1
|
Hussain ST, Soressi M. The Technological Condition of Human Evolution: Lithic Studies as Basic Science. JOURNAL OF PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY 2021; 4:25. [PMID: 34805748 PMCID: PMC8591788 DOI: 10.1007/s41982-021-00098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent elaboration and rapid expansion of aDNA, paleoproteomics, and related fields have propelled a profound "biomolecular turn" in archaeology and fundamentally changed the topology of archaeological knowledge production. Such a transformation of the archaeological research landscape is not without consequence for long-standing research practices in the field, such as lithic analysis. This special issue derives from the session Old Stones, New Eyes? organized by the authors at the UISPP World Congress in Paris in 2018, which aimed to explore the future of lithic studies. An underlying theme of our session was the felt need to respond to the increasing marginalization of lithic research in terms of its capacity to (1) contribute to the grand narratives of early human evolution and (2) better articulate the role and significance of lithic studies in interdisciplinary human origins research. In this editorial, we briefly outline some of the questions and challenges raised by the biomolecular turn and advocate for a more self-conscious and reflexive stance among lithic experts. We argue that lithic studies fulfill all necessary requirements to act as a basic science for human origins research and that its role and status depends less on technological advances, such as, e.g., improved computing facilities, novel analytical software, or automated shape capture technologies, than on continuous work on the conceptual and methodological foundations of inquiry. We finally draw attention to the unique capability of lithic studies to shed light on the human technological condition and illustrate this potential by introducing and briefly discussing the papers included in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumon Tobias Hussain
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Marie Soressi
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Templon AR, Kirsch DR, Towner MC. Contributions of evolutionary anthropology to understanding climate-induced human migration. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23635. [PMID: 34212453 PMCID: PMC8365686 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are able to thrive in a multitude of ecological and social environments, including varied environments over an individual lifetime. Migration-leaving one place of residence for another-is a central feature of many people's life histories, and environmental change goes hand-in-hand with migration, both in terms of cause and consequence. Climate change has amplified this connection between environment and migration, with the potential to profoundly impact millions of lives. Although climate-induced migration has been at the forefront of other disciplines in the social sciences, evolutionary anthropologists (EAs) have given it little attention. In this paper we draw upon existing literature and contribute our EA perspective to present a framework for analyzing climate-induced migration that utilizes theoretical approaches from a variety of social science disciplines. We focus on three overlapping dimensions-time, space, and severity-relevant to understanding the impact of climate change on human migration. We apply this framework to case studies from North America of people impacted by climate change and extreme weather events, including hurricanes, droughts, rising sea-levels, and wildfires. We also consider how access to both economic and social resources influence decisions regarding migration. Research focused on climate-induced human migration can benefit equally from the addition of EA perspectives and a more interdisciplinary theoretical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alannah R. Templon
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Danielle R. Kirsch
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Mary C. Towner
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leonardi M, Sandionigi A, Conzato A, Vai S, Lari M, Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G. The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:497-506. [PMID: 30187463 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the advent of ancient DNA analyses, it has been possible to disentangle the contribution of ancient populations to the genetic pool of the modern inhabitants of many regions. Reconstructing the maternal ancestry has often highlighted genetic continuity over several millennia, but almost always in isolated areas. Here we analyze North-western Tuscany, a region that was a corridor of exchanges between Central Italy and the Western Mediterranean coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS We newly obtained mitochondrial HVRI sequences from 28 individuals, and after gathering published data, we collected genetic information for 119 individuals from the region. Those span five periods during the last 5,000 years: Prehistory, Etruscan age, Roman age, Renaissance, and Present-day. We used serial coalescent simulations in an approximate Bayesian computation framework to test for continuity between the mentioned groups. RESULTS Our analyses always favor continuity over discontinuity for all groups considered, with the Etruscans being part of the genealogy. Moreover, the posterior distributions of the parameters support very small female effective population sizes. CONCLUSIONS The observed signals of long-term genetic continuity and isolation are in contrast with the history of the region, conquered several times (Etruscans, Romans, Lombards, and French). While the Etruscans appear as a local population, intermediate between the prehistoric and the other samples, we suggest that the other conquerors-arriving from far-had a consistent social or sex bias, hence only marginally affecting the maternal lineages. At the same time, our results show that long-term genealogical continuity is not necessarily linked to geographical isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Conzato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Tassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Černý V, Kulichová I, Poloni ES, Nunes JM, Pereira L, Mayor A, Sanchez-Mazas A. Genetic history of the African Sahelian populations. HLA 2018; 91:153-166. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Černý
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6; 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - I. Kulichová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - E. S. Poloni
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| | - J. M. Nunes
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| | - L. Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto (i3S); Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP); Porto Portugal
| | - A. Mayor
- Laboratory of African Archaeology and Peopling History (APA), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A. Sanchez-Mazas
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Valeev A, Litvinov S, Valiev R, Akhmetova V, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Turdikulova S, Dalimova D, Nymadawa P, Bahmanimehr A, Sahakyan H, Tambets K, Fedorova S, Barashkov N, Khidiyatova I, Mihailov E, Khusainova R, Damba L, Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Osipova L, Voevoda M, Yepiskoposyan L, Kivisild T, Khusnutdinova E, Villems R. The genetic legacy of the expansion of Turkic-speaking nomads across Eurasia. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005068. [PMID: 25898006 PMCID: PMC4405460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Turkic peoples represent a diverse collection of ethnic groups defined by the Turkic languages. These groups have dispersed across a vast area, including Siberia, Northwest China, Central Asia, East Europe, the Caucasus, Anatolia, the Middle East, and Afghanistan. The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. Previous genetic studies have not identified a clear-cut unifying genetic signal for the Turkic peoples, which lends support for language replacement rather than demic diffusion as the model for the Turkic language’s expansion. We addressed the genetic origin of 373 individuals from 22 Turkic-speaking populations, representing their current geographic range, by analyzing genome-wide high-density genotype data. In agreement with the elite dominance model of language expansion most of the Turkic peoples studied genetically resemble their geographic neighbors. However, western Turkic peoples sampled across West Eurasia shared an excess of long chromosomal tracts that are identical by descent (IBD) with populations from present-day South Siberia and Mongolia (SSM), an area where historians center a series of early Turkic and non-Turkic steppe polities. While SSM matching IBD tracts (> 1cM) are also observed in non-Turkic populations, Turkic peoples demonstrate a higher percentage of such tracts (p-values ≤ 0.01) compared to their non-Turkic neighbors. Finally, we used the ALDER method and inferred admixture dates (~9th–17th centuries) that overlap with the Turkic migrations of the 5th–16th centuries. Thus, our results indicate historical admixture among Turkic peoples, and the recent shared ancestry with modern populations in SSM supports one of the hypothesized homelands for their nomadic Turkic and related Mongolic ancestors. Centuries of nomadic migrations have ultimately resulted in the distribution of Turkic languages over a large area ranging from Siberia, across Central Asia to Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Despite the profound cultural impact left by these nomadic peoples, little is known about their prehistoric origins. Moreover, because contemporary Turkic speakers tend to genetically resemble their geographic neighbors, it is not clear whether their nomadic ancestors left an identifiable genetic trace. In this study, we show that Turkic-speaking peoples sampled across the Middle East, Caucasus, East Europe, and Central Asia share varying proportions of Asian ancestry that originate in a single area, southern Siberia and Mongolia. Mongolic- and Turkic-speaking populations from this area bear an unusually high number of long chromosomal tracts that are identical by descent with Turkic peoples from across west Eurasia. Admixture induced linkage disequilibrium decay across chromosomes in these populations indicates that admixture occurred during the 9th–17th centuries, in agreement with the historically recorded Turkic nomadic migrations and later Mongol expansion. Thus, our findings reveal genetic traces of recent large-scale nomadic migrations and map their source to a previously hypothesized area of Mongolia and southern Siberia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayazit Yunusbayev
- Evolutionary Biology group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Evolutionary Biology group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Albert Valeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Sergei Litvinov
- Evolutionary Biology group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Ruslan Valiev
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Vita Akhmetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shahlo Turdikulova
- Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilbar Dalimova
- Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Ardeshir Bahmanimehr
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hovhannes Sahakyan
- Evolutionary Biology group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Sardana Fedorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia
| | - Nikolay Barashkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia
| | - Irina Khidiyatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Gene Technology Workgroup, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rita Khusainova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Larisa Damba
- Institute of Internal Medicine, SB RAMS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Ludmila Osipova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Voevoda
- Institute of Internal Medicine, SB RAMS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Richard Villems
- Evolutionary Biology group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Litvinov SS, Khusnutdinova EK. Current state of research in ethnogenomics: Genome-wide analysis and uniparental markers. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Veeramah KR, Novembre J. Demographic events and evolutionary forces shaping European genetic diversity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a008516. [PMID: 25059709 PMCID: PMC4142961 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Europeans have been the focus of some of the largest studies of genetic diversity in any species to date. Recent genome-wide data have reinforced the hypothesis that present-day European genetic diversity is strongly correlated with geography. The remaining challenge now is to understand more precisely how patterns of diversity in Europe reflect ancient demographic events such as postglacial expansions or the spread of farming. It is likely that recent advances in paleogenetics will give us some of these answers. There has also been progress in identifying specific segments of European genomes that reflect adaptations to selective pressures from the physical environment, disease, and dietary shifts. A growing understanding of how modern European genetic diversity has been shaped by demographic and evolutionary forces is not only of basic historical and anthropological interest but also aids genetic studies of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R Veeramah
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Veeramah KR, Hammer MF. The impact of whole-genome sequencing on the reconstruction of human population history. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:149-62. [PMID: 24492235 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Examining patterns of molecular genetic variation in both modern-day and ancient humans has proved to be a powerful approach to learn about our origins. Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology have allowed us to characterize increasing amounts of genomic information. Although this clearly provides unprecedented power for inference, it also introduces more complexity into the way we use and interpret such data. Here, we review ongoing debates that have been influenced by improvements in our ability to sequence DNA and discuss some of the analytical challenges that need to be overcome in order to fully exploit the rich historical information that is contained in the entirety of the human genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R Veeramah
- 1] Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology, Room 231, Life Sciences South, 1007 East Lowell Street, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. [2] Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245, USA
| | - Michael F Hammer
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Biotechnology, Room 231, Life Sciences South, 1007 East Lowell Street, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramos-Luis E, Blanco-Verea A, Brión M, Van Huffel V, Sánchez-Diz P, Carracedo A. Y-chromosomal DNA analysis in French male lineages. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 9:162-8. [PMID: 24528594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
French population, despite of its crucial geographic location for repopulation movements of Europe across time, it has been insufficiently characterized at the genetic level, especially for Y-chromosomal DNA variation. In order to make a genetic structure characterization, we have analyzed the Y-chromosome diversity of 558 male individuals, scattered along 7 different French regions: Alsace (Strasbourg), Auvergne (Clermont-Ferrand), Bretagne (Rennes), Île-de-France (Paris), Midi-Pyrénées (Toulouse), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (Lille) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Marseille). A total of 17 Y-chromosome STRs and 27 Y-chromosome SNPs were genotyped for each individual. Even though we find that most of the individual populations in France were not differentiated from each other, Bretagne population shows population substructure, an important fact to be considered when establishing general population databases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ramos-Luis
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Blanco-Verea
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Brión
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V Van Huffel
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - P Sánchez-Diz
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Carracedo
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buck T, Viđarsdóttir US. Craniofacial evolution in Polynesia: a geometric morphometric study of population diversity. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:776-85. [PMID: 22987741 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tests differences in craniofacial size and shape attributed to demographic history and plastic responses to differing environments in the islands of Polynesia. The dispersal of modern humans into Polynesia provides a useful scenario to investigate the impact of migration on human craniofacial diversity. METHODS Three dimensional geometric morphometric techniques are used to examine morphological diversity within Oceanic population samples. The importance of geographic and climatic variables is quantified by partial linear regression. RESULTS The results show a homogeneous Polynesian morphology grouping in relation to neighboring regions. There is, however, considerable diversity within the Polynesian samples themselves. Natural selection due to environmental differences is not an important factor in the patterns of craniofacial diversity found in the samples. CONCLUSIONS Historical patterns such as migration and population isolation influence patterns of craniofacial morphology within Polynesia, and our results demonstrate that morphological diversity can evolve in populations isolated for a relatively short period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trudi Buck
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hill V, Zozio T, Sadikalay S, Viegas S, Streit E, Kallenius G, Rastogi N. MLVA based classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages for a robust phylogeographic snapshot of its worldwide molecular diversity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41991. [PMID: 22984400 PMCID: PMC3439451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) is useful to establish transmission routes and sources of infections for various microorganisms including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). The recently released SITVITWEB database contains 12-loci Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units – Variable Number of Tandem DNA Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) profiles and spoligotype patterns for thousands of MTC strains; it uses MIRU International Types (MIT) and Spoligotype International Types (SIT) to designate clustered patterns worldwide. Considering existing doubts on the ability of spoligotyping alone to reveal exact phylogenetic relationships between MTC strains, we developed a MLVA based classification for MTC genotypic lineages. We studied 6 different subsets of MTC isolates encompassing 7793 strains worldwide. Minimum spanning trees (MST) were constructed to identify major lineages, and the most common representative located as a central node was taken as the prototype defining different phylogenetic groups. A total of 7 major lineages with their respective prototypes were identified: Indo-Oceanic/MIT57, East Asian and African Indian/MIT17, Euro American/MIT116, West African-I/MIT934, West African-II/MIT664, M. bovis/MIT49, M.canettii/MIT60. Further MST subdivision identified an additional 34 sublineage MIT prototypes. The phylogenetic relationships among the 37 newly defined MIRU-VNTR lineages were inferred using a classification algorithm based on a bayesian approach. This information was used to construct an updated phylogenetic and phylogeographic snapshot of worldwide MTC diversity studied both at the regional, sub-regional, and country level according to the United Nations specifications. We also looked for IS6110 insertional events that are known to modify the results of the spoligotyping in specific circumstances, and showed that a fair portion of convergence leading to the currently observed bias in phylogenetic classification of strains may be traced back to the presence of IS6110. These results shed new light on the evolutionary history of the pathogen in relation to the history of peopling and human migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Hill
- WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Al-Zahery N, Pala M, Battaglia V, Grugni V, Hamod MA, Hooshiar Kashani B, Olivieri A, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Semino O. In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:288. [PMID: 21970613 PMCID: PMC3215667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For millennia, the southern part of the Mesopotamia has been a wetland region generated by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers before flowing into the Gulf. This area has been occupied by human communities since ancient times and the present-day inhabitants, the Marsh Arabs, are considered the population with the strongest link to ancient Sumerians. Popular tradition, however, considers the Marsh Arabs as a foreign group, of unknown origin, which arrived in the marshlands when the rearing of water buffalo was introduced to the region. RESULTS To shed some light on the paternal and maternal origin of this population, Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was surveyed in 143 Marsh Arabs and in a large sample of Iraqi controls. Analyses of the haplogroups and sub-haplogroups observed in the Marsh Arabs revealed a prevalent autochthonous Middle Eastern component for both male and female gene pools, with weak South-West Asian and African contributions, more evident in mtDNA. A higher male than female homogeneity is characteristic of the Marsh Arab gene pool, likely due to a strong male genetic drift determined by socio-cultural factors (patrilocality, polygamy, unequal male and female migration rates). CONCLUSIONS Evidence of genetic stratification ascribable to the Sumerian development was provided by the Y-chromosome data where the J1-Page08 branch reveals a local expansion, almost contemporary with the Sumerian City State period that characterized Southern Mesopotamia. On the other hand, a more ancient background shared with Northern Mesopotamia is revealed by the less represented Y-chromosome lineage J1-M267*. Overall our results indicate that the introduction of water buffalo breeding and rice farming, most likely from the Indian sub-continent, only marginally affected the gene pool of autochthonous people of the region. Furthermore, a prevalent Middle Eastern ancestry of the modern population of the marshes of southern Iraq implies that if the Marsh Arabs are descendants of the ancient Sumerians, also the Sumerians were most likely autochthonous and not of Indian or South Asian ancestry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Al-Zahery
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moreno E. The society of our "out of Africa" ancestors (I): The migrant warriors that colonized the world. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:163-70. [PMID: 21655430 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.2.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The "out of Africa" hypothesis proposes that a small group of Homo sapiens left Africa 80,000 years ago, spreading the mitochondrial haplotype L3 throughout the Earth.1-10 Little effort has been made to try to reconstruct the society and culture of the tribe that left Africa to populate the rest of the world.1 Here, I find that hunter-gatherers that belong to mitochondrial haplotypes L0, L1 and L2 do not have a culture of ritualized fights. In contrast to this, almost all L3 derived hunter-gatherers have a more belligerent culture that includes ritualized fights such as wrestling, stick fights or headhunting expeditions. This appears to be independent of their environment because ritualized fights occur in all climates, from the tropics to the arctic. There is also a correlation between mitochondrial haplotypes and warfare propensity or the use of murder and suicide to resolve conflicts. The data implicate that the original human population outside Africa is descended from only two closely related sub-branches that practiced ritual fighting and had a higher propensity towards warfare and the use of murder for conflict resolution. This warfare culture may have given the out of Africa migrants a competitive advantage to colonize the world. But it could also have crucially influenced the subsequent history of The Earth. In the future, it would be interesting to see how we could further reconstruct the society and culture of the "Out of Africa Tribe."
Collapse
|
14
|
Gray RD, Atkinson QD, Greenhill SJ. Language evolution and human history: what a difference a date makes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1090-100. [PMID: 21357231 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Historical inference is at its most powerful when independent lines of evidence can be integrated into a coherent account. Dating linguistic and cultural lineages can potentially play a vital role in the integration of evidence from linguistics, anthropology, archaeology and genetics. Unfortunately, although the comparative method in historical linguistics can provide a relative chronology, it cannot provide absolute date estimates and an alternative approach, called glottochronology, is fundamentally flawed. In this paper we outline how computational phylogenetic methods can reliably estimate language divergence dates and thus help resolve long-standing debates about human prehistory ranging from the origin of the Indo-European language family to the peopling of the Pacific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Batini C, Ferri G, Destro-Bisol G, Brisighelli F, Luiselli D, Sanchez-Diz P, Rocha J, Simonson T, Brehm A, Montano V, Elwali NE, Spedini G, D'Amato ME, Myres N, Ebbesen P, Comas D, Capelli C. Signatures of the Preagricultural Peopling Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa as Revealed by the Phylogeography of Early Y Chromosome Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2603-13. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
16
|
Peng MS, Palanichamy MG, Yao YG, Mitra B, Cheng YT, Zhao M, Liu J, Wang HW, Pan H, Wang WZ, Zhang AM, Zhang W, Wang D, Zou Y, Yang Y, Chaudhuri TK, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup M9a'b. BMC Biol 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21219640 PMCID: PMC3027199 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia. Results A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories. Conclusions Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perego UA, Angerhofer N, Pala M, Olivieri A, Lancioni H, Hooshiar Kashani B, Carossa V, Ekins JE, Gómez-Carballa A, Huber G, Zimmermann B, Corach D, Babudri N, Panara F, Myres NM, Parson W, Semino O, Salas A, Woodward SR, Achilli A, Torroni A. The initial peopling of the Americas: a growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia. Genome Res 2010; 20:1174-9. [PMID: 20587512 DOI: 10.1101/gr.109231.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pan-American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup C1 has been recently subdivided into three branches, two of which (C1b and C1c) are characterized by ages and geographical distributions that are indicative of an early arrival from Beringia with Paleo-Indians. In contrast, the estimated ages of C1d--the third subset of C1--looked too young to fit the above scenario. To define the origin of this enigmatic C1 branch, we completely sequenced 63 C1d mitochondrial genomes from a wide range of geographically diverse, mixed, and indigenous American populations. The revised phylogeny not only brings the age of C1d within the range of that of its two sister clades, but reveals that there were two C1d founder genomes for Paleo-Indians. Thus, the recognized maternal founding lineages of Native Americans are at least 15, indicating that the overall number of Beringian or Asian founder mitochondrial genomes will probably increase extensively when all Native American haplogroups reach the same level of phylogenetic and genomic resolution as obtained here for C1d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo A Perego
- Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah 84115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|