1
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Chereddy SCRR, Makino T. Conserved Genes in Highly Regenerative Metazoans Are Associated with Planarian Regeneration. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae082. [PMID: 38652806 PMCID: PMC11077316 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metazoan species depict a wide spectrum of regeneration ability which calls into question the evolutionary origins of the underlying processes. Since species with high regeneration ability are widely distributed throughout metazoans, there is a possibility that the metazoan ancestor had an underlying common molecular mechanism. Early metazoans like sponges possess high regenerative ability, but, due to the large differences they have with Cnidaria and Bilateria regarding symmetry and neuronal systems, it can be inferred that this regenerative ability is different. We hypothesized that the last common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria possessed remarkable regenerative ability which was lost during evolution. We separated Cnidaria and Bilateria into three classes possessing whole-body regenerating, high regenerative ability, and low regenerative ability. Using a multiway BLAST and gene phylogeny approach, we identified genes conserved in whole-body regenerating species and lost in low regenerative ability species and labeled them Cnidaria and Bilaterian regeneration genes. Through transcription factor analysis, we identified that Cnidaria and Bilaterian regeneration genes were associated with an overabundance of homeodomain regulatory elements. RNA interference of Cnidaria and Bilaterian regeneration genes resulted in loss of regeneration phenotype for HRJDa, HRJDb, DUF21, DISP3, and ARMR genes. We observed that DUF21 knockdown was highly lethal in the early stages of regeneration indicating a potential role in wound response. Also, HRJDa, HRJDb, DISP3, and ARMR knockdown showed loss of regeneration phenotype after second amputation. The results strongly correlate with their respective RNA-seq profiles. We propose that Cnidaria and Bilaterian regeneration genes play a major role in regeneration across highly regenerative Cnidaria and Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Thweatt JL, Harman CE, Araújo MN, Marlow JJ, Oliver GC, Sabuda MC, Sevgen S, Wilpiszeki RL. Chapter 6: The Breadth and Limits of Life on Earth. ASTROBIOLOGY 2024; 24:S124-S142. [PMID: 38498824 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Scientific ideas about the potential existence of life elsewhere in the universe are predominantly informed by knowledge about life on Earth. Over the past ∼4 billion years, life on Earth has evolved into millions of unique species. Life now inhabits nearly every environmental niche on Earth that has been explored. Despite the wide variety of species and diverse biochemistry of modern life, many features, such as energy production mechanisms and nutrient requirements, are conserved across the Tree of Life. Such conserved features help define the operational parameters required by life and therefore help direct the exploration and evaluation of habitability in extraterrestrial environments. As new diversity in the Tree of Life continues to expand, so do the known limits of life on Earth and the range of environments considered habitable elsewhere. The metabolic processes used by organisms living on the edge of habitability provide insights into the types of environments that would be most suitable to hosting extraterrestrial life, crucial for planning and developing future astrobiology missions. This chapter will introduce readers to the breadth and limits of life on Earth and show how the study of life at the extremes can inform the broader field of astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Thweatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. (Former)
| | - C E Harman
- Planetary Systems Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - M N Araújo
- Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey J Marlow
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina C Oliver
- Department of Geology, San Bernardino Valley College, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Mary C Sabuda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Serhat Sevgen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Mussini G, Dunn FS. Decline and fall of the Ediacarans: late-Neoproterozoic extinctions and the rise of the modern biosphere. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:110-130. [PMID: 37667585 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The end-Neoproterozoic transition marked a gradual but permanent shift between distinct configurations of Earth's biosphere. This interval witnessed the demise of the enigmatic Ediacaran Biota, ushering in the structured trophic webs and disparate animal body plans of Phanerozoic ecosystems. However, little consensus exists on the reality, drivers, and macroevolutionary implications of end-Neoproterozoic extinctions. Here we evaluate potential drivers of late-Neoproterozoic turnover by addressing recent findings on Ediacaran geochronology, the persistence of classical Ediacaran macrobionts into the Cambrian, and the existence of Ediacaran crown-group eumetazoans. Despite renewed interest in the possibility of Phanerozoic-style 'mass extinctions' in the latest Neoproterozoic, our synthesis of the available evidence does not support extinction models based on episodic geochemical triggers, nor does it validate simple ecological interpretations centred on direct competitive displacement. Instead, we argue that the protracted and indirect effects of early bilaterian innovations, including escalations in sediment engineering, predation, and the largely understudied impacts of reef-building, may best account for the temporal structure and possible selectivity of late-Neoproterozoic extinctions. We integrate these processes into a generalised model of early eumetazoan-dominated ecologies, charting the disruption of spatial and temporal isotropy on the Ediacaran benthos as a consequence of diversifying macrofaunal interactions. Given the nature of resource distribution in Ediacaran ecologies, the continuities among Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas, and the convergent origins of ecologically disruptive innovations among bilaterians we suggest that the rise of Phanerozoic-type biotas may have been unstoppable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mussini
- Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Frances S Dunn
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK
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4
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Mańko MK, Munro C, Leclère L. Establishing Bilateral Symmetry in Hydrozoan Planula Larvae, a Review of Siphonophore Early Development. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:975-989. [PMID: 37353930 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Siphonophores are colonial hydrozoans, characterized by complex colony organization and unparalleled zooid functional specialization. Recent genomic studies have offered an evolutionary perspective on how this morphological complexity arose, but a molecular characterization of symmetry breaking in siphonophore embryonic development is still largely missing. Here, bringing together historical data on early development with new immunohistochemical data, we review the diversity of developmental trajectories that lead to the formation of bilaterally symmetric planula larvae in siphonophores. Embryonic development, up to the planula stage, is remarkably similar across siphonophore phylogeny. Then, with the appearance of the lateral endodermal thickening (= ventral endoderm), larval development diverges between taxa, differing in the location and patterning of the primary buds, chronology of budding, establishment of growth zones, and retention of larval zooids. Our work also uncovers a number of open questions in siphonophore development, including homology of different zooids, mechanisms underlying formation and maintenance of spatially restricted growth zone(s), and molecular factors establishing a secondary dorsal-ventral axis in planulae. By discussing siphonophore development and body axes within the broader cnidarian context, we then set the framework for future work on siphonophores, which is finally achievable with the advent of culturing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej K Mańko
- Laboratory of Plankton Biology, Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, 81-378, Poland
| | - Catriona Munro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, 06230, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls-sur-Mer, 66650, France
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5
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Nakamura M, Oguchi K, Sato DS, Kato S, Okanishi M, Hayashi Y, Aguado MT, Miura T. Morphological, histological and gene-expression analyses on stolonization in the Japanese Green Syllid, Megasyllis nipponica (Annelida, Syllidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:19419. [PMID: 37993494 PMCID: PMC10665476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic annelids belonging to the family Syllidae (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocida) exhibit a unique reproduction mode called "schizogamy" or "stolonization", in which the posterior body part filled with gametes detaches from the original body, as a reproductive unit (stolon) that autonomously swims and spawns. In this study, morphological and histological observations on the developmental processes during stolonization were carried out in Megasyllis nipponica. Results suggest that the stolon formation started with maturation of gonads, followed by the formation of a head ganglion in the anteriormost segment of the developing stolon. Then, the detailed stolon-specific structures such as stolon eyes and notochaetae were formed. Furthermore, expression profiles of genes involved in the anterior-posterior identity (Hox genes), head determination, germ-line, and hormone regulation were compared between anterior and posterior body parts during the stolonization process. The results reveal that, in the posterior body part, genes for gonadal development were up-regulated, followed by hormone-related genes and head-determination genes. Unexpectedly, Hox genes known to identify body parts along the anterior-posterior axis showed no significant temporal expression changes. These findings suggest that during stolonization, gonad development induces the head formation of a stolon, without up-regulation of anterior Hox genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Sato
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
| | - Sumika Kato
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Okanishi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Ozuka-Higashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima, 731-3195, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa, 238-0225, Japan.
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6
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Feng H, Lv S, Li R, Shi J, Wang J, Cao P. Mitochondrial genome comparison reveals the evolution of cnidarians. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10157. [PMID: 37325715 PMCID: PMC10261974 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians are the most primitive metazoans, but their evolutionary relationships are poorly understood, although recent studies present several phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we collected 266 complete cnidarian mitochondrial genomes and re-evaluated the phylogenetic relationships between the major lineages. We described the gene rearrangement patterns of Cnidaria. Anthozoans had significantly greater mitochondrial genome size and lower A + T content than medusozoans. Most of the protein-coding genes in anthozoans such as COX 13, ATP6, and CYTB displayed a faster rate of evolution based on selection analysis. There were 19 distinct patterns of mitochondrial gene order, including 16 unique gene orders in anthozoans and 3 mtDNA gene orders pattern in medusozoans, were identified among cnidarians. The gene order arrangement suggested that a linearized mtDNA structure may be more conducive to Medusozoan mtDNA stability. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the monophyly of the Anthozoa was strongly supported compared to previous mitochondrial genome-based analyses rather than octocorals forming a sister group relationship with medusozoans. In addition, Staurozoa were more closely related to Anthozoa than to Medusozoa. In conclusion, these results largely support the traditional phylogenetic view of the relationships of cnidarians and provide new insights into the evolutionary processes for studying the most ancient animal radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Marine Microorganism Ecological & Application LabZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Sitong Lv
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Rong Li
- Marine Microorganism Ecological & Application LabZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Jing Shi
- Marine Microorganism Ecological & Application LabZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Marine Microorganism Ecological & Application LabZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Pinglin Cao
- Marine Microorganism Ecological & Application LabZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
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7
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Recurrent connections facilitate symmetry perception in deep networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20931. [PMID: 36463378 PMCID: PMC9719566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetry is omnipresent in nature and perceived by the visual system of many species, as it facilitates detecting ecologically important classes of objects in our environment. Yet, the neural underpinnings of symmetry perception remain elusive, as they require abstraction of long-range spatial dependencies between image regions and are acquired with limited experience. In this paper, we evaluate Deep Neural Network (DNN) architectures on the task of learning symmetry perception from examples. We demonstrate that feed-forward DNNs that excel at modelling human performance on object recognition tasks, are unable to acquire a general notion of symmetry. This is the case even when the feed-forward DNNs are architected to capture long-range spatial dependencies, such as through 'dilated' convolutions and the 'transformers' design. By contrast, we find that recurrent architectures are capable of learning a general notion of symmetry by breaking down the symmetry's long-range spatial dependencies into a progression of local-range operations. These results suggest that recurrent connections likely play an important role in symmetry perception in artificial systems, and possibly, biological ones too.
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8
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Maletz J. Symmetry in graptolite zooids and tubaria (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata). Evol Dev 2021; 23:513-523. [PMID: 34904785 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extant and fossil pterobranchs show distinct symmetry conditions of the individual zooids and their tubaria that are not necessarily comparable. The strict bilateral symmetry in the zooids of extant Cephalodiscida is modified to a considerable anatomical asymmetry in extant Rhabdopleurida. This type of left-right asymmetry can be recognized as antisymmetry, as dextral and sinistral developments are equally common. Antisymmetry is also recognized in the rhabdopleurid tubaria and in the proximal development and branching of planktic graptoloids. The antisymmetry of the graptoloid tubarium is modified during the Tremadocian time interval to a fixed or directional asymmetry. From the latest Tremadocian or earliest Floian onwards, proximal development in the Graptoloidea is invariably dextral and very few examples of a sinistral development have been found. The transition from antisymmetry to directional asymmetry can only be recognized in the graptolite tubaria, as the anatomy of the zooids is unknown from the fossil record. Directional asymmetry is not recognized in extant Pterobranchia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Maletz
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Sarper SE, Hirai T, Matsuyama T, Kuratani S, Fujimoto K. Polymorphism in the symmetries of gastric pouch arrangements in the sea anemone D. lineata. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:12. [PMID: 34488893 PMCID: PMC8419960 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry in the arrangement of body parts is a distinctive phylogenetic feature of animals. Cnidarians show both bilateral and radial symmetries in their internal organs, such as gastric pouches and muscles. However, how different symmetries appear during the developmental process remains unknown. Here, we report intraspecific variations in the symmetric arrangement of gastric pouches, muscles, and siphonoglyphs, the Anthozoan-specific organ that drives water into the organism, in D. lineata (Diadumenidae, Actiniaria). We found that the positional arrangement of the internal organs was apparently constrained to either biradial or bilateral symmetries depending on the number of siphonoglyphs. Based on the morphological observations, a mathematical model of internal organ positioning was employed to predict the developmental backgrounds responsible for the biradial and bilateral symmetries. In the model, we assumed that the specification of gastric pouches is orchestrated by lateral inhibition and activation, which results in different symmetries depending on the number of siphonoglyphs. Thus, we propose that a common developmental program can generate either bilateral or biradial symmetries depending on the number of siphonoglyphs formed in the early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye E Sarper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Take Matsuyama
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
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10
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Coordination of biradial-to-radial symmetry and tissue polarity by HD-ZIP II proteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4321. [PMID: 34262040 PMCID: PMC8280177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetry establishment is a critical process in the development of multicellular organs and requires careful coordination of polarity axes while cells actively divide within tissues. Formation of the apical style in the Arabidopsis gynoecium involves a bilateral-to-radial symmetry transition, a stepwise process underpinned by the dynamic distribution of the plant morphogen auxin. Here we show that SPATULA (SPT) and the HECATE (HEC) bHLH proteins mediate the final step in the style radialisation process and synergistically control the expression of adaxial-identity genes, HOMEOBOX ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 3 (HAT3) and ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX 4 (ATHB4). HAT3/ATHB4 module drives radialisation of the apical style by promoting basal-to-apical auxin flow and via a negative feedback mechanism that finetune auxin distribution through repression of SPT expression and cytokinin sensitivity. Thus, this work reveals the molecular basis of axes-coordination and hormonal cross-talk during the sequential steps of symmetry transition in the Arabidopsis style. The apical style in Arabidopsis is formed following a bilateral-to-radial symmetry transition in the gynoecium. Here the authors show that the final step in style radialization is coordinated by the adaxial regulators HAT3 and ATHB4, which are induced by the SPT and HEC transcription factors.
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Abstract
While the desire to uncover the neural correlates of consciousness has taken numerous directions, self-face recognition has been a constant in attempts to isolate aspects of self-awareness. The neuroimaging revolution of the 1990s brought about systematic attempts to isolate the underlying neural basis of self-face recognition. These studies, including some of the first fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) examinations, revealed a right-hemisphere bias for self-face recognition in a diverse set of regions including the insula, the dorsal frontal lobe, the temporal parietal junction, and the medial temporal cortex. In this systematic review, we provide confirmation of these data (which are correlational) which were provided by TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and patients in which direct inhibition or ablation of right-hemisphere regions leads to a disruption or absence of self-face recognition. These data are consistent with a number of theories including a right-hemisphere dominance for self-awareness and/or a right-hemisphere specialization for identifying significant social relationships, including to oneself.
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Expression of Wnt and TGF-Beta Pathway Components during Whole-Body Regeneration from Cell Aggregates in Demosponge Halisarca dujardinii. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060944. [PMID: 34203064 PMCID: PMC8235796 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of whole-body regeneration means rebuilding of the whole body of an animal from a small fragment or even a group of cells. In this process, the old axial relationships are often lost, and new ones are established. An amazing model for studying this process is sponges, some of which are able to regenerate into a definitive organism after dissociation into cells. We hypothesized that during the development of cell aggregates, primmorphs, new axes are established due to the activation of the Wnt and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Using in silico analysis, RNA-seq, and whole-mount in situ hybridization, we identified the participants in these signaling pathways and determined the spatiotemporal changes in their expression in demosponge Halisarca dujardinii. It was shown that Wnt and TGF-beta ligands are differentially expressed during primmorph development, and transcripts of several genes are localized at the poles of primmorphs, in the form of a gradient. We suppose that the Wnt and TGF-beta signaling cascades are involved in the initial axial patterning of the sponge body, which develops from cells after dissociation.
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13
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Lü Z, Gong L, Ren Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Li H, Chen X, Li Z, Luo H, Jiang H, Zeng Y, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Jiang H, Wan W, Qin Y, Zhang J, Zhu L, Shi W, He S, Mao B, Wang W, Kong X, Li Y. Large-scale sequencing of flatfish genomes provides insights into the polyphyletic origin of their specialized body plan. Nat Genet 2021; 53:742-751. [PMID: 33875864 PMCID: PMC8110480 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary and genetic origins of the specialized body plan of flatfish are largely unclear. We analyzed the genomes of 11 flatfish species representing 9 of the 14 Pleuronectiforme families and conclude that Pleuronectoidei and Psettodoidei do not form a monophyletic group, suggesting independent origins from different percoid ancestors. Genomic and transcriptomic data indicate that genes related to WNT and retinoic acid pathways, hampered musculature and reduced lipids might have functioned in the evolution of the specialized body plan of Pleuronectoidei. Evolution of Psettodoidei involved similar but not identical genes. Our work provides valuable resources and insights for understanding the genetic origins of the unusual body plan of flatfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Lü
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Li Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yandong Ren
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongjiu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Haorong Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenzhu Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianshe Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunping He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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14
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Ereskovsky A, Borisenko IE, Bolshakov FV, Lavrov AI. Whole-Body Regeneration in Sponges: Diversity, Fine Mechanisms, and Future Prospects. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:506. [PMID: 33805549 PMCID: PMC8066720 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While virtually all animals show certain abilities for regeneration after an injury, these abilities vary greatly among metazoans. Porifera (Sponges) is basal metazoans characterized by a wide variety of different regenerative processes, including whole-body regeneration (WBR). Considering phylogenetic position and unique body organization, sponges are highly promising models, as they can shed light on the origin and early evolution of regeneration in general and WBR in particular. The present review summarizes available data on the morphogenetic and cellular mechanisms accompanying different types of WBR in sponges. Sponges show a high diversity of WBR, which principally could be divided into (1) WBR from a body fragment and (2) WBR by aggregation of dissociated cells. Sponges belonging to different phylogenetic clades and even to different species and/or differing in the anatomical structure undergo different morphogeneses after similar operations. A common characteristic feature of WBR in sponges is the instability of the main body axis: a change of the organism polarity is described during all types of WBR. The cellular mechanisms of WBR are different across sponge classes, while cell dedifferentiations and transdifferentiations are involved in regeneration processes in all sponges. Data considering molecular regulation of WBR in sponges are extremely scarce. However, the possibility to achieve various types of WBR ensured by common morphogenetic and cellular basis in a single species makes sponges highly accessible for future comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, 13007 Marseille, France
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Evolution of Morphogenesis Laboratory, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Fyodor V. Bolshakov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (F.V.B.); (A.I.L.)
| | - Andrey I. Lavrov
- Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (F.V.B.); (A.I.L.)
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15
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The Emergence of the Bilateral Symmetry in Animals: A Review and a New Hypothesis. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals.
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16
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McFadden CS, Quattrini AM, Brugler MR, Cowman PF, Dueñas LF, Kitahara MV, Paz-García DA, Reimer JD, Rodríguez E. Phylogenomics, Origin, and Diversification of Anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria). Syst Biol 2021; 70:635-647. [PMID: 33507310 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthozoan cnidarians (corals and sea anemones) include some of the world's most important foundation species, capable of building massive reef complexes that support entire ecosystems. Although previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed widespread homoplasy of the morphological characters traditionally used to define orders and families of anthozoans, analyses using mitochondrial genes or rDNA have failed to resolve many key nodes in the phylogeny. With a fully resolved, time-calibrated phylogeny for 234 species constructed from hundreds of ultraconserved elements and exon loci, we explore the evolutionary origins of the major clades of Anthozoa and some of their salient morphological features. The phylogeny supports reciprocally monophyletic Hexacorallia and Octocorallia, with Ceriantharia as the earliest diverging hexacorals; two reciprocally monophyletic clades of Octocorallia; and monophyly of all hexacoral orders with the exception of the enigmatic sea anemone Relicanthus daphneae. Divergence dating analyses place Anthozoa in the Cryogenian to Tonian periods (648-894 Ma), older than has been suggested by previous studies. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that the ancestral anthozoan was a solitary polyp that had bilateral symmetry and lacked a skeleton. Colonial growth forms and the ability to precipitate calcium carbonate evolved in the Ediacaran (578 Ma) and Cambrian (503 Ma) respectively; these hallmarks of reef-building species have subsequently arisen multiple times independently in different orders. Anthozoans formed associations with photosymbionts by the Devonian (383 Ma), and photosymbioses have been gained and lost repeatedly in all orders. Together, these results have profound implications for the interpretation of the Precambrian environment and the early evolution of metazoans.[Bilateral symmetry; coloniality; coral; early metazoans; exon capture; Hexacorallia; Octocorallia photosymbiosis; sea anemone; ultraconserved elements.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S McFadden
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 1250 N. Dartmouth Ave., Claremont, CA 91711 USA
| | - Andrea M Quattrini
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, 1250 N. Dartmouth Ave., Claremont, CA 91711 USA.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, NYC College of Technology, City University of New York, 285 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 801 Carteret Street, Beaufort, SC 29902, USA
| | - Peter F Cowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Luisa F Dueñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No.45-03 Edificio 421, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Marcelo V Kitahara
- Department of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP 11070-100 Brazil.,Centre for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11612-109 Brazil
| | - David A Paz-García
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR). Laboratorio de Necton y Ecología de Arrecifes. Calle IPN 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - James D Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Chemistry, and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.,Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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17
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Abstract
In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.
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18
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The Impacts of Symmetry in Architecture and Urbanism: Toward a New Research Agenda. BUILDINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings10120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Architecture has an ancient relationship to mathematics, and symmetry—in the broad sense of the term—is a core topic of both. Yet the contemporary application of theories of symmetry to architecture and built environments is a surprisingly immature area of research. At the same time, research is showing a divergence between the benefits of and preferences for natural environments on the one hand, and built environments on the other, demonstrating relatively deleterious effects of many contemporary built environments. Yet the research cannot yet pinpoint the actual geometric factors of architecture and urbanism that could produce such an important divergence. This paper explores this research gap, surveying the literature across a range of fields, and assessing current evidence for the impacts of symmetry in the built environment upon human perception and well-being. As an emerging case study, it considers the recent work by Christopher Alexander and Nikos Salingaros, two trained mathematicians who have made notable contributions to architecture and urbanism. The conclusion proposes a new research agenda toward further development of this immature subject area.
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19
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Binary fission in Trichoplax is orthogonal to the subsequent division plane. Mech Dev 2020; 162:103608. [PMID: 32387588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction in Trichoplax occurs mainly by binary fission and occasionally by the budding of epithelial spheres called "swarmers". The process that leads to binary fission and the mechanisms involved in this segregation are practically unknown. Trichoplax lacks a defined shape, presenting a constantly changing outline due to its continuous movements and body contractions. For this reason, and due to the absence of anatomical references, it has been classified as an asymmetric organism. Here, we report that a transient wound is formed in the marginal epithelium of the two new individuals produced by binary fission. By tracking the location of this epithelial wound, we can determine that successive dichotomous divisions are orthogonal to the previous division. We also found that LiCl paralyzes the cilia beating movement and body contractions and causes the placozoans to become circular in shape. This effect, as well as a stereotypic body folding behavior observed in detached placozoans and cell labeling experiments of the upper epithelium, indicate a cylindrical body symmetry for Placozoa.
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20
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van der Burg CA, Pavasovic A, Gilding EK, Pelzer ES, Surm JM, Smith HL, Walsh TP, Prentis PJ. The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:285-307. [PMID: 32016679 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of a limb or tissue can be achieved through multiple different pathways and mechanisms. The sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida has been observed to have excellent regenerative proficiency, but this has not yet been described transcriptionally. In this study, we examined the genetic expression changes during a regenerative timecourse and reported key genes involved in regeneration and wound healing. We found that the major response was an early (within the first 8 h) upregulation of genes involved in cellular movement and cell communication, which likely contribute to a high level of tissue plasticity resulting in the rapid regeneration response observed in this species. We find the immune system was only transcriptionally active in the first 8 h post-amputation and conclude, in accordance with previous literature, that the immune system and regeneration have an inverse relationship. Fifty-nine genes (3.8% of total) differentially expressed during regeneration were identified as having no orthologues in other species, indicating that regeneration in E. pallida may rely on the activation of species-specific novel genes. Additionally, taxonomically restricted novel genes, including species-specific novels, and highly conserved genes were identified throughout the regenerative timecourse, showing that both may work in concert to achieve complete regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé A van der Burg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Edward K Gilding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Elise S Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Joachim M Surm
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hayden L Smith
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Terence P Walsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Peter J Prentis
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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21
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Condamine T, Jager M, Leclère L, Blugeon C, Lemoine S, Copley RR, Manuel M. Molecular characterisation of a cellular conveyor belt in Clytia medusae. Dev Biol 2019; 456:212-225. [PMID: 31509769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tentacular system of Clytia hemisphaerica medusa (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has recently emerged as a promising experimental model to tackle the developmental mechanisms that regulate cell lineage progression in an early-diverging animal phylum. From a population of proximal stem cells, the successive steps of tentacle stinging cell (nematocyte) elaboration, are spatially ordered along a "cellular conveyor belt". Furthermore, the C. hemisphaerica tentacular system exhibits bilateral organisation, with two perpendicular polarity axes (proximo-distal and oral-aboral). We aimed to improve our knowledge of this cellular system by combining RNAseq-based differential gene expression analyses and expression studies of Wnt signalling genes. RNAseq comparisons of gene expression levels were performed (i) between the tentacular system and a control medusa deprived of all tentacles, nematogenic sites and gonads, and (ii) between three samples staggered along the cellular conveyor belt. The behaviour in these differential expression analyses of two reference gene sets (stem cell genes; nematocyte genes), as well as the relative representations of selected gene ontology categories, support the validity of the cellular conveyor belt model. Expression patterns obtained by in situ hybridisation for selected highly differentially expressed genes and for Wnt signalling genes are largely consistent with the results from RNAseq. Wnt signalling genes exhibit complex spatial deployment along both polarity axes of the tentacular system, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway probably acting along the oral-aboral axis rather than the proximo-distal axis. These findings reinforce the idea that, despite overall radial symmetry, cnidarians have a full potential for elaboration of bilateral structures based on finely orchestrated deployment of an ancient developmental gene toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Condamine
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France.
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22
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Schmitz J, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. Building an Asymmetrical Brain: The Molecular Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:982. [PMID: 31133928 PMCID: PMC6524718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most prominent examples for structural and functional differences between the left and right half of the body. For handedness and language lateralization, the most widely investigated behavioral phenotypes, only a small fraction of phenotypic variance has been explained by molecular genetic studies. Due to environmental factors presumably also playing a role in their ontogenesis and based on first molecular evidence, it has been suggested that functional hemispheric asymmetries are partly under epigenetic control. This review article aims to elucidate the molecular factors underlying hemispheric asymmetries and their association with inner organ asymmetries. While we previously suggested that epigenetic mechanisms might partly account for the missing heritability of handedness, this article extends this idea by suggesting possible alternatives for transgenerational transmission of epigenetic states that do not require germ line epigenetic transmission. This is in line with a multifactorial model of hemispheric asymmetries, integrating genetic, environmental, and epigenetic influencing factors in their ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schmitz
- Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Cong PY, Harvey THP, Williams M, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Gabbott SE, Li YJ, Wei F, Hou XG. Naked chancelloriids from the lower Cambrian of China show evidence for sponge-type growth. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0296. [PMID: 29925613 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chancelloriids are an extinct group of spiny Cambrian animals of uncertain phylogenetic position. Despite their sponge-like body plan, their spines are unlike modern sponge spicules, but share several features with the sclerites of certain Cambrian bilaterians, notably halkieriids. However, a proposed homology of these 'coelosclerites' implies complex transitions in body plan evolution. A new species of chancelloriid, Allonnia nuda, from the lower Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte is distinguished by its large size and sparse spination, with modified apical sclerites surrounding an opening into the body cavity. The sclerite arrangement in A. nuda and certain other chancelloriids indicates that growth involved sclerite addition in a subapical region, thus maintaining distinct zones of body sclerites and apical sclerites. This pattern is not seen in halkieriids, but occurs in some modern calcarean sponges. With scleritome assembly consistent with a sponge affinity, and in the absence of cnidarian- or bilaterian-grade features, it is possible to interpret chancelloriids as sponges with an unusually robust outer epithelium, strict developmental control of body axis formation, distinctive spicule-like structures and, by implication, minute ostia too small to be resolved in fossils. In this light, chancelloriids may contribute to the emerging picture of high disparity among early sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Cong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China .,Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas H P Harvey
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China .,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mark Williams
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David J Siveter
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derek J Siveter
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Earth Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK
| | - Sarah E Gabbott
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Yu-Jing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Fan Wei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Guang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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24
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Leclère L, Horin C, Chevalier S, Lapébie P, Dru P, Peron S, Jager M, Condamine T, Pottin K, Romano S, Steger J, Sinigaglia C, Barreau C, Quiroga Artigas G, Ruggiero A, Fourrage C, Kraus JEM, Poulain J, Aury JM, Wincker P, Quéinnec E, Technau U, Manuel M, Momose T, Houliston E, Copley RR. The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:801-810. [PMID: 30858591 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jellyfish (medusae) are a distinctive life-cycle stage of medusozoan cnidarians. They are major marine predators, with integrated neurosensory, muscular and organ systems. The genetic foundations of this complex form are largely unknown. We report the draft genome of the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and use multiple transcriptomes to determine gene use across life-cycle stages. Medusa, planula larva and polyp are each characterized by distinct transcriptome signatures reflecting abrupt life-cycle transitions and all deploy a mixture of phylogenetically old and new genes. Medusa-specific transcription factors, including many with bilaterian orthologues, associate with diverse neurosensory structures. Compared to Clytia, the polyp-only hydrozoan Hydra has lost many of the medusa-expressed transcription factors, despite similar overall rates of gene content evolution and sequence evolution. Absence of expression and gene loss among Clytia orthologues of genes patterning the anthozoan aboral pole, secondary axis and endomesoderm support simplification of planulae and polyps in Hydrozoa, including loss of bilateral symmetry. Consequently, although the polyp and planula are generally considered the ancestral cnidarian forms, in Clytia the medusa maximally deploys the ancestral cnidarian-bilaterian transcription factor gene complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leclère
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Coralie Horin
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Dru
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sophie Peron
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Condamine
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Karen Pottin
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD, UMR7622), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Romano
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Julia Steger
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD, UMR7622), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Sinigaglia
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242-INRA USC 1370, Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Carine Barreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Gonzalo Quiroga Artigas
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Fourrage
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Service de Génétique UMR 781, Hôpital Necker-APHP, Paris, France
| | - Johanna E M Kraus
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Eric Quéinnec
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
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25
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Casás-Selves M, Zhang AX, Dowling JE, Hallén S, Kawatkar A, Pace NJ, Denz CR, Pontz T, Garahdaghi F, Cao Q, Sabirsh A, Thakur K, O'Connell N, Hu J, Cornella-Taracido I, Weerapana E, Zinda M, Goodnow RA, Castaldi MP. Target Deconvolution Efforts on Wnt Pathway Screen Reveal Dual Modulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation and SERCA2. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:917-924. [PMID: 28371485 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is critical for development, cell proliferation and differentiation, and mutations in this pathway resulting in constitutive signaling have been implicated in various cancers. A pathway screen using a Wnt-dependent reporter identified a chemical series based on a 1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide (TDZ) core with sub-micromolar potency. Herein we report a comprehensive mechanism-of-action deconvolution study toward identifying the efficacy target(s) and biological implication of this chemical series involving bottom-up quantitative chemoproteomics, cell biology, and biochemical methods. Through observing the effects of our probes on metabolism and performing confirmatory cellular and biochemical assays, we found that this chemical series inhibits ATP synthesis by uncoupling the mitochondrial potential. Affinity chemoproteomics experiments identified sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -dependent ATPase (SERCA2) as a binding partner of the TDZ series, and subsequent validation studies suggest that the TDZ series can act as ionophores through SERCA2 toward Wnt pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Casás-Selves
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Discovery Sciences-Chemical Biology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - James E Dowling
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Stefan Hallén
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Aarti Kawatkar
- Discovery Sciences-Chemical Biology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Nicholas J Pace
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Christopher R Denz
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Timothy Pontz
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Farzin Garahdaghi
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Synageva BioPharma Corp., 33 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Qing Cao
- Discovery Sciences-Computational Chemistry, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 87 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Alan Sabirsh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Kumar Thakur
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Nichole O'Connell
- Discovery Sciences-Structure and Biophysics, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Nurix, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 290, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jun Hu
- Discovery Sciences-Structure and Biophysics, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Iván Cornella-Taracido
- Discovery Sciences-Chemical Biology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Michael Zinda
- Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Robert A Goodnow
- Discovery Sciences-Chemical Biology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.,Present address: Pharmaron, 303 Wyman Street, Room 322, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - M Paola Castaldi
- Discovery Sciences-Chemical Biology, Innovative Medicines and Early Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
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26
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Holló G. Demystification of animal symmetry: symmetry is a response to mechanical forces. Biol Direct 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28514948 PMCID: PMC5436448 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-017-0182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ᅟ Symmetry is an eye-catching feature of animal body plans, yet its causes are not well enough understood. The evolution of animal form is mainly due to changes in gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Based on theoretical considerations regarding fundamental GRN properties, it has recently been proposed that the animal genome, on large time scales, should be regarded as a system which can construct both the main symmetries – radial and bilateral – simultaneously; and that the expression of any of these depends on functional constraints. Current theories explain biological symmetry as a pattern mostly determined by phylogenetic constraints, and more by chance than by necessity. In contrast to this conception, I suggest that physical effects, which in many cases act as proximate, direct, tissue-shaping factors during ontogenesis, are also the ultimate causes – i.e. the indirect factors which provide a selective advantage – of animal symmetry, from organs to body plan level patterns. In this respect, animal symmetry is a necessary product of evolution. This proposition offers a parsimonious view of symmetry as a basic feature of the animal body plan, suggesting that molecules and physical forces act in a beautiful harmony to create symmetrical structures, but that the concert itself is directed by the latter. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Eugene Koonin, Zoltán Varga and Michaël Manuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Holló
- Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, H-4002, Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Hungary.
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27
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Rensing SA. (Why) Does Evolution Favour Embryogenesis? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:562-573. [PMID: 26987708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms typically possess life cycles in which zygotes (formed by gamete fusion) and meiosis occur. Canonical animal embryogenesis describes development from zygote to birth. It involves polarisation of the egg/zygote, asymmetric cell divisions, establishment of axes, symmetry breaking, formation of organs, and parental nutrition (at least in early stages). Similar developmental patterns have independently evolved in other eukaryotic lineages, including land plants and brown algae. The question arises whether embryo-like structures and associated developmental processes recurrently emerge because they are local optima of the evolutionary landscape. To understand which evolutionary principles govern complex multicellularity, we need to analyse why and how similar processes evolve convergently - von Baer's and Haeckel's phylotypic stage revisited in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Ctenophores: an evolutionary-developmental perspective. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:85-92. [PMID: 27351593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ctenophores are non-bilaterian metazoans of uncertain phylogenetic position, some recent studies placing them as sister-group to all other animals whereas others suggest this placement is artefactual and ctenophores are more closely allied with cnidarians and bilaterians, with which they share nerve cells, muscles and gut. Available information about developmental genes and their expression and function in ctenophores is reviewed. These data not only unveil some conserved aspects of molecular developmental mechanisms with other basal metazoan lineages, but also can be expected to enlighten the genomic and molecular bases of the evolution of ctenophore-specific traits, including their unique embryonic development, complex anatomy and high cell type diversity.
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29
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Glypican1/2/4/6 and sulfated glycosaminoglycans regulate the patterning of the primary body axis in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Dev Biol 2016; 414:108-20. [PMID: 27090806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glypicans are members of the heparan sulfate (HS) subfamily of proteoglycans that can function in cell adhesion, cell crosstalk and as modulators of the major developmental signalling pathways in bilaterians. The evolutionary origin of these multiple functions is not well understood. In this study we investigate the role of glypicans in the embryonic and larval development of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a member of the non-bilaterian clade Cnidaria. Nematostella has two glypican (gpc) genes that are expressed in mutually exclusive ectodermal domains, NvGpc1/2/4/6 in a broad aboral domain, and NvGpc3/5 in narrow oral territory. The endosulfatase NvSulf (an extracellular modifier of HS chains) is expressed in a broad oral domain, partially overlapping with both glypicans. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of NvGpc1/2/4/6 leads to an expansion of the expression domains of aboral marker genes and a reduction of oral markers at gastrula stage, strikingly similar to knockdown of the Wnt receptor NvFrizzled5/8. We further show that treatment with sodium chlorate, an inhibitor of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfation, phenocopies knockdown of NvGpc1/2/4/6 at gastrula stage. At planula stage, knockdown of NvGpc1/2/4/6 and sodium chlorate treatment result in alterations in aboral marker gene expression that suggest additional roles in the fine-tuning of patterning within the aboral domain. These results reveal a role for NvGpc1/2/4/6 and sulfated GAGs in the patterning of the primary body axis in Nematostella and suggest an ancient function in regulating Frizzled-mediated Wnt signalling.
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30
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Abstract
My aim in this article is to soften certain rigid concepts concerning the radial and bilateral symmetry of the animal body plan, and to offer a more flexible framework of thinking for them, based on recent understandings of how morphogenesis is regulated by the mosaically acting gene regulatory networks. Based on general principles of the genetic regulation of morphogenesis, it can be seen that the difference between the symmetry of the whole body and that of minor anatomical structures is only a question of a diverse timing during development. I propose that the animal genome, as such, is capable of expressing both radial and bilateral symmetries, and deploys them according to the functional requirements which must be satisfied by both the anatomical structure and body as a whole. Although it may seem paradoxical, this flexible view of symmetry, together with the idea that symmetry is strongly determined by function, bolsters the concept that the presence of the two main symmetries in the animal world is not due to chance: they are necessary biological patterns emerging in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Holló
- Institute of Psychology , University of Debrecen , PO Box 28, 4010 Debrecen , Hungary
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31
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Hale R, Strutt D. Conservation of Planar Polarity Pathway Function Across the Animal Kingdom. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 49:529-51. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-055224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Hale
- Bateson Centre,
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
| | - David Strutt
- Bateson Centre,
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
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32
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Zapata F, Goetz FE, Smith SA, Howison M, Siebert S, Church SH, Sanders SM, Ames CL, McFadden CS, France SC, Daly M, Collins AG, Haddock SHD, Dunn CW, Cartwright P. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139068. [PMID: 26465609 PMCID: PMC4605497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidaria, the sister group to Bilateria, is a highly diverse group of animals in terms of morphology, lifecycles, ecology, and development. How this diversity originated and evolved is not well understood because phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages are unclear, and recent studies present contrasting phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we use transcriptome data from 15 newly-sequenced species in combination with 26 publicly available genomes and transcriptomes to assess phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages. Phylogenetic analyses using different partition schemes and models of molecular evolution, as well as topology tests for alternative phylogenetic relationships, support the monophyly of Medusozoa, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Hydrozoa, and a clade consisting of Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa. Support for the monophyly of Hexacorallia is weak due to the equivocal position of Ceriantharia. Taken together, these results further resolve deep cnidarian relationships, largely support traditional phylogenetic views on relationships, and provide a historical framework for studying the evolutionary processes involved in one of the most ancient animal radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Zapata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Freya E. Goetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Mark Howison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Computing and Information Services, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Church
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Lewis Ames
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington District of Columbia, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. McFadden
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Scott C. France
- Department of Biology, The University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Marymegan Daly
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Allen G. Collins
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington District of Columbia, United States of America
- National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA’s Fisheries Service, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Steven H. D. Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Casey W. Dunn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Paulyn Cartwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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33
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Liu AG, Matthews JJ, Menon LR, McIlroy D, Brasier MD. Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the Late Ediacaran period (approx. 560 Ma). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1202. [PMID: 25165764 PMCID: PMC4173675 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue is a fundamentally eumetazoan attribute. The oldest evidence for fossilized muscular tissue before the Early Cambrian has hitherto remained moot, being reliant upon indirect evidence in the form of Late Ediacaran ichnofossils. We here report a candidate muscle-bearing organism, Haootia quadriformis n. gen., n. sp., from approximately 560 Ma strata in Newfoundland, Canada. This taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted, superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally, extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches. Haootia is distinct from all previously published contemporaneous Ediacaran macrofossils in its symmetrically fibrous, rather than frondose, architecture. Its bundled fibres, morphology, and taphonomy compare well with the muscle fibres of fossil and extant Cnidaria, particularly the benthic Staurozoa. Haootia quadriformis thus potentially provides the earliest body fossil evidence for both metazoan musculature, and for Eumetazoa, in the geological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Jack J Matthews
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Latha R Menon
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Duncan McIlroy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Martin D Brasier
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3X5
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34
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Botman D, Jansson F, Röttinger E, Martindale MQ, de Jong J, Kaandorp JA. Analysis of a spatial gene expression database for sea anemone Nematostella vectensis during early development. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:63. [PMID: 26400098 PMCID: PMC4581490 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The spatial distribution of many genes has been visualized during the embryonic development in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in the last decade. In situ hybridization images are available in the Kahi Kai gene expression database, and a method has been developed to quantify spatial gene expression patterns of N. vectensis. In this paper, gene expression quantification is performed on a wide range of gene expression patterns from this database and descriptions of observed expression domains are stored in a separate database for further analysis. Methods Spatial gene expression from suitable in situ hybridization images has been quantified with the GenExp program. A correlation analysis has been performed on the resulting numerical gene expression profiles for each stage. Based on the correlated clusters of spatial gene expression and detailed descriptions of gene expression domains, various mechanisms for developmental gene expression are proposed. Results In the blastula and gastrula stages of development in N. vectensis, its continuous sheet of cells is partitioned into correlating gene expression domains. During progressing development, these regions likely correspond to different fates. A statistical analysis shows that genes generally remain expressed during the planula stages in those major regions that they occupy at the end of gastrulation. Discussion Observed shifts in gene expression domain boundaries suggest that elongation in the planula stage mainly occurs in the vegetal ring under the influence of the gene Rx. The secondary body axis in N. vectensis is proposed to be determined at the mid blastula transition. Conclusions Early gene expression domains in N. vectensis appear to maintain a positional order along the primary body axis. Early determination in N. vectensis occurs in two stages: expression in broad circles and rings in the blastula is consolidated during gastrulation, and more complex expression patterns appear in the planula within these broad regions. Quantification and comparison of gene expression patterns across a database can generate hypotheses about collective cell movements before these movements are measured directly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0209-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Botman
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fredrik Jansson
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), UMR 7284, Nice, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), UMR 7284, Nice, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), U1081, Nice, France.
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
| | - Johann de Jong
- Computational Cancer Biology Group, Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap A Kaandorp
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Abstract
The non-bilaterian animals comprise organisms in the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Placozoa. These early-diverging phyla are pivotal to understanding the evolution of bilaterian animals. After the exponential increase in research in evolutionary development (evo-devo) in the last two decades, these organisms are again in the spotlight of evolutionary biology. In this work, I briefly review some aspects of the developmental biology of nonbilaterians that contribute to understanding the evolution of development and of the metazoans. The evolution of the developmental genetic toolkit, embryonic polarization, the origin of gastrulation and mesodermal cells, and the origin of neural cells are discussed. The possibility that germline and stem cell lineages have the same origin is also examined. Although a considerable number of non-bilaterian species are already being investigated, the use of species belonging to different branches of non-bilaterian lineages and functional experimentation with gene manipulation in the majority of the non-bilaterian lineages will be necessary for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lanna
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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The hidden biology of sponges and ctenophores. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Exploring the potential of small RNA subunit and ITS sequences for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the phylum Ctenophora. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Leclère L, Rentzsch F. RGM regulates BMP-mediated secondary axis formation in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1921-1930. [PMID: 25482565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterning of the metazoan dorsoventral axis is mediated by a complex interplay of BMP signaling regulators. Repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) is a conserved BMP coreceptor that has not been implicated in axis specification. We show that NvRGM is a key positive regulator of BMP signaling during secondary axis establishment in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. NvRGM regulates first the generation and later the shape of a BMP-dependent Smad1/5/8 gradient with peak activity on the side opposite the NvBMP/NvRGM/NvChordin expression domain. Full knockdown of Smad1/5/8 signaling blocks the formation of endodermal structures, the mesenteries, and the establishment of bilateral symmetry, while altering the gradient through partial NvRGM or NvBMP knockdown shifts the boundaries of asymmetric gene expression and the positioning of the mesenteries along the secondary axis. These findings provide insight into the diversification of axis specification mechanisms and identify a previously unrecognized role for RGM in BMP-mediated axial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leclère
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fabian Rentzsch
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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Fortunato SA, Leininger S, Adamska M. Evolution of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach network: the calcisponge case study. EvoDevo 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 25002963 PMCID: PMC4083861 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pax-Six-Eya-Dach network (PSEDN) is involved in a variety of developmental processes, including well documented roles in determination of sensory organs and morphogenesis in bilaterian animals. Expression of PSEDN components in cnidarians is consistent with function in sensory organ development. Recent work in demosponges demonstrated the presence of single homologs of Pax and Six genes, and their possible involvement in morphogenesis, but the absence of the remaining network components. Calcisponges are evolutionarily distant from demosponges, and the developmental toolkits of these two lineages differ significantly. We used an emerging model system, Sycon ciliatum, to identify components of the PSEDN and study their expression during embryonic and postembryonic development. Results We identified two Pax, three Six and one Eya genes in calcisponges, a situation strikingly different than in the previously studied demosponges. One of the calcisponge Pax genes can be identified as PaxB, while the second Pax gene has no clear affiliation. The three calcisponge Six genes could not be confidently classified within any known family of Six genes. Expression analysis in adult S. ciliatum demonstrated that representatives of Pax, Six and Eya are expressed in patterns consistent with roles in morphogenesis of the choanocyte chambers. Distinct paralogues of Pax and Six genes were expressed early in the development of the putative larval sensory cells, the cruciform cells. While lack of known photo pigments in calcisponge genomes precludes formal assignment of function to the cruciform cells, we also show that they express additional eumetazoan genes involved in specification of sensory and neuronal cells: Elav and Msi. Conclusions Our results indicate that the role of a Pax-Six-Eya network in morphogenesis likely predates the animal divergence. In addition, Pax and Six, as well as Elav and Msi are expressed during differentiation of cruciform cells, which are good candidates for being sensory cells of the calcaronean sponge larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Av Fortunato
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Bergen 5008, Norway ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Sven Leininger
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Bergen 5008, Norway ; Current address: Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Maja Adamska
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Bergen 5008, Norway
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Leininger S, Adamski M, Bergum B, Guder C, Liu J, Laplante M, Bråte J, Hoffmann F, Fortunato S, Jordal S, Rapp HT, Adamska M. Developmental gene expression provides clues to relationships between sponge and eumetazoan body plans. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3905. [PMID: 24844197 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of macroevolutionary transitions between diverse animal body plans remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology. We address the sponge-eumetazoan transition by analyzing expression of a broad range of eumetazoan developmental regulatory genes in Sycon ciliatum (Calcispongiae). Here we show that many members of surprisingly numerous Wnt and Tgfβ gene families are expressed higher or uniquely in the adult apical end and the larval posterior end. Genes involved in formation of the eumetazoan endomesoderm, such as β-catenin, Brachyury and Gata, as well as germline markers Vasa and Pl10, are expressed during formation and maintenance of choanoderm, the feeding epithelium of sponges. Similarity in developmental gene expression between sponges and eumetazoans, especially cnidarians, is consistent with Haeckel's view that body plans of sponges and cnidarians are homologous. These results provide a framework for further studies aimed at deciphering ancestral developmental regulatory networks and their modifications during animal body plans evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Leininger
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2] [3]
| | - Marcin Adamski
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2]
| | - Brith Bergum
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2]
| | - Corina Guder
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2]
| | - Jing Liu
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mary Laplante
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Bråte
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 36, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Friederike Hoffmann
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2] Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sofia Fortunato
- 1] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway [2] Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Signe Jordal
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maja Adamska
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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Jager M, Dayraud C, Mialot A, Quéinnec E, le Guyader H, Manuel M. Evidence for involvement of Wnt signalling in body polarities, cell proliferation, and the neuro-sensory system in an adult ctenophore. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84363. [PMID: 24391946 PMCID: PMC3877318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling through the Wnt family of secreted proteins originated in a common metazoan ancestor and greatly influenced the evolution of animal body plans. In bilaterians, Wnt signalling plays multiple fundamental roles during embryonic development and in adult tissues, notably in axial patterning, neural development and stem cell regulation. Studies in various cnidarian species have particularly highlighted the evolutionarily conserved role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in specification and patterning of the primary embryonic axis. However in another key non-bilaterian phylum, Ctenophora, Wnts are not involved in early establishment of the body axis during embryogenesis. We analysed the expression in the adult of the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus of 11 orthologues of Wnt signalling genes including all ctenophore Wnt ligands and Fz receptors and several members of the intracellular β-catenin pathway machinery. All genes are strongly expressed around the mouth margin at the oral pole, evoking the Wnt oral centre of cnidarians. This observation is consistent with primary axis polarisation by the Wnts being a universal metazoan feature, secondarily lost in ctenophores during early development but retained in the adult. In addition, local expression of Wnt signalling genes was seen in various anatomical structures of the body including in the locomotory comb rows, where their complex deployment suggests control by the Wnts of local comb polarity. Other important contexts of Wnt involvement which probably evolved before the ctenophore/cnidarian/bilaterian split include proliferating stem cells and progenitors irrespective of cell types, and developing as well as differentiated neuro-sensory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Jager
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Cyrielle Dayraud
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Mialot
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Eric Quéinnec
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Hervé le Guyader
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7138 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Paris, France
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Dong XP, Cunningham JA, Bengtson S, Thomas CW, Liu J, Stampanoni M, Donoghue PCJ. Embryos, polyps and medusae of the Early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130071. [PMID: 23446532 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Cambrian organism Olivooides is known from both embryonic and post-embryonic stages and, consequently, it has the potential to yield vital insights into developmental evolution at the time that animal body plans were established. However, this potential can only be realized if the phylogenetic relationships of Olivooides can be constrained. The affinities of Olivooides have proved controversial because of the lack of knowledge of the internal anatomy and the limited range of developmental stages known. Here, we describe rare embryonic specimens in which internal anatomical features are preserved. We also present a fuller sequence of fossilized developmental stages of Olivooides, including associated specimens that we interpret as budding ephyrae (juvenile medusae), all of which display a clear pentaradial symmetry. Within the framework of a cnidarian interpretation, the new data serve to pinpoint the phylogenetic position of Olivooides to the scyphozoan stem group. Hypotheses about scalidophoran or echinoderm affinities of Olivooides can be rejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Dong
- School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The Ediacaran fossil Eoandromeda octobrachiata had a high conical body with eight arms in helicospiral arrangement along the flanks. The arms carried transverse bands proposed to be homologous to ctenophore ctenes (comb plates). Eoandromeda is interpreted as an early stem-group ctenophore, characterized by the synapomorphies ctenes, comb rows, and octoradial symmetry but lacking crown-group synapomorphies such as tentacles, statoliths, polar fields, and biradial symmetry. It probably had a pelagic mode of life. The early appearance in the fossil record of octoradial ctenophores is most consistent with the Planulozoa hypothesis (Ctenophora is the sister group of Cnidaria + Bilateria) of metazoan phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
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LIKHOSHVAI VITALYA, FADEEV STANISLAVI, KOGAI VLADISLAVV, KHLEBODAROVA TAMARAM. ON THE CHAOS IN GENE NETWORKS. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2013; 11:1340009. [DOI: 10.1142/s021972001340009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The methods for constructing "chaotic" nonlinear systems of differential equations modeling gene networks of arbitrary structure and dimensionality with various types of symmetry are considered. It has been shown that an increase in modality of the functions describing the control of gene expression efficiency allows for a decrease in the dimensionality of these systems with retention of their chaotic dynamics. Three-dimensional "chaotic" cyclic systems are considered. Symmetrical and asymmetrical attractors with "narrow" chaos having a Moebius-like structure have been detected in such systems. As has been demonstrated, a complete symmetry of the systems with respect to permutation of variables does not prevent the emergence of their chaotic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- VITALY A. LIKHOSHVAI
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - STANISLAV I. FADEEV
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 4, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - VLADISLAV V. KOGAI
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga 4, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - TAMARA M. KHLEBODAROVA
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Holló G, Novák M. The manoeuvrability hypothesis to explain the maintenance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution. Biol Direct 2012; 7:22. [PMID: 22789130 PMCID: PMC3438024 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The overwhelming majority of animal species exhibit bilateral symmetry. However, the precise evolutionary importance of bilateral symmetry is unknown, although elements of the understanding of the phenomenon have been present within the scientific community for decades. Presentation of the hypothesis Here we show, with very simple physical laws, that locomotion in three-dimensional macro-world space is itself sufficient to explain the maintenance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution. The ability to change direction, a key element of locomotion, requires the generation of instantaneous “pushing” surfaces, from which the animal can obtain the necessary force to depart in the new direction. We show that bilateral is the only type of symmetry that can maximize this force; thus, an actively locomoting bilateral body can have the maximal manoeuvrability as compared to other symmetry types. This confers an obvious selective advantage on the bilateral animal. Implications of the hypothesis These considerations imply the view that animal evolution is a highly channelled process, in which bilateral and radial body symmetries seem to be inevitable. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Gáspár Jékely, L. Aravind and Eugene Koonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Holló
- Institute of Psychology, University of Debrecen, P.O.B. 28, Debrecen, H, 4010, Hungary.
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Gruhl A, Okamura B. Development and myogenesis of the vermiform Buddenbrockia (Myxozoa) and implications for cnidarian body plan evolution. EvoDevo 2012; 3:10. [PMID: 22594622 PMCID: PMC3419630 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enigmatic wormlike parasite Buddenbrockia plumatellae has recently been shown to belong to the Myxozoa, which are now supported as a clade within Cnidaria. Most myxozoans are morphologically extremely simplified, lacking major metazoan features such as epithelial tissue layers, gut, nervous system, body axes and gonads. This hinders comparisons to free-living cnidarians and thus an understanding of myxozoan evolution and identification of their cnidarian sister group. However, B. plumatellae is less simplified than other myxozoans and therefore is of specific significance for such evolutionary considerations. Methods We analyse and describe the development of major body plan features in Buddenbrockia worms using a combination of histology, electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Results Early developmental stages develop a primary body axis that shows a polarity, which is manifested as a gradient of tissue development, enabling distinction between the two worm tips. This polarity is maintained in adult worms, which, in addition, often develop a pore at the distal tip. The musculature comprises tetraradially arranged longitudinal muscle blocks consisting of independent myocytes embedded in the extracellular matrix between inner and outer epithelial tissue layers. The muscle fibres are obliquely oriented and in fully grown worms consistently form an angle of 12° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the worm in each muscle block and hence confer chirality. Connecting cells form a link between each muscle block and constitute four rows of cells that run in single file along the length of the worm. These connecting cells are remnants of the inner epithelial tissue layer and are anchored to the extracellular matrix. They are likely to have a biomechanical function. Conclusions The polarised primary body axis represents an ancient feature present in the last common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria. The tetraradial arrangement of musculature is consistent with a medusozoan affinity for Myxozoa. However, the chiral pattern of muscle fibre orientation is apparently novel within Cnidaria and could thus be a specific adaptation. The presence of independent myocytes instead of Cnidaria-like epitheliomuscular cells can be interpreted as further support for the presence of mesoderm in cnidarians, or it may represent convergent evolution to a bilaterian condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gruhl
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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Cellular and molecular processes leading to embryo formation in sponges: evidences for high conservation of processes throughout animal evolution. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 223:5-22. [PMID: 22543423 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multicellularity is regarded as one of the major evolutionary events of life. This transition unicellularity/pluricellularity was acquired independently several times (King 2004). The acquisition of multicellularity implies the emergence of cellular cohesion and means of communication, as well as molecular mechanisms enabling the control of morphogenesis and body plan patterning. Some of these molecular tools seem to have predated the acquisition of multicellularity while others are regarded as the acquisition of specific lineages. Morphogenesis consists in the spatial migration of cells or cell layers during embryonic development, metamorphosis, asexual reproduction, growth, and regeneration, resulting in the formation and patterning of a body. In this paper, our aim is to review what is currently known concerning basal metazoans--sponges' morphogenesis from the tissular, cellular, and molecular points of view--and what remains to elucidate. Our review attempts to show that morphogenetic processes found in sponges are as diverse and complex as those found in other animals. In true epithelial sponges (Homoscleromorpha), as well as in others, we find similar cell/layer movements, cellular shape changes involved in major morphogenetic processes such as embryogenesis or larval metamorphosis. Thus, sponges can provide information enabling us to better understand early animal evolution at the molecular level but also at the cell/cell layer level. Indeed, comparison of molecular tools will only be of value if accompanied by functional data and expression studies during morphogenetic processes.
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Abstract
Sponges have become the focus of studies on molecular evolution and the evolution of animal body plans due to their ancient branching point in the metazoan lineage. Whereas our former understanding of sponge function was largely based on a morphological perspective, the recent availability of the first full genome of a sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica), and of the transcriptomes of other sponges, provides a new way of understanding sponges by their molecular components. This wealth of genetic information not only confirms some long-held ideas about sponge form and function but also poses new puzzles. For example, the Amphimedon sponge genome tells us that sponges possess a repertoire of genes involved in control of cell proliferation and in regulation of development. In vitro expression studies with genes involved in stem cell maintenance confirm that archaeocytes are the main stem cell population and are able to differentiate into many cell types in the sponge including pinacocytes and choanocytes. Therefore, the diverse roles of archaeocytes imply differential gene expression within a single cell ontogenetically, and gene expression is likely also different in different species; but what triggers cells to enter one pathway and not another and how each archaeocyte cell type can be identified based on this gene knowledge are new challenges. Whereas molecular data provide a powerful new tool for interpreting sponge form and function, because sponges are suspension feeders, their body plan and physiology are very much dependent on their physical environment, and in particular on flow. Therefore, in order to integrate new knowledge of molecular data into a better understanding the sponge body plan, it is important to use an organismal approach. In this chapter, we give an account of sponge body organization as it relates to the physiology of the sponge in light of new molecular data. We focus, in particular, on the structure of sponge tissues and review descriptive as well as experimental work on choanocyte morphology and function. Special attention is given to pinacocyte epithelia, cell junctions, and the molecules present in sponge epithelia. Studies describing the role of the pinacoderm in sensing, coordination, and secretion are reviewed. A wealth of recent work describes gene presence and expression patterns in sponge tissues during development, and we review this in the context of the previous descriptions of sponge morphology and physiology. A final section addresses recent findings of genes involved in the immune response. This review is far from exhaustive but intends rather to revisit for non-specialists key aspects of sponge morphology and physiology in light of new molecular data as a means to better understand and interpret sponge form and function today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Noggin, along with other secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors, plays a crucial role in neural induction and neural tube patterning as well as in somitogenesis, cardiac morphogenesis and formation of the skeleton in vertebrates. The BMP signalling pathway is one of the seven fundamental pathways that drive embryonic development and pattern formation in animals. Understanding its evolutionary origin and role in pattern formation is, therefore, important to evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). We have studied the evolutionary origin of BMP-Noggin antagonism in hydra, which is a powerful diploblastic model to study evolution of pattern-forming mechanisms because of the unusual cellular dynamics during its pattern formation and its remarkable ability to regenerate. We cloned and characterized the noggin gene from hydra and found it to exhibit considerable similarity with its orthologues at the amino acid level. Microinjection of hydra Noggin mRNA led to duplication of the dorsoventral axis in Xenopus embryos, demonstrating its functional conservation across the taxa. Our data, along with those of others, indicate that the evolutionarily conserved antagonism between BMP and its inhibitors predates bilateral divergence. This article reviews the various roles of Noggin in different organisms and some of our recent work on hydra Noggin in the context of evolution of developmental signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Chandramore
- Division of Animal Sciences, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, India
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