1
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Thomas A, Meraldi P. Centrosome age breaks spindle size symmetry even in cells thought to divide symmetrically. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311153. [PMID: 39012627 PMCID: PMC11252449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the main microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells. Due to the semiconservative nature of centrosome duplication, the two centrosomes differ in age. In asymmetric stem cell divisions, centrosome age can induce an asymmetry in half-spindle lengths. However, whether centrosome age affects the symmetry of the two half-spindles in tissue culture cells thought to divide symmetrically is unknown. Here, we show that in human epithelial and fibroblastic cell lines centrosome age imposes a mild spindle asymmetry that leads to asymmetric cell daughter sizes. At the mechanistic level, we show that this asymmetry depends on a cenexin-bound pool of the mitotic kinase Plk1, which favors the preferential accumulation on old centrosomes of the microtubule nucleation-organizing proteins pericentrin, γ-tubulin, and Cdk5Rap2, and microtubule regulators TPX2 and ch-TOG. Consistently, we find that old centrosomes have a higher microtubule nucleation capacity. We postulate that centrosome age breaks spindle size symmetry via microtubule nucleation even in cells thought to divide symmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Meyer-Gerards C, Bazzi H. Developmental and tissue-specific roles of mammalian centrosomes. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38935637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Centrosomes are dominant microtubule organizing centers in animal cells with a pair of centrioles at their core. They template cilia during interphase and help organize the mitotic spindle for a more efficient cell division. Here, we review the roles of centrosomes in the early developing mouse and during organ formation. Mammalian cells respond to centrosome loss-of-function by activating the mitotic surveillance pathway, a timing mechanism that, when a defined mitotic duration is exceeded, leads to p53-dependent cell death in the descendants. Mouse embryos without centrioles are highly susceptible to this pathway and undergo embryonic arrest at mid-gestation. The complete loss of the centriolar core results in earlier and more severe phenotypes than that of other centrosomal proteins. Finally, different developing tissues possess varying thresholds and mount graded responses to the loss of centrioles that go beyond the germ layer of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Meyer-Gerards
- Department of Cell Biology of the Skin, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Graduate School for Biological Sciences, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Hisham Bazzi
- Department of Cell Biology of the Skin, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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3
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Bear RM, Caspary T. Uncovering cilia function in glial development. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:27-44. [PMID: 37427745 PMCID: PMC10776815 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways that underlie several developmental processes. In the nervous system, cilia are known to regulate signals that guide neuron development. Cilia dysregulation is implicated in neurological diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cilia research has predominantly focused on neurons and has overlooked the diverse population of glial cells in the brain. Glial cells play essential roles during neurodevelopment, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological disease; however, the relationship between cilia function and glial development is understudied. Here we review the state of the field and highlight the glial cell types where cilia are found and the ciliary functions that are linked to glial development. This work uncovers the importance of cilia in glial development and raises outstanding questions for the field. We are poised to make progress in understanding the function of glial cilia in human development and their contribution to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Bear
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
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4
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Otto M, Hoyer-Fender S. ODF2 Negatively Regulates CP110 Levels at the Centrioles/Basal Bodies to Control the Biogenesis of Primary Cilia. Cells 2023; 12:2194. [PMID: 37681926 PMCID: PMC10486571 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential sensory organelles that develop when an inhibitory cap consisting of CP110 and other proteins is eliminated. The degradation of CP110 by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway mediated by NEURL4 and HYLS1 removes the inhibitory cap. Here, we investigated the suitability of rapamycin-mediated dimerization for centriolar recruitment and asked whether the induced recruitment of NEURL4 or HYLS1 to the centriole promotes primary cilia development and CP110 degradation. We used rapamycin-mediated dimerization with ODF2 to induce their targeted recruitment to the centriole. We found decreased CP110 levels in the transfected cells, but independent of rapamycin-mediated dimerization. By knocking down ODF2, we showed that ODF2 controls CP110 levels. The overexpression of ODF2 is not sufficient to promote the formation of primary cilia, but the overexpression of NEURL4 or HYLS1 is. The co-expression of ODF2 and HYLS1 resulted in the formation of tube-like structures, indicating an interaction. Thus, ODF2 controls primary cilia formation by negatively regulating the concentration of CP110 levels. Our data suggest that ODF2 most likely acts as a scaffold for the binding of proteins such as NEURL4 or HYLS1 to mediate CP110 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology—Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Binó L, Čajánek L. Tau tubulin kinase 1 and 2 regulate ciliogenesis and human pluripotent stem cells-derived neural rosettes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12884. [PMID: 37558899 PMCID: PMC10412607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are key regulators of embryo development and tissue homeostasis. However, their mechanisms and functions, particularly in the context of human cells, are still unclear. Here, we analyzed the consequences of primary cilia modulation for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) proliferation and differentiation. We report that neither activation of the cilia-associated Hedgehog signaling pathway nor ablation of primary cilia by CRISPR gene editing to knockout Tau Tubulin Kinase 2 (TTBK2), a crucial ciliogenesis regulator, affects the self-renewal of hPSCs. Further, we show that TTBK1, a related kinase without previous links to ciliogenesis, is upregulated during hPSCs-derived neural rosette differentiation. Importantly, we demonstrate that while TTBK1 fails to localize to the mother centriole, it regulates primary cilia formation in the differentiated, but not the undifferentiated hPSCs. Finally, we show that TTBK1/2 and primary cilia are implicated in the regulation of the size of hPSCs-derived neural rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Laboratory of Cilia and Centrosome Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Čajánek
- Laboratory of Cilia and Centrosome Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Section of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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6
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Mill P, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Primary cilia as dynamic and diverse signalling hubs in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:421-441. [PMID: 37072495 PMCID: PMC7615029 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, antenna-like sensory organelles protruding from the surface of most vertebrate cell types, are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies. Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group. Recent technological developments are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control biogenesis and function of primary cilia across a range of cell types and are starting to tackle this diversity. Here, we examine the structural and functional diversity of primary cilia, their dynamic regulation in different cellular and developmental contexts and their disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Atmakuru PS, Dhawan J. The cilium-centrosome axis in coupling cell cycle exit and cell fate. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:308872. [PMID: 37144419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is an evolutionarily conserved, ancient organelle whose role in cell division was first described over a century ago. The structure and function of the centrosome as a microtubule-organizing center, and of its extracellular extension - the primary cilium - as a sensory antenna, have since been extensively studied, but the role of the cilium-centrosome axis in cell fate is still emerging. In this Opinion piece, we view cellular quiescence and tissue homeostasis from the vantage point of the cilium-centrosome axis. We focus on a less explored role in the choice between distinct forms of mitotic arrest - reversible quiescence and terminal differentiation, which play distinct roles in tissue homeostasis. We outline evidence implicating the centrosome-basal body switch in stem cell function, including how the cilium-centrosome complex regulates reversible versus irreversible arrest in adult skeletal muscle progenitors. We then highlight exciting new findings in other quiescent cell types that suggest signal-dependent coupling of nuclear and cytoplasmic events to the centrosome-basal body switch. Finally, we propose a framework for involvement of this axis in mitotically inactive cells and identify future avenues for understanding how the cilium-centrosome axis impacts central decisions in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti S Atmakuru
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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8
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Streubel JMS, Pereira G. Control of centrosome distal appendages assembly and disassembly. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203839. [PMID: 37062431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers involved in chromosome segregation, spindle orientation, cell motility and cilia formation. In recent years, they have also emerged as key modulators of asymmetric cell division. Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles that initiate duplication in S phase. The conservative nature of centriole duplication means that the two centrioles of a G1 cell are of different ages. They are also structurally different as only the older centriole carry appendages, an assembly of a subset of proteins primarily required for cilia formation. In a growing tissue, the non-motile, primary cilium acts as a mechano- and sensory organelle that influences cell behavior via modulation of signaling pathways. Here, we discuss the most recent findings about distal appendage composition and function, as well as cell cycle-specific regulation and their implications in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M S Streubel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Cheng T, Agwu C, Shim K, Wang B, Jain S, Mahjoub MR. Aberrant centrosome biogenesis disrupts nephron progenitor cell renewal and fate resulting in fibrocystic kidney disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.04.535568. [PMID: 37066373 PMCID: PMC10104032 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that disrupt centrosome structure or function cause congenital kidney developmental defects and fibrocystic pathologies. Yet, it remains unclear how mutations in proteins essential for centrosome biogenesis impact embryonic kidney development. Here, we examined the consequences of conditional deletion of a ciliopathy gene, Cep120 , in the two nephron progenitor niches of the embryonic kidney. Cep120 loss led to reduced abundance of both metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud progenitor populations. This was due to a combination of delayed mitosis, increased apoptosis, and premature differentiation of progenitor cells. These defects resulted in dysplastic kidneys at birth, which rapidly formed cysts, displayed increased interstitial fibrosis, and decline in filtration function. RNA sequencing of embryonic and postnatal kidneys from Cep120-null mice identified changes in pathways essential for branching morphogenesis, cystogenesis and fibrosis. Our study defines the cellular and developmental defects caused by centrosome dysfunction during kidney development, and identifies new therapeutic targets for renal centrosomopathies. Highlights Defective centrosome biogenesis in nephron progenitors causes:Reduced abundance of metanephric mesenchyme and premature differentiation into tubular structuresAbnormal branching morphogenesis leading to reduced nephron endowment and smaller kidneysChanges in cell-autonomous and paracrine signaling that drive cystogenesis and fibrosisUnique cellular and developmental defects when compared to Pkd1 knockout models.
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10
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Czerny CC, Borschel A, Cai M, Otto M, Hoyer-Fender S. FOXA1 is a transcriptional activator of Odf2/Cenexin and regulates primary ciliation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21468. [PMID: 36509813 PMCID: PMC9744847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles essential for embryonic and postnatal development, and tissue homeostasis in adulthood. They are generated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and found on most cells of the body. Although cilia formation is intensively investigated virtually nothing is known about the transcriptional regulation of primary ciliation. We used here Odf2/Cenexin, encoding a protein of the mother centriole and the basal body that is mandatory for primary cilia formation, as the target gene for the identification of transcriptional activators. We identified a consensus binding site for Fox transcription factors (TFs) in its promoter region and focused here on the Fox family. We found transcriptional activation of Odf2 neither by FOXO TFs nor by the core TF for multiciliation, FOXJ1. However, we identified FOXA1 as a transcriptional activator of Odf2 by reporter gene assays and qRT-PCR, and showed by qWB that Foxa1 knockdown caused a decrease in ODF2 and CP110 proteins. We verified the binding sequence of FOXA1 in the Odf2 promoter by ChIP. Finally, we demonstrated that knockdown of FOXA1 affected primary cilia formation. We, thus, showed for the first time, that FOXA1 regulates primary ciliation by transcriptional activation of ciliary genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carl Czerny
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anett Borschel
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mingfang Cai
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Madeline Otto
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.424957.90000 0004 0624 9165Present Address: Thermo Fisher Scientific GENEART, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-Universität, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Krishnan N, Swoger M, Rathbun LI, Fioramonti PJ, Freshour J, Bates M, Patteson AE, Hehnly H. Rab11 endosomes and Pericentrin coordinate centrosome movement during pre-abscission in vivo. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201362. [PMID: 35304423 PMCID: PMC8933627 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The last stage of cell division involves two daughter cells remaining interconnected by a cytokinetic bridge that is cleaved during abscission. Conserved between the zebrafish embryo and human cells, we found that the oldest centrosome moves in a Rab11-dependent manner towards the cytokinetic bridge sometimes followed by the youngest. Rab11-endosomes are organized in a Rab11-GTP dependent manner at the mother centriole during pre-abscission, with Rab11 endosomes at the oldest centrosome being more mobile compared with the youngest. The GTPase activity of Rab11 is necessary for the centrosome protein, Pericentrin, to be enriched at the centrosome. Reduction in Pericentrin expression or optogenetic disruption of Rab11-endosome function inhibited both centrosome movement towards the cytokinetic bridge and abscission, resulting in daughter cells prone to being binucleated and/or having supernumerary centrosomes. These studies suggest that Rab11-endosomes contribute to centrosome function during pre-abscission by regulating Pericentrin organization resulting in appropriate centrosome movement towards the cytokinetic bridge and subsequent abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila Krishnan
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maxx Swoger
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Physics Building, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay I Rathbun
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Fioramonti
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Judy Freshour
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bates
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alison E Patteson
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Physics Building, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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12
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Casas Gimeno G, Paridaen JTML. The Symmetry of Neural Stem Cell and Progenitor Divisions in the Vertebrate Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885269. [PMID: 35693936 PMCID: PMC9174586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust brain development requires the tight coordination between tissue growth, neuronal differentiation and stem cell maintenance. To achieve this, neural stem cells need to balance symmetric proliferative and terminal divisions with asymmetric divisions. In recent years, the unequal distribution of certain cellular components in mitosis has emerged as a key mechanism to regulate the symmetry of division, and the determination of equal and unequal sister cell fates. Examples of such components include polarity proteins, signaling components, and cellular structures such as endosomes and centrosomes. In several types of neural stem cells, these factors show specific patterns of inheritance that correlate to specific cell fates, albeit the underlying mechanism and the potential causal relationship is not always understood. Here, we review these examples of cellular neural stem and progenitor cell asymmetries and will discuss how they fit into our current understanding of neural stem cell function in neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. We will focus mainly on the vertebrate brain, though we will incorporate relevant examples from invertebrate organisms as well. In particular, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complexities related cellular asymmetries in determining division mode outcomes, and how these mechanisms are spatiotemporally regulated to match the different needs for proliferation and differentiation as the brain forms.
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13
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Progenitor-Based Cell Biological Aspects of Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892922. [PMID: 35602606 PMCID: PMC9119302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the decision of stem and progenitor cells to switch from proliferation to differentiation is of critical importance for the overall size of an organ. Too early a switch will deplete the stem/progenitor cell pool, and too late a switch will not generate the required differentiated cell types. With a focus on the developing neocortex, a six-layered structure constituting the major part of the cerebral cortex in mammals, we discuss here the cell biological features that are crucial to ensure the appropriate proliferation vs. differentiation decision in the neural progenitor cells. In the last two decades, the neural progenitor cells giving rise to the diverse types of neurons that function in the neocortex have been intensely investigated for their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. In this review, we will first describe these different progenitor types and their diversity. We will then review the various cell biological features associated with the cell fate decisions of these progenitor cells, with emphasis on the role of the radial processes emanating from these progenitor cells. We will also discuss the species-specific differences in these cell biological features that have allowed for the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in humans. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of cell cycle parameters in neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
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14
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Tingler M, Philipp M, Burkhalter MD. DNA Replication proteins in primary microcephaly syndromes. Biol Cell 2022; 114:143-159. [PMID: 35182397 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Improper expansion of neural stem and progenitor cells during brain development manifests in primary microcephaly. It is characterized by a reduced head circumference, which correlates with a reduction in brain size. This often corresponds to a general underdevelopment of the brain and entails cognitive, behavioral and motoric retardation. In the past decade significant research efforts have been undertaken to identify genes and the molecular mechanisms underlying microcephaly. One such gene set encompasses factors required for DNA replication. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that a substantial number of these genes mediate faithful centrosome and cilium function in addition to their canonical function in genome duplication. Here, we summarize, which DNA replication factors are associated with microcephaly syndromes and to which extent they impact on centrosomes and cilia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tingler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
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15
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Huttner WB. Primary Cilia and Centrosomes in Neocortex Development. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755867. [PMID: 34744618 PMCID: PMC8566538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian brain development, neural stem and progenitor cells generate the neurons for the six-layered neocortex. The proliferative capacity of the different types of progenitor cells within the germinal zones of the developing neocortex is a major determinant for the number of neurons generated. Furthermore, the various modes of progenitor cell divisions, for which the orientation of the mitotic spindle of progenitor cells has a pivotal role, are a key parameter to ensure the appropriate size and proper cytoarchitecture of the neocortex. Here, we review the roles of primary cilia and centrosomes of progenitor cells in these processes during neocortical development. We specifically focus on the apical progenitor cells in the ventricular zone. In particular, we address the alternating, dual role of the mother centriole (i) as a component of one of the spindle poles during mitosis, and (ii) as the basal body of the primary cilium in interphase, which is pivotal for the fate of apical progenitor cells and their proliferative capacity. We also discuss the interactions of these organelles with the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton, and with junctional complexes. Centriolar appendages have a specific role in this interaction with the cell cortex and the plasma membrane. Another topic of this review is the specific molecular composition of the ciliary membrane and the membrane vesicle traffic to the primary cilium of apical progenitors, which underlie the ciliary signaling during neocortical development; this signaling itself, however, is not covered in depth here. We also discuss the recently emerging evidence regarding the composition and roles of primary cilia and centrosomes in basal progenitors, a class of progenitors thought to be of particular importance for neocortex expansion in development and evolution. While the tight interplay between primary cilia and centrosomes makes it difficult to allocate independent roles to either organelle, mutations in genes encoding ciliary and/or centrosome proteins indicate that both are necessary for the formation of a properly sized and functioning neocortex during development. Human neocortical malformations, like microcephaly, underpin the importance of primary cilia/centrosome-related processes in neocortical development and provide fundamental insight into the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Ng DCH, Ho UY, Grounds MD. Cilia, Centrosomes and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9605. [PMID: 34502512 PMCID: PMC8431768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, cell cycle-associated organelles that can be found on most vertebrate cell types. Comprised of microtubule bundles organised into an axoneme and anchored by a mature centriole or basal body, primary cilia are dynamic signalling platforms that are intimately involved in cellular responses to their extracellular milieu. Defects in ciliogenesis or dysfunction in cilia signalling underlie a host of developmental disorders collectively referred to as ciliopathies, reinforcing important roles for cilia in human health. Whilst primary cilia have long been recognised to be present in striated muscle, their role in muscle is not well understood. However, recent studies indicate important contributions, particularly in skeletal muscle, that have to date remained underappreciated. Here, we explore recent revelations that the sensory and signalling functions of cilia on muscle progenitors regulate cell cycle progression, trigger differentiation and maintain a commitment to myogenesis. Cilia disassembly is initiated during myoblast fusion. However, the remnants of primary cilia persist in multi-nucleated myotubes, and we discuss their potential role in late-stage differentiation and myofiber formation. Reciprocal interactions between cilia and the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment described for other tissues may also inform on parallel interactions in skeletal muscle. We also discuss emerging evidence that cilia on fibroblasts/fibro-adipogenic progenitors and myofibroblasts may influence cell fate in both a cell autonomous and non-autonomous manner with critical consequences for skeletal muscle ageing and repair in response to injury and disease. This review addresses the enigmatic but emerging role of primary cilia in satellite cells in myoblasts and myofibers during myogenesis, as well as the wider tissue microenvironment required for skeletal muscle formation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C. H. Ng
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Uda Y. Ho
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Miranda D. Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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17
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Centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:256-266. [PMID: 34303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the primary microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, centrosomes regulate microtubule cytoskeleton to support various cellular behaviors. They also serve as the base for nucleating primary cilia, the hub of diverse signaling pathways. Cells typically possess one centrosome that contains two inequal centrioles and undergoes semi-conservative duplication during cell division, resulting in two centrosomes with an inherent asymmetry in age and properties. While the centrosome is ubiquitously present, mutations of centrosome proteins are strongly associated with human microcephaly characterized by a small cerebral cortex, underscoring the importance of an intact centrosome in supporting cortical neurogenesis. Here we review recent advances on centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neural progenitors and discuss the implications for a better understanding of cortical neurogenesis and related disease mechanisms.
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18
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Hall NA, Hehnly H. A centriole's subdistal appendages: contributions to cell division, ciliogenesis and differentiation. Open Biol 2021; 11:200399. [PMID: 33561384 PMCID: PMC8061701 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a highly conserved structure composed of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The mother, and inherently older, centriole has distal and subdistal appendages, whereas the daughter centriole is devoid of these appendage structures. Both appendages have been primarily linked to functions in cilia formation. However, subdistal appendages present with a variety of potential functions that include spindle placement, chromosome alignment, the final stage of cell division (abscission) and potentially cell differentiation. Subdistal appendages are particularly interesting in that they do not always display a conserved ninefold symmetry in appendage organization on the mother centriole across eukaryotic species, unlike distal appendages. In this review, we aim to differentiate both the morphology and role of the distal and subdistal appendages, with a particular focus on subdistal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hall
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
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20
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Promotion of cancer cell stemness by Ras. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:467-476. [PMID: 33544116 PMCID: PMC7925005 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) may be the most relevant and elusive cancer cell population, as they have the exquisite ability to seed new tumors. It is plausible, that highly mutated cancer genes, such as KRAS, are functionally associated with processes contributing to the emergence of stemness traits. In this review, we will summarize the evidence for a stemness driving activity of oncogenic Ras. This activity appears to differ by Ras isoform, with the highly mutated KRAS having a particularly profound impact. Next to established stemness pathways such as Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh), the precise, cell cycle dependent orchestration of the MAPK-pathway appears to relay Ras activation in this context. We will examine how non-canonical activities of K-Ras4B (hereafter K-Ras) could be enabled by its trafficking chaperones calmodulin and PDE6D/PDEδ. Both dynamically localize to the cellular machinery that is intimately linked to cell fate decisions, such as the primary cilium and the centrosome. Thus, it can be speculated that oncogenic K-Ras disrupts fundamental polarized signaling and asymmetric apportioning processes that are necessary during cell differentiation.
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21
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Centrosome dysfunction in human diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:113-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The centrosome is a unique organelle: the semi-conservative nature of its duplication generates an inherent asymmetry between ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ centrosomes, which differ in their age. This asymmetry has captivated many cell biologists, but its meaning has remained enigmatic. In the last two decades, many stem cell types have been shown to display stereotypical inheritance of either the mother or daughter centrosome. These observations have led to speculation that the mother and daughter centrosomes bear distinct information, contributing to differential cell fates during asymmetric cell divisions. This review summarizes recent progress and discusses how centrosome asymmetry may promote asymmetric fates during stem cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Van Kerckvoorde M, Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mill P, Mort RL. Live Imaging and Analysis of Cilia and Cell Cycle Dynamics with the Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a Biosensor and Fucci Tools. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2329:291-309. [PMID: 34085231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1538-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cell and cilia cycles are inextricably linked through the dual functions of the centrioles at both the basal body of cilia and at mitotic centrosomes. How cilia assembly and disassembly, either through slow resorption or rapid deciliation, are coordinated with cell cycle progression remains unclear in many cell types and developmental paradigms. Moreover, little is known about how additional cilia parameters including changes in ciliary length or frequency of distal tip shedding change with cell cycle stage. In order to explore these questions, we have developed the Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a tricistronic cilia and cell cycle biosensor (Ford et al., Dev Cell 47:509-523.e7, 2018). This reporter allowed us to document the heterogeneity in ciliary behaviors during the cell cycle at a population level. Without the need for external stimuli, it revealed that in several cell types and in the developing embryo cilia persist beyond the G1/S checkpoint. Here, we describe the generation of stable cell lines expressing Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a and open-source software to aid morphometric profiling of the primary cilium with cell cycle phases, including changes in cilium length. This resource will allow the investigation of multiple morphometric questions relating to cilia and cell cycle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Van Kerckvoorde
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Matthew J Ford
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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24
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Kumar D, Reiter J. How the centriole builds its cilium: of mothers, daughters, and the acquisition of appendages. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:41-48. [PMID: 33160100 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based structures in eukaryotic cells. From organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase to focusing the mitotic spindle during mitosis, centrioles are busy at all stages of the cell cycle. One crucial interphase function of centrioles is to assemble cilia, microtubular projections that can either be motile or nonmotile. Motile cilia function in sperm locomotion and propulsion of extracellular fluids, as in mucus flow in the lung. Immotile primary cilia are critical for some forms of intercellular signaling. Here, we review how procentrioles mature into daughter and, then, mother centrioles. We highlight key steps in ciliogenesis, including the acquisition of appendages by the mother centriole, as well as the distal centriole, an understudied domain critical for ciliogenesis. Importantly, several genes mutated in ciliopathies encode distal centriolar components. We propose that understanding how centrioles are remodeled to support cilium assembly will provide insights into the molecular etiologies of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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25
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Wang B, Liang Z, Liu P. Functional aspects of primary cilium in signaling, assembly and microenvironment in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3207-3219. [PMID: 33107052 PMCID: PMC7984063 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antennae‐like structure extent outside the cell surface. It has an important role in regulating cell‐signaling transduction to affect proliferation, differentiation and migration. Evidence is accumulating that ciliary defects lead to ciliopathies and ciliary deregulation also play crucial roles in cancer formation and progression. Interestingly, restoring the cilia can suppress proliferation in some cancer cell. However, t he role of primary cilia in cancer still be debated. In this article, we review the role of the primary cilium in cancer through architecture, signaling pathways, cilia assembly and disassembly regulators, and summarized the new findings of the primary cilium in tumor microenvironments and different cancers, highlighting novel possibilities for therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheyong Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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26
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Ho EK, Tsai AE, Stearns T. Transient Primary Cilia Mediate Robust Hedgehog Pathway-Dependent Cell Cycle Control. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2829-2835.e5. [PMID: 32531277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of proliferation is a primary function of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in development. Hh signal transduction requires the primary cilium for several steps in the pathway [1-5]. Many cells only build a primary cilium upon cell cycle exit, in G0. In those proliferating cells that do make a cilium, it is a transient organelle, being assembled in G1 and disassembled sometime prior to mitosis [6-9]. Thus, the requirement for primary cilia presents a conundrum: how are proliferative signals conveyed through an organelle that is present for only part of the cell cycle? Here, we investigate this question in a mouse medulloblastoma cell line, SMB55, that requires cilium-mediated Hh pathway activity for proliferation [10]. We show that SMB55 cells, and the primary cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) from which they derive, are often ciliated beyond G1 into S phase, and the presence of the cilium in SMB55 cells determines the periods of Hh pathway activity. Using live imaging over multiple cell cycles, we demonstrate that Hh pathway activity in either G1-S of the previous cell cycle or G1 of the cell cycle in which the decision is made is sufficient for cell cycle entry. We also show that cyclin D1 contributes to the persistent effects of pathway activity over multiple cell cycles. Together, our results reveal that, even though the signaling organelle itself is transient, Hh pathway control of proliferation is remarkably robust. Further, primary cilium transience may have implications for other Hh-mediated events in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anaïs E Tsai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Sullenberger C, Vasquez-Limeta A, Kong D, Loncarek J. With Age Comes Maturity: Biochemical and Structural Transformation of a Human Centriole in the Making. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061429. [PMID: 32526902 PMCID: PMC7349492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cellular structures present in most human cells that build centrosomes and cilia. Proliferating cells have only two centrosomes and this number is stringently maintained through the temporally and spatially controlled processes of centriole assembly and segregation. The assembly of new centrioles begins in early S phase and ends in the third G1 phase from their initiation. This lengthy process of centriole assembly from their initiation to their maturation is characterized by numerous structural and still poorly understood biochemical changes, which occur in synchrony with the progression of cells through three consecutive cell cycles. As a result, proliferating cells contain three structurally, biochemically, and functionally distinct types of centrioles: procentrioles, daughter centrioles, and mother centrioles. This age difference is critical for proper centrosome and cilia function. Here we discuss the centriole assembly process as it occurs in somatic cycling human cells with a focus on the structural, biochemical, and functional characteristics of centrioles of different ages.
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28
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Marthiens V, Basto R. Centrosomes: The good and the bad for brain development. Biol Cell 2020; 112:153-172. [PMID: 32170757 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate and organise the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells. These membraneless organelles are key structures for tissue organisation, polarity and growth. Centrosome dysfunction, defined as deviation in centrosome numbers and/or structural integrity, has major impact on brain size and functionality, as compared with other tissues of the organism. In this review, we discuss the contribution of centrosomes to brain growth during development. We discuss in particular the impact of centrosome dysfunction in Drosophila and mammalian neural stem cell division and fitness, which ultimately underlie brain growth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Marthiens
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
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29
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Viol L, Hata S, Pastor-Peidro A, Neuner A, Murke F, Wuchter P, Ho AD, Giebel B, Pereira G. Nek2 kinase displaces distal appendages from the mother centriole prior to mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201907136. [PMID: 32211891 PMCID: PMC7055001 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal appendages (DAs) of the mother centriole are essential for the initial steps of ciliogenesis in G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. DAs are released from centrosomes in mitosis by an undefined mechanism. Here, we show that specific DAs lose their centrosomal localization at the G2/M transition in a manner that relies upon Nek2 kinase activity to ensure low DA levels at mitotic centrosomes. Overexpression of active Nek2A, but not kinase-dead Nek2A, prematurely displaced DAs from the interphase centrosomes of immortalized retina pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells. This dramatic impact was also observed in mammary epithelial cells with constitutively high levels of Nek2. Conversely, Nek2 knockout led to incomplete dissociation of DAs and cilia in mitosis. As a consequence, we observed the presence of a cilia remnant that promoted the asymmetric inheritance of ciliary signaling components and supported cilium reassembly after cell division. Together, our data establish Nek2 as an important kinase that regulates DAs before mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Viol
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Hata
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Pastor-Peidro
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D. Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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The Singularity of the Drosophila Male Germ Cell Centriole: The Asymmetric Distribution of Sas4 and Sas6. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010115. [PMID: 31947732 PMCID: PMC7016748 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila spermatocytes have giant centrioles that display unique properties. Both the parent centrioles maintain a distinct cartwheel and nucleate a cilium-like region that persists during the meiotic divisions and organizes a structured sperm axoneme. Moreover, the parent centrioles are morphologically undistinguishable, unlike vertebrate cells in which mother and daughter centrioles have distinct structural features. However, our immunofluorescence analysis of the parent centrioles in mature primary spermatocytes revealed an asymmetric accumulation of the typical Sas4 and Sas6 proteins. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of Sas4 and Sas6 at the daughter centrioles is greater than the intensity found at the mother ones. In contrast, the centrioles of wing imaginal disc cells display an opposite condition in which the loading of Sas4 and Sas6 at the mother centrioles is greater. These data underlie a subtle asymmetry among the parent centrioles and point to a cell type diversity of the localization of the Sas4 and Sas6 proteins.
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31
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Riparbelli MG, Persico V, Callaini G. A transient microtubule-based structure uncovers a new intrinsic asymmetry between the mother centrioles in the early Drosophila spermatocytes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 75:472-480. [PMID: 30381895 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parent centrioles are characterized in most organisms by individual morphological traits and have distinct asymmetries that provide different functional properties. By contrast, mother and daughter centrioles are morphologically undistinguishable during Drosophila male gametogenesis. Here we report the presence of previously unrecognized microtubule-based structures that extend into the peripheral cytoplasm of the Drosophila polar spermatocytes at the onset of the first meiosis and are positive for the typical centriolar protein Sas-4 and for the kinesin-like protein Klp10A. These structures have a short lifespan and are no longer found in early apolar spermatocytes. Remarkably, each polar spermatocyte holds only one microtubule-based structure that is associated with one of the sister centriole pairs and specifically with the mother centriole. These findings reveal an inherent asymmetry between the parent centrioles at the onset of male meiosis and also uncover unexpected functional properties between the mother centrioles of the same cells.
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32
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Abeywickrema M, Vachova H, Farr H, Mohr T, Wheeler RJ, Lai DH, Vaughan S, Gull K, Sunter JD, Varga V. Non-equivalence in old- and new-flagellum daughter cells of a proliferative division in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1024-1040. [PMID: 31286583 PMCID: PMC6771564 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellated protozoan parasite, between life cycle stages typically occurs through an asymmetric cell division process, producing two morphologically distinct daughter cells. Conversely, proliferative cell divisions produce two daughter cells, which look similar but are not identical. To examine in detail differences between the daughter cells of a proliferative division of procyclic T. brucei we used the recently identified constituents of the flagella connector. These segregate asymmetrically during cytokinesis allowing the new‐flagellum and the old‐flagellum daughters to be distinguished. We discovered that there are distinct morphological differences between the two daughters, with the new‐flagellum daughter in particular re‐modelling rapidly and extensively in early G1. This re‐modelling process involves an increase in cell body, flagellum and flagellum attachment zone length and is accompanied by architectural changes to the anterior cell end. The old‐flagellum daughter undergoes a different G1 re‐modelling, however, despite this there was no difference in G1 duration of their respective cell cycles. This work demonstrates that the two daughters of a proliferative division of T. brucei are non‐equivalent and enables more refined morphological analysis of mutant phenotypes. We suggest all proliferative divisions in T. brucei and related organisms will involve non‐equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Movin Abeywickrema
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Hana Vachova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Farr
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Timm Mohr
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Richard J Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P.R. China
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Keith Gull
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jack D Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vladimir Varga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
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33
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Álvarez-Satta M, Moreno-Cugnon L, Matheu A. Primary cilium and brain aging: role in neural stem cells, neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 52:53-63. [PMID: 31004829 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by a progressive loss of tissue integrity and function as a consequence of impaired homeostasis and regeneration capacities. The primary cilium is a highly conserved organelle that projects from the cell surface in a single copy in virtually all mammalian cell types including neural stem/progenitors cells and neurons. Increasing evidence in the last decade points out that primary cilium could be a relevant mediator of neural stem cell activity, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and maintenance, and brain tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about primary cilia roles in these processes. There is currently sufficient background to propose that defective primary cilia contribute to age-related cognitive decline and brain tumor development due to their critical roles in cell cycle control and signaling transduction. This might have potential applications on therapy against age-associated brain diseases.
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Thomas S, Boutaud L, Reilly ML, Benmerah A. Cilia in hereditary cerebral anomalies. Biol Cell 2019; 111:217-231. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
- Paris Diderot University 75013 Paris France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
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35
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Bowler M, Kong D, Sun S, Nanjundappa R, Evans L, Farmer V, Holland A, Mahjoub MR, Sui H, Loncarek J. High-resolution characterization of centriole distal appendage morphology and dynamics by correlative STORM and electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:993. [PMID: 30824690 PMCID: PMC6397210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are vital cellular structures that form centrosomes and cilia. The formation and function of cilia depends on a set of centriole's distal appendages. In this study, we use correlative super resolution and electron microscopy to precisely determine where distal appendage proteins localize in relation to the centriole microtubules and appendage electron densities. Here we characterize a novel distal appendage protein ANKRD26 and detail, in high resolution, the initial steps of distal appendage assembly. We further show that distal appendages undergo a dramatic ultra-structural reorganization before mitosis, during which they temporarily lose outer components, while inner components maintain a nine-fold organization. Finally, using electron tomography we reveal that mammalian distal appendages associate with two centriole microtubule triplets via an elaborate filamentous base and that they appear as almost radial finger-like protrusions. Our findings challenge the traditional portrayal of mammalian distal appendage as a pinwheel-like structure that is maintained throughout mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bowler
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Shufeng Sun
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Lauren Evans
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Farmer
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 37235, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, 12201, MO, USA
| | - Haixin Sui
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Albany, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA.
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36
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Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mali GR, Keighren MA, Waddell SH, Mjoseng HK, Douglas AT, Hall EA, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Meehan RR, Boulter L, Jackson IJ, Mill P, Mort RL. A Cell/Cilia Cycle Biosensor for Single-Cell Kinetics Reveals Persistence of Cilia after G1/S Transition Is a General Property in Cells and Mice. Dev Cell 2019; 47:509-523.e5. [PMID: 30458140 PMCID: PMC6251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cilia and cell cycles are inextricably linked. Centrioles in the basal body of cilia nucleate the ciliary axoneme and sequester pericentriolar matrix (PCM) at the centrosome to organize the mitotic spindle. Cilia themselves respond to growth signals, prompting cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry. We describe a fluorescent cilia and cell cycle biosensor allowing live imaging of cell cycle progression and cilia assembly and disassembly kinetics in cells and inducible mice. We define assembly and disassembly in relation to cell cycle stage with single-cell resolution and explore the intercellular heterogeneity in cilia kinetics. In all cells and tissues analyzed, we observed cilia that persist through the G1/S transition and into S/G2/M-phase. We conclude that persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition is a general property. This resource will shed light at an individual cell level on the interplay between the cilia and cell cycles in development, regeneration, and disease. Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a biosensor labels the cell and cilia cycles Analysis of cells and mice reveals persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition Inducible mouse line allows lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging Organisms can tolerate artificially lengthened cilia without overt phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Girish R Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adam T Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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37
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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38
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Hiraiwa T, Nakai Y, Yamada TG, Tanimoto R, Kimura H, Matsumoto Y, Miki N, Hiroi N, Funahashi A. Quantitative analysis of sensitivity to a Wnt3a gradient in determination of the pole-to-pole axis of mitotic cells by using a microfluidic device. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1920-1935. [PMID: 30524943 PMCID: PMC6275273 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper determination of the cell division axis is essential during development. Wnt3a is a known regulator of the cell division axis; however, the sensitivity of cells to Wnt3a signalling and its role in determining the cell division axis have not been measured to date. To address this gap, we took advantage of the asymmetric distribution of outer dense fibre 2 (ODF2/cenexin) proteins on centrosomes in dividing cells. To precisely quantify the sensitivity of cells to Wnt3a signalling, we developed a microfluidic cell culture device, which can produce a quantitative gradient of signalling molecules. We confirmed that mitotic SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells could detect a 2.5 ~ 5 × 10−3 nm·μm−1 Wnt3a concentration gradient and demonstrated that this gradient is sufficient to affect the determination of the pole‐to‐pole axis of cell division during the later stages of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hiraiwa
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakai
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Takahiro G Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tanimoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Tokai University Hiratsuka Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Norihisa Miki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Keio University Yokohama Japan
| | - Noriko Hiroi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan.,Department of Pharmacy Sanyo-Onoda City University Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics Keio University Yokohama Japan
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39
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Saade M, Blanco-Ameijeiras J, Gonzalez-Gobartt E, Martí E. A centrosomal view of CNS growth. Development 2018; 145:145/21/dev170613. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.170613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the proliferation of neural progenitor cells to be tightly regulated, allowing the formation of an organ with the right size and shape. This includes regulation of both the spatial distribution of mitosis and the mode of cell division. The centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells, contributes to both of these processes. Here, we discuss the impact that centrosome-mediated control of cell division has on the shape of the overall growing CNS. We also review the intrinsic properties of the centrosome, both in terms of its molecular composition and its signalling capabilities, and discuss the fascinating notion that intrinsic centrosomal asymmetries in dividing neural progenitor cells are instructive for neurogenesis. Finally, we discuss the genetic links between centrosome dysfunction during development and the aetiology of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Saade
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jose Blanco-Ameijeiras
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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40
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Venkei ZG, Yamashita YM. Emerging mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3785-3795. [PMID: 30232100 PMCID: PMC6219723 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Venkei and Yamashita summarize recent advances in our understanding of asymmetric stem cell division in tissue homeostasis. The asymmetric cell division of stem cells, which produces one stem cell and one differentiating cell, has emerged as a mechanism to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Elaborate cellular mechanisms that orchestrate the processes required for asymmetric cell divisions are often shared between stem cells and other asymmetrically dividing cells. During asymmetric cell division, cells must establish asymmetry/polarity, which is guided by varying degrees of intrinsic versus extrinsic cues, and use intracellular machineries to divide in a desired orientation in the context of the asymmetry/polarity. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms of asymmetric cell divisions, revealing the previously unappreciated complexity in setting up the cellular and/or environmental asymmetry, ensuring binary outcomes of the fate determination. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and regulations of asymmetric stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt G Venkei
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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41
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Bornens M. Cell polarity: having and making sense of direction-on the evolutionary significance of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa. Open Biol 2018; 8:180052. [PMID: 30068565 PMCID: PMC6119866 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is evolutionarily conserved. I assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception, integration of these two activities being an evolutionarily constrained function. Metazoans are unique in making cohesive multicellular organisms through complete cell divisions. They evolved a primary cilium/centrosome (PC/C) organ, ensuring similar functions to the basal body/flagellum of unicellular eukaryotes, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. The possibility that this innovation contributed to the evolution of individuality, in being instrumental in the early specification of the germ line during development, is further discussed. Then, using the example of highly regenerative organisms like planarians, which have lost PC/C organ in dividing cells, I discuss the possibility that part of the remodelling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. Finally, I briefly consider organisms with a sensorimotor organ like the brain that requires exceedingly elongated polarized cells for its activity. I conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans had far-reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH, for "microcephaly primary hereditary") is a disorder of brain development that results in a head circumference more than 3 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It has a wide variety of causes, including toxic exposures, in utero infections, and metabolic conditions. While the genetic microcephaly syndromes are relatively rare, studying these syndromes can reveal molecular mechanisms that are critical in the regulation of neural progenitor cells, brain size, and human brain evolution. Many of the causative genes for MCPH encode centrosomal proteins involved in centriole biogenesis. However, other MCPH genes fall under different mechanistic categories, notably DNA replication and repair. Recent gene discoveries and functional studies have implicated novel cellular processes, such as cytokinesis, centromere and kinetochore function, transmembrane or intracellular transport, Wnt signaling, and autophagy, as well as the apical polarity complex. Thus, MCPH genes implicate a wide variety of molecular and cellular mechanisms in the regulation of cerebral cortical size during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jayaraman
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Current affiliation: Boston Combined Residency Program (Child Neurology), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Byoung-Il Bae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA;
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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43
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Centrosome Inheritance Does Not Regulate Cell Fate in Granule Neuron Progenitors of the Developing Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:685-691. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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44
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Symmetry from Asymmetry or Asymmetry from Symmetry? COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:305-318. [PMID: 29348326 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.034272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The processes of DNA replication and mitosis allow the genetic information of a cell to be copied and transferred reliably to its daughter cells. However, if DNA replication and cell division were always performed in a symmetric manner, the result would be a cluster of tumor cells instead of a multicellular organism. Therefore, gaining a complete understanding of any complex living organism depends on learning how cells become different while faithfully maintaining the same genetic material. It is well recognized that the distinct epigenetic information contained in each cell type defines its unique gene expression program. Nevertheless, how epigenetic information contained in the parental cell is either maintained or changed in the daughter cells remains largely unknown. During the asymmetric cell division (ACD) of Drosophila male germline stem cells, our previous work revealed that preexisting histones are selectively retained in the renewed stem cell daughter, whereas newly synthesized histones are enriched in the differentiating daughter cell. We also found that randomized inheritance of preexisting histones versus newly synthesized histones results in both stem cell loss and progenitor germ cell tumor phenotypes, suggesting that programmed histone inheritance is a key epigenetic player for cells to either remember or reset cell fates. Here, we will discuss these findings in the context of current knowledge on DNA replication, polarized mitotic machinery, and ACD for both animal development and tissue homeostasis. We will also speculate on some potential mechanisms underlying asymmetric histone inheritance, which may be used in other biological events to achieve the asymmetric cell fates.
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45
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Yang K, Tylkowski MA, Hüber D, Contreras CT, Hoyer-Fender S. ODF2/Cenexin maintains centrosome cohesion by restricting β-catenin accumulation. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.220954. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, as the main microtubule organizing center, safeguards chromosome segregation by constituting the bipolar spindle. Centrosome aberrations are causally related to chromosome segregation disorders, both characterizing cancer cells. Thus, restriction to only one centrosome per cell, and cell cycle dependent duplication is mandatory. Duplicated centrosomes remain physically connected to function as a single entity, until onset of mitosis when centrosome disjunction is licensed by disassembly of linker proteins and accumulation of β-catenin. The crucial role β-catenin plays in centrosome disjunction inevitably demands for restricting its premature accumulation. ODF2/Cenexin is an essential centrosomal component but its relevance for the interphase centrosome has not been elucidated. We show here, that ODF2/Cenexin plays a central role in centrosome cohesion. Depletion of ODF2/Cenexin induces premature centrosome splitting and formation of tripolar spindles that are likely caused by the observed accumulation of centrosomal β-catenin. Our data collectively indicate that ODF2/Cenexin restricts β-catenin accumulation at the centrosome thus preventing premature centrosome disjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Yang
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Andreas Tylkowski
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Hüber
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanza Tapia Contreras
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology – Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Kon E, Cossard A, Jossin Y. Neuronal Polarity in the Embryonic Mammalian Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:163. [PMID: 28670267 PMCID: PMC5472699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of neurons that can grossly be subdivided into two broad classes: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. The majority of cortical neurons in mammals are the excitatory type and they are the main focus of this review article. Like many of the cells in multicellular organisms, fully differentiated neurons are both morphologically and functionally polarized. However, they go through several changes in polarity before reaching this final mature differentiated state. Neurons are derived from polarized neuronal progenitor/stem cells and their commitment to neuronal fate is decided by cellular and molecular asymmetry during their last division in the neurogenic zone. They migrate from their birthplace using so-called multipolar migration, during which they switch direction of movement several times, and repolarize for bipolar migration when the axon is specified. Therefore, neurons have to break their previous symmetry, change their morphology and adequately respond to polarizing signals during migration in order to reach the correct position in the cortex and start making connections. Finally, the dendritic tree is elaborated and the axon/dendrite morphological polarity is set. Here we will describe the function, establishment and maintenance of polarity during the different developmental steps starting from neural stem cell (NSC) division, neuronal migration and axon specification at embryonic developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Jossin
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
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Christensen ST, Morthorst SK, Mogensen JB, Pedersen LB. Primary Cilia and Coordination of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028167. [PMID: 27638178 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the millennium, research in primary cilia has revolutionized our way of understanding how cells integrate and organize diverse signaling pathways during vertebrate development and in tissue homeostasis. Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that detect changes in their extracellular environment and integrate and transmit signaling information to the cell to regulate various cellular, developmental, and physiological processes. Many different signaling pathways have now been shown to rely on primary cilia to function properly, and mutations that lead to ciliary dysfunction are at the root of a pleiotropic group of diseases and syndromic disorders called ciliopathies. In this review, we present an overview of primary cilia-mediated regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Further, we discuss how defects in the coordination of these pathways may be linked to ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Stine K Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Johanne B Mogensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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Collins A, Ross J, Lang SH. A systematic review of the asymmetric inheritance of cellular organelles in eukaryotes: A critique of basic science validity and imprecision. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178645. [PMID: 28562636 PMCID: PMC5451095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review to identify all original publications describing the asymmetric inheritance of cellular organelles in normal animal eukaryotic cells and to critique the validity and imprecision of the evidence. Searches were performed in Embase, MEDLINE and Pubmed up to November 2015. Screening of titles, abstracts and full papers was performed by two independent reviewers. Data extraction and validity were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Study quality was assessed using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, for animal studies and by developing validity tools for the experimental model, organelle markers and imprecision. A narrative data synthesis was performed. We identified 31 studies (34 publications) of the asymmetric inheritance of organelles after mitotic or meiotic division. Studies for the asymmetric inheritance of centrosomes (n = 9); endosomes (n = 6), P granules (n = 4), the midbody (n = 3), mitochondria (n = 3), proteosomes (n = 2), spectrosomes (n = 2), cilia (n = 2) and endoplasmic reticulum (n = 2) were identified. Asymmetry was defined and quantified by variable methods. Assessment of the statistical reliability of the results indicated only two studies (7%) were judged to have low concern, the majority of studies (77%) were 'unclear' and five (16%) were judged to have 'high concerns'; the main reasons were low technical repeats (<10). Assessment of model validity indicated that the majority of studies (61%) were judged to be valid, ten studies (32%) were unclear and two studies (7%) were judged to have 'high concerns'; both described 'stem cells' without providing experimental evidence to confirm this (pluripotency and self-renewal). Assessment of marker validity indicated that no studies had low concern, most studies were unclear (96.5%), indicating there were insufficient details to judge if the markers were appropriate. One study had high concern for marker validity due to the contradictory results of two markers for the same organelle. For most studies the validity and imprecision of results could not be confirmed. In particular, data were limited due to a lack of reporting of interassay variability, sample size calculations, controls and functional validation of organelle markers. An evaluation of 16 systematic reviews containing cell assays found that only 50% reported adherence to PRISMA or ARRIVE reporting guidelines and 38% reported a formal risk of bias assessment. 44% of the reviews did not consider how relevant or valid the models were to the research question. 75% reviews did not consider how valid the markers were. 69% of reviews did not consider the impact of the statistical reliability of the results. Future systematic reviews in basic or preclinical research should ensure the rigorous reporting of the statistical reliability of the results in addition to the validity of the methods. Increased awareness of the importance of reporting guidelines and validation tools is needed for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Collins
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
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Loukil A, Tormanen K, Sütterlin C. The daughter centriole controls ciliogenesis by regulating Neurl-4 localization at the centrosome. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1287-1300. [PMID: 28385950 PMCID: PMC5412565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During ciliogenesis, the daughter centriole is found next to the mother, but its role in this process is not known. Loukil et al. show that a daughter centriole is necessary for primary cilia formation by promoting Neurl-4–dependent removal of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 from the mother. The two centrioles of the centrosome differ in age and function. Although the mother centriole mediates most centrosome-dependent processes, the role of the daughter remains poorly understood. A recent study has implicated the daughter centriole in centriole amplification in multiciliated cells, but its contribution to primary ciliogenesis is unclear. We found that manipulations that prevent daughter centriole formation or induce its separation from the mother abolish ciliogenesis. This defect was caused by stabilization of the negative ciliogenesis regulator CP110 and was corrected by CP110 depletion. CP110 dysregulation may be caused by effects on Neurl-4, a daughter centriole–associated ubiquitin ligase cofactor, which was required for ciliogenesis. Centrosome-targeted Neurl-4 was sufficient to restore ciliogenesis in cells with manipulated daughter centrioles. Interestingly, early during ciliogenesis, Neurl-4 transiently associated with the mother centriole in a process that required mother–daughter centriole proximity. Our data support a model in which the daughter centriole promotes ciliogenesis through Neurl-4–dependent regulation of CP110 levels at the mother centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Loukil
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Riparbelli MG, Gottardo M, Callaini G. Parthenogenesis in Insects: The Centriole Renaissance. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:435-479. [PMID: 28779329 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Building a new organism usually requires the contribution of two differently shaped haploid cells, the male and female gametes, each providing its genetic material to restore diploidy of the new born zygote. The successful execution of this process requires defined sequential steps that must be completed in space and time. Otherwise, development fails. Relevant among the earlier steps are pronuclear migration and formation of the first mitotic spindle that promote the mixing of parental chromosomes and the formation of the zygotic nucleus. A complex microtubule network ensures the proper execution of these processes. Instrumental to microtubule organization and bipolar spindle assembly is a distinct non-membranous organelle, the centrosome. Centrosome inheritance during fertilization is biparental, since both gametes provide essential components to build a functional centrosome. This model does not explain, however, centrosome formation during parthenogenetic development, a special mode of sexual reproduction in which the unfertilized egg develops without the contribution of the male gamete. Moreover, whereas fertilization is a relevant example in which the cells actively check the presence of only one centrosome, to avoid multipolar spindle formation, the development of parthenogenetic eggs is ensured, at least in insects, by the de novo assembly of multiple centrosomes.Here, we will focus our attention on the assembly of functional centrosomes following fertilization and during parthenogenetic development in insects. Parthenogenetic development in which unfertilized eggs are naturally depleted of centrosomes would provide a useful experimental system to investigate centriole assembly and duplication together with centrosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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