSY full scale and Social Rejection factor demonstrated adequate internal consistency, convergent validity with social anxiety, and discriminant validity as evidenced by non-significant correlations with measures of non-social anxiety. Further, the SASSY Social Rejection factor accurately distinguished children and adolescents with Social Phobia from those with other anxiety disorders, supporting its criterion validity, and revealed sensitivity to changes with treatment. Given the relevance to youth with social phobia, pre- and post-intervention data were examined for youth social phobia to test sensitivity to treatment effects; results suggested that SASSY scores reduced for treatment responders. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the potential utility of the SASSY Social Rejection factor as a quick, reliable, and efficient way of assessing interpretation bias in anxious youth, particularly as related to social concerns, in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Gonzalez
- California State University, Long Beach, Department of Psychology
| | - Michelle Rozenman
- University of California, Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
| | - Audra K. Langley
- University of California, Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
| | | | | | - Scott Compton
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
| | - John T. Walkup
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - John Piacentini
- University of California, Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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29
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Fliek L, Dibbets P, Roelofs J, Muris P. Cognitive Bias as a Mediator in the Relation Between Fear-Enhancing Parental Behaviors and Anxiety Symptoms in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:82-93. [PMID: 27286719 PMCID: PMC5243885 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study explored the relations between fear-enhancing parenting behaviors (modeling and threat information transmission) and children's cognitive biases and anxiety symptoms. Participants were 258 children aged 7-12 years (132 boys and 126 girls), and their mothers (n = 199) and/or fathers (n = 117). Children and parents completed the Parental Enhancement of Anxious Cognitions questionnaire, which measures parental modeling and threat information transmission, while children also filled in a scale for assessing anxiety symptoms. In addition, children conducted a number of computerized tasks for measuring confirmation and interpretation bias. The data indicated that both biases mediated the relationship between threat information transmission (of both parents) and children's anxiety symptoms. Only interpretation bias significantly mediated the relationship between modeling (of mothers) and anxiety symptoms. These findings give partial support for the hypothesis that cognitive biases play a mediating role in the relation between fear-enhancing parental behaviors and children's anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Fliek
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Dibbets
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Roelofs
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Development and Preliminary Validation of the Threat Appraisal Questionnaire for Children (TAQ-C). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Ooi J, Dodd HF, Stuijfzand BG, Walsh J, Broeren S. Do you think I should be scared? The effect of peer discussion on children's fears. Behav Res Ther 2016; 87:23-33. [PMID: 27585485 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether close friends affect each other's fear responses (fear beliefs and avoidance) when they discuss fear-related issues together. Children (N = 242) aged 7-10 years were first presented with ambiguous and threatening information about two novel animals respectively, after which their fear responses towards each animal were assessed (T1). Next, dyads of close friends had a discussion about their feelings regarding the animals, and their fear responses were measured again (T2). Results showed that children influenced each other's cognitions following the discussion; from T1 to T2 their fear responses became more similar and close friends' fear responses at T1 significantly predicted children's fear responses at T2. Gender pair type predicted change in children's fear responses over time. Children in boy-boy pairs showed a significant increase in fear responses following the discussion; their fear level became more in line with that of other gender pairs at T2, while those in girl-girl pairs showed a significant decrease in their fear beliefs, at least when threatening information was given. Differences in anxiety level between close friends did not affect change in fear responses over time. Altogether, the results indicate that children may affect each other's fears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnie Ooi
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Helen F Dodd
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Harry Pitt Building, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK.
| | - Bobby G Stuijfzand
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Judi Walsh
- School of Psychology, Lawrence Stenhouse Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Suzanne Broeren
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Heathcote LC, Koopmans M, Eccleston C, Fox E, Jacobs K, Wilkinson N, Lau JY. Negative Interpretation Bias and the Experience of Pain in Adolescents. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:972-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Parental Emotion Socialization Strategies and Their Interaction with Child Interpretation Biases Among Children with Anxiety Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Bender PK, Pons F, Harris PL, Esbjørn BH, Reinholdt-Dunne ML. Emotion Understanding in Clinically Anxious Children: A Preliminary Investigation. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1916. [PMID: 26733909 PMCID: PMC4683184 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children’s understanding of the nature, origins and consequences of emotions has been intensively investigated over the last 30–40 years. However, few empirical studies have looked at the relation between emotion understanding and anxiety in children and their results are mixed. The aim of the present study was to perform a preliminary investigation of the relationships between emotion understanding, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and attachment security in clinically anxious children. A sample of 16 clinically anxious children (age 8–12, eight girls/boys) was assessed for emotion understanding (Test of Emotion Comprehension), anxiety (Screening for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Revised and Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) and attachment security (Security Scale). Children who reported more overall anxiety also reported greater difficulties in regulating their emotions, and were less securely attached to their parents. The results also showed that more specific symptoms of anxiety (i.e., OCD and PTSD) correlated not only with emotion dysregulation and attachment insecurity but also with emotion understanding. Finally, there were interrelations among emotion understanding, attachment security, and emotion dysregulation. The present results provide the first comprehensive evidence for a socio-emotional framework and its relevance to childhood anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Bender
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco Pons
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul L Harris
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Barbara H Esbjørn
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wei C, Kendall PC. Parental involvement: contribution to childhood anxiety and its treatment. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 17:319-39. [PMID: 25022818 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-014-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are prevalent in youth. Despite demonstrated efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), approximately 40% of anxiety-disordered youth remain unresponsive to treatment. Because developmental and etiological models suggest that parental factors are relevant to the onset and maintenance of childhood anxiety, researchers have proposed and investigated family-based interventions with increased parent work in treatment, aiming to improve the efficacy of treatment for childhood anxiety. However, contrary to what theoretical models suggest, data to date did not indicate additive benefit of family-based CBT in comparison with child-centered modality. Is parent/family involvement unnecessary when treating childhood anxiety disorders? Or could there be the need for specificity (tailored family-based treatment) that is guided by a revised conceptualization that improves the implementation of a family-based intervention? The current review examines (1) relevant parental factors that have been found to be associated with the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety and (2) interventions that incorporate parental involvement. Relevant findings are integrated to formulate a "targeted" treatment approach for parental involvement in CBT for youth anxiety. Specifically, there is potential in the assessment of parent/family factors prior to treatment (for appropriateness) followed by a target-oriented implementation of parent training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaying Wei
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19087, USA,
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Socially anxious mothers' narratives to their children and their relation to child representations and adjustment. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1531-46. [PMID: 25422977 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anxious mothers' parenting, particularly transfer of threat information, has been considered important in their children's risk for social anxiety disorder (SAnxD), and maternal narratives concerning potential social threat could elucidate this contribution. Maternal narratives to their preschool 4- to 5-year-old children, via a picture book about starting school, were assessed in socially anxious (N = 73), and nonanxious (N = 63) mothers. Child representations of school were assessed via doll play (DP). After one school term, mothers (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) and teachers (Teacher Report Form) reported on child internalizing problems, and child SAnxD was assessed via maternal interview. Relations between these variables, infant behavioral inhibition, and attachment, were examined. Socially anxious mothers showed more negative (higher threat attribution) and less supportive (lower encouragement) narratives than controls, and their children's DP representations SAnxD and CBCL scores were more adverse. High narrative threat predicted child SAnxD; lower encouragement predicted negative child CBCL scores and, particularly for behaviorally inhibited children, Teacher Report Form scores and DP representations. In securely attached children, CBCL scores and risk for SAnxD were affected by maternal anxiety and threat attributions, respectively. Low encouragement mediated the effects of maternal anxiety on child DP representations and CBCL scores. Maternal narratives are affected by social anxiety and contribute to adverse child outcome.
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Grunewald M, Stadelmann S, Brandeis D, Jaeger S, Matuschek T, Weis S, Kalex V, Hiemisch A, von Klitzing K, Döhnert M. Early processing of emotional faces in a Go/NoGo task: lack of N170 right-hemispheric specialisation in children with major depression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1339-52. [PMID: 26093649 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Emotionally biased information processing towards sad and away from happy information characterises individuals with major depression. To learn more about the nature of these dysfunctional modulations, developmental and neural aspects of emotional face processing have to be considered. By combining measures of performance (attention control, inhibition) in an emotional Go/NoGo task with an event-related potential (ERP) of early face processing (N170), we obtained a multifaceted picture of emotional face processing in a sample of children and adolescents (11-14 years) with major depression (MDD, n = 26) and healthy controls (CTRL, n = 26). Subjects had to respond to emotional faces (fearful, happy or sad) and withhold their response to calm faces or vice versa. Children of the MDD group displayed shorter N170 latencies than children of the CTRL group. Typical right lateralisation of the N170 was observed for all faces in the CTRL but not for happy and calm faces in the MDD group. However, the MDD group did not differ in their behavioural reaction to emotional faces, and effects of interference by emotional information on the reaction to calm faces in this group were notably mild. Although we could not find a typical pattern of emotional bias, the results suggest that alterations in face processing of children with major depression can be seen at early stages of face perception indexed by the N170. The findings call for longitudinal examinations considering effects of development in children with major depression as well as associations to later stages of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Grunewald
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany,
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Valadão Dias F, Oliveira RV, Leal I, Maroco J. Positive and Negative Thoughts in Ambiguous Anxiety-Related Stories: The Child’s Perspective. PSYCHOLOGY, COMMUNITY & HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.5964/pch.v4i1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the presence/absence, frequency of cognitive products (positive, negative and neutral thoughts) in a Portuguese community sample of children aged 10 and 11 years. Method A total of 274 children participated in this study, 151 girls and 123 boys, from the 5th and 6th grades, aged 10 and 11 years. Cognitive products were accessed through children’s cognitive responses to the Nine Ambiguous Stories. Results The answers to the nine stories produced 6,633 thoughts (positive - 2,570, negative - 4,063, neutral - 32). The number of positive and negative thoughts varied according to the stories. The absence of either positive or negative thoughts was observed in a very small number of children. The simultaneous presence of positive and negative thoughts per child occurred in all stories. More than half of the children showed more negative thoughts in all stories except for stories 2 and 6. Conclusion The results of this study contribute to the understanding of cognitive development of children, based on what is known and observed in the child and calls attention to the importance of the research of positive and negative content of thoughts shown by children and their impact on childhood anxiety.
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Smith AM, Flannery-Schroeder EC, Gorman KS, Cook N. Parent cognitive-behavioral intervention for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: A pilot study. Behav Res Ther 2014; 61:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reynolds G, Field AP, Askew C. Effect of vicarious fear learning on children's heart rate responses and attentional bias for novel animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 14:995-1006. [PMID: 25151521 PMCID: PMC4170822 DOI: 10.1037/a0037225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research with children has shown that vicarious learning can result in changes to 2 of Lang’s (1968) 3 anxiety response systems: subjective report and behavioral avoidance. The current study extended this research by exploring the effect of vicarious learning on physiological responses (Lang’s final response system) and attentional bias. The study used Askew and Field’s (2007) vicarious learning procedure and demonstrated fear-related increases in children’s cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses. Cognitive and behavioral changes were retested 1 week and 1 month later, and remained elevated. In addition, a visual search task demonstrated that fear-related vicarious learning creates an attentional bias for novel animals, which is moderated by increases in fear beliefs during learning. The findings demonstrate that vicarious learning leads to lasting changes in all 3 of Lang’s anxiety response systems and is sufficient to create attentional bias to threat in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Askew
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University
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Affrunti NW, Woodruff-Borden J. Parental Perfectionism and Overcontrol: Examining Mechanisms in the Development of Child Anxiety. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 43:517-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Remmerswaal D, Huijding J, Bouwmeester S, Brouwer M, Muris P. Cognitive bias in action: evidence for a reciprocal relation between confirmation bias and fear in children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014; 45:26-32. [PMID: 23933089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Some cognitive models propose that information processing biases and fear are reciprocally related. This idea has never been formally tested. Therefore, this study investigated the existence of a vicious circle by which confirmation bias and fear exacerbate each other. METHODS One-hundred-and-seventy-one school children (8-13 years) were first provided with threatening, ambiguous, or positive information about an unknown animal. Then they completed a computerized information search task during which they could collect additional (negative, positive, or neutral) information about the novel animal. Because fear levels were repeatedly assessed during the task, it was possible to examine the reciprocal relationship between confirmation bias and fear. RESULTS A reciprocal relation of mutual reinforcement was found between confirmation bias and fear over the course of the experiment: increases in fear predicted subsequent increases in the search for negative information, and increases in the search for negative information further enhanced fear on a later point-in-time. In addition, the initial information given about the animals successfully induced diverging fear levels in the children, and determined their first inclination to search for additional information. LIMITATIONS As this study employed a community sample of primary school children, future research should test whether these results can be generalized to clinically anxious youth. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide first support for the notion that fearful individuals may become trapped in a vicious circle in which fear and a fear-related confirmation bias mutually strengthen each other, thereby maintaining the anxiety pathology.
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Negreiros J, Miller LD. The role of parenting in childhood anxiety: Etiological factors and treatment implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Panayiotou G. Maternal neuroticism predicts social anxiety in Cypriot youth: the mediating role of child personality and anxiety sensitivity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2013.866147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Creswell C, Murray L, Cooper P. Interpretation and expectation in childhood anxiety disorders: age effects and social specificity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 42:453-65. [PMID: 24293002 PMCID: PMC3936123 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Theory and treatment for childhood anxiety disorders typically implicates children's negative cognitions, yet little is known about the characteristics of thinking styles of clinically anxious children. In particular, it is unclear whether differences in thinking styles between children with anxiety disorders and non-anxious children vary as a function of child age, whether particular cognitive distortions are associated with childhood anxiety disorders at different child ages, and whether cognitive content is disorder-specific. The current study addressed these questions among 120 7-12 year old children (53% female) who met diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder, other anxiety disorder, or who were not currently anxious. Contrary to expectations, threat interpretation was not inflated amongst anxious compared to non-anxious children at any age, although older (10-12 year old) anxious children did differ from non-anxious children on measures of perceived coping. The notion of cognitive-content specificity was not supported across the age-range. The findings challenge current treatment models of childhood anxiety, and suggest that a focus on changing anxious children's cognitions is not warranted in mid-childhood, and in late childhood cognitive approaches may be better focussed on promoting children's perceptions of control rather than challenging threat interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AL, UK,
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Esbjørn BH, Caspersen ID, Sømhovd MJ, Breinholst S, Reinholdt-Dunne ML. Exploring the Contribution of Parental Perceptions to Childhood Anxiety. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2014. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2014-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sharma S, Woolfson LM, Hunter SC. Maladaptive cognitive appraisals in children with high-functioning autism: associations with fear, anxiety and theory of mind. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013; 18:244-54. [PMID: 24092841 DOI: 10.1177/1362361312472556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented success of cognitive restructuring techniques in the treatment of anxiety disorders, there is still little clarity on which cognitions underpin fear and anxiety in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. This study examined whether certain cognitive appraisals, known to be associated with fear and anxiety in typically developing groups, may help explain these emotions in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. It also investigated relations between these cognitive appraisals and theory of mind. Appraisals, fear and anxiety were assessed using a vignette approach in 22 children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and 22 typically developing children. The two groups differed significantly on all four appraisal types. Anxiety was negatively correlated with future expectancy and positively with problem-focused coping potential in the high-functioning autism spectrum disorder group but was not correlated with appraisals in the typically developing group. The two appraisals associated with fear were emotion-focused coping potential (in the high-functioning autism spectrum disorder group only) and self-accountability (in the typically developing group only). Linear regression analysis found that appraisals of emotion-focused coping potential, problem-focused coping potential and future expectancy were significant predictors of theory-of-mind ability in the high-functioning autism spectrum disorders group. These findings indicate that specific, problematic patterns of appraisal may characterise children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
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Leen-Feldner EW, Feldner MT, Knapp A, Bunaciu L, Blumenthal H, Amstadter AB. Offspring psychological and biological correlates of parental posttraumatic stress: review of the literature and research agenda. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:1106-33. [PMID: 24100080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Millions of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are parents. A burgeoning literature suggests that offspring of parents with this condition may be at increased risk for psychological problems. The current paper provides an integrative and comprehensive review of the diverse research literature examining the sequelae of parental posttraumatic stress among offspring. Over 100 studies that evaluated psychological and/or biological variables among children of parents with PTSD are reviewed. Findings suggest parental symptoms of posttraumatic stress are uniquely related to an array of offspring outcomes, including internalizing-type problems, general behavioral problems, and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Although very little work has directly evaluated mechanisms of transmission, there is increasing support for genetic and epigenetic effects as well as parenting behaviors. These and other mechanisms are discussed; drawing upon findings from other literatures to consider how parental PTSD may impart psychobiological vulnerability upon offspring. We conclude with a detailed discussion of the methodological strengths and challenges of the extant research, along with a recommended agenda for future research in this important area of study.
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Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the common fears and their origins among children and adolescents from different age, gender, and socioeconomic levels (SES). The sample was comprised of 642 females (48.8%) and 673 males (51.2%) with a total of 1,315 participants aged between 8 and 18 (M = 13.15; SD = 3.18). The Fear interview was utilised to examine the common fears and the role of conditioning, modelling and negative information in the development of children's fears. The result showed that the most common fear in Turkey was ‘God’, followed by ‘losing my friends’ and ‘going to Hell’. In addition, the findings revealed that Turkish students are more likely to learn fears by modelling rather than negative information transmission and conditioning. The results also indicated that negative information transmission had a more intensifying effect on the children and adolescents’ existing fear rather than modelling and conditioning. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the effects of age, gender and SES on the origins of fear. Results showed that age and gender were significant predictors of origins of fear.
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Gulley LD, Oppenheimer CW, Hankin BL. Associations among negative parenting, attention bias to anger, and social anxiety among youth. Dev Psychol 2013; 50:577-85. [PMID: 23815705 DOI: 10.1037/a0033624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Theories of affective learning suggest that early experiences contribute to emotional disorders by influencing the development of processing biases for negative emotional stimuli. Although studies have shown that physically abused children preferentially attend to angry faces, it is unclear whether youth exposed to more typical aspects of negative parenting exhibit the same type of bias. The current studies extend previous research by linking observed negative parenting styles (e.g., authoritarian) and behaviors (e.g., criticism and negative affect) to attention bias for angry faces in both a psychiatrically enriched (ages 11-17 years; N = 60) and a general community (ages 9-15 years; N = 75) sample of youth. In addition, the association between observed negative parenting (e.g., authoritarian style and negative affect) and youth social anxiety was mediated by attention bias for angry faces in the general community sample. Overall, findings provide preliminary support for theories of affective learning and risk for psychopathology among youth.
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