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Su LY, Tian Y, Zheng Q, Cao Y, Yao M, Wang S, Xu W, Xi C, Clocchiatti A, Nie G, Zhou H. Anti-tumor immunotherapy using engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicles fused to lysosome-targeting chimeras mediated by transferrin receptor. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1219-1230.e5. [PMID: 38309277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The lysosome-targeting chimera (LYTAC) approach has shown promise for the targeted degradation of secreted and membrane proteins via lysosomes. However, there have been challenges in design, development, and targeting. Here, we have designed a genetically engineered transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated lysosome-targeting chimera (TfR-LYTAC) that is efficiently internalized via TfR-mediate endocytosis and targets PD-L1 for lysosomal degradation in cultured cells but not in vivo due to short half-life and poor tumor targeting. A delivery platform was developed by fusing TfR-LYTAC to the surface of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The engineered OMV-LYTAC combines PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibition with LYTAC and immune activation by bacterial OMVs. OMV-LYTAC significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. We have provided a modular and simple genetic strategy for lysosomal degradation as well as a delivery platform for in vivo tumor targeting. The study paves the way for the targeting and degradation of extracellular proteins using the TfR-LYTAC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yang Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yunnan Province, Xishan District, No.157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yunnan Province, Xishan District, No.157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Mengyu Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yunnan Province, Xishan District, No.157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shuangping Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Chuyu Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Andrea Clocchiatti
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, No. 452 Fengyuan Road, Kunming 650000, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China.
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Skolnik JM, Morrow MP. Vaccines for HPV-associated diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101224. [PMID: 37931422 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection represents a significant global health concern owing to its role in the etiology of conditions ranging from benign low-grade lesions to cancers of the cervix, head and neck, anus, vagina, vulva, and penis. Prophylactic vaccination programs, primarily targeting adolescent girls, have achieved dramatic reductions in rates of HPV infection and cervical cancer in recent years. However, there is a clear demand for a strategy to manage the needs of the many people who are already living with persistent HPV infection and/or HPV-associated conditions. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, which act to prevent HPV infection, therapeutic vaccination presents an opportunity to induce cellular immunity against established HPV infections and lesions and prevent progression to cancer. Several HPV vaccines are undergoing clinical development, using a range of platforms. Peptide- or protein-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, whole-cell vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines each offer relative merits and limitations for the delivery of HPV antigens and the subsequent generation of targeted immune responses. There has been particular interest in DNA-based vaccines, which elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses to provide long-lasting immunity. DNA vaccines offer several practical advantages over other vaccine platforms, including the potential for rapid and scalable manufacturing, targeting of many different antigens, and potential for repeat boosting. Furthermore, unlike vectored approaches, DNA vaccines are thermostable over extended time periods, which may enable shipping and storage. Several delivery strategies are available to address the main challenge of DNA vaccines, namely their relatively low transfection efficiency. We review the latest clinical data supporting the development of DNA vaccines and reflect on this exciting prospect in the management of HPV-related disease.
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Matos AS, Invenção MDCV, Moura IAD, Freitas ACD, Batista MVDA. Immunoinformatics applications in the development of therapeutic vaccines against human papillomavirus-related infections and cervical cancer. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2463. [PMID: 37291746 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most prevalent sexually transmitted infectious agent worldwide. HPV penetrates the epithelium through microlesions and establishes an infectious focus that can lead to the development of cervical cancer. Prophylactic HPV vaccines are available, but do not affect already-established infections. Using in silico prediction tools is a promising strategy for identifying and selecting vaccine candidate T cell epitopes. An advantage of this strategy is that epitopes can be selected according to the degree of conservation within a group of antigenic proteins. This makes achieving comprehensive genotypic coverage possible with a small set of epitopes. Therefore, this paper revises the general characteristics of HPV biology and the current knowledge on developing therapeutic peptide vaccines against HPV-related infections and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Santos Matos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (GMBio), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (GMBio), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
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Silva AJD, de Moura IA, da Gama MATM, Leal LRS, de Pinho SS, Espinoza BCF, dos Santos DL, Santos VEP, Sena MGAMD, Invenção MDCV, de Macêdo LS, de França Neto PL, de Freitas AC. Advancing Immunotherapies for HPV-Related Cancers: Exploring Novel Vaccine Strategies and the Influence of Tumor Microenvironment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1354. [PMID: 37631922 PMCID: PMC10458729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the relationship between immunological responses and cancers, especially those related to HPV, has allowed for the study and development of therapeutic vaccines against these neoplasias. There is a growing number of studies about the composition and influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression or establishment of the most varied types of cancer. Hence, it has been possible to structure immunotherapy approaches based on therapeutic vaccines that are even more specific and directed to components of TME and the immune response associated with tumors. Among these components are dendritic cells (DCs), which are the main professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) already studied in therapy strategies for HPV-related cancers. On the other hand, tumor-associated macrophages are also potential targets since the profile present in tumor infiltrates, M1 or M2, influences the prognosis of some types of cancer. These two cell types can be targets for therapy or immunomodulation. In this context, our review aims to provide an overview of immunotherapy strategies for HPV-positive tumors, such as cervical and head and neck cancers, pointing to TME immune cells as promising targets for these approaches. This review also explores the potential of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine immunotherapies, immunotherapy vaccines, and cell therapies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of understanding the TME and its effect on the design and achievement of immunotherapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (A.J.D.S.); (I.A.d.M.); (M.A.T.M.d.G.); (L.R.S.L.); (S.S.d.P.); (B.C.F.E.); (D.L.d.S.); (V.E.P.S.); (M.G.A.M.D.S.); (M.D.C.V.I.); (L.S.d.M.); (P.L.d.F.N.)
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Javid H, Attarian F, Saadatmand T, Rezagholinejad N, Mehri A, Amiri H, Karimi-Shahri M. The therapeutic potential of immunotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: Rational strategies and recent progress. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:477-494. [PMID: 36966454 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide is breast cancer (BC), and despite significant advances in BC therapies, a significant proportion of patients develop metastasis and disease recurrence. Currently used treatments, like radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, result in poor responses and high recurrence rates. Alternative therapies are therefore needed for this type of cancer. Cancer patients may benefit from immunotherapy, a novel treatment strategy in cancer treatment. Even though immunotherapy has been successful in many cases, some patients do not respond to the treatment or those who do respond relapse or progress. The purpose of this review is to discuss several different immunotherapy approaches approved for the treatment of BC, as well as different strategies for immunotherapy for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Attarian
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Toktam Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mehri
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence has been increasing in recent decades. Treatment of the locally advanced HPV-related OPSCC includes a multidisciplinary approach. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is used in the treatment of patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), including HPV-related OPSCC patients. There is increasing knowledge of the role of HPV in the tumor immune microenvironment. Therefore, HPV status of OPSCC plays an essential role in the design of immunotherapy clinical trials in both curative intent and metastatic settings. Moreover, HPV has become a potential therapeutic target, with vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies being developed against HPV for the treatment of OPSCC. Several novel studies are designed to target HPV in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, HPV-related OPSCC remains a unique subgroup in the immunotherapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Roof
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, 10201 Carnegie Avenue, CA Building CA 6-150, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Emrullah Yilmaz
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, 10201 Carnegie Avenue, CA Building CA 6-150, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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Aggarwal C, Saba NF, Algazi A, Sukari A, Seiwert TY, Haigentz M, Porosnicu M, Bonomi M, Boyer J, Esser MT, Cheng LI, Agrawal S, Jennings EC, Durham NM, Fraser K, Lissa D, Gong M, Ceaicovscaia N, Gascó Hernández A, Kumar R. Safety and Efficacy of MEDI0457 plus Durvalumab in Patients with Human Papillomavirus-Associated Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:560-570. [PMID: 36455147 PMCID: PMC9890138 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumoral programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is common in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We assessed whether a DNA vaccine targeting HPV-16/18 E6/E7 with IL12 adjuvant (MEDI0457) combined with the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab could enhance HPV-specific T-cell response and improve outcomes in recurrent/metastatic HPV-16/18-associated HNSCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase Ib/IIa study, immunotherapy-naïve patients with ≥1 previous platinum-containing regimen (neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy or for recurrent/metastatic disease) received MEDI0457 7 mg intramuscularly with electroporation on weeks 1, 3, 7, and 12, then every 8 weeks, plus durvalumab 1,500 mg intravenously on weeks 4, 8, and 12, then every 4 weeks, until confirmed progression and/or unacceptable toxicity. Coprimary objectives were safety and objective response rate (ORR; H0: ORR ≤ 15%); secondary objectives included 16-week disease control rate (DCR-16), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Of 35 treated patients, 29 were response evaluable (confirmed HPV-associated disease; received both agents). ORR was 27.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.7-47.2; four complete responses, four partial responses]; responses were independent of PD-L1 tumor-cell expression (≥25% vs. <25%). DCR-16 was 44.8% (95% CI, 26.5-64.3). Median PFS was 3.5 months (95% CI, 1.9-9.0); median OS was 29.2 months (15.2-not calculable). Twenty-eight (80.0%) patients had treatment-related adverse events [grade 3: 5 (14.3%); no grade 4/5], resulting in discontinuation in 2 (5.7%) patients. HPV-16/18-specific T cells increased on treatment; 4 of 8 evaluable patients had a >2-fold increase in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS MEDI0457 plus durvalumab was well tolerated. While the primary efficacy endpoint was not reached, clinical benefit was encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Aggarwal
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nabil F. Saba
- Winship Cancer Institute, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alain Algazi
- Department of Medicine: Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ammar Sukari
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tanguy Y. Seiwert
- Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Jean Boyer
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Lily I. Cheng
- Pathology, Oncology Safety, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Sonia Agrawal
- Oncology Data Science, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Emily C. Jennings
- Oncology Data Science, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Nicholas M. Durham
- Oncology R&D Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Karl Fraser
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Delphine Lissa
- Early Oncology Clinical Science, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maozhen Gong
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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Cell Squeeze: driving more effective CD8 T-cell activation through cytosolic antigen delivery. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 16:100091. [PMID: 36042779 PMCID: PMC9420506 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2022.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell Squeeze is a novel technology that relies on temporarily disrupting the cell membrane to deliver cargo directly into the cytosol. This approach is applicable to a broad range of cell types (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, etc.) and cargos (peptides, proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids, and gene-editing complexes) while minimally disrupting normal cell function. By enabling direct cytosolic delivery, one can use this technology to dramatically enhance major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation of antigens (Ags) for CD8+ T-cell activation—a longstanding challenge for the therapeutic cancer vaccine field that has generally relied on cross-presentation of endocytosed Ags. In addition, by coupling improved MHC class I presentation with coexpression of additional stimulatory factors or systemic immune modulators, one can further enhance the potential impact of an antitumor CD8 response. Pursuing a more direct cellular engineering strategy, which is independent of viral transduction, genetic manipulation, and expansion steps, enables <24 h manufacturing of autologous cell therapies. Through generation of more sophisticated, multifunctional, cell-based vaccines, clinical testing of this technology will elucidate its potential for impact across multiple tumor types. Cell Squeeze technology relies on temporarily disrupting the cell membrane to deliver cargo directly into the cytosol. By enabling direct cytosolic delivery, Cell Squeeze enhances MHC class I presentation of Ags for CD8+ T-cell activation. With rapid, cost-effective manufacturing, the Cell Squeeze could improve the feasibility and accessibility of cell therapies.
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SNP-Target Genes Interaction Perturbing the Cancer Risk in the Post-GWAS. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225636. [PMID: 36428729 PMCID: PMC9688512 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, and, being a genetic disease, it is highly heritable. Over the past few decades, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many risk-associated loci harboring hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Some of these cancer-associated SNPs have been revealed as causal, and the functional characterization of the mechanisms underlying the cancer risk association has been illuminated in some instances. In this review, based on the different positions of SNPs and their modes of action, we discuss the mechanisms underlying how SNPs regulate the expression of target genes to consequently affect tumorigenesis and the development of cancer.
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Huili Y, Nie S, Zhang L, Yao A, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang L, Cao F. Cuproptosis-related lncRNA: Prediction of prognosis and subtype determination in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:958547. [PMID: 36072656 PMCID: PMC9441767 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.958547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of all RCC cases. Cuproptosis, a novel mechanism of cell death, may be a potential target for intervention in tumor development. Methods: Cuproptosis-related prognostic lncRNAs were identified by co-expression analysis and univariable Cox regression. Five lncRNA profiles were obtained by LASSO regression analysis, and a model with high accuracy was constructed to assess the prognosis of ccRCC patients based on these cuproptosis-related lncRNAs. Survival analysis and time-dependent ROC curves were performed for the α and β groups, and the results confirmed the high accuracy of the model in predicting the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Immunoassay, principal component analysis (PCA), and drug sensitivity analysis were also performed for different risk categories. Finally, we classified ccRCC patients into two different subtypes by consistent class clustering, and performed immune checkpoint activation, tumor microenvironment analysis, PCA, and drug sensitivity analysis for different subtypes. Results: We developed a prognostic model using five cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs, which was found to be highly accurate in predicting ccRCC patients’ prognosis. Immunotherapy may be more beneficial to the hyper-risk category and the C2 subtype. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that five cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs can be used as potential prognostic markers for ccRCC.
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Zhang J, Fan J, Skwarczynski M, Stephenson RJ, Toth I, Hussein WM. Peptide-Based Nanovaccines in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer: A Review of Recent Advances. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:869-900. [PMID: 35241913 PMCID: PMC8887913 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s269986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, can induce cervical cancer in humans. The disease carries high morbidity and mortality among females worldwide. Inoculation with prophylactic HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil® or Cervarix®, is the predominant method of preventing cervical cancer in females 6 to 26 years of age. However, despite the availability of commercial prophylactic HPV vaccines, no therapeutic HPV vaccines to eliminate existing HPV infections have been approved. Peptide-based vaccines, which form one of the most potent vaccine platforms, have been broadly investigated to overcome this shortcoming. Peptide-based vaccines are especially effective in inducing cellular immune responses and eradicating tumor cells when combined with nanoscale adjuvant particles and delivery systems. This review summarizes progress in the development of peptide-based nanovaccines against HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jingyi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Correspondence: Waleed M Hussein, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia, Tel +61 7 3365 2782, Email
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Tang J, Li M, Zhao C, Shen D, Liu L, Zhang X, Wei L. Therapeutic DNA Vaccines against HPV-Related Malignancies: Promising Leads from Clinical Trials. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020239. [PMID: 35215833 PMCID: PMC8874761 DOI: 10.3390/v14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014 and 2021, two nucleic-acid vaccine candidates named MAV E2 and VGX-3100 completed phase III clinical trials in Mexico and U.S., respectively, for patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-related, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). These well-tolerated but still unlicensed vaccines encode distinct HPV antigens (E2 versus E6+E7) to elicit cell-mediated immune responses; their clinical efficacy, as measured by HSIL regression or cure, was modest when compared with placebo or surgery (conization), but both proved highly effective in clearing HPV infection, which should help further optimize strategies for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, toward an ultimate goal of preventing malignancies in millions of patients who are living with persistent, oncogenic HPV infection but are not expected to benefit from current, prophylactic vaccines. The major roadblocks to a highly efficacious and practical product remain challenging and can be classified into five categories: (i) getting the vaccines into the right cells for efficient expression and presentation of HPV antigens (fusion proteins or epitopes); (ii) having adequate coverage of oncogenic HPV types, beyond the current focus on HPV-16 and -18; (iii) directing immune protection to various epithelial niches, especially anogenital mucosa and upper aerodigestive tract where HPV-transformed cells wreak havoc; (iv) establishing the time window and vaccination regimen, including dosage, interval and even combination therapy, for achieving maximum efficacy; and (v) validating therapeutic efficacy in patients with poor prognosis because of advanced, recurrent or non-resectable malignancies. Overall, the room for improvements is still large enough that continuing efforts for research and development will very likely extend into the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Tang
- Aeonvital Biomedical Research Institute, Beijing 102208, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100033, China; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (D.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100033, China; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (D.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Danhua Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100033, China; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (D.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Aeonvital Biomedical Research Institute, Beijing 102208, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Aeonvital Biomedical Research Institute, Beijing 102208, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Lihui Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100033, China; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (D.S.); (L.W.)
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Zhang S, Wang H, Liu Y, Tao T, Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Wang M. Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton influences the development of cervical carcinoma by promoting the antitumor effect of macrophages and dendritic cells. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1249-1268. [PMID: 34994088 PMCID: PMC8894708 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As an immune enhancer, Nocardia rubra cell‐wall skeleton (Nr‐CWS) has been used to treat persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical precancerous lesions. However, it is still unclear whether it can be used to treat cervical carcinoma. Methods In our study, the aim was to determine whether Nr‐CWS affects the apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells by enhancing the antitumor effect of dendritic cells and macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Results The experimental results showed that Nr‐CWS can promote the activity of dendritic cells and macrophages and reduce their apoptosis. It also increased the cytokines IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐ɑ, and IL‐1β secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages and reduced their PD‐L1 expression. In vitro, Nr‐CWS inhibited the proliferation, colony forming ability of HeLa and SiHa cervical carcinoma cell lines cultured with macrophages, and more cells were blocked in G2/M phase. Nr‐CWS promoted TNF‐ɑ/TNFR1/caspase‐8‐mediated apoptosis by increasing macrophages secretion of TNF‐ɑ and inhibited cell migration and invasion regulated by the WNT/β‐catenin‐EMT pathway. Nr‐CWS also reduced the expression of the cervical carcinoma genes E6 and E7 thereby increasing expression of p53 gene and decreasing expression of PD‐L1 gene. In vivo, Nr‐CWS inhibited tumor growth and decreased the expression of E6, E7, PD‐L1, P16, Ki67, and PCNA in tumors. Conclusions Therefore, our results suggest that Nr‐CWS can promote apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells by enhancing the antitumor effect of dendritic cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yisi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Targeting LAG3/GAL-3 to overcome immunosuppression and enhance anti-tumor immune responses in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2022; 36:138-154. [PMID: 34290359 PMCID: PMC8727303 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune profiling in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and multiple myeloma (MM) provides the framework for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate decreased CD4+ Th cells, increased Treg and G-type MDSC, and upregulation of immune checkpoints on effector/regulatory and CD138+ cells in MM patients, compared MGUS/SMM patients or healthy individuals. Among the checkpoints profiled, LAG3 was most highly expressed on proliferating CD4+ Th and CD8+ Tc cells in MM patients BMMC and PBMC. Treatment with antibody targeting LAG3 significantly enhanced T cells proliferation and activities against MM. XBP1/CD138/CS1-specific CTL generated in vitro displayed anti-MM activity, which was further enhanced following anti-LAG3 treatment, within the antigen-specific memory T cells. Treg and G-type MDSC weakly express LAG3 and were minimally impacted by anti-LAG3. CD138+ MM cells express GAL-3, a ligand for LAG3, and anti-GAL-3 treatment increased MM-specific responses, as observed for anti-LAG3. Finally, we demonstrate checkpoint inhibitor treatment evokes non-targeted checkpoints as a cause of resistance and propose combination therapeutic strategies to overcome this resistance. These studies identify and validate blockade of LAG3/GAL-3, alone or in combination with immune strategies including XBP1/CD138/CS1 multipeptide vaccination, to enhance anti-tumor responses and improve patient outcome in MM.
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15
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Tao Z, Zhang E, Li L, Zheng J, Zhao Y, Chen X. A united risk model of 11 immune‑related gene pairs and clinical stage for prediction of overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4259-4277. [PMID: 34304692 PMCID: PMC8806637 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1955558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cancer. Currently, we lack effective risk models for the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Given the significant role of cancer immunity in ccRCC, we aimed to establish a novel united risk model including clinical stage and immune-related gene pairs (IRGPs) to assess the prognosis. The gene expression profile and clinical data of ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Arrayexpress were divided into training cohort (n = 381), validation cohort 1 (n = 156), and validation cohort 2 (n = 101). Through univariate Cox regression analysis and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator analysis, 11 IRGPs were obtained. After further analysis, it was found that clinical stage could be an independent prognostic factor; hence, we used it to construct a united prognostic model with 11 IRGPs. Based on this model, patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, a significant difference was observed in overall survival (OS) among all three cohorts (p < 0.001). The calibration curve revealed that the signature model is in high accordance with the observed values of each data cohort. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year receiver operating characteristic curves of each data cohort showed better performance than only IRGP signatures. The results of immune infiltration analysis revealed significantly (p < 0.05) higher abundance of macrophages M0, T follicular helper cells, and other tumor infiltrating cells. In summary, we successfully established a united prognostic risk model, which can effectively assess the OS of ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijia Tao
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Enchong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqiao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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16
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Pezeshki PS, Mahdavi Sharif P, Rezaei N. Resistance mechanisms to programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1575-1590. [PMID: 33984254 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1929919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In the past few years, administrating monoclonal humanized antibodies, namely checkpoint inhibitors, against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and its ligand (PD-L1), has yielded reassuring tumor regression rates. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors disrupt the engagement of PD-1 on T-cells and their ligands on tumor or other target cells and reactivate the tumor-specific T infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are mostly in a state of anergy before the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. However, a limited number of patients initially respond, and the others show a primary (innate) resistance. Moreover, the rate of relapse and tumor progression after a partial, or even complete response (secondary or acquired resistance) is relatively considerable.Areas covered: This paper presents a comprehensive discussion on the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Loss of T-cell infiltration or T-cell exclusion, lack of PD-L1 or PD-1 expression, and also lack of tumor immunogenicity are among the most important mechanisms, and also biomarkers of resistance in patients undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Several somatic mutations in tumors are known to be related to at least one of the resistance mechanisms.Expert opinion: Identification of the novel resistance mechanisms suggests further combinatorial therapies to tackle primary and secondary resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Mahdavi Sharif
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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17
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Sharma S, Deep A, Sharma AK. Current Treatment for Cervical Cancer: An Update. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1768-1779. [PMID: 32091347 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200224093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading gynecologic health problem which is considered as the 4th most widespread tumour in women. The prevalence of this fatal ailment is emerging gradually across the globe as about 18.1 million new cancer cases have been reported in 2018. The predominance of cervical cancer has been significantly found in low and middle-income countries as cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality, conversely, there are no effective screening systems available. This mortal state is certainly influenced by exposure of human papillomavirus, dysregulation of caspase enzyme, elevated expression of Inhibitor Apoptotic Protein (IAP), overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF), active/passive smoking, and dysfunction of the immune system. Generally, the clinical trial on pipeline drugs leads to the development of some promising new therapies that are more effective than standard approaches and often unavailable outside of the clinical setting. Indeed, several biological interventions that can modulate the pathological cascade of cervical cancer are still under investigation. Thus, there is a need to further summarise the promising therapies for cervical cancer as we have accomplished in HER2-positive breast cancer by targeting HER2 therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. The present report revealed the pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamics aspects of various pipeline drugs that are promising for the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, the study revealed the possible mechanism, adverse drug reaction, combined therapy and pleiotropic action of these under investigational drugs, which can further improve the therapeutic efficacy and restrict the imaginable harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sombeer Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana-122413, India
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18
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Li Y, Lu S, Wang S, Peng X, Lang J. Identification of immune subtypes of cervical squamous cell carcinoma predicting prognosis and immunotherapy responses. J Transl Med 2021; 19:222. [PMID: 34030694 PMCID: PMC8142504 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main limitation of current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of cervical cancer comes from the fact that it benefits only a minority of patients. The study aims to develop a classification system to identify immune subtypes of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), thereby helping to screen candidates who may respond to ICIs. Methods A real-world cervical SCC cohort of 36 samples were analyzed. We used a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to separate different expression patterns of immune-related genes (IRGs). The immune characteristics, potential immune biomarkers, and somatic mutations were compared. Two independent data sets containing 555 samples were used for validation. Results Two subtypes with different immunophenotypes were identified. Patients in sub1 showed favorable progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the training and validation cohorts. The sub1 was remarkably related to increased immune cell abundance, more enriched immune activation pathways, and higher somatic mutation burden. Also, the sub1 group was more sensitive to ICIs, while patients in the sub2 group were more likely to fail to respond to ICIs but exhibited GPCR pathway activity. Finally, an 83-gene classifier was constructed for cervical SCC classification. Conclusion This study establishes a new classification to further understand the immunological diversity of cervical SCC, to assist in the selection of candidates for immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02894-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech Zone (West District), Chengdu City, 611731, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, South Renmin Avenue Fourth Section, Chengdu City, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No.55, South Renmin Avenue Fourth Section, Chengdu City, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubin Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech Zone (West District), Chengdu City, 611731, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Peng
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.2006, Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech Zone (West District), Chengdu City, 611731, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, South Renmin Avenue Fourth Section, Chengdu City, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No.55, South Renmin Avenue Fourth Section, Chengdu City, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Zhou P, Liu W, Cheng Y, Qian D. Nanoparticle-based applications for cervical cancer treatment in drug delivery, gene editing, and therapeutic cancer vaccines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1718. [PMID: 33942532 PMCID: PMC8459285 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of gynecological tumor related deaths worldwide. The applications of conventional approaches such as chemoradiotherapy and surgery are restricted due to their side effects and drug resistances. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as novel choices, their clinical response rates are rather limited. To date there is a lack of effective treatment regimens for patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. Recently nanomaterials like liposomes, dendrimers, and polymers are considered as promising delivery carriers with advantages of tumor‐specific administration, reduced toxicity, and improved biocompatibility. Here, we review the applications of nanoparticles in the fields of drug delivery, CRISPR based genome‐editing and therapeutic vaccines in cervical cancer treatment. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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20
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R S J. The Immune Microenvironment in Human Papilloma Virus-Induced Cervical Lesions-Evidence for Estrogen as an Immunomodulator. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649815. [PMID: 33996630 PMCID: PMC8120286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease. However, most of the HPV infections eventually resolve aided by the body’s efficient cell-mediated immune responses. In the vast majority of the small group of patients who develop overt disease too, it is the immune response that culminates in regression of lesions. It is therefore a rarity that persistent infection by high-risk genotypes of HPV compounded by other risk factors progresses through precancer (various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia—CIN) to cervical cancer (CxCa). Hence, although CxCa is a rare culmination of HPV infection, the latter is nevertheless causally linked to >90% of cancer. The three ‘Es’ of cancer immunoediting viz. elimination, equilibrium, and escape come into vogue during the gradual evolution of CIN 1 to CxCa. Both cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms operate to eliminate virally infected cells: cell-extrinsic players are anti-tumor/antiviral effectors like Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, Natural Killer cells, etc. and pro-tumorigenic/immunosuppressive cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs), Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), type 2 macrophages, etc. And accordingly, when immunosuppressive cells overpower the effectors e.g., in high-grade lesions like CIN 2 or 3, the scale is tilted towards immune escape and the disease progresses to cancer. Estradiol has long been considered as a co-factor in cervical carcinogenesis. In addition to the gonads, the Peyer’s patches in the gut synthesize estradiol. Over and above local production of the hormone in the tissues, estradiol metabolism by the gut microbiome: estrobolome versus tryptophan non-metabolizing microbiome, regulates free estradiol levels in the intestine and extraintestinal mucosal sites. Elevated tissue levels of the hormone serve more than one purpose: besides a direct growth-promoting action on cervical epithelial cells, estradiol acting genomically via Estrogen Receptor-α also boosts the function of the stromal and infiltrating immunosuppressive cells viz. Tregs, MDSCs, and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Hence as a corollary, therapeutic repurposing of Selective Estrogen Receptor Disruptors or aromatase inhibitors could be useful for modulating immune function in cervical precancer/cancer. The immunomodulatory role of estradiol in HPV-mediated cervical lesions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree R S
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
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21
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Namvar A, Bolhassani A, Javadi G, Noormohammadi Z. Combination of human papillomaviruses L1 and L2 multiepitope constructs protects mice against tumor cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1055-1068. [PMID: 33930201 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Different types of cancer including cervical (>90%), anal (~88%), vaginal (~40%), and penile (~40%) cancers are associated with human papillomaviruse (HPV) infections. Three prophylactic vaccines (Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil-9) were approved to provide immuno-protection against certain types of HPVs. Currently, next-generation HPV vaccines such as L1/L2-based vaccines are being developed to provide broad-type HPV protection. In this study, we introduced a comprehensive framework for design of L1/L2 polyepitope-based HPV vaccine candidate. This framework started with protein sequence retrieval and followed by conservancy analysis between high-risk HPVs, MHC-I and MHC-II epitope mapping, and B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping. Subsequently, we performed Tap transport and proteasomal cleavage, population coverage, antigenicity, allergenicity and cross-reactivity. After that, peptide-MHCI/II flexible docking and comprehensive conservancy analysis against all HPV types were carried out. The next steps were prediction of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 inducing epitopes, epitope selection and construct design, tertiary structure prediction, refinement and validation, discontinuous B-cell epitope prediction, vaccine-TLR4 molecular docking, and codon optimization. Our data showed that two designed vaccine constructs harboring 8 L1 peptides or 7 L2 peptides, individually were highly conserved between all well-known HPV types. In addition, the combination of in silico/in vivo approaches indicated the potential ability of L1 and L2 polyepitope constructs for development of next generation prophylactic/therapeutic HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Namvar
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Javadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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PD-L1 expression in anogenital and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas associated with different clinicopathological features, HPV status and prognosis: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228067. [PMID: 33704390 PMCID: PMC8011230 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little research has been done on clinicopathological
characteristics and human papillomavirus (HPV) status of anogenital and
oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) with a strong expression of
programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells. Therefore, we conducted this
meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a comprehensive research in
PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases up to 30 September 2020. The effect size
was hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall
survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), disease-free survival (DFS). The
pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI were used to assess the association
between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features along with HPV status.
Results: A total of 2003 cases (944 anogenital and 1059
oropharynx SCC patients) were included. High PD-L1 expression in anogenital SCC
cases were associated with advanced age (OR = 1.63, 95% CI:
1.04–2.58) and HPV negativity (OR = 0.47, 95% CI:
0.31–0.71). Besides, PD-L1 positive anogenital SCC cases held a
significantly declined OS (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.37–3.47)
and CSS (HR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.30–4.65). For oropharynx SCC,
PD-L1 was more frequent in younger and HPV positive patients (OR = 0.60,
95% CI: 0.37–0.98; OR = 3.01, 95% CI:
1.78–5.09) and PD-L1 expression was relevant to better OS and DFS (HR
= 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60–0.97; HR = 0.50, 95% CI:
0.33–0.75). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated that
in anogenital SCC, PD-L1 positivity had to do with a worse outcome, which might
attribute to advanced age, higher tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and HPV
negativity, while in oropharynx cancer, PD-L1 expression was related to better
prognosis for the reason that PD-L1 was less frequent in the aged and negative
HPV status.
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Zam W, Ali L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:103-113. [PMID: 33823768 DOI: 10.2174/1574884716666210325095022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy drugs, known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), work by blocking checkpoint proteins from binding with their partner proteins. The two main pathways that are specifically targeted in clinical practice are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) that showed potent immune-modulatory effects through their function as negative regulators of T cell activation. METHODS In view of the rapid and extensive development of this research field, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and update on the use of CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 targeted therapy in the treatment of several types of cancer including melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS Based on the last updated list released on March 2019, seven ICIs are approved by the FDA including ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, and cemiplimab. CONCLUSION This review also highlighted the most common adverse effects caused by ICIs and which affect people in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Wadi International University, Homs. Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Lina Ali
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Tartous. Syrian Arab Republic
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Wang Y, Lu C, Huang H, Yao S, Xu C, Ye Y, Gui S, Li G. A lipid-soluble extract of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott orchestrates intratumoral dendritic cell-driven immune activation through SOCS1 signaling in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:112837. [PMID: 32276009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pinellia pedatisecta Schott extract (PE) is generated from Pinellia pedatisecta Schott, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. PE suppresses cervical tumor growth and exhibits effects on dendritic cells (DCs) that lead to modulation of antitumor CD4+ and CD8+ responses. AIMS To explore the underlying mechanisms by which PE modulates tumor-associated dendritic cell (TADC) activation and function. METHODS DCs and TADCs were generated from murine bone marrow and exposed to PE solutions at different doses, as well as to repeated doses separated at different time intervals. Quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, and gene silencing were used to analyze the modulatory effects of PE on the SOCS1/JAK2/STAT pathways. Furthermore, we separated human cervical tumor-infiltrated DCs (TIDCs) and conducted an ex-vivo stimulation model to observe the effect of PE. For phenotypic analysis of cultured DCs and ex vivo human specimens, we used flow cytometry to detect the molecular markers associated with cell function. RESULTS In cultured TADCs and human cervical TIDCs, maturation- and functional markers (MHCII, CD80, CD83, CD86, and IL-12) were downregulated, whereas SOCS1 was upregulated. PE enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and IL-12 in cervical TIDCs, which induced increased expression of CD107a, GZMB, and perforin in CTLs, and furthermore induced apoptosis in a larger number of tumor cells. In cultured TADCs, PE downregulated SOCS1 expression and activated the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5 in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The effects of PE upregulating MHCII, CD80, CD86, IL-12 on TADCs were blocked after SOCS1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS In this study, PE restored the impaired function of cervical TIDCs, thereby eliciting further antitumor CTL responses. The effects of PE on TADCs were mediated through inhibition of SOCS1 and activation of downstream JAK2-STAT1/STAT4/STAT5 pathways. PE may be a potent and effective immunomodulatory drug for antitumor treatment via the blockade of SOCS1 signaling in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Suiqi Gui
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Department of Integration of Western and Traditional Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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25
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Li Y, Zhao R, Cheng K, Zhang K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu G, Xu J, Xu J, Anderson GJ, Shi J, Ren L, Zhao X, Nie G. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Presenting Programmed Death 1 for Improved Cancer Immunotherapy via Immune Activation and Checkpoint Inhibition. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16698-16711. [PMID: 33232124 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural, extracellular membrane vesicles secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), contain numerous pathogen-associated molecular patterns which can activate systemic immune responses. Previous studies have shown that OMVs induce strong IFN-γ- and T cell-mediated anti-tumor effects in mice. However, IFN-γ is known to upregulate immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment, especially the immune checkpoint programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which may hamper T cell function and limit immunotherapeutic effectiveness. Here, we report the development of genetically engineered OMVs whose surface has been modified by insertion of the ectodomain of programmed death 1 (PD1). This genetic modification does not affect the ability of OMVs to trigger immune activation. More importantly, the engineered OMV-PD1 can bind to PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface and facilitate its internalization and reduction, thereby protecting T cells from the PD1/PD-L1 immune inhibitory axis. Through the combined effects of immune activation and checkpoint suppression, the engineered OMVs drive the accumulation of effector T cells in the tumor, which, in turn, leads to a greater impairment of tumor growth, compared with not only native OMVs but also the commonly used PD-L1 antibody. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the potential of bioengineered OMVs as effective immunotherapeutic agents that can comprehensively regulate the tumor immune microenvironment to effect markedly increased anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keman Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junchao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jian Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Fu Y, Liao G. Soluble PD-1: Predictive, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587460. [PMID: 33329567 PMCID: PMC7710690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1) has shown remarkable clinical outcome. Lately, their soluble counterparts, sPD-1 and sPD-L1, have been detected in plasma, and elevated levels have been associated with advanced disease, clinical stages, and worst prognosis for cancer patients. Elevated plasma levels of sPD-L1 have been correlated with worst prognosis in several studies and has displayed a persistent outlook. On the other hand, sPD-1 levels have been inconsistent in their predictive and prognostic ability. Pretherapeutic higher sPD-1 plasma levels have shown to predict advanced disease state and to a lesser extent worst prognosis. Any increase in sPD-1 plasma level post therapeutically have been correlated with improved survival for various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown sPD-1 ability to bind PD-L1 and PD-L2 and block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Local delivery of sPD-1 in cancer tumor microenvironment through local gene therapy have demonstrated an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cell immunity and tumor growth reduction. It had also exhibited enhancement of T cell immunity induced by vaccination and other gene therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it may also lessen the inhibitory effect of circulating sPD-L1 and enhance the effects of mAb-based immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight various aspects of sPD-1 role in cancer prediction, prognosis, and anti-cancer immunity, as well as, its therapeutic value for local gene therapy or systemic immunotherapy in blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Yuxiang Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Guo Q, Wang L, Xu P, Geng F, Guo J, Dong L, Bao X, Zhou Y, Feng M, Wu J, Wu H, Yu B, Zhang H, Yu X, Kong W. Heterologous prime-boost immunization co-targeting dual antigens inhibit tumor growth and relapse. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1841392. [PMID: 33224629 PMCID: PMC7657584 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1841392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to induce an effective immune response against cancer, and the effectiveness of these vaccines is influenced by the choice of immunogen, vaccine type, and immunization strategy. Although treatment with cancer vaccines can improve tumor burden and survival, in most animal studies, it is challenging to achieve a complete response against tumor growth and recurrence, without the use of other therapies in combination. Here, we present a novel approach where dual antigens (survivin and MUC1) are co-targeted using three DNA vaccines, followed by a single booster of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. This heterologous vaccination strategy induced higher levels of interferon (IFN)-γ-secretion and stronger antigen-specific T-cell responses than those induced individually by the DNA vaccines and the MVA vaccine in mice. This strategy also increased the number of active tumor-infiltrating T cells that efficiently inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Heterologous DNA prime-MVA boost immunization was capable of inducing a robust antigen-specific immune-memory, as seen from the resistance to subsequent survivin- and MUC1-expressing tumors. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of DNA prime-MVA boost and DNA prime-adenovirus boost strategies were compared. DNA prime-MVA boost immunization performed better, as indicated by the T effector ratio and the induction of Th1 immunity. This study provides the basis for the use of heterologous DNA prime-MVA boost vaccination regime targeting two antigens simultaneously as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengfan Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Chen L, Li Z, Zeng T, Zhang YH, Liu D, Li H, Huang T, Cai YD. Identifying Robust Microbiota Signatures and Interpretable Rules to Distinguish Cancer Subtypes. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604794. [PMID: 33330634 PMCID: PMC7672214 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer can be generally defined as a cluster of systematic diseases triggered by abnormal cell proliferation and growth. With the development of biological sciences and biotechnologies, the etiology of cancer is partially revealed, including some of the most substantial pathogenic factors [either endogenous (genetics) or exogenous (environmental)]. However, some remaining factors that contribute to the tumorigenesis but have not been analyzed and discussed in detail remain. For instance, some typical correlations between microorganisms and tumorigenesis have been reported already, but previous studies are just sporadic studies on single microorganism–cancer subtype pairs and do not explain and validate the specific contribution of microbiome on tumorigenesis. On the basis of the systematic microbiome analyses of blood and cancer-associated tissues in cancer patients/controls in public domain, we performed interpretable analyses. We identified several core regulatory microorganisms that contribute to the classification of multiple tumor subtypes and established quantitative predictive models for interpretable prediction by using multiple machine learning methods. We also compared the optimal features (microorganisms) and rules identified from microbiome profiles processed using the Kraken and the SHOGUN. Collectively, our study identified new microbiome signatures and their interpretable classification rules for cancer discrimination and carried out reliable methodological comparison for robust cancer microbiome analyses, thereby promoting the development of tumor etiology at the microbiome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhandong Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dejing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Schmidt S, Bonilla WV, Reiter A, Stemeseder F, Kleissner T, Oeler D, Berka U, El-Gazzar A, Kiefmann B, Schulha SC, Raguz J, Habbeddine M, Scheinost M, Qing X, Lauterbach H, Matushansky I, Pinschewer DD, Orlinger KK. Live-attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-based vaccines for active immunotherapy of HPV16-positive cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1809960. [PMID: 33457095 PMCID: PMC7781782 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1809960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a variety of cancer types and limited therapy options. Therapeutic cancer vaccines targeting the HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 have recently been extensively explored as a promising immunotherapy approach to drive durable antitumor T cell immunity and induce effective tumor control. With the goal to achieve potent and lasting antitumor T cell responses, we generated a novel lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-based vaccine, TT1-E7E6, targeting HPV16 E6 and E7. This replication-competent vector was stably attenuated using a three-segmented viral genome packaging strategy. Compared to wild-type LCMV, TT1-E7E6 demonstrated significantly reduced viremia and CNS immunopathology. Intravenous vaccination of mice with TT1-E7E6 induced robust expansion of HPV16-specific CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. In the HPV16 E6 and E7-expressing TC-1 tumor model, mice immunized with TT1-E7E6 showed significantly delayed tumor growth or complete tumor clearance accompanied with prolonged survival. Tumor control by TT1-E7E6 was also achieved in established large-sized tumors in this model. Furthermore, a combination of TT1-E7E6 with anti-PD-1 therapy led to enhanced antitumor efficacy with complete tumor regression in the majority of tumor-bearing mice that were resistant to anti-PD-1 treatment alone. TT1-E7E6 vector itself did not exhibit oncolytic properties in TC-1 cells, while the antitumor effect was associated with the accumulation of HPV16-specific CD8+ T cells with reduced PD-1 expression in the tumor tissues. Together, our results suggest that TT1-E7E6 is a promising therapeutic vaccine for HPV-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weldy V Bonilla
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Petersplatz 10, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Petersplatz 10, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Zhao X, Yang F, Mariz F, Osen W, Bolchi A, Ottonello S, Müller M. Combined prophylactic and therapeutic immune responses against human papillomaviruses induced by a thioredoxin-based L2-E7 nanoparticle vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008827. [PMID: 32886721 PMCID: PMC7498061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global burden of cervical cancer, the most common cause of mortality caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is expected to increase during the next decade, mainly because current alternatives for HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening programs are costly to be established in low-and-middle income countries. Recently, we described the development of the broadly protective, thermostable vaccine antigen Trx-8mer-OVX313 based on the insertion of eight different minor capsid protein L2 neutralization epitopes into a thioredoxin scaffold from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and conversion of the resulting antigen into a nanoparticle format (median radius ~9 nm) upon fusion with the heptamerizing OVX313 module. Here we evaluated whether the engineered thioredoxin scaffold, in addition to humoral immune responses, can induce CD8+ T-cell responses upon incorporation of MHC-I-restricted epitopes. By systematically examining the contribution of individual antigen modules, we demonstrated that B-cell and T-cell epitopes can be combined into a single antigen construct without compromising either immunogenicity. While CD8+ T-cell epitopes had no influence on B-cell responses, the L2 polytope (8mer) and OVX313-mediated heptamerization of the final antigen significantly increased CD8+ T-cell responses. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we found that vaccinated mice remained tumor-free even after two consecutive tumor challenges, while unvaccinated mice developed tumors. A cost-effective, broadly protective vaccine with both prophylactic and therapeutic properties represents a promising option to overcome the challenges associated with prevention and treatment of HPV-caused diseases. Currently, there are three licensed prophylactic vaccines available against HPV, but none of them shows a therapeutic effect on pre-existing infections. Thus, a prophylactic vaccine also endowed with a therapeutic activity presents application potentials to individuals regardless of their HPV-infection status. Such a dual-purpose vaccine would be particularly valuable for post-exposure prophylaxis and shields population from recurrent HPV infections. Here, we constructed a combined vaccine relying on L2- and E7-specific epitopes grafted onto the surface of a hyper-stable thioredoxin scaffold. The resulting antigen was converted into a nanoparticle format with the use of a heptamerization domain. Our data document that the modular design of the antigen allows combination of B-cell and T-cell epitopes in one antigen without compromising either’s immunogenicity. The antigen retains its ability to provide broad protection against different HPV types but also presents strong therapeutic effects in a mouse tumor model. Therefore, the vaccine is potentially capable of resolving productive infection as well as HPV-related malignancies, and thus benefitting both uninfected and already infected individuals. Moreover, our vaccine utilizes E. coli as protein producer and distribution does not require cold-chain, which reduces costs making it applicable to less-affluent countries.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Archaeal Proteins/chemistry
- Archaeal Proteins/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemistry
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Papillomaviridae/chemistry
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/chemistry
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/pharmacology
- Pyrococcus furiosus/chemistry
- Thioredoxins/chemistry
- Thioredoxins/pharmacology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhao
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Filipe Mariz
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelo Bolchi
- Department of Chemical Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Chemical Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martin Müller
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Nie H, Bu F, Xu J, Li T, Huang J. 29 immune-related genes pairs signature predict the prognosis of cervical cancer patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14152. [PMID: 32843657 PMCID: PMC7447790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To screen the key immune genes in the development of cervical cancer, construct immune related gene pairs (IRGPs), and evaluate their influence on the prognosis of cervical cancer. Tumor Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and geo database were downloaded as training set and validation set respectively, and immune related gene data were downloaded from immport. IRGPs model is established by machine learning, and the model is analyzed and evaluated. Using the Uclcan to analyze the immune genes expression in cervical cancer, and to further explore the association with the expression level and the clinical stage and prognosis of cervical cancer. According to the analysis of training set, we identified 29 IRGPs as key gene pairs and constructed the model. The AUC value of the model was greater than 0.9, and the model group survival rate was conspicuous different (P < 0.001). The reliability of the model was confirmed in the validation group. Our IRGPs play an important role in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer, and can be used as a prognostic marker and potential new target of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Nie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Provence, China
| | - Fanqin Bu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Provence, China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Provence, China
| | - Taoshen Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Provence, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Provence, China.
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Cheng L, Wang Y, Du J. Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030391. [PMID: 32708759 PMCID: PMC7565290 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which were introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. In this review, we present the updated information about current HPV vaccines, focusing on vaccine coverage and efficacy. In addition, pan-gender vaccination and current clinical trials are also discussed. Currently, more efforts should be put into increasing the vaccine’s coverage, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Provision of education on HPV and vaccination is one of the most important methods to achieve this. Vaccines that target HPV types not included in current vaccines are the next stage in vaccine development. In the future, all HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancer, and anal cancer, should be tracked and evaluated, especially in countries that have introduced pan-gender vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccines, in combination with other cancer treatments, should continue to be investigated.
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The Role of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutant and Rad3-Related DNA Damage Response in Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060506. [PMID: 32585979 PMCID: PMC7350315 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leads to a variety of benign lesions and malignant tumors such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Several HPV vaccines have been developed that can help to prevent cervical carcinoma, but these vaccines are only effective in individuals with no prior HPV infection. Thus, it is still important to understand the HPV life cycle and in particular the association of HPV with human pathogenesis. HPV production requires activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex signaling network composed of multiple sensors, mediators, transducers, and effectors that safeguard cellular DNAs to maintain the host genome integrity. In this review, we focus on the roles of the ataxia telangiectasia mutant and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response in HPV DNA replication. HPV can induce ATR expression and activate the ATR pathway. Inhibition of the ATR pathway results in suppression of HPV genome maintenance and amplification. The mechanisms underlying this could be through various molecular pathways such as checkpoint signaling and transcriptional regulation. In light of these findings, other downstream mechanisms of the ATR pathway need to be further investigated for better understanding HPV pathogenesis and developing novel ATR DDR-related inhibitors against HPV infection.
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Pisani P, Airoldi M, Allais A, Aluffi Valletti P, Battista M, Benazzo M, Briatore R, Cacciola S, Cocuzza S, Colombo A, Conti B, Costanzo A, della Vecchia L, Denaro N, Fantozzi C, Galizia D, Garzaro M, Genta I, Iasi GA, Krengli M, Landolfo V, Lanza GV, Magnano M, Mancuso M, Maroldi R, Masini L, Merlano MC, Piemonte M, Pisani S, Prina-Mello A, Prioglio L, Rugiu MG, Scasso F, Serra A, Valente G, Zannetti M, Zigliani A. Metastatic disease in head & neck oncology. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2020; 40:S1-S86. [PMID: 32469009 PMCID: PMC7263073 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-40-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The head and neck district represents one of the most frequent sites of cancer, and the percentage of metastases is very high in both loco-regional and distant areas. Prognosis refers to several factors: a) stage of disease; b) loco-regional relapses; c) distant metastasis. At diagnosis, distant metastases of head and neck cancers are present in about 10% of cases with an additional 20-30% developing metastases during the course of their disease. Diagnosis of distant metastases is associated with unfavorable prognosis, with a median survival of about 10 months. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on distant metastasis in head and neck oncology. Recent achievements in molecular profiling, interaction between neoplastic tissue and the tumor microenvironment, oligometastatic disease concepts, and the role of immunotherapy have all deeply changed the therapeutic approach and disease control. Firstly, we approach topics such as natural history, epidemiology of distant metastases and relevant pathological and radiological aspects. Focus is then placed on the most relevant clinical aspects; particular attention is reserved to tumours with distant metastasis and positive for EBV and HPV, and the oligometastatic concept. A substantial part of the review is dedicated to different therapeutic approaches. We highlight the role of immunotherapy and the potential effects of innovative technologies. Lastly, we present ethical and clinical perspectives related to frailty in oncological patients and emerging difficulties in sustainable socio-economical governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pisani
- ENT Unit, ASL AT, “Cardinal Massaja” Hospital, Asti, Italy
| | - Mario Airoldi
- Medical Oncology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Aluffi Valletti
- SCDU Otorinolaringoiatria, AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | | | - Marco Benazzo
- SC Otorinolaringoiatria, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico “S. Matteo”, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Colombo
- ENT Unit, ASL AT, “Cardinal Massaja” Hospital, Asti, Italy
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
- Polymerix S.r.L., Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Laura della Vecchia
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology General Hospital “Macchi”, ASST dei Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Oncology Department A.O.S. Croce & Carle, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Galizia
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo,Italy
| | - Massimiliano Garzaro
- SCDU Otorinolaringoiatria, AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
- Polymerix S.r.L., Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Krengli
- Dipartimento Medico Specialistico ed Oncologico, SC Radioterapia Oncologica, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Vittorio Lanza
- S.O.C. Chirurgia Toracica, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale “SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo”, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mancuso
- S.O.C. Chirurgia Toracica, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale “SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo”, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Roberto Maroldi
- Department of Radiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Masini
- Dipartimento Medico Specialistico ed Oncologico, SC Radioterapia Oncologica, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Carlo Merlano
- Oncology Department A.O.S. Croce & Carle, Cuneo, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo,Italy
| | - Marco Piemonte
- ENT Unit, University Hospital “Santa Maria della Misericordia”, Udine, Italy
| | - Silvia Pisani
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico “S. Matteo”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luca Prioglio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ASL 3 “Genovese”, “Padre Antero Micone” Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Felice Scasso
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ASL 3 “Genovese”, “Padre Antero Micone” Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Agostino Serra
- University of Catania, Italy
- G.B. Morgagni Foundation, Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Valente
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Micol Zannetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Angelo Zigliani
- Department of Radiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Italy
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Tang Q, Liu L, Zhang H, Xiao J, Hann SS. Regulations of miR-183-5p and Snail-Mediated Shikonin-Reduced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cervical Cancer Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:577-589. [PMID: 32103900 PMCID: PMC7023881 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s236216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Shikonin, the main ingredient of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been reported to have antitumor effects via multiple targets and signaling pathways. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the effects in cervical cancer still remained unknown. Methods MTT, wound-healing, transwell assays and flow cytometry experiments were used to measure cell growth, migration, invasion, and cell cycle analysis. Western blot was used to examine protein levels of Snail, Vimentin and E-cadherin. The expression level of miR-183-5p was measured via qRT-PCR. The E-cadherin promoter activity was detected via Secrete-PairTM Dual Luminescence Assay Kit. The transient transfection experiments were used for silencing of E-cadherin and overexpression of Snail genes. Tumor xenograft and bioluminescent imaging experiments were carried out to confirm the in vitro findings. Results We showed that shikonin inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion, and induced cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner in cervical cancer Hela and C33a cells. Mechanistically, we found that shikonin increased miR-183-5p expression and inhibited expression of transcription factor Snail protein. The mimics of miR-183-5p reduced, while the inhibitors of miR-183-5p reversed shikonin-inhibited Snail protein expression. In addition, shikonin decreased Vimentin, increased E-cadherin protein expressions and E-cadherin promoter activity, the latter was reversed in cells transfected with exogenous Snail overexpression vectors. Moreover, silencing of E-cadherin significantly abolished shikonin-inhibited cervical cancer cell growth. Similar findings were also observed in vivo using one xenograft mouse model. Conclusion Our results show that shikonin inhibits EMT through inhibition of Snail and stimulation of miR-183-5p expressions, which resulted in induction of E-cadherin expression. Thus, blockade of EMT could be a novel mechanism underlying the anti-cervical cancer effects of shikonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
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Cytotoxic and radiosensitizing potential of silver nanoparticles against HepG-2 cells prepared by biosynthetic route using Picrasma quassioides leaf extract. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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