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Liu H, Peng J, Huang L, Ruan D, Li Y, Yuan F, Tu Z, Huang K, Zhu X. The role of lysosomal peptidases in glioma immune escape: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154146. [PMID: 37398678 PMCID: PMC10311646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linzhen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Karami Fath M, Babakhaniyan K, Anjomrooz M, Jalalifar M, Alizadeh SD, Pourghasem Z, Abbasi Oshagh P, Azargoonjahromi A, Almasi F, Manzoor HZ, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Khalili S, Payandeh Z. Recent Advances in Glioma Cancer Treatment: Conventional and Epigenetic Realms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091448. [PMID: 36146527 PMCID: PMC9501259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most typical and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis. Successful glioma treatment is hampered by ineffective medication distribution across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the emergence of drug resistance. Although a few FDA-approved multimodal treatments are available for glioblastoma, most patients still have poor prognoses. Targeting epigenetic variables, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and different vaccine- and peptide-based treatments are some innovative approaches to improve anti-glioma treatment efficacy. Following the identification of lymphatics in the central nervous system, immunotherapy offers a potential method with the potency to permeate the blood-brain barrier. This review will discuss the rationale, tactics, benefits, and drawbacks of current glioma therapy options in clinical and preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Kimiya Babakhaniyan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996713883, Iran
| | - Mehran Anjomrooz
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | | | | | - Zeinab Pourghasem
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Gilan 4416939515, Iran
| | - Parisa Abbasi Oshagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer 6571995863, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7417773539, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1411734115, Iran
| | - Hafza Zahira Manzoor
- Experimental and Translational Medicine, University of Insubria, Via jean Henry Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4193713111, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (Z.P.)
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Tang F, Liu Z, Chen X, Yang J, Wang Z, Li Z. Current knowledge of protein palmitoylation in gliomas. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10949-10959. [PMID: 36044113 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumor cells can obtain proliferative benefits from deviant metabolic networks. Emerging evidence suggests that lipid metabolism are dramatically altered in gliomas and excessive fatty acd accumulation is detrimentally correlated with the prognosis of glioma patients. Glioma cells possess remarkably high levels of free fatty acids, which, in turn, enhance post-translational modifications (e.g. palmitoylation). Our and other groups found that palmitoylational modification is essential for remaining intracellular homeostasis and cell survival. Disrupting the balance between palmitoylation and depalmitoylation affects glioma cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, self-renew and pyroptosis. In this review, we focused on summarizing roles and relevant mechanisms of protein palmitoylational modification in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Brain Glioma Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenyuan Liu
- Brain Glioma Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Brain Glioma Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinzhou Yang
- Brain Glioma Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zefen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Brain Glioma Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Palmitoyl transferases act as potential regulators of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and glioma progression. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:716-731. [PMID: 35664705 PMCID: PMC9126852 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High immune-cell infiltration in glioblastomas (GBMs) leads to immunotherapy resistance. Emerging evidence has shown that zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cyc-type (ZDHHC) palmitoyl transferases participate in regulating tumor progression and the immune microenvironment. In the present study, a large cohort of patients with gliomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Rembrandt databases was included to perform omics analysis of ZDHHCs in gliomas. CCK-8, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and transwell assays were performed to determine the effects of ZDHHC inhibition on glioma cells and microglia. We found that five (ZDHHC11, ZDHHC12, ZDHHC15, ZDHHC22, and ZDHHC23) out of 23 ZDHHCs were aberrantly expressed in gliomas and might play their roles through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Further results indicated that inhibition of ZDHHCs with 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) suppressed glioma-cell viability and autophagy, as well as promoted apoptosis. Targeting ZDHHCs also promoted the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. In addition, the inhibition of ZDHHCs weakened the migratory ability of microglia induced by glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the inhibition of ZDHHCs suppresses glioma-cell viability and microglial infiltration. Targeting ZDHHCs may be promising for glioma treatments.
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Dendritic cell therapy with CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX in locally recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma is safe and confers clinical benefit. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1531-1543. [PMID: 34661709 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and provides a target for a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. CD137 ligand (CD137L) expressed on antigen presenting cells, costimulates CD137-expressing T cells, and reverse CD137L signaling differentiates monocytes to CD137L-DC, a type of DC, which is more potent than classical DC in stimulating T cells. METHODS In this phase I study, patients with locally recurrent or metastatic NPC were administered CD137L-DC pulsed with EBV antigens (CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX). RESULTS Of the 12 patients treated, 9 received full 7 vaccine doses with a mean administered cell count of 23.9 × 106 per dose. Treatment was well tolerated with only 4 cases of grade 1 related adverse events. A partial response was obtained in 1 patient, and 4 patients are still benefitting from a progression free survival (PFS) of currently 2-3 years. The mean pre-treatment neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio was 3.4 and a value of less than 3 was associated with prolonged median PFS. Progressors were characterized by a high frequency of naïve T cells but a low frequency of CD8+ effector T cells while patients with a clinical benefit (CB) had a high frequency of memory T cells. Patients with CB had lower plasma EBV DNA levels, and a reduction after vaccination. CONCLUSION CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX was well tolerated. The use of CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX is demonstrated to be safe. Consistent results were obtained from all 12 patients, indicating that CD137L-DC-EBV-VAX induces an anti-EBV and anti-NPC immune response, and warranting further studies in patients post effective chemotherapy. PRECIS The first clinical testing of CD137L-DC, a new type of monocyte-derived DC, finds that CD137L-DC are safe, and that they can induce an immune response against Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma that leads to tumor regression or prevents tumor progression.
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Chen Q, Jin J, Huang X, Wu F, Huang H, Zhan R. EMP3 mediates glioblastoma-associated macrophage infiltration to drive T cell exclusion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:160. [PMID: 33964937 PMCID: PMC8106853 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment is a critical factor in the initiation and progression of glioblastoma (GBM), which is characterized by an abundance of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) but a paucity of infiltrating T cells. In this research, we studied whether epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) plays a crucial role in immune modulation in GBM. Methods TCGA and CGGA transcriptomic profiles of wild-type IDH1 GBM were used for bioinformatic analysis. The role of EMP3 in GBM was validated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Human GBM specimens were collected and evaluated using immunofluorescence analysis. Results EMP3 was associated with immunosuppression in GBM. Elevated EMP3 in GBM areas was accompanied by high expression of PD-L1 and abundant M2 TAM recruitment but a lake of T cell infiltration. We found that EMP3 was a potent protein in M2 TAM polarization and recruitment that impaired the ability of GBM cells to secrete CCL2 and TGF-β1. Furthermore, EMP3 suppressed T cell infiltration into GBM tumours by inhibiting the secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10 by macrophages and led to an effective response to anti-PD1 therapy. Conclusions EMP3 is thus a critical immunosuppressive factor for recruiting TAMs in GBM and suppressing intratumoural T cell infiltration to facilitate tumour progression and is a potential therapeutic target. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01954-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China.
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Branched Multipeptide-combined Adjuvants Potentially Improve the Antitumor Effects on Glioblastoma. J Immunother 2021; 44:151-161. [PMID: 33512855 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The promising immunotherapy effects of a multiple antigenic peptide on glioblastoma (GBM) in a previous study encourage the use of adjuvants to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Among adjuvants, pan HLA-DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) have potentially been tested for cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, here we evaluated the ability of PADRE and anti-PD1 to enhance the function of the branched multipeptide against GBM. The potential utility of tumor-associated antigens (ErbB-2 and WT-1) targeting GBM with HLA-A24 was confirmed and a branched multipeptide was constructed from these antigens. The effects of the branched multipeptide and PADRE on immunophenotyping and polarized Th cytokine production in dendritic cells were clarified. The expression of PD1 on T cells and PDL1 on GBM cells was also investigated. The interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were performed to determine the function of GBM peptide antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells against GBM cells. Overall, this study showed that both ErbB-2 and WT-1 are potential candidates for branched multipeptide construction. The branched multipeptide and PADRE enhanced the expression of major histocompatibility complex and co-stimulatory molecules and the production of polarized Th1 cytokines in dendritic cells. The increase in the number of interferon-γ+ effector T cells was consistent with the increase in the percentage specific lysis of GBM target cells by GBM peptide antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the presence of the branched multipeptide, PADRE, and anti-PD1. Our study suggests the combination of branched multipeptide and adjuvants such as PADRE and anti-PD1 can potentially enhance the effects of immunotherapy for GBM treatment.
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Maire CL, Mohme M, Bockmayr M, Fita KD, Riecken K, Börnigen D, Alawi M, Failla A, Kolbe K, Zapf S, Holz M, Neumann K, Dührsen L, Lange T, Fehse B, Westphal M, Lamszus K. Glioma escape signature and clonal development under immune pressure. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5257-5271. [PMID: 32603315 DOI: 10.1172/jci138760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies are increasingly important in neuro-oncology, and the elucidation of escape mechanisms that lead to treatment resistance is crucial. We investigated the impact of immune pressure on the clonal dynamics and immune escape signature by comparing glioma growth in immunocompetent versus immunodeficient mice. Glioma-bearing WT and Pd-1-/- mice survived significantly longer than immunodeficient Pfp-/- Rag2-/- mice. While tumors in Pfp-/- Rag2-/- mice were highly polyclonal, immunoedited tumors in WT and Pd-1-/- mice displayed reduced clonality with emergence of immune escape clones. Tumor cells in WT mice were distinguished by an IFN-γ-mediated response signature with upregulation of genes involved in immunosuppression. Tumor-infiltrating stromal cells, which include macrophages/microglia, contributed even more strongly to the immunosuppressive signature than the actual tumor cells. The identified murine immune escape signature was reflected in human patients and correlated with poor survival. In conclusion, immune pressure profoundly shapes the clonal composition and gene regulation in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tobias Lange
- Institutes of Anatomy, Experimental Morphology and Pathology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation
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Novel roles of VAT1 expression in the immunosuppressive action of diffuse gliomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2589-2600. [PMID: 33576871 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Standard treatment regimen of gliomas has almost reached a bottleneck in terms of survival benefit. Immunotherapy has been explored and applied in glioma treatment. Immunosuppression, as a hallmark of glioma, could be alleviated by inhibiting certain abnormally expressed biomarkers. Here, transcriptome data of 325 whole grade gliomas were collected from the CGGA database. The TCGA RNA sequencing database was used for validation. Western blot was used to verify the expression level of VAT1 on cellular level. The results showed that the expression of VAT1 was positively correlated with the grades of glioma as classified by WHO. A higher expression level of VAT1 was observed in the mesenchymal subtype of gliomas. The area under the curve suggested that the expression level of VAT1 might be a potential prognostic marker of mesenchymal subtype. In survival analysis, we found that patients with high VAT1 expression level tended to have shorter overall survival, which indicated the prognostic value of VAT1 expression. The results of gene ontology analysis showed that most biological processes of VAT1-related genes were involved in immune and inflammatory responses. The results of GSEA analysis showed a negative correlation between VAT1 expression and immune cells. We also identified that the expression of immune checkpoints increased with VAT1 expression. Therefore, the high expression level of VAT1 in patients with glioma was a potential indicator of a lower survival rate for patients with gliomas. Remarkably, VAT1 contributed to glioma-induced immunosuppression and might be a novel target in glioma immunotherapy.
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Shahnazari M, Samadi P, Pourjafar M, Jalali A. Therapeutic vaccines for colorectal cancer: The progress and future prospect. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106944. [PMID: 33182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are usually derived from the patient's tumor cells or the antigens found on their surface, which may help the immune system to identify and kill these malignant cells. Current focus of many researches is designing vaccines with the hope of triggering the immune system to attack cancer cells in a more effective, reliable and safe manner. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third leading cause of death by cancer, but significant advances in therapy strategies have been made in recent years, including cancer vaccine. In this review, we present various vaccine platforms that have been used in the border battle against CRC, some of which have been approved for clinical use and some are in late-stage clinical trials. Until September 2020 there is approximately 1940 clinical trials of cancer vaccines on patients with different cancer types, and also many more trials are in the planning stages, which makes it the most important period of therapeutic cancer vaccines studies in the history of the immunotherapy. In cancer vaccines clinical trials, there are several considerations that must be taken into account including engineering of antigen-presenting cells, potential toxicity of antigenic areas, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vaccines, and monitoring of the patients' immune response. Therefore, the need to overcome immunosuppression mechanisms/immune tolerance is a critical step for the success of introducing therapeutic vaccines into the widely used drugs on market. In this way, better understanding of neoantigens, tumor immune surveillance escape mechanisms and host-tumor interactions are required to develop more effective and safe cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shahnazari
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Pouria Samadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mona Pourjafar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Jalali
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Montoya ML, Kasahara N, Okada H. Introduction to immunotherapy for brain tumor patients: challenges and future perspectives. Neurooncol Pract 2020; 7:465-476. [PMID: 33014387 PMCID: PMC7516091 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM) as the most aggressive type of adult CNS tumors, are notoriously resistant to current standard of care treatments, including surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT). This lack of effective treatment options highlights the urgent need for novel therapies, including immunotherapies. The overarching goal of immunotherapy is to stimulate and activate the patient's immune system in a targeted manner to kill tumor cells. The success of immunotherapeutic interventions in other cancer types has led to interest in and evaluation of various experimental immunotherapies in patients with malignant gliomas. However, these primary malignant brain tumors present a challenge because they exist in a vital and sensitive organ with a unique immune environment. The challenges and current status of experimental immunotherapeutic approaches, including vaccines, immune-checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and oncolytic viruses will be discussed, as well as the potential for combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Montoya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
- The Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, California, US
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US
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Trac NT, Chung EJ. Peptide-based targeting of immunosuppressive cells in cancer. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:92-101. [PMID: 31956738 PMCID: PMC6962647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is marked by the infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These cells play a key role in abrogating the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated (CTL) immune response, allowing tumor growth to proceed unabated. Furthermore, targeting these immunosuppressive cells through the use of peptides and peptide-based nanomedicine has shown promising results. Here we review the origins and functions of immunosuppressive cells in cancer progression, peptide-based systems used in their targeting, and explore future avenues of research regarding cancer immunotherapy. The success of these studies demonstrates the importance of the tumor immune microenvironment in the propagation of cancer and the potential of peptide-based nanomaterials as immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mohme M, Neidert MC. Tumor-Specific T Cell Activation in Malignant Brain Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:205. [PMID: 32117316 PMCID: PMC7031483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their delicate locations as well as aggressive and infiltrative behavior, malignant brain tumors remain a therapeutic challenge. Harnessing the efficacy and specificity of the T-cell response to counteract malignant brain tumor progression and recurrence, represents an attractive treatment option. With the tremendous advances in the current era of immunotherapy, ongoing studies aim to determine the best treatment strategies for mounting a tumor-specific immune response against malignant brain tumors. However, immunosuppression in the local tumor environment, molecular and cellular heterogeneity as well as a lack of suitable targets for tumor-specific vaccination impede the successful implementation of immunotherapeutic treatment strategies in neuro-oncology. In this review, we therefore discuss the role of T cell exhaustion, the genetic and antigenic landscape, potential pitfalls and ongoing efforts to overcome the individual challenges in order to elicit a tumor-specific T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marian Christoph Neidert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
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14
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Mohme M, Maire CL, Geumann U, Schliffke S, Dührsen L, Fita K, Akyüz N, Binder M, Westphal M, Guenther C, Lamszus K, Hermann FG, Schmidt NO. Local Intracerebral Immunomodulation Using Interleukin-Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2626-2639. [PMID: 31988196 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show an inherent brain tumor tropism that can be exploited for targeted delivery of therapeutic genes to invasive glioma. We assessed whether a motile MSC-based local immunomodulation is able to overcome the immunosuppressive glioblastoma microenvironment and to induce an antitumor immune response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We genetically modified MSCs to coexpress high levels of IL12 and IL7 (MSCIL7/12, Apceth-301). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in two immunocompetent orthotopic C57BL/6 glioma models using GL261 and CT2A. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry to profile immune activation and exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Diversity of the tumor-specific immune response as analyzed using T-cell receptor sequencing. RESULTS Intratumoral administration of MSCIL7/12 induced significant tumor growth inhibition and remission of established intracranial tumors, as demonstrated by MR imaging. Notably, up to 50% of treated mice survived long-term. Rechallenging of survivors confirmed long-lasting tumor immunity. Local treatment with MSCIL7/12 was well tolerated and led to a significant inversion of the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio with an intricate, predominantly CD8+ effector T-cell-mediated antitumor response. T-cell receptor sequencing demonstrated an increased diversity of TILs in MSCIL7/12-treated mice, indicating a broader tumor-specific immune response with subsequent oligoclonal specification during generation of long-term immunity. CONCLUSIONS Local MSC-based immunomodulation is able to efficiently alter the immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma. The long-lasting therapeutic effects warrant a rapid clinical translation of this concept and have led to planning of a phase I/II study of apceth-301 in recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecile L Maire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Schliffke
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Dührsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Krystian Fita
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nuray Akyüz
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nils Ole Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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15
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de Bruijn S, Anguille S, Verlooy J, Smits EL, van Tendeloo VF, de Laere M, Norga K, Berneman ZN, Lion E. Dendritic Cell-Based and Other Vaccination Strategies for Pediatric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091396. [PMID: 31546858 PMCID: PMC6770385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based and other vaccination strategies that use the patient’s own immune system for the treatment of cancer are gaining momentum. Most studies of therapeutic cancer vaccination have been performed in adults. However, since cancer is one of the leading causes of death among children past infancy in the Western world, the hope is that this form of active specific immunotherapy can play an important role in the pediatric population as well. Since children have more vigorous and adaptable immune systems than adults, therapeutic cancer vaccines are expected to have a better chance of creating protective immunity and preventing cancer recurrence in pediatric patients. Moreover, in contrast to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to specifically target tumor cells and not healthy cells or tissues. This reduces the likelihood of side effects, which is an important asset in this vulnerable patient population. In this review, we present an overview of the different therapeutic cancer vaccines that have been studied in the pediatric population, with a main focus on dendritic cell-based strategies. In addition, new approaches that are currently being investigated in clinical trials are discussed to provide guidance for further improvement and optimization of pediatric cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sévérine de Bruijn
- Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joris Verlooy
- Division of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Viggo F van Tendeloo
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Maxime de Laere
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koenraad Norga
- Division of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Eva Lion
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Tumor Immunology Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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16
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Bockmayr M, Klauschen F, Maire CL, Rutkowski S, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Schüller U, Mohme M. Immunologic Profiling of Mutational and Transcriptional Subgroups in Pediatric and Adult High-Grade Gliomas. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1401-1411. [PMID: 31266783 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic treatment strategies are under investigation for high-grade gliomas. Determining relevant immunologic pathways is required for invigorating a tumor-specific immune response. We therefore investigated the immunologic phenotypes within different subgroups of high-grade gliomas, with a focus on rare genetic subgroups of pediatric and adolescent patients to identify potentially targetable mechanisms. We gathered published gene-expression data from 1,135 high-grade glioma patients and applied a machine-learning technique to determine their transcriptional (mesenchymal, classic, neural, and proneural) and mutational [K27, G34, IDH, and wild type (WT)] subtypes. Gene signatures of infiltrating immune cells and functional immune pathways were evaluated in correlation to histologic diagnosis, age, and transcriptional and mutational subgroups. Our analysis identified four distinct microenvironmental signatures of immune cell infiltration (immune 1-4), which can be stratified into vascular, monocytic/stromal, monocytic/T-cell-, and antigen-presenting cell (APC)/natural killer (NK) cell/T-cell-dominated immune clusters. Immune cell expression profiles correlated with transcriptional and mutational subgroups but were independent of age and histologic diagnosis. By including functional pathways and correlating the expression of immunostimulatory and -inhibitory receptor-ligand interactions, we were able to define the immunologic microenvironment and identify possible immunologic subtypes associated with poor prognosis. In addition, comparison of overall survival with the immunologic landscape and with checkpoint molecules revealed correlations within the transcriptional and mutational subgroups, highlighting the potential application of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in K27-mutated tumors. Our study shows that transcriptional and mutational subgroups are characterized by distinct immunologic tumor microenvironments, demonstrating the immunologic heterogeneity within high-grade gliomas and suggesting an immune-specific stratification for upcoming immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecile L Maire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
High-grade glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounting for 52% of all brain tumors. The current standard of care (SOC) of GBM involves surgery followed by adjuvant fractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, little progress has been made in extending overall survival, progression-free survival, and quality of life. Attempts to characterize and customize treatment of GBM have led to mitigating the deleterious effects of radiotherapy using hypofractionated radiotherapy, as well as various immunotherapies as a promising strategy for the incurable disease. A combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy may prove to be even more effective than either alone, and preclinical evidence suggests that hypofractionated radiotherapy can actually prime the immune system to make immunotherapy more effective. This review addresses the complications of the current radiotherapy regimen, various methods of immunotherapy, and preclinical and clinical data from combined radioimmunotherapy trials.
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18
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Sarvizadeh M, Ghasemi F, Tavakoli F, Sadat Khatami S, Razi E, Sharifi H, Biouki NM, Taghizadeh M. Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8815-8828. [PMID: 30536960 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Khatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Moussavi Biouki
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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19
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20
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Neidert MC, Kowalewski DJ, Silginer M, Kapolou K, Backert L, Freudenmann LK, Peper JK, Marcu A, Wang SSY, Walz JS, Wolpert F, Rammensee HG, Henschler R, Lamszus K, Westphal M, Roth P, Regli L, Stevanović S, Weller M, Eisele G. The natural HLA ligandome of glioblastoma stem-like cells: antigen discovery for T cell-based immunotherapy. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:923-938. [PMID: 29557506 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent malignant primary brain tumor. In a hierarchical tumor model, glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) play a major role in tumor initiation and maintenance as well as in therapy resistance and recurrence. Thus, targeting this cellular subset may be key to effective immunotherapy. Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based analysis of HLA-presented peptidomes of GSC and glioblastoma patient specimens. Based on the analysis of patient samples (n = 9) and GSC (n = 3), we performed comparative HLA peptidome profiling against a dataset of normal human tissues. Using this immunopeptidome-centric approach we could clearly delineate a subset of naturally presented, GSC-associated HLA ligands, which might serve as highly specific targets for T cell-based immunotherapy. In total, we identified 17 antigens represented by 41 different HLA ligands showing natural and exclusive presentation both on GSC and patient samples. Importantly, in vitro immunogenicity and antigen-specific target cell killing assays suggest these peptides to be epitopes of functional CD8+ T cell responses, thus rendering them prime candidates for antigen-specific immunotherapy of glioblastoma.
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21
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Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Evolutionary basis of a new gene- and immune-therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant brain tumors: from mice to clinical trials for glioma patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 189:43-51. [PMID: 28720549 PMCID: PMC5768465 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioma cells are one of the most aggressive and malignant tumors. Following initial surgery, and radio-chemotherapy they progress rapidly, so that patients' median survival remains under two years. They invade throughout the brain, which makes them difficult to treat, and are universally lethal. Though total resection is always attempted it is not curative. Standard of care in 2016 comprises surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (temozolomide). Median survival is currently ~14-20months post-diagnosis though it can be higher in high complexity medical university centers, or during clinical trials. Why the immune system fails to recognize the growing brain tumor is not completely understood. We believe that one reason for this failure is that the brain lacks cells that perform the role that dendritic cells serve in other organs. The lack of functional dendritic cells from the brain causes the brain to be deficient in priming systemic immune responses to glioma antigens. To overcome this drawback we reconstituted the brain immune system for it to initiate and prime anti-glioma immune responses from within the brain. To achieve brain immune reconstitution adenoviral vectors are injected into the resection cavity or remaining tumor. One adenoviral vector expresses the HSV-1 derived thymidine kinase which converts ganciclovir into phospho-ganciclovir which becomes cytotoxic to dividing cells. The second adenovirus expresses the cytokine fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L). Flt3L differentiates precursors into dendritic cells and acts as a chemokine for dendritic cells. This results in HSV-1/ganciclovir killing of tumor cells, and the release of tumor antigens, which are then taken up by dendritic cells recruited to the brain tumor microenvironment by Flt3L. Concomitant release of HMGB1, a TLR2 agonist that activates dendritic cells, stimulates dendritic cells loaded with glioma antigens to migrate to the cervical lymph nodes to prime a systemic CD8+ T cytotoxic killing of brain tumor cells. This induced immune response causes glioma-specific cytotoxicity, induces immunological memory, and does not cause brain toxicity or autoimmunity. A Phase I Clinical Trial, to test our hypothesis in human patients, was opened in December 2013 (see: NCT01811992, Combined Cytotoxic and Immune-Stimulatory Therapy for Glioma, at ClinicalTrials.gov). This trial is a first in human trial to test whether the re-engineering of the brain immune system can serve to treat malignant brain tumors. The long and winding road from the laboratory to the clinical trial follows below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, The Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, The Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, The Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, The Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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22
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Obara W, Kanehira M, Katagiri T, Kato R, Kato Y, Takata R. Present status and future perspective of peptide-based vaccine therapy for urological cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:550-559. [PMID: 29345737 PMCID: PMC5834812 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of peptide‐based vaccines as therapeutics aims to elicit immune responses through antigenic epitopes derived from tumor antigens. Peptide‐based vaccines are easily synthesized and lack significant side‐effects when given in vivo. Peptide‐based vaccine therapy against several cancers including urological cancers has made progress for several decades, but there is no worldwide approved peptide vaccine. Peptide vaccines were also shown to induce a high frequency of immune response in patients accompanied by clinical efficacy. These data are discussed in light of the recent progression of immunotherapy caused by the addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors thus providing a general picture of the potential therapeutic efficacy of peptide‐based vaccines and their combination with other biological agents. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of the antitumor effect of peptide‐based vaccine therapy, development of our peptide vaccine, recent clinical trials using peptide vaccines for urological cancers, and perspectives of peptide‐based vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Kanehira
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Renpei Kato
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ryo Takata
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
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Mohme M, Schliffke S, Maire CL, Rünger A, Glau L, Mende KC, Matschke J, Gehbauer C, Akyüz N, Zapf S, Holz M, Schaper M, Martens T, Schmidt NO, Peine S, Westphal M, Binder M, Tolosa E, Lamszus K. Immunophenotyping of Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Glioblastoma Defines Distinct Immune Exhaustion Profiles in Peripheral and Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4187-4200. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Kalyan A, Kircher S, Shah H, Mulcahy M, Benson A. Updates on immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:160-169. [PMID: 29564182 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in standard of care therapies, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) remains around 12%. Immunotherapy has not provided the stellar advances in colorectal cancer that has been seen in other malignancies. Immunotherapy appears to play a pivotal role in microsatellite unstable CRC tumors where the response rates are profound. These results have led to FDA approval of pembrolizumab for MSI-H CRC tumors. Additional research into several new immune agents including IDO inhibitors, vaccine therapy and combinatorial agents are being evaluated for CRC. This review will provide an overview of the approaches currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kalyan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheetal Kircher
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiral Shah
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Mulcahy
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Al Benson
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Sudha T, Bharali DJ, Sell S, Darwish NHE, Davis PJ, Mousa SA. Nanoparticulate Tetrac Inhibits Growth and Vascularity of Glioblastoma Xenografts. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:157-165. [PMID: 28396979 PMCID: PMC5413536 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone as L-thyroxine (T4) stimulates proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and medical induction of hypothyroidism slows clinical growth of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The proliferative action of T4 on glioma cells is initiated nongenomically at a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is a thyroid hormone derivative that blocks T4 action at αvβ3 and has anticancer and anti-angiogenic activity. Tetrac has been covalently bonded via a linker to a nanoparticle (Nanotetrac, Nano-diamino-tetrac, NDAT) that increases the potency of tetrac and broadens the anticancer properties of the drug. In the present studies of human GBM xenografts in immunodeficient mice, NDAT administered daily for 10 days subcutaneously as 1 mg tetrac equivalent/kg reduced tumor xenograft weight at animal sacrifice by 50%, compared to untreated control lesions (p < 0.01). Histopathological analysis of tumors revealed a 95% loss of the vascularity of treated tumors compared to controls at 10 days (p < 0.001), without intratumoral hemorrhage. Up to 80% of tumor cells were necrotic in various microscopic fields (p < 0.001 vs. control tumors), an effect attributable to devascularization. There was substantial evidence of apoptosis in other fields (p < 0.001 vs. control tumors). Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is a well-described quality of NDAT. In summary, systemic NDAT has been shown to be effective by multiple mechanisms in treatment of GBM xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangirala Sudha
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Dhruba J Bharali
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Noureldien H E Darwish
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA. .,NanoPharmaceuticals LLC, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.,NanoPharmaceuticals LLC, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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Srinivasan VM, Ferguson SD, Lee S, Weathers SP, Kerrigan BCP, Heimberger AB. Tumor Vaccines for Malignant Gliomas. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:345-357. [PMID: 28389997 PMCID: PMC5398993 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continued research efforts, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the deadliest brain tumor. Immunotherapy offers a novel way to treat this disease, the genetic signature of which is not completely elucidated. Additionally, these tumors are known to induce immunosuppression in the surrounding tumor microenvironment via an array of mechanisms, making effective treatment all the more difficult. The immunotherapeutic strategy of using tumor vaccines offers a way to harness the activity of the host immune system to potentially control tumor progression. GBM vaccines can react to a variety of tumor-specific antigens, which can be harvested from the patient's unique pathological condition using selected immunotherapy techniques. This article reviews the rationale behind and development of GBM vaccines, the relevant clinical trials, and the challenges involved in this treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sungho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiao-Pei Weathers
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Shraibman B, Kadosh DM, Barnea E, Admon A. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Peptides Derived from Tumor Antigens Induced by Inhibition of DNA Methylation for Development of Drug-facilitated Immunotherapy. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3058-70. [PMID: 27412690 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cancer cells with anticancer drugs often fails to achieve complete remission. Yet, such drug treatments may induce alteration in the tumor's gene expression patterns, including those of Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTA). The degradation products of such antigens can be presented as HLA peptides on the surface of the tumor cells and be developed into anticancer immunotherapeutics. For example, the DNA methyl transferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Decitabine) has limited antitumor efficacy, yet it induces the expression of many genes, including CTAs that are normally silenced in the healthy adult tissues. In this study, the presentation of many new HLA peptides derived from CTAs and induced by Decitabine was demonstrated in three human Glioblastoma cell lines. Such presentation of CTA-derived HLA peptides can be exploited for development of new treatment modalities, combining drug treatment with anti-CTA targeted immunotherapy. The Decitabine-induced HLA peptidomes include many CTAs that are not normally detected in healthy tissues or in cancer cells, unless treated with the drug. In addition, the study included large-scale analyses of the simultaneous effects of Decitabine on the transcriptomes, proteomes and HLA peptidomes of the human Glioblastoma cells. It demonstrates the poor correlations between these three levels of gene expression, both in their total levels and in their response to the drug. The proteomics and HLA peptidomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003790 and the transcriptomics data are available via GEO with identifier GSE80137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bracha Shraibman
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dganit Melamed Kadosh
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eilon Barnea
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- From the ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Akbari A, Farahnejad Z, Akhtari J, Abastabar M, Mobini GR, Mehbod ASA. Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B Down-Regulates the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Signaling Transducers in Human Glioblastoma. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e27297. [PMID: 27540448 PMCID: PMC4976063 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.27297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been revealed that Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) may feature anti-cancer and anti-metastatic advantages due to its ability to modify cell immunity processes and signaling pathways. Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers; it has a high mortality nature, which makes it an attractive area for the development of novel therapies. Objectives We examined whether the SEB could exert its growth inhibitory effects on glioblastoma cells partially through the manipulation of a key tumor growth factor termed transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Materials and Methods A human primary glioblastoma cell line, U87, was treated with different concentrations of SEB. The cell quantity was measured by the MTT assay at different exposure times. For molecular assessments, total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from either non-treated or SEB-treated cells. Subsequently, the gene expression of TGF-β transducers, smad2/3, at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, was analyzed via a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using the SYBR Green method. Significant differences between cell viability and gene expression levels were determined (Prism 5.0 software) using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) test. Results We reported that SEB could effectively down-regulate smad2/3 expression in glioblastoma cells at concentrations as quantity as 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The SEB concentrations effective at regulating smad2/3 expression were correlated with those used to inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Our results also showed that SEB was able to decrease smad2/3 expression at the mRNA level in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Conclusions We suggested that SEB could represent an agent that can significantly decrease smad2/3 expression in glioblastoma cells, leading to moderate TGF-β growth signaling and the reduction of tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zohreh Farahnejad
- Department of Medical Mycology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mobini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Amir Seied Ali Mehbod
- Department of Medical Mycology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Amir Seied Ali Mehbod, Department of Medical Mycology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188028350, Fax: +98-2188028350, E-mail:
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Peptide-Based Treatment: A Promising Cancer Therapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:761820. [PMID: 26568964 PMCID: PMC4629048 DOI: 10.1155/2015/761820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many new therapies are currently being used to treat cancer. Among these new methods, chemotherapy based on peptides has been of great interest due to the unique advantages of peptides, such as a low molecular weight, the ability to specifically target tumor cells, and low toxicity in normal tissues. In treating cancer, peptide-based chemotherapy can be mainly divided into three types, peptide-alone therapy, peptide vaccines, and peptide-conjugated nanomaterials. Peptide-alone therapy may specifically enhance the immune system's response to kill tumor cells. Peptide-based vaccines have been used in advanced cancers to improve patients' overall survival. Additionally, the combination of peptides with nanomaterials expands the therapeutic ability of peptides to treat cancer by enhancing drug delivery and sensitivity. In this review, we mainly focus on the new advances in the application of peptides in treating cancer in recent years, including diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Interferon-β Modulates the Innate Immune Response against Glioblastoma Initiating Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139603. [PMID: 26441059 PMCID: PMC4595134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC) is considered a promising strategy. However, GIC are prone to evade immune response and there is a need for potent adjuvants. IFN-β might enhance the immune response and here we define its net effect on the innate immunogenicity of GIC. The transcriptomes of GIC treated with IFN-β and controls were assessed by microarray-based expression profiling for altered expression of immune regulatory genes. Several genes involved in adaptive and innate immune responses were regulated by IFN-β. We validated these results using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and flow cytometry for corresponding protein levels. The up-regulation of the NK cell inhibitory molecules HLA-E and MHC class I was balanced by immune stimulating effects including the up-regulation of nectin-2. In 3 out of 5 GIC lines tested we found a net immune stimulating effect of IFN-β in cytotoxicity assays using NKL cells as effectors. IFN-β therefore warrants further investigation as an adjuvant for immunotherapy targeting GIC.
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Abstract
Standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme is surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, generally with temozolomide. However, disease recurs in almost all patients. Diagnosis of progression is complex given the possibility of pseudoprogression. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria increase the sensitivity for detecting progression. Most patients will not be candidates for new surgery or re-irradiation, and anticancer drugs are the most common approach for second-line treatment, if the patient's condition allows. Antiangiogenics, inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor, nitrosoureas, and re-treatment with temozolomide have been studied in the second line, but a standard therapy has not yet been established. This review considers currently available medical treatment options for patients with glioblastoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Gallego
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common intracranial malignancy that constitutes about 50 % of all gliomas. Despite aggressive, multimodal therapy consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the outcome of patients with glioblastoma remains poor with 5-year survival rates of <10 %. Resistance to conventional therapies is most likely caused by several factors. Alterations in the functions of local immune mediators may represent a critical contributor to this resistance. The tumor microenvironment contains innate and adaptive immune cells in addition to the cancer cells and their surrounding stroma. These various cells communicate with each other by means of direct cell-cell contact or by soluble factors including cytokines and chemokines, and act in autocrine and paracrine manners to modulate tumor growth. There are dynamic interactions among the local immune elements and the tumor cells, where primarily the protective immune cells attempt to overcome the malignant cells. However, by developing somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, the glioblastoma tumor cells acquire the capability of counteracting the local immune responses, and even exploit the immune cells and products for their own growth benefits. In this review, we survey those immune mechanisms that likely contribute to glioblastoma pathogenesis and may serve as a basis for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Eder
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Markusovszky Street 5, Szombathely, 9700, Hungary.
| | - Bernadette Kalman
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Markusovszky University Teaching Hospital, Markusovszky Street 5, Szombathely, 9700, Hungary
- University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is a grade IV astrocytoma that is widely accepted in clinical neurosurgery as being an extremely lethal diagnosis. Long-term survival rates remain dismal, and even when tumors undergo gross resection with confirmation of total removal on neuroimaging, they invariably recur with even greater virulence. Standard therapeutic modalities as well as more contemporary treatments have largely resulted in disappointing improvements. However, the therapeutic potential of vaccine immunotherapy for malignant glioma should not be underestimated. In contrast to many of the available treatments, vaccine immunotherapy is unique because it offers the means of delivering treatment that is highly specific to both the patient and the tumor. Peptide, heat-shock proteins, and dendritic cell vaccines collectively encapsulate the majority of research efforts involving vaccine-based treatment modalities. In this review, important recent findings for these vaccine types are discussed in the context of ongoing clinical trials. Broad challenges to immunotherapy are also considered.
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35
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Weller M, Wick W, Aldape K, Brada M, Berger M, Pfister SM, Nishikawa R, Rosenthal M, Wen PY, Stupp R, Reifenberger G. Glioma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15017. [PMID: 27188790 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumours that are thought to derive from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. On the basis of their histological appearance, they have been traditionally classified as astrocytic, oligodendroglial or ependymal tumours and assigned WHO grades I-IV, which indicate different degrees of malignancy. Tremendous progress in genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling has resulted in new concepts of classifying and treating gliomas. Diffusely infiltrating gliomas in adults are now separated into three overarching tumour groups with distinct natural histories, responses to treatment and outcomes: isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant, 1p/19q co-deleted tumours with mostly oligodendroglial morphology that are associated with the best prognosis; IDH-mutant, 1p/19q non-co-deleted tumours with mostly astrocytic histology that are associated with intermediate outcome; and IDH wild-type, mostly higher WHO grade (III or IV) tumours that are associated with poor prognosis. Gliomas in children are molecularly distinct from those in adults, the majority being WHO grade I pilocytic astrocytomas characterized by circumscribed growth, favourable prognosis and frequent BRAF gene fusions or mutations. Ependymal tumours can be molecularly subdivided into distinct epigenetic subgroups according to location and prognosis. Although surgery, radiotherapy and alkylating agent chemotherapy are still the mainstay of treatment, individually tailored strategies based on tumour-intrinsic dominant signalling pathways and antigenic tumour profiles may ultimately improve outcome. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/TXY7Ri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ken Aldape
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brada
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Liverpool and Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mitchell Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mark Rosenthal
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Stupp
- Department of Oncology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Wang JY, Bettegowda C. Genetics and immunotherapy: using the genetic landscape of gliomas to inform management strategies. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:373-83. [PMID: 25697584 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in genetics has identified essential driver mutations in gliomas and has profoundly changed our understanding of tumorigenesis. New insights into the molecular basis of glioma has informed the development of therapies demonstrating considerable potential, including immunotherapeutic approaches such as peptide and dendritic cell vaccines against EGFRvIII. However, the selective targeting of one component of a dysregulated pathway may be inadequate for a durable clinical response, given the intratumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) and hypermutated profiles displayed by tumor recurrences. Immune checkpoint blockade with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA) and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have demonstrated encouraging results in clinical trials with other solid tumors, and recent data suggest that this type of therapy may be particularly useful for tumors with high mutational burdens. Although the survival for patients with GBM has remains grim, the use of immunotherapy may finally change patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Y Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 118, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Immunotherapy for secondary glioblastoma multiforme: toward an isocitrate dehydrogenase vaccine. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:933-5. [PMID: 25311977 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jiang W, Fu Y, Yang F, Yang Y, Liu T, Zheng W, Zeng L, Chen T. Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide as integrin-targeting surface decorator of selenium nanoparticles to achieve enhanced anticancer efficacy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13738-48. [PMID: 25073123 DOI: 10.1021/am5031962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The poor permeability of glioma parenchyma represents a major limit for antiglioblastoma drug delivery. Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide (GLP), which has a high binding affinity to αvβ3 integrin overexpressed in glioma cells, was employed in the present study to functionalize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to achieve antiglioblastoma efficacy. GLP-SeNPs showed satisfactory size distribution, high stability, and selectivity between cancer and normal cells. In U87 glioma cell membrane, which has a high integrin expression level, GLP-SeNPs exhibited significantly higher cellular uptake than unmodified SeNPs. As expected, U87 cells exhibited a greater uptake of GLP-SeNPs than C6 cells with low integrin expression level. Furthermore, the internalization of GLP-SeNPs was inhibited by cyclo-(Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys) peptides, suggesting that cellular uptake into U87 cells and C6 cells occurred via αvβ3 integrin-mediated endocytosis. For U87 cells, the cytotoxicity of SeNPs decorated by GLP was enhanced significantly because of the induction of various apoptosis signaling pathways. Internalized GLP-SeNPs triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species downregulation. Therefore, p53, MAPKs, and AKT pathways were activated to advance cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that surface decoration of nanomaterials with GLP could be an efficient strategy for design and preparation of glioblastoma targeting nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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Immunocompetent murine models for the study of glioblastoma immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2014; 12:107. [PMID: 24779345 PMCID: PMC4012243 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a lethal diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. (NEJM 352:987-96, 2005) Although immunotherapy-based approaches are capable of inducing detectable immune responses against tumor-specific antigens, improvements in clinical outcomes are modest, in no small part due to tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms that promote immune escape and immuno-resistance. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at bolstering the immune response while neutralizing immunosuppression will play a critical role in improving treatment outcomes for glioblastoma patients. In vivo murine models of glioma provide an invaluable resource to achieving that end, and their use is an essential part of the preclinical workup for novel therapeutics that need to be tested in animal models prior to testing experimental therapies in patients. In this article, we review five contemporary immunocompetent mouse models, GL261 (C57BL/6), GL26 (C57BL/6) CT-2A (C57BL/6), SMA-560 (VM/Dk), and 4C8 (B6D2F1), each of which offer a suitable platform for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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