1
|
Karkali K, Pastor-Pareja JC, Martin-Blanco E. JNK signaling and integrins cooperate to maintain cell adhesion during epithelial fusion in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1034484. [PMID: 38264353 PMCID: PMC10803605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1034484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion of epithelial sheets is an essential and conserved morphogenetic event that requires the maintenance of tissue continuity. This is secured by membrane-bound or diffusible signals that instruct the epithelial cells, in a coordinated fashion, to change shapes and adhesive properties and when, how and where to move. Here we show that during Dorsal Closure (DC) in Drosophila, the Jun kinase (JNK) signaling pathway modulates integrins expression and ensures tissue endurance. An excess of JNK activity, as an outcome of a failure in the negative feedback implemented by the dual-specificity phosphatase Puckered (Puc), promotes the loss of integrins [the ß-subunit Myospheroid (Mys)] and amnioserosa detachment. Likewise, integrins signal back to the pathway to regulate the duration and strength of JNK activity. Mys is necessary for the regulation of JNK activity levels and in its absence, puc expression is downregulated and JNK activity increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Karkali
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IN-CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kilwein MD, Johnson MR, Thomalla JM, Mahowald AP, Welte MA. Drosophila embryos spatially sort their nutrient stores to facilitate their utilization. Development 2023; 150:dev201423. [PMID: 36805634 PMCID: PMC10108605 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal embryos are provided by their mothers with a diverse nutrient supply that is crucial for development. In Drosophila, the three most abundant nutrients (triglycerides, proteins and glycogen) are sequestered in distinct storage structures: lipid droplets (LDs), yolk vesicles (YVs) and glycogen granules (GGs). Using transmission electron microscopy as well as live and fixed sample fluorescence imaging, we find that all three storage structures are dispersed throughout the egg but are then spatially allocated to distinct tissues by gastrulation: LDs largely to the peripheral epithelium, YVs and GGs to the central yolk cell. To confound the embryo's ability to sort its nutrients, we employ Jabba and mauve mutants to generate LD-GG and LD-YV compound structures. In these mutants, LDs are mis-sorted to the yolk cell and their turnover is delayed. Our observations demonstrate dramatic spatial nutrient sorting in early embryos and provide the first evidence for its functional importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Kilwein
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Matthew R. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidt-Ott U, Kwan CW. How two extraembryonic epithelia became one: serosa and amnion features and functions of Drosophila's amnioserosa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210265. [PMID: 36252222 PMCID: PMC9574642 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conservation of gene networks that specify and differentiate distinct tissues has long been a subject of great interest to evolutionary developmental biologists, but the question of how pre-existing tissue-specific developmental trajectories merge is rarely asked. During the radiation of flies, two extraembryonic epithelia, known as serosa and amnion, evolved into one, called amnioserosa. This unique extraembryonic epithelium is found in fly species of the group Schizophora, including the genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, and has been studied in depth. Close relatives of this group develop a serosa and a rudimentary amnion. The scuttle fly Megaselia abdita has emerged as an excellent model organism to study this extraembryonic tissue organization. In this review, development and functions of the extraembryonic tissue complements of Drosophila and Megaselia are compared. It is concluded that the amnioserosa combines cells, genetic pathway components and functions that were previously associated either with serosa development or amnion development. The composite developmental trajectory of the amnioserosa raises the question of whether merging tissue-specific gene networks is a common evolutionary process. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schmidt-Ott
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun Wai Kwan
- Laboratory for Epithelial Morphogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valencia-Expósito A, Gómez-Lamarca MJ, Widmann TJ, Martín-Bermudo MD. Integrins Cooperate With the EGFR/Ras Pathway to Preserve Epithelia Survival and Architecture in Development and Oncogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892691. [PMID: 35769262 PMCID: PMC9234701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for normal epithelial cell survival. Disruption of this interaction leads to a specific type of apoptosis known as anoikis. Yet, there are physiological and pathological situations in which cells not connected to the ECM are protected from anoikis, such as during cell migration or metastasis. The main receptors transmitting signals from the ECM are members of the integrin family. However, although integrin-mediated cell-ECM anchorage has been long recognized as crucial for epithelial cell survival, the in vivo significance of this interaction remains to be weighed. In this work, we have used the Drosophila wing imaginal disc epithelium to analyze the importance of integrins as survival factors during epithelia morphogenesis. We show that reducing integrin expression in the wing disc induces caspase-dependent cell death and basal extrusion of the dead cells. In this case, anoikis is mediated by the activation of the JNK pathway, which in turn triggers expression of the proapoptotic protein Hid. In addition, our results strongly suggest that, during wing disc morphogenesis, the EGFR pathway protects cells undergoing cell shape changes upon ECM detachment from anoikis. Furthermore, we show that oncogenic activation of the EGFR/Ras pathway in integrin mutant cells rescues them from apoptosis while promoting their extrusion from the epithelium. Altogether, our results support the idea that integrins promote cell survival during normal tissue morphogenesis and prevent the extrusion of transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Jesús Gómez-Lamarca
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - María D. Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: María D. Martín-Bermudo,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shrestha BR, Burgos A, Grueber WB. The Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member Basigin Is Required for Complex Dendrite Formation in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:739741. [PMID: 34803611 PMCID: PMC8600269 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of dendrite growth with changes in the surrounding substrate occurs widely in the nervous system and is vital for establishing and maintaining neural circuits. However, the molecular basis of this important developmental process remains poorly understood. To identify potential mediators of neuron-substrate interactions important for dendrite morphogenesis, we undertook an expression pattern-based screen in Drosophila larvae, which revealed many proteins with expression in dendritic arborization (da) sensory neurons and in neurons and their epidermal substrate. We found that reporters for Basigin, a cell surface molecule of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily previously implicated in cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, are expressed in da sensory neurons and epidermis. Loss of Basigin in da neurons led to defects in morphogenesis of the complex dendrites of class IV da neurons. Classes of sensory neurons with simpler branching patterns were unaffected by loss of Basigin. Structure-function analyses showed that a juxtamembrane KRR motif is critical for this function. Furthermore, knock down of Basigin in the epidermis led to defects in dendrite elaboration of class IV neurons, suggesting a non-autonomous role. Together, our findings support a role for Basigin in complex dendrite morphogenesis and interactions between dendrites and the adjacent epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brikha R Shrestha
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anita Burgos
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wesley B Grueber
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Communal living: the role of polyploidy and syncytia in tissue biology. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:245-260. [PMID: 34075512 PMCID: PMC8169410 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of tissues with diverse cell sizes. Whether a tissue primarily consists of numerous, small cells as opposed to fewer, large cells can impact tissue development and function. The addition of nuclear genome copies within a common cytoplasm is a recurring strategy to manipulate cellular size within a tissue. Cells with more than two genomes can exist transiently, such as in developing germlines or embryos, or can be part of mature somatic tissues. Such nuclear collectives span multiple levels of organization, from mononuclear or binuclear polyploid cells to highly multinucleate structures known as syncytia. Here, we review the diversity of polyploid and syncytial tissues found throughout nature. We summarize current literature concerning tissue construction through syncytia and/or polyploidy and speculate why one or both strategies are advantageous.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lemke S, Kale G, Urbansky S. Comparing gastrulation in flies: Links between cell biology and the evolution of embryonic morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
8
|
A Method for Rapid Selection of Randomly Induced Mutations in a Gene of Interest Using CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Activation of Gene Expression. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1893-1901. [PMID: 32312838 PMCID: PMC7263667 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a CRISPR/Cas9 based method for isolating randomly induced recessive lethal mutations in a gene of interest (GOI) by selection within the F1 progeny of a single genetic cross. Our method takes advantage of the ability to overexpress a GOI using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated activation of gene expression. In essence, the screening strategy is based upon the idea that if overexpression of a wild type allele can generate a phenotype, then overexpression of a newly induced loss-of-function allele will lack this phenotype. As a proof-of-principle, we used this method to select EMS induced mutations of the Drosophila gene hindsight (hnt). From approximately 45,000 F1 progeny we recovered 8 new EMS induced loss-of-function hnt alleles that we characterized as an allelic series of hypomorphic mutations. This new method can, in theory, be used to recover randomly induced point mutants in a GOI and can be applied to any circumstance where CRISPR/Cas9 mediated activation of gene expression is associated with lethality or a visible phenotype.
Collapse
|
9
|
Basigin Associates with Integrin in Order to Regulate Perineurial Glia and Drosophila Nervous System Morphology. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3360-3373. [PMID: 32265259 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1397-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila nervous system is ensheathed by a layer of outer glial cells, the perineurial glia, and a specialized extracellular matrix, the neural lamella. The function of perineurial glial cells and how they interact with the extracellular matrix are just beginning to be elucidated. Integrin-based focal adhesion complexes link the glial membrane to the extracellular matrix, but little is known about integrin's regulators in the glia. The transmembrane Ig domain protein Basigin/CD147/EMMPRIN is highly expressed in the perineurial glia surrounding the Drosophila larval nervous system. Here we show that Basigin associates with integrin at the focal adhesions to uphold the structure of the glia-extracellular matrix sheath. Knockdown of Basigin in perineurial glia using RNAi results in significant shortening of the ventral nerve cord, compression of the glia and extracellular matrix in the peripheral nerves, and reduction in larval locomotion. We determined that Basigin is expressed in close proximity to integrin at the glial membrane, and that expression of the extracellular integrin-binding domain of Basigin is sufficient to rescue peripheral glial compression. We also found that a reduction in expression of integrin at the membrane rescues the ventral nerve cord shortening, peripheral glial compression, and locomotor phenotypes, and that reduction in the integrin-binding protein Talin can partially rescue glial compression. These results identify Basigin as a potential negative regulator of integrin in the glia, supporting proper glial and extracellular matrix ensheathment of the nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The glial cells and extracellular matrix play important roles in supporting and protecting the nervous system, but the interactions between these components have not been well characterized. Our study identified expression of a conserved Ig superfamily protein, Basigin, at the glial membrane of Drosophila where it associates with the integrin-based focal adhesion complexes to ensure proper ensheathment of the CNS and PNS. Loss of Basigin in the glia results in an overall compression of the nervous system due to integrin dysregulation, which causes locomotor defects in the animals. This underlies the importance of glia-matrix communication for structural and functional support of the nervous system.
Collapse
|
10
|
Allen EA, Baehrecke EH. Autophagy in animal development. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:903-918. [PMID: 31988494 PMCID: PMC7206001 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) delivers intracellular constituents to the lysosome to promote catabolism. During development in multiple organisms, autophagy mediates various cellular processes, including survival during starvation, programmed cell death, phagocytosis, organelle elimination, and miRNA regulation. Our current understanding of autophagy has been enhanced by developmental biology research during the last quarter of a century. Through experiments that focus on animal development, fundamental mechanisms that control autophagy and that contribute to disease were elucidated. Studies in embryos revealed specific autophagy molecules that mediate the removal of paternally derived mitochondria, and identified autophagy components that clear protein aggregates during development. Importantly, defects in mtDNA inheritance, or removal of paternal mtDNA via mitochondrial autophagy, can contribute to mitochondrial-associated disease. In addition, impairment of the clearance of protein aggregates by autophagy underlies neurodegenerative diseases. Experiments in multiple organisms also reveal conserved mechanisms of tissue remodeling that rely on the cooperation between autophagy and apoptosis to clear cell corpses, and defects in autophagy and apoptotic cell clearance can contribute to inflammation and autoimmunity. Here we provide an overview of key developmental processes that are mediated by autophagy in multiple animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Allen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 423 Lazare Research Building, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 423 Lazare Research Building, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Functional Analysis of the Drosophila Gene hindsight: Evidence for Positive Regulation of EGFR Signaling. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:117-127. [PMID: 31649045 PMCID: PMC6945037 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the relationship between the function of the gene hindsight (hnt), which is the Drosophila homolog of Ras Responsive Element Binding protein-1 (RREB-1), and the EGFR signaling pathway. We report that hnt mutant embryos are defective in EGFR signaling dependent processes, namely chordotonal organ recruitment and oenocyte specification. We also show the temperature sensitive hypomorphic allele hntpebbled is enhanced by the hypomorphic MAPK allele rolled (rl1 ). We find that hnt overexpression results in ectopic DPax2 expression within the embryonic peripheral nervous system, and we show that this effect is EGFR-dependent. Finally, we show that the canonical U-shaped embryonic lethal phenotype of hnt, which is associated with premature degeneration of the extraembyonic amnioserosa and a failure in germ band retraction, is rescued by expression of several components of the EGFR signaling pathway (sSpi, Ras85D V12 , pntP1 ) as well as the caspase inhibitor p35 Based on this collection of corroborating evidence, we suggest that an overarching function of hnt involves the positive regulation of EGFR signaling.
Collapse
|
12
|
McCleery WT, Veldhuis J, Bennett ME, Lynch HE, Ma X, Brodland GW, Hutson MS. Elongated Cells Drive Morphogenesis in a Surface-Wrapped Finite-Element Model of Germband Retraction. Biophys J 2019; 117:157-169. [PMID: 31229244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila embryogenesis, the germband first extends to curl around the posterior end of the embryo and then retracts back; however, retraction is not simply the reversal of extension. At a tissue level, extension is coincident with ventral furrow formation, and at a cellular level, extension occurs via convergent cell neighbor exchanges in the germband, whereas retraction involves only changes in cell shape. To understand how cell shapes, tissue organization, and cellular forces drive germband retraction, we investigate this process using a whole-embryo, surface-wrapped cellular finite-element model. This model represents two key epithelial tissues-amnioserosa and germband-as adjacent sheets of two-dimensional cellular finite elements that are wrapped around an ellipsoidal three-dimensional approximation of an embryo. The model reproduces the detailed kinematics of in vivo retraction by fitting just one free model parameter, the tension along germband cell interfaces; all other cellular forces are constrained to follow ratios inferred from experimental observations. With no additional parameter adjustments, the model also reproduces quantitative assessments of mechanical stress using laser dissection and failures of retraction when amnioserosa cells are removed via mutations or microsurgery. Surprisingly, retraction in the model is robust to changes in cellular force values but is critically dependent on starting from a configuration with highly elongated amnioserosa cells. Their extreme cellular elongation is established during the prior process of germband extension and is then used to drive retraction. The amnioserosa is the one tissue whose cellular morphogenesis is reversed from germband extension to retraction, and this reversal coordinates the forces needed to retract the germband back to its pre-extension position and shape. In this case, cellular force strengths are less important than the carefully established cell shapes that direct them. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Tyler McCleery
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jim Veldhuis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica E Bennett
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Holley E Lynch
- Department of Physics, Stetson University, DeLand, Florida
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - G Wayne Brodland
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Caroti F, González Avalos E, Noeske V, González Avalos P, Kromm D, Wosch M, Schütz L, Hufnagel L, Lemke S. Decoupling from yolk sac is required for extraembryonic tissue spreading in the scuttle fly Megaselia abdita. eLife 2018; 7:34616. [PMID: 30375972 PMCID: PMC6231767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraembryonic tissues contribute to animal development, which often entails spreading over embryo or yolk. Apart from changes in cell shape, the requirements for this tissue spreading are not well understood. Here, we analyze spreading of the extraembryonic serosa in the scuttle fly Megaselia abdita. The serosa forms from a columnar blastoderm anlage, becomes a squamous epithelium, and eventually spreads over the embryo proper. We describe the dynamics of this process in long-term, whole-embryo time-lapse recordings, demonstrating that free serosa spreading is preceded by a prolonged pause in tissue expansion. Closer examination of this pause reveals mechanical coupling to the underlying yolk sac, which is later released. We find mechanical coupling prolonged and serosa spreading impaired after knockdown of M. abdita Matrix metalloprotease 1. We conclude that tissue–tissue interactions provide a critical functional element to constrain spreading epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viola Noeske
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Dimitri Kromm
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Wosch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucas Schütz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Hufnagel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lemke
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muñoz-Soriano V, Belacortu Y, Sanz FJ, Solana-Manrique C, Dillon L, Suay-Corredera C, Ruiz-Romero M, Corominas M, Paricio N. Cbt modulates Foxo activation by positively regulating insulin signaling in Drosophila embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30034-8. [PMID: 30055320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In late Drosophila embryos, the epidermis exhibits a dorsal hole as a consequence of germ band retraction. It is sealed during dorsal closure (DC), a morphogenetic process in which the two lateral epidermal layers converge towards the dorsal midline and fuse. We previously demonstrated the involvement of the Cbt transcription factor in Drosophila DC. However its molecular role in the process remained obscure. In this study, we used genomic approaches to identify genes regulated by Cbt as well as its direct targets during late embryogenesis. Our results reveal a complex transcriptional circuit downstream of Cbt and evidence that it is functionally related with the Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway. In this context, Cbt may act as a positive regulator of the pathway, leading to the repression of Foxo activity. Our results also suggest that the DC defects observed in cbt embryos could be partially due to Foxo overactivation and that a regulatory feedback loop between Foxo and Cbt may be operating in the DC context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yaiza Belacortu
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luke Dillon
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | - Carmen Suay-Corredera
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | - Marina Ruiz-Romero
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identifying Genetic Players in Cell Sheet Morphogenesis Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen for Genes on Chromosome 2R Involved in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2361-2387. [PMID: 29776969 PMCID: PMC6027880 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis characterizes key developmental transitions and homeostasis, in vertebrates and throughout phylogeny, including gastrulation, neural tube formation and wound healing. Dorsal closure, a process during Drosophila embryogenesis, has emerged as a model for cell sheet morphogenesis. ∼140 genes are currently known to affect dorsal closure and new genes are identified each year. Many of these genes were identified in screens that resulted in arrested development. Dorsal closure is remarkably robust and many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this complex biological process remain. Thus, it is important to identify all genes that contribute to the kinematics and dynamics of closure. Here, we used a set of large deletions (deficiencies), which collectively remove 98.5% of the genes on the right arm of Drosophila melanogaster’s 2nd chromosome to identify “dorsal closure deficiencies”. Through two crosses, we unambiguously identified embryos homozygous for each deficiency and time-lapse imaged them for the duration of closure. Images were analyzed for defects in cell shapes and tissue movements. Embryos homozygous for 47 deficiencies have notable, diverse defects in closure, demonstrating that a number of discrete processes comprise closure and are susceptible to mutational disruption. Further analysis of these deficiencies will lead to the identification of at least 30 novel “dorsal closure genes”. We expect that many of these novel genes will identify links to pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure. We also expect to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kiehart DP, Crawford JM, Aristotelous A, Venakides S, Edwards GS. Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure in Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:169-202. [PMID: 28992442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging cell sheets. What triggers closure and what the emergent properties are that give rise to its extraordinary resilience and fidelity remain key, extant questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Kiehart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Janice M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Andreas Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383
| | | | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ohsawa S, Vaughen J, Igaki T. Cell Extrusion: A Stress-Responsive Force for Good or Evil in Epithelial Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2018; 44:284-296. [PMID: 29408235 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues robustly respond to internal and external stressors via dynamic cellular rearrangements. Cell extrusion acts as a key regulator of epithelial homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells, orchestrating morphogenesis, and mediating competitive cellular battles during tumorigenesis. Here, we delineate the diverse functions of cell extrusion during development and disease. We emphasize the expanding role for apoptotic cell extrusion in exerting morphogenetic forces, as well as the strong intersection of cell extrusion with cell competition, a homeostatic mechanism that eliminates aberrant or unfit cells. While cell competition and extrusion can exert potent, tumor-suppressive effects, dysregulation of either critical homeostatic program can fuel cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - John Vaughen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive B300, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goodwin K, Ellis SJ, Lostchuck E, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Tanentzapf G. Basal Cell-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Regulates Force Transmission during Tissue Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2017; 39:611-625. [PMID: 27923121 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires force-generating mechanisms to organize cells into complex structures. Although many such mechanisms have been characterized, we know little about how forces are integrated across developing tissues. We provide evidence that integrin-mediated cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion modulates the transmission of apically generated tension during dorsal closure (DC) in Drosophila. Integrin-containing adhesive structures resembling focal adhesions were identified on the basal surface of the amnioserosa (AS), an extraembryonic epithelium essential for DC. Genetic modulation of integrin-mediated adhesion results in defective DC. Quantitative image analysis and laser ablation experiments reveal that basal cell-ECM adhesions provide resistance to apical cell displacements and force transmission between neighboring cells in the AS. Finally, we provide evidence for integrin-dependent force transmission to the AS substrate. Overall, we find that integrins regulate force transmission within and between cells, thereby playing an essential role in transmitting tension in developing tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Goodwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emily Lostchuck
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5S 1X8, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Apoptotic forces in tissue morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2017; 144:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
20
|
Treffkorn S, Mayer G. Conserved versus derived patterns of controlled cell death during the embryonic development of two species of Onychophora (velvet worms). Dev Dyn 2017; 246:403-416. [PMID: 28198063 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is involved in various developmental processes, including cell migration and tissue and organ formation. Some of these processes are conserved across metazoans, while others are specific to particular taxa. Although the patterns of apoptosis have been investigated in arthropods, no corresponding data are available from one of their closest relatives, the Onychophora (velvet worms). RESULTS We analyzed the patterns of apoptosis in embryos of two onychophoran species: the lecithotrophic/matrotrophic viviparous peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli, and the placentotrophic viviparous peripatid Principapillatus hitoyensis. Our data show that apoptosis occurs early in development and might be responsible for the degeneration of extra-embryonic tissues. Moreover, apoptosis might be involved in the morphogenesis of the ventral and preventral organs in both species and occurs additionally in the placental stalk of P. hitoyensis. CONCLUSIONS Despite the different developmental modes in these onychophoran species, our data suggest that patterns of apoptosis are conserved among onychophorans. While apoptosis in the dorsal extra-embryonic tissue might contribute to dorsal closure-a process also known from arthropods-the involvement of apoptosis in ventral closure might be unique to onychophorans. Apoptosis in the placental stalk of P. hitoyensis is most likely a derived feature of the placentotrophic onychophorans. Developmental Dynamics 246:403-416, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hayes P, Solon J. Drosophila dorsal closure: An orchestra of forces to zip shut the embryo. Mech Dev 2017; 144:2-10. [PMID: 28077304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal closure, a late-embryogenesis process, consists in the sealing of an epidermal gap on the dorsal side of the Drosophila embryo. Because of its similarities with wound healing and neural tube closure in humans, it has been extensively studied in the last twenty years. The process requires the coordination of several force generating mechanisms, that together will zip shut the epidermis. Recent works have provided a precise description of the cellular behavior at the origin of these forces and proposed quantitative models of the process. In this review, we will describe the different forces acting in dorsal closure. We will present our current knowledge on the mechanisms generating and regulating these forces and report on the different quantitative mathematical models proposed so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peran Hayes
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jérôme Solon
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nazario-Yepiz NO, Riesgo-Escovar JR. piragua encodes a zinc finger protein required for development in Drosophila. Mech Dev 2016; 144:171-181. [PMID: 28011160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized embryonic lethal mutations in piragua (prg). The prg locus encodes a protein with an amino terminus Zinc Finger-Associated-Domain (ZAD) and nine C2H2 zinc fingers (ZF). prg mRNA and protein expression during embryogenesis is dynamic with widespread maternal contribution, and subsequent expression in epithelial precursors. About a quarter of prg mutant embryos do not develop cuticle, and from those that do a small fraction have cuticular defects. Roughly half of prg mutants die during embryogenesis. prg mutants have an extended phenocritical period encompassing embryogenesis and first instar larval stage, since the other half of prg mutants die as first or second instar larvae. During dorsal closure, time-lapse high-resolution imaging shows defects arising out of sluggishness in closure, resolving at times in failures of closure. prg is expressed in imaginal discs, and is required for imaginal development. prg was identified in imaginal tissue in a cell super competition screen, together with other genes, like flower. We find that flower mutations are also embryonic lethal with a similar phenocritical period and strong embryonic mutant phenotypes (head involution defects, primarily). The two loci interact genetically in the embryo, as they increase embryonic mortality to close to 90% with the same embryonic phenotypes (dorsal closure and head involution defects, plus lack of cuticle). Mutant prg clones generated in developing dorsal thorax and eye imaginal tissue have strong developmental defects (lack of bristles and ommatidial malformations). prg is required in several developmental morphogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor O Nazario-Yepiz
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro c.p. 76230, Mexico
| | - Juan R Riesgo-Escovar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro c.p. 76230, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jurado J, de Navascués J, Gorfinkiel N. α-Catenin stabilises Cadherin-Catenin complexes and modulates actomyosin dynamics to allow pulsatile apical contraction. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4496-4508. [PMID: 27831494 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated how cell contractility and adhesion are functionally integrated during epithelial morphogenesis. To this end, we have analysed the role of α-Catenin, a key molecule linking E-Cadherin-based adhesion and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, during Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure, by studying a newly developed allelic series. We find that α-Catenin regulates pulsatile apical contraction in the amnioserosa, the main force-generating tissue driving closure of the embryonic epidermis. α-Catenin controls actomyosin dynamics by stabilising and promoting the formation of actomyosin foci, and also stabilises DE-Cadherin (Drosophila E-Cadherin, also known as Shotgun) at the cell membrane, suggesting that medioapical actomyosin contractility regulates junction stability. Furthermore, we uncover a genetic interaction between α-Catenin and Vinculin, and a tension-dependent recruitment of Vinculin to amniosersoa apical cell membranes, suggesting the existence of a mechano-sensitive module operating in this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jurado
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Joaquín de Navascués
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lacy ME, Hutson MS. Amnioserosa development and function in Drosophila embryogenesis: Critical mechanical roles for an extraembryonic tissue. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:558-68. [PMID: 26878336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a short-lived, extraembryonic tissue, the amnioserosa plays critical roles in the major morphogenetic events of Drosophila embryogenesis. These roles involve both cellular mechanics and biochemical signaling. Its best-known role is in dorsal closure-well studied by both developmental biologists and biophysicists-but the amnioserosa is also important during earlier developmental stages. Here, we provide an overview of amnioserosa specification and its role in several key developmental stages: germ band extension, germ band retraction, and dorsal closure. We also compare embryonic development in Drosophila and its relative Megaselia to highlight how the amnioserosa and its roles have evolved. Placed in context, the amnioserosa provides a fascinating example of how signaling, mechanics, and morphogen patterns govern cell-type specification and subsequent morphogenetic changes in cell shape, orientation, and movement. Developmental Dynamics 245:558-568, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Lacy
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research & Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schmidt-Ott U, Kwan CW. Morphogenetic functions of extraembryonic membranes in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 13:86-92. [PMID: 27436557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenetic functions of the amnioserosa, the serosa, the amnion, and the yolk sac are reviewed on the basis of recent studies in flies (Drosophila, Megaselia), beetles (Tribolium), and hemipteran bugs (Oncopeltus). Three hypotheses are presented. First, it is suggested that the amnioserosa of Drosophila and the dorsal amnion of other fly species function in a similar manner. Second, it is proposed that in many species with an amniotic cavity, the amnion determines the site of serosa rupture, which, through interactions between the serosa and the amnion, enables the embryo to break free from the amniotic cavity and to close its backside. Finally, it is concluded that the yolk sac is likely an important player in insect morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schmidt-Ott
- University of Chicago, Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, Cummings Life Science Center, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Chun Wai Kwan
- University of Chicago, Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, Cummings Life Science Center, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muramatsu T. Basigin (CD147), a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein with various binding partners. J Biochem 2015; 159:481-90. [PMID: 26684586 PMCID: PMC4846773 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Basigin, also called CD147 or EMMPRIN, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Basigin has isoforms; the common form (basigin or basigin-2) has two immunoglobulin domains, and the extended form (basigin-1) has three. Basigin is the receptor for cyclophilins, S100A9 and platelet glycoprotein VI, whereas basigin-1 serves as the receptor for the rod-derived cone viability factor. Basigin tightly associates with monocarboxylate transporters and is essential for their cell surface translocation and activities. In the same membrane plane, basigin also associates with other proteins including GLUT1, CD44 and CD98. The carbohydrate portion of basigin is recognized by lectins, such as galectin-3 and E-selectin. These molecular recognitions form the basis for the role of basigin in the transport of nutrients, migration of inflammatory leukocytes and induction of matrix metalloproteinases. Basigin is important in vision, spermatogenesis and other physiological phenomena, and plays significant roles in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cancer. Basigin is also the receptor for an invasive protein RH5, which is present in malaria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Professor Emeritus, Nagoya University, 1204 Hirabariminami 2, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-0020, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Crews SM, McCleery WT, Hutson MS. Pathway to a phenocopy: Heat stress effects in early embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:402-13. [PMID: 26498920 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shocks applied at the onset of gastrulation in early Drosophila embryos frequently lead to phenocopies of U-shaped mutants-having characteristic failures in the late morphogenetic processes of germband retraction and dorsal closure. The pathway from nonspecific heat stress to phenocopied abnormalities is unknown. RESULTS Drosophila embryos subjected to 30-min, 38 °C heat shocks at gastrulation appear to recover and restart morphogenesis. Post-heat-shock development appears normal, albeit slower, until a large fraction of embryos develop amnioserosa holes (diameters > 100 µm). These holes are positively correlated with terminal U-shaped phenocopies. They initiate between amnioserosa cells and open over tens of minutes by evading normal wound healing responses. They are not caused by tissue-wide increases in mechanical stress or decreases in cell-cell adhesion, but instead appear to initiate from isolated apoptosis of amnioserosa cells. CONCLUSIONS The pathway from heat shock to U-shaped phenocopies involves the opening of one or more large holes in the amnioserosa that compromise its structural integrity and lead to failures in morphogenetic processes that rely on amnioserosa-generated tensile forces. The proposed mechanism by which heat shock leads to hole initiation and expansion is heterochonicity, i.e., disruption of morphogenetic coordination between embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Crews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W Tyler McCleery
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystem Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Flores-Benitez D, Knust E. Crumbs is an essential regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell-cell adhesion during dorsal closure in Drosophila. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26544546 PMCID: PMC4718732 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Crumbs protein is required for epithelial polarity and morphogenesis. Here we identify a novel role of Crumbs as a negative regulator of actomyosin dynamics during dorsal closure in the Drosophila embryo. Embryos carrying a mutation in the FERM (protein 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin) domain-binding motif of Crumbs die due to an overactive actomyosin network associated with disrupted adherens junctions. This phenotype is restricted to the amnioserosa and does not affect other embryonic epithelia. This function of Crumbs requires DMoesin, the Rho1-GTPase, class-I p21-activated kinases and the Arp2/3 complex. Data presented here point to a critical role of Crumbs in regulating actomyosin dynamics, cell junctions and morphogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07398.001 A layer of epithelial cells covers the body surface of animals. Epithelial cells have a property known as polarity; this means that they have two different poles, one of which is in contact with the environment. Midway through embryonic development, the Drosophila embryo is covered by two kinds of epithelial sheets; the epidermis on the front, the belly and the sides of the embryo, and the amnioserosa on the back. In the second half of embryonic development, the amnioserosa is brought into the embryo in a process called dorsal closure, while the epidermis expands around the back of the embryo to encompass it. One of the major activities driving dorsal closure is the contraction of amnioserosa cells. This contraction depends on the highly dynamic activity of the protein network that helps give cells their shape, known as the actomyosin cytoskeleton. One major question in the field is how changes in the actomyosin cytoskeleton are controlled as tissues take shape (a process known as “morphogenesis”) and how the integrity of epithelial tissues is maintained during these processes. A key regulator of epidermal and amnioserosa polarity is an evolutionarily conserved protein called Crumbs. The epithelial tissues of mutant embryos that do not produce Crumbs lose polarity and integrity, and the embryos fail to develop properly. Flores-Benitez and Knust have now studied the role of Crumbs in the morphogenesis of the amnioserosa during dorsal closure. This revealed that fly embryos that produce a mutant Crumbs protein that cannot interact with a protein called Moesin (which links the cell membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton) are unable to complete dorsal closure. Detailed analyses showed that this failure of dorsal closure is due to the over-activity of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in the amnioserosa. This results in increased and uncoordinated contractions of the cells, and is accompanied by defects in cell-cell adhesion that ultimately cause the amnioserosa to lose integrity. Flores-Benitez and Knust’s genetic analyses further showed that several different signalling systems participate in this process. Flores-Benitez and Knust’s results reveal an unexpected role of Crumbs in coordinating polarity, actomyosin activity and cell-cell adhesion. Further work is now needed to understand the molecular mechanisms and interactions that enable Crumbs to coordinate these processes; in particular, to unravel how Crumbs influences the periodic contractions that drive changes in cell shape. It will also be important to investigate whether Crumbs is involved in similar mechanisms that operate in other developmental events in which actomyosin oscillations have been linked to tissue morphogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07398.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giarnieri E, Bellipanni G, Macaluso M, Mancini R, Holstein AC, Milanese C, Giovagnoli MR, Giordano A, Russo G. Review: Cell Dynamics in Malignant Pleural Effusions. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:272-7. [PMID: 25205557 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are a common manifestation found in patients with lung cancer. After cytological and histological confirmation of malignancy, talc pleurodesis still remains the treatment of choice in patients with MPEs resistant to chemotherapy. Despite this, primary challenges include reduced quality of life and life expectancy in general. Therefore, a better understanding of the cell biology of MPEs, along with improvements in treatment is greatly needed. It has recently been demonstrated that MPEs may represent an excellent source for identification of molecular mechanisms within the tumor and its environment. The present review summarizes the current understanding of MPEs cells and tumor microenvironment, and particularly focuses on dissecting the cross-talk between MPEs and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation and cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Giarnieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcella Macaluso
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Carl Holstein
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla Milanese
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Rosaria Giovagnoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,INT-CROM, "Pascale Foundation" National Cancer Institute-Cancer Research Center, Mercogliano (AV), Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Russo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Bldg., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Garlena RA, Lennox AL, Baker LR, Parsons TE, Weinberg SM, Stronach BE. The receptor tyrosine kinase Pvr promotes tissue closure by coordinating corpse removal and epidermal zippering. Development 2015; 142:3403-15. [PMID: 26293306 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A leading cause of human birth defects is the incomplete fusion of tissues, often manifested in the palate, heart or neural tube. To investigate the molecular control of tissue fusion, embryonic dorsal closure and pupal thorax closure in Drosophila are useful experimental models. We find that Pvr mutants have defects in dorsal midline closure with incomplete amnioserosa internalization and epidermal zippering, as well as cardia bifida. These defects are relatively mild in comparison to those seen with other signaling mutants, such as in the JNK pathway, and we demonstrate that JNK signaling is not perturbed by altering Pvr receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Rather, modulation of Pvr levels in the ectoderm has an impact on PIP3 membrane accumulation, consistent with a link to PI3K signal transduction. Polarized PI3K activity influences protrusive activity from the epidermal leading edge and the protrusion area changes in accord with Pvr signaling intensity, providing a possible mechanism to explain Pvr mutant phenotypes. Tissue-specific rescue experiments indicate a partial requirement in epithelial tissue, but confirm the essential role of Pvr in hemocytes for embryonic survival. Taken together, we argue that inefficient removal of the internalizing amnioserosa tissue by mutant hemocytes coupled with impaired midline zippering of mutant epithelium creates a situation in some embryos whereby dorsal midline closure is incomplete. Based on these observations, we suggest that efferocytosis (corpse clearance) could contribute to proper tissue closure and thus might underlie some congenital birth defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Garlena
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ashley L Lennox
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lewis R Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Trish E Parsons
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Beth E Stronach
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Saias L, Swoger J, D’Angelo A, Hayes P, Colombelli J, Sharpe J, Salbreux G, Solon J. Decrease in Cell Volume Generates Contractile Forces Driving Dorsal Closure. Dev Cell 2015; 33:611-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
Benton MA, Pavlopoulos A. Tribolium embryo morphogenesis: may the force be with you. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 4:16-21. [PMID: 24451992 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.27815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms depends on patterning and growth mechanisms encoded in the genome, but also on the physical properties and mechanical interactions of the constituent cells that interpret these genetic cues. This fundamental biological problem requires integrated studies at multiple levels of biological organization: from genes, to cell behaviors, to tissue morphogenesis. We have recently combined functional genetics with live imaging approaches in embryos of the insect Tribolium castaneum, in order to understand their remarkable transformation from a uniform single-layered blastoderm into a condensed multi-layered embryo covered by extensive extra-embryonic tissues. We first developed a quick and reliable methodology to fluorescently label various cell components in entire Tribolium embryos. Live imaging of labeled embryos at single cell resolution provided detailed descriptions of cell behaviors and tissue movements during normal embryogenesis. We then compared cell and tissue dynamics between wild-type and genetically perturbed embryos that exhibited altered relative proportions of constituent tissues. This systematic comparison led to a qualitative model of the molecular, cellular and tissue interactions that orchestrate the observed epithelial rearrangements. We expect this work to establish the Tribolium embryo as a powerful and attractive model system for biologists and biophysicists interested in the molecular, cellular and mechanical control of tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Benton
- Laboratory for Development and Evolution; Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Giuliani F, Giuliani G, Bauer R, Rabouille C. Innexin 3, a new gene required for dorsal closure in Drosophila embryo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69212. [PMID: 23894431 PMCID: PMC3722180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsal closure is a morphogenetic event that occurs during mid-embryogenesis in many insects including Drosophila, during which the ectoderm migrates on the extraembryonic amnioserosa to seal the embryo dorsally. The contribution of the ectoderm in this event has been known for a long time. However, amnioserosa tension and contractibility have recently been shown also to be instrumental to the closure. A critical pre-requisite for dorsal closure is integrity of these tissues that in part is mediated by cell-cell junctions and cell adhesion. In this regard, mutations impairing junction formation and/or adhesion lead to dorsal closure. However, no role for the gap junction proteins Innexins has so far been described. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Here, we show that Innexin 1, 2 and 3, are present in the ectoderm but also in the amnioserosa in plaques consistent with gap junctions. However, only the loss of Inx3 leads to dorsal closure defects that are completely rescued by overexpression of inx3::GFP in the whole embryo. Loss of Inx3 leads to the destabilisation of Inx1, Inx2 and DE-cadherin at the plasma membrane, suggesting that these four proteins form a complex. Accordingly, in addition to the known interaction of Inx2 with DE-cadherin, we show that Inx3 can bind to DE-cadherin. Furthermore, Inx3-GFP overexpression recruits DE-cadherin from its wildtype plasma membrane domain to typical Innexin plaques, strengthening the notion that they form a complex. Finally, we show that Inx3 stability is directly dependent on tissue tension. Taken together, we propose that Inx3 is a critical factor for dorsal closure and that it mediates the stability of Inx1, 2 and DE-cadherin by forming a complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Giuliani
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuliano Giuliani
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- LIMES-Institute, Program Unit Development, Genetics and Molecular Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Müller R, Jenny A, Stanley P. The EGF repeat-specific O-GlcNAc-transferase Eogt interacts with notch signaling and pyrimidine metabolism pathways in Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62835. [PMID: 23671640 PMCID: PMC3650022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-GlcNAc transferase Eogt modifies EGF repeats in proteins that transit the secretory pathway, including Dumpy and Notch. In this paper, we show that the Notch ligands Delta and Serrate are also substrates of Eogt, that mutation of a putative UDP-GlcNAc binding DXD motif greatly reduces enzyme activity, and that Eogt and the cytoplasmic O-GlcNAc transferase Ogt have distinct substrates in Drosophila larvae. Loss of Eogt is larval lethal and disrupts Dumpy functions, but does not obviously perturb Notch signaling. To identify novel genetic interactions with eogt, we investigated dominant modification of wing blister formation caused by knock-down of eogt. Unexpectedly, heterozygosity for several members of the canonical Notch signaling pathway suppressed wing blister formation. And importantly, extensive genetic interactions with mutants in pyrimidine metabolism were identified. Removal of pyrimidine synthesis alleles suppressed wing blister formation, while removal of uracil catabolism alleles was synthetic lethal with eogt knock-down. Therefore, Eogt may regulate protein functions by O-GlcNAc modification of their EGF repeats, and cellular metabolism by affecting pyrimidine synthesis and catabolism. We propose that eogt knock-down in the wing leads to metabolic and signaling perturbations that increase cytosolic uracil levels, thereby causing wing blister formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Müller
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJ); (PS)
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJ); (PS)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shen W, Chen X, Cormier O, Cheng DCP, Reed B, Harden N. Modulation of morphogenesis by Egfr during dorsal closure in Drosophila. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60180. [PMID: 23579691 PMCID: PMC3620322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila embryogenesis the process of dorsal closure (DC) results in continuity of the embryonic epidermis, and DC is well recognized as a model system for the analysis of epithelial morphogenesis as well as wound healing. During DC the flanking lateral epidermal sheets stretch, align, and fuse along the dorsal midline, thereby sealing a hole in the epidermis occupied by an extra-embryonic tissue known as the amnioserosa (AS). Successful DC requires the regulation of cell shape change via actomyosin contractility in both the epidermis and the AS, and this involves bidirectional communication between these two tissues. We previously demonstrated that transcriptional regulation of myosin from the zipper (zip) locus in both the epidermis and the AS involves the expression of Ack family tyrosine kinases in the AS in conjunction with Dpp secreted from the epidermis. A major function of Ack in other species, however, involves the negative regulation of Egfr. We have, therefore, asked what role Egfr might play in the regulation of DC. Our studies demonstrate that Egfr is required to negatively regulate epidermal expression of dpp during DC. Interestingly, we also find that Egfr signaling in the AS is required to repress zip expression in both the AS and the epidermis, and this may be generally restrictive to the progression of morphogenesis in these tissues. Consistent with this theme of restricting morphogenesis, it has previously been shown that programmed cell death of the AS is essential for proper DC, and we show that Egfr signaling also functions to inhibit or delay AS programmed cell death. Finally, we present evidence that Ack regulates zip expression by promoting the endocytosis of Egfr in the AS. We propose that the general role of Egfr signaling during DC is that of a braking mechanism on the overall progression of DC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olga Cormier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chung-Pei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Reed
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ríos-Barrera LD, Riesgo-Escovar JR. Regulating cell morphogenesis: The drosophila jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Genesis 2012; 51:147-62. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Ríos-Barrera
- Developmental Neurobioloy and Neurophysiology Department; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Boulevard Juriquilla #3001; Querétaro, Querétaro; México; c.p. 76230
| | - Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar
- Developmental Neurobioloy and Neurophysiology Department; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Boulevard Juriquilla #3001; Querétaro, Querétaro; México; c.p. 76230
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
New emerging roles for epithelial cell extrusion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:865-70. [PMID: 23044222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia use a unique process called 'cell extrusion' to remove cells from a layer, while preserving their barrier function. Specifically, a cell destined to die triggers formation of an actin and myosin-ring in the live neighboring epithelial cells surrounding it, which squeeze the dying cell out. During extrusion, the surrounding cells expand toward one another and meet to fill the gap left by the extruded cell. Recent studies have revealed new roles of extrusion in controlling developmental morphogenesis, maintaining homeostatic cell numbers, and how this process is usurped during bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in new processes that require cell extrusion and the signaling pathways controlling it.
Collapse
|
38
|
Independent migration of cell populations in the early gastrulation of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Dev Biol 2012; 371:94-109. [PMID: 23046627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the principal component of tissues and can drive morphogenesis through dynamic changes in structure and interaction. During gastrulation, the primary morphogenetic event of early development, cells change shape, exchange neighbors, and migrate long distances to establish cell layers that will form the tissues of the adult animal. Outside of Drosophila, little is known about how changes in cell behavior might drive gastrulation among arthropods. Here, we focus on three cell populations that form two aggregations during early gastrulation in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Using cytoskeletal markers and lineage tracing we observe bottle cells in anterior and visceral mesoderm precursors as gastrulation commences, and find that both Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, and ROCKOUT, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase activity, prevent gastrulation. Furthermore, by ablating specific cells, we show that each of the three populations acts independently during gastrulation, confirming previous hypotheses that cell behavior during Parhyale gastrulation relies on intrinsic signals instead of an inductive mechanism.
Collapse
|
39
|
Muramatsu T. Basigin: a multifunctional membrane protein with an emerging role in infections by malaria parasites. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:999-1011. [PMID: 22880881 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.711818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Various membrane proteins are present in Plasmodium falciparum, the principal malaria pathogen. Among them, P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRh5) is indispensable for erythrocyte invasion, and has become a promising vaccine target. Basigin (CD147, EMMPRIN) has been identified as the erythrocyte receptor of PfRh5, and shown to be essential for the invasion of multiple strains of the pathogen. AREAS COVERED Fundamental information on basigin is fully described, including structure as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and function based on its interactions with external molecules and with proteins within the same membrane. The involvement of basigin in many diseases such as cancer and inflammatory diseases is also described, the implication being that anti-basigin therapy might be helpful to treat certain illnesses. Finally, PfRh5 as a vaccine candidate is covered, and its interaction with basigin is evaluated. EXPERT OPINION The identification of basigin, a well-characterized membrane protein, as a receptor essential for malaria infection will contribute significantly to prevention and treatment of malaria. As an example, anti-basigin therapy can be considered an alternative approach to the treatment of drug-resistant malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Aichi Gakuin University, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Department of Health Science, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cormier O, Mohseni N, Voytyuk I, Reed BH. Autophagy can promote but is not required for epithelial cell extrusion in the amnioserosa of the Drosophila embryo. Autophagy 2012; 8:252-64. [PMID: 22240588 DOI: 10.4161/auto.8.2.18618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During Drosophila embryogenesis the majority of the extra-embryonic epithelium known as the amnioserosa (AS) undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) following the completion of the morphogenetic process of dorsal closure. Approximately ten percent of AS cells, however, are eliminated during dorsal closure by extrusion from the epithelium. Using biosensors that report autophagy and caspase activity in vivo, we demonstrate that AS cell extrusion occurs in the context of elevated autophagy and caspase activation. Furthermore, we evaluate AS extrusion rates, autophagy, and caspase activation in embryos in which caspase activity or autophagy are altered by genetic manipulation. This includes using the GAL4/UAS system to drive expression of p35, reaper, dINR (ACT) and Atg1 in the AS; we also analyze embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic expression of Atg1. Based on our results we suggest that autophagy can promote, but is not required for, epithelial extrusion and caspase activation in the amnioserosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Cormier
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pines M, Fairchild MJ, Tanentzapf G. Distinct regulatory mechanisms control integrin adhesive processes during tissue morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:36-51. [PMID: 21089076 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion must be precisely regulated to enable both dynamic morphogenetic processes and the subsequent transition to stable tissue maintenance. Integrins link the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, relaying bidirectional signals across the plasma membrane. In vitro studies have demonstrated that multiple mechanisms control integrin-mediated adhesion; however, their roles during development are poorly understood. We used mutations that activate or deactivate specific functions of vertebrate β-integrins in vitro to investigate how perturbing Drosophila βPS-integrin regulation in developing embryos regulation affects tissue morphogenesis and maintenance. We found that morphogenetic processes use various β-integrin regulatory mechanisms to differing degrees and that conformational changes associated with outside-in activation are essential for developmental integrin functions. Long-term adhesion is also sensitive to integrin dysregulation, suggesting integrins must be continuously regulated to support stable tissue maintenance. Altogether, in vivo phenotypic analyses allowed us to identify the importance of various β-integrin regulatory mechanisms during different morphogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pines
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mateus AM, Gorfinkiel N, Schamberg S, Martinez Arias A. Endocytic and recycling endosomes modulate cell shape changes and tissue behaviour during morphogenesis in Drosophila. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18729. [PMID: 21533196 PMCID: PMC3077405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During development tissue deformations are essential for the generation of organs and to provide the final form of an organism. These deformations rely on the coordination of individual cell behaviours which have their origin in the modulation of subcellular activities. Here we explore the role endocytosis and recycling on tissue deformations that occur during dorsal closure of the Drosophila embryo. During this process the AS contracts and the epidermis elongates in a coordinated fashion, leading to the closure of a discontinuity in the dorsal epidermis of the Drosophila embryo. We used dominant negative forms of Rab5 and Rab11 to monitor the impact on tissue morphogenesis of altering endocytosis and recycling at the level of single cells. We found different requirements for endocytosis (Rab5) and recycling (Rab11) in dorsal closure, furthermore we found that the two processes are differentially used in the two tissues. Endocytosis is required in the AS to remove membrane during apical constriction, but is not essential in the epidermis. Recycling is required in the AS at early stages and in the epidermis for cell elongation, suggesting a role in membrane addition during these processes. We propose that the modulation of the balance between endocytosis and recycling can regulate cellular morphology and tissue deformations during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Mateus
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Gulbenkian PhD Programme in Biomedicine, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (AMM); (AMA)
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Schamberg
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AMM); (AMA)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gorfinkiel N, Schamberg S, Blanchard GB. Integrative approaches to morphogenesis: Lessons from dorsal closure. Genesis 2011; 49:522-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
44
|
Wang X, Ward RE. Sec61alpha is required for dorsal closure during Drosophila embryogenesis through its regulation of Dpp signaling. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:784-97. [PMID: 20112345 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During dorsal closure in Drosophila, signaling events in the dorsalmost row of epidermal cells (DME cells) direct the migration of lateral epidermal sheets towards the dorsal midline where they fuse to enclose the embryo. A Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade in the DME cells induces the expression of Decapentaplegic (Dpp). Dpp signaling then regulates the cytoskeleton in the DME cells and amnioserosa to affect the cell shape changes necessary to complete dorsal closure. We identified a mutation in Sec61alpha that specifically perturbs dorsal closure. Sec61alpha encodes the main subunit of the translocon complex for co-translational import of proteins into the ER. JNK signaling is normal in Sec61alpha mutant embryos, but Dpp signaling is attenuated and the DME cells fail to maintain an actinomyosin cable as epithelial migration fails. Consistent with this model, dorsal closure is rescued in Sec61alpha mutant embryos by an activated form of the Dpp receptor Thick veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Belacortu Y, Weiss R, Kadener S, Paricio N. Expression of Drosophila Cabut during early embryogenesis, dorsal closure and nervous system development. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 11:190-201. [PMID: 21109026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
cabut (cbt) encodes a transcription factor involved in Drosophila dorsal closure (DC), and it is expressed in embryonic epithelial sheets and yolk cell during this process upon activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Additional studies suggest that cbt may have a role in multiple developmental processes. To analyze Cbt localization through embryogenesis, we generated a Cbt specific antibody that has allowed detecting new Cbt expression patterns. Immunohistochemical analyses on syncytial embryos and S2 cells reveal that Cbt is localized on the surface of mitotic chromosomes at all mitotic phases. During DC, Cbt is expressed in the yolk cell, in epidermal cells and in the hindgut, but also in amnioserosal cells, which also contribute to the process, albeit cbt transcripts were not detected in that tissue. At later embryonic stages, Cbt is expressed in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system, and is detected in axons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Most of these expression patterns are recapitulated by GFP reporter gene constructs driven by different cbt genomic regions. Moreover, they have been further validated by immunostainings of embryos from other Drosophila species, thus suggesting that Cbt function during embryogenesis appears to be conserved in evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Belacortu
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rousset R, Bono-Lauriol S, Gettings M, Suzanne M, Spéder P, Noselli S. The Drosophila serine protease homologue Scarface regulates JNK signalling in a negative-feedback loop during epithelial morphogenesis. Development 2010; 137:2177-86. [PMID: 20530545 DOI: 10.1242/dev.050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, dorsal closure is a model of tissue morphogenesis leading to the dorsal migration and sealing of the embryonic ectoderm. The activation of the JNK signal transduction pathway, specifically in the leading edge cells, is essential to this process. In a genome-wide microarray screen, we identified new JNK target genes during dorsal closure. One of them is the gene scarface (scaf), which belongs to the large family of trypsin-like serine proteases. Some proteins of this family, like Scaf, bear an inactive catalytic site, representing a subgroup of serine protease homologues (SPH) whose functions are poorly understood. Here, we show that scaf is a general transcriptional target of the JNK pathway coding for a secreted SPH. scaf loss-of-function induces defects in JNK-controlled morphogenetic events such as embryonic dorsal closure and adult male terminalia rotation. Live imaging of the latter process reveals that, like for dorsal closure, JNK directs the dorsal fusion of two epithelial layers in the pupal genital disc. Genetic data show that scaf loss-of-function mimics JNK over-activity. Moreover, scaf ectopic expression aggravates the effect of the JNK negative regulator puc on male genitalia rotation. We finally demonstrate that scaf acts as an antagonist by negatively regulating JNK activity. Overall, our results identify the SPH-encoding gene scaf as a new transcriptional target of JNK signalling and reveal the first secreted regulator of the JNK pathway acting in a negative-feedback loop during epithelial morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rousset
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR 6543 CNRS, Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX2, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bahri S, Wang S, Conder R, Choy J, Vlachos S, Dong K, Merino C, Sigrist S, Molnar C, Yang X, Manser E, Harden N. The leading edge during dorsal closure as a model for epithelial plasticity: Pak is required for recruitment of the Scribble complex and septate junction formation. Development 2010; 137:2023-32. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.045088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure (DC) of the Drosophila embryo is a model for the study of wound healing and developmental epithelial fusions, and involves the sealing of a hole in the epidermis through the migration of the epidermal flanks over the tissue occupying the hole, the amnioserosa. During DC, the cells at the edge of the migrating epidermis extend Rac- and Cdc42-dependent actin-based lamellipodia and filopodia from their leading edge (LE), which exhibits a breakdown in apicobasal polarity as adhesions are severed with the neighbouring amnioserosa cells. Studies using mammalian cells have demonstrated that Scribble (Scrib), an important determinant of apicobasal polarity that functions in a protein complex, controls polarized cell migration through recruitment of Rac, Cdc42 and the serine/threonine kinase Pak, an effector for Rac and Cdc42, to the LE. We have used DC and the follicular epithelium to study the relationship between Pak and the Scrib complex at epithelial membranes undergoing changes in apicobasal polarity and adhesion during development. We propose that, during DC, the LE membrane undergoes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition to initiate epithelial sheet migration, followed by a mesenchymal-to-epithelial-like transition as the epithelial sheets meet up and restore cell-cell adhesion. This latter event requires integrin-localized Pak, which recruits the Scrib complex in septate junction formation. We conclude that there are bidirectional interactions between Pak and the Scrib complex modulating epithelial plasticity. Scrib can recruit Pak to the LE for polarized cell migration but, as migratory cells meet up, Pak can recruit the Scrib complex to restore apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Bahri
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Simon Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ryan Conder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Juliana Choy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Vlachos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Dong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Carlos Merino
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Molnar
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Edward Manser
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Institute of Medical Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lennox AL, Stronach B. POSH misexpression induces caspase-dependent cell death in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:651-64. [PMID: 20014406 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) is a scaffold for signaling proteins regulating cell survival. Specifically, POSH promotes assembly of a complex including Rac GTPase, mixed lineage kinase (MLK), MKK7, and Jun kinase (JNK). In Drosophila, genetic analysis implicated POSH in Tak1-dependent innate immune response, in part through regulation of JNK signaling. Homologs of the POSH signaling complex components, MLK and MKK7, are essential in Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure. Using a gain-of-function approach, we tested whether POSH plays a role in this process. Ectopic expression of POSH in the embryo causes dorsal closure defects due to apoptosis of the amnioserosa, but ectodermal JNK signaling is normal. Phenotypic consequences of POSH expression were found to be dependent on Drosophila Nc, the caspase-9 homolog, but only partially on Tak1 and not at all on Slpr and Hep. These results suggest that POSH may use different signaling complexes to promote cell death in distinct contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Lennox
- Department of Biological Sciences, 202 Life Sciences Annex, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rafiqi AM, Lemke S, Schmidt-Ott U. Postgastrular zen expression is required to develop distinct amniotic and serosal epithelia in the scuttle fly Megaselia. Dev Biol 2010; 341:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
50
|
Scarface, a secreted serine protease-like protein, regulates polarized localization of laminin A at the basement membrane of the Drosophila embryo. EMBO Rep 2010; 11:373-9. [PMID: 20379222 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-matrix interactions brought about by the activity of integrins and laminins maintain the polarized architecture of epithelia and mediate morphogenetic interactions between apposing tissues. Although the polarized localization of laminins at the basement membrane is a crucial step in these processes, little is known about how this polarized distribution is achieved. Here, in Drosophila, we analyse the role of the secreted serine protease-like protein Scarface in germ-band retraction and dorsal closure-morphogenetic processes that rely on the activity of integrins and laminins. We present evidence that scarface is regulated by c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and that scarface mutant embryos show defects in these morphogenetic processes. Anomalous accumulation of laminin A on the apical surface of epithelial cells was observed in these embryos before a loss of epithelial polarity was induced. We propose that Scarface has a key role in regulating the polarized localization of laminin A in this developmental context.
Collapse
|