1
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Zhou C, Wu YK, Ishidate F, Fujiwara TK, Kengaku M. Nesprin-2 coordinates opposing microtubule motors during nuclear migration in neurons. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202405032. [PMID: 39115447 PMCID: PMC11310688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202405032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear migration is critical for the proper positioning of neurons in the developing brain. It is known that bidirectional microtubule motors are required for nuclear transport, yet the mechanism of the coordination of opposing motors is still under debate. Using mouse cerebellar granule cells, we demonstrate that Nesprin-2 serves as a nucleus-motor adaptor, coordinating the interplay of kinesin-1 and dynein. Nesprin-2 recruits dynein-dynactin-BicD2 independently of the nearby kinesin-binding LEWD motif. Both motor binding sites are required to rescue nuclear migration defects caused by the loss of function of Nesprin-2. In an intracellular cargo transport assay, the Nesprin-2 fragment encompassing the motor binding sites generates persistent movements toward both microtubule minus and plus ends. Nesprin-2 drives bidirectional cargo movements over a prolonged period along perinuclear microtubules, which advance during the migration of neurons. We propose that Nesprin-2 keeps the nucleus mobile by coordinating opposing motors, enabling continuous nuclear transport along advancing microtubules in migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Zhou
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - You Kure Wu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Jongsma MLM, Bakker N, Voortman LM, Koning RI, Bos E, Akkermans JJLL, Janssen L, Neefjes J. Systems mapping of bidirectional endosomal transport through the crowded cell. Curr Biol 2024; 34:4476-4494.e11. [PMID: 39276769 PMCID: PMC11466077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin and dynein-dynactin motors move endosomes and other vesicles bidirectionally along microtubules, a process mainly studied under in vitro conditions. Here, we provide a physiological bidirectional transport model following color-coded, endogenously tagged transport-related proteins as they move through a crowded cellular environment. Late endosomes (LEs) surf bidirectionally on Protrudin-enriched endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites, while hopping and gliding along microtubules and bypassing cellular obstacles, such as mitochondria. During bidirectional transport, late endosomes do not switch between opposing Rab7 GTPase effectors, RILP and FYCO1, or their associated dynein and KIF5B motor proteins, respectively. In the endogenous setting, far fewer motors associate with endosomal membranes relative to effectors, implying coordination of transport with other aspects of endosome physiology through GTPase-regulated mechanisms. We find that directionality of transport is provided in part by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including MID1, EB1, and CEP169, which recruit Lis1-activated dynein motors to microtubule plus ends for transport of early and late endosomal populations. At these microtubule plus ends, activated dynein motors encounter the dynactin subunit p150glued and become competent for endosomal capture and minus-end movement in collaboration with membrane-associated Rab7-RILP. We show that endosomes surf over the ER through the crowded cell and move bidirectionally under the control of MAPs for motor activation and through motor replacement and capture by endosomal anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Nina Bakker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roman I Koning
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Bos
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy J L L Akkermans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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3
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Schleske JM, Hubrich J, Wirth JO, D’Este E, Engelhardt J, Hell SW. MINFLUX reveals dynein stepping in live neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2412241121. [PMID: 39254993 PMCID: PMC11420169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2412241121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynein is the primary molecular motor responsible for retrograde intracellular transport of a variety of cargoes, performing successive nanometer-sized steps within milliseconds. Due to the limited spatiotemporal precision of established methods for molecular tracking, current knowledge of dynein stepping is essentially limited to slowed-down measurements in vitro. Here, we use MINFLUX fluorophore localization to directly track CRISPR/Cas9-tagged endogenous dynein with nanometer/millisecond precision in living primary neurons. We show that endogenous dynein primarily takes 8 nm steps, including frequent sideways steps but few backward steps. Strikingly, the majority of direction reversals between retrograde and anterograde movement occurred on the time scale of single steps (16 ms), suggesting a rapid regulatory reversal mechanism. Tug-of-war-like behavior during pauses or reversals was unexpectedly rare. By analyzing the dwell time between steps, we concluded that a single rate-limiting process underlies the dynein stepping mechanism, likely arising from just one adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis event being required during each step. Our study underscores the power of MINFLUX localization to elucidate the spatiotemporal changes underlying protein function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M. Schleske
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Jasmine Hubrich
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Jan Otto Wirth
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Elisa D’Este
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Johann Engelhardt
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg69120, Germany
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen37077, Germany
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4
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Robinson BP, Bass NR, Bhakt P, Spiliotis ET. Septin-coated microtubules promote maturation of multivesicular bodies by inhibiting their motility. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308049. [PMID: 38668767 PMCID: PMC11046855 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton consists of microtubule subsets with distinct compositions of microtubule-associated proteins, which instruct the position and traffic of subcellular organelles. In the endocytic pathway, these microtubule-associated cues are poorly understood. Here, we report that in MDCK cells, endosomes with multivesicular body (MVB) and late endosome (LE) markers localize preferentially to microtubules coated with septin GTPases. Compared with early endosomes, CD63-containing MVBs/LEs are largely immotile on septin-coated microtubules. In vitro reconstitution assays revealed that the motility of isolated GFP-CD63 endosomes is directly inhibited by microtubule-associated septins. Quantification of CD63-positive endosomes containing the early endosome antigen (EEA1), the Rab7 effector and dynein adaptor RILP or Rab27a, showed that intermediary EEA1- and RILP-positive GFP-CD63 preferentially associate with septin-coated microtubules. Septin knockdown enhanced GFP-CD63 motility and decreased the percentage of CD63-positive MVBs/LEs with lysobiphosphatidic acid without impacting the fraction of EEA1-positive CD63. These results suggest that MVB maturation involves immobilization on septin-coated microtubules, which may facilitate multivesiculation and/or organelle-organelle contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi R. Bass
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhakt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elias T. Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Peng CS, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Marti GE, Huang YWA, Südhof TC, Cui B, Chu S. Nanometer-resolution tracking of single cargo reveals dynein motor mechanisms. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01694-2. [PMID: 39090313 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is essential for intracellular transport. Despite extensive in vitro characterizations, how the dynein motors transport vesicles by processive steps in live cells remains unclear. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of dynein, we develop optical probes that enable long-term single-particle tracking in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. We find that the number of active dynein motors transporting cargo switches stochastically between one and five dynein motors during long-range transport in neuronal axons. Our very bright optical probes allow the observation of individual molecular steps. Strikingly, these measurements reveal that the dwell times between steps are controlled by two temperature-dependent rate constants in which two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed sequentially during each dynein step. Thus, our observations uncover a previously unknown chemomechanical cycle of dynein-mediated cargo transport in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunte Sam Peng
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunxiang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Edward Marti
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven Chu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Gómez-Morón Á, Tsukalov I, Scagnetti C, Pertusa C, Lozano-Prieto M, Martínez-Fleta P, Requena S, Martín P, Alfranca A, Martin-Gayo E, Martin-Cofreces NB. Cytosolic protein translation regulates cell asymmetry and function in early TCR activation of human CD8 + T lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411957. [PMID: 39114656 PMCID: PMC11303187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are highly effective in defending against viral infections and tumours. They are activated through the recognition of peptide-MHC-I complex by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and co-stimulation. This cognate interaction promotes the organisation of intimate cell-cell connections that involve cytoskeleton rearrangement to enable effector function and clearance of the target cell. This is key for the asymmetric transport and mobilisation of lytic granules to the cell-cell contact, promoting directed secretion of lytic mediators such as granzymes and perforin. Mitochondria play a role in regulating CTL function by controlling processes such as calcium flux, providing the necessary energy through oxidative phosphorylation, and its own protein translation on 70S ribosomes. However, the effect of acute inhibition of cytosolic translation in the rapid response after TCR has not been studied in mature CTLs. Methods Here, we investigated the importance of cytosolic protein synthesis in human CTLs after early TCR activation and CD28 co-stimulation for the dynamic reorganisation of the cytoskeleton, mitochondria, and lytic granules through short-term chemical inhibition of 80S ribosomes by cycloheximide and 80S and 70S by puromycin. Results We observed that eukaryotic ribosome function is required to allow proper asymmetric reorganisation of the tubulin cytoskeleton and mitochondria and mTOR pathway activation early upon TCR activation in human primary CTLs. Discussion Cytosolic protein translation is required to increase glucose metabolism and degranulation capacity upon TCR activation and thus to regulate the full effector function of human CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gómez-Morón
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilya Tsukalov
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camila Scagnetti
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Videomicroscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Pertusa
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Lozano-Prieto
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Requena
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Regulatory Molecules of Inflammatory Processes, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martin-Cofreces
- Immunology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS- Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Videomicroscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Yi H, Gong D, Daddysman MK, Renn M, Scherer NF. Distinct Sub- to Superdiffuse Insulin Granule Transport Behaviors in β-Cells Are Strongly Affected by Granule Age. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6246-6256. [PMID: 38861346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is a complex process that is difficult to describe by a single general model for motion. Here, we study the transport of insulin containing vesicles, termed granules, in live MIN6 cells. We characterize how the observed heterogeneity is affected by different intracellular factors by constructing a MIN6 cell line by CRISPR-CAS9 that constitutively expresses mCherry fused to insulin and is thus packaged in granules. Confocal microscopy imaging and single particle tracking of the granule transport provide long trajectories of thousands of single granule trajectories for statistical analysis. Mean squared displacement (MSD), angle correlation distribution, and step size distribution analysis allowed identifying five distinct granule transport subpopulations, from nearly immobile and subdiffusive to run-pause and superdiffusive. The subdiffusive subpopulation recapitulates the subordinated random walk we reported earlier (Tabei, 2013; ref 18). We show that the transport characteristics of the five subpopulations have a strong dependence on the age of insulin granules. The five subpopulations also reflect the effect of local microtubule and actin networks on transport in different cellular regions. Our results provide robust metrics to clarify the heterogeneity of granule transport and demonstrate the roles of microtubule versus actin networks with granule age since initial packaging in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Daozheng Gong
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew K Daddysman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martha Renn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Norbert F Scherer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Kumar P, Chaudhury D, Sanghavi P, Meghna A, Mallik R. Phosphatidic acid-dependent recruitment of microtubule motors to spherical supported lipid bilayers for in vitro motility assays. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114252. [PMID: 38771696 PMCID: PMC11220796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins transport diverse membrane-bound vesicles along microtubules inside cells. How specific lipids, particularly rare lipids, on the membrane recruit and activate motors is poorly understood. To address this, we prepare spherical supported lipid bilayers (SSLBs) consisting of a latex bead enclosed within a membrane of desired lipid composition. SSLBs containing phosphatidic acid recruit dynein when incubated with Dictyostelium fractions but kinesin-1 when incubated with rat brain fractions. These SSLBs allow controlled biophysical investigation of membrane-bound motors along with their regulators at the single-cargo level in vitro. Optical trapping of single SSLBs reveals that motor-specific inhibitors can "lock" a motor to a microtubule, explaining the paradoxical arrest of overall cargo transport by such inhibitors. Increasing their size causes SSLBs to reverse direction more frequently, relevant to how large cargoes may navigate inside cells. These studies are relevant to understand how unidirectional or bidirectional motion of vesicles might be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Dwiteeya Chaudhury
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Paulomi Sanghavi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Apurwa Meghna
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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9
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Renganathan B, Moore A, Yeo WH, Petruncio A, Ackerman D, Wiegel A, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Serpinskaya AS, Zhang HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Gelfand VI. Transport and Organization of Individual Vimentin Filaments Within Dense Networks Revealed by Single Particle Tracking and 3D FIB-SEM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598346. [PMID: 38915582 PMCID: PMC11195130 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle tracking demonstrates that individual filaments in bundles of vimentin intermediate filaments are transported in the cytoplasm by motor proteins along microtubules. Furthermore, using 3D FIB-SEM the authors showed that vimentin filament bundles are loosely packed and coaligned with microtubules. Vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) form complex, tight-packed networks; due to this density, traditional ensemble labeling and imaging approaches cannot accurately discern single filament behavior. To address this, we introduce a sparse vimentin-SunTag labeling strategy to unambiguously visualize individual filament dynamics. This technique confirmed known long-range dynein and kinesin transport of peripheral VIFs and uncovered extensive bidirectional VIF motion within the perinuclear vimentin network, a region we had thought too densely bundled to permit such motility. To examine the nanoscale organization of perinuclear vimentin, we acquired high-resolution electron microscopy volumes of a vitreously frozen cell and reconstructed VIFs and microtubules within a ~50 μm3 window. Of 583 VIFs identified, most were integrated into long, semi-coherent bundles that fluctuated in width and filament packing density. Unexpectedly, VIFs displayed minimal local co-alignment with microtubules, save for sporadic cross-over sites that we predict facilitate cytoskeletal crosstalk. Overall, this work demonstrates single VIF dynamics and organization in the cellular milieu for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanasundar Renganathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew Moore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Wei-Hong Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Alyson Petruncio
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Ackerman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aubrey Wiegel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - The CellMap Team
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - C. Shan Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Harald F. Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Anna S Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | | | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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10
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Beaudet D, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. The types and numbers of kinesins and dyneins transporting endocytic cargoes modulate their motility and response to tau. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107323. [PMID: 38677516 PMCID: PMC11130734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Organelles and vesicular cargoes are transported by teams of kinesin and dynein motors along microtubules. We isolated endocytic organelles from cells at different stages of maturation and reconstituted their motility along microtubules in vitro. We asked how the sets of motors transporting a cargo determine its motility and response to the microtubule-associated protein tau. Here, we find that phagosomes move in both directions along microtubules, but the directional bias changes during maturation. Early phagosomes exhibit retrograde-biased transport while late phagosomes are directionally unbiased. Correspondingly, early and late phagosomes are bound by different numbers and combinations of kinesins-1, -2, -3, and dynein. Tau stabilizes microtubules and directs transport within neurons. While single-molecule studies show that tau differentially regulates the motility of kinesins and dynein in vitro, less is known about its role in modulating the trafficking of endogenous cargoes transported by their native teams of motors. Previous studies showed that tau preferentially inhibits kinesin motors, which biases late phagosome transport towards the microtubule minus-end. Here, we show that tau strongly inhibits long-range, dynein-mediated motility of early phagosomes. Tau reduces forces generated by teams of dynein motors on early phagosomes and accelerates dynein unbinding under load. Thus, cargoes differentially respond to tau, where dynein complexes on early phagosomes are more sensitive to tau inhibition than those on late phagosomes. Mathematical modeling further explains how small changes in the number of kinesins and dynein on cargoes impact the net directionality but also that cargoes with different sets of motors respond differently to tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher L Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Wu Y, Ding C, Sharif B, Weinreb A, Swaim G, Hao H, Yogev S, Watanabe S, Hammarlund M. Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305105. [PMID: 38470363 PMCID: PMC10932739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria transport is crucial for axonal mitochondria distribution and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 binding to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1, and metaxin2. We conclude that transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 polarize at the leading edge of mitochondria and are required for anterograde axonal transport in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Behrang Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Weinreb
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyan Hao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Nolte DD. Coherent light scattering from cellular dynamics in living tissues. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:036601. [PMID: 38433567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the biological physics of intracellular transport probed by the coherent optics of dynamic light scattering from optically thick living tissues. Cells and their constituents are in constant motion, composed of a broad range of speeds spanning many orders of magnitude that reflect the wide array of functions and mechanisms that maintain cellular health. From the organelle scale of tens of nanometers and upward in size, the motion inside living tissue is actively driven rather than thermal, propelled by the hydrolysis of bioenergetic molecules and the forces of molecular motors. Active transport can mimic the random walks of thermal Brownian motion, but mean-squared displacements are far from thermal equilibrium and can display anomalous diffusion through Lévy or fractional Brownian walks. Despite the average isotropic three-dimensional environment of cells and tissues, active cellular or intracellular transport of single light-scattering objects is often pseudo-one-dimensional, for instance as organelle displacement persists along cytoskeletal tracks or as membranes displace along the normal to cell surfaces, albeit isotropically oriented in three dimensions. Coherent light scattering is a natural tool to characterize such tissue dynamics because persistent directed transport induces Doppler shifts in the scattered light. The many frequency-shifted partial waves from the complex and dynamic media interfere to produce dynamic speckle that reveals tissue-scale processes through speckle contrast imaging and fluctuation spectroscopy. Low-coherence interferometry, dynamic optical coherence tomography, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffuse-correlation spectroscopy, differential dynamic microscopy and digital holography offer coherent detection methods that shed light on intracellular processes. In health-care applications, altered states of cellular health and disease display altered cellular motions that imprint on the statistical fluctuations of the scattered light. For instance, the efficacy of medical therapeutics can be monitored by measuring the changes they induce in the Doppler spectra of livingex vivocancer biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Nolte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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Selvarasu K, Singh AK, Dakshinamoorthy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Iyaswamy A, Radhakrishnan M, Patnaik S, Huang JD, Williams LL, Senapati S, Durairajan SSK. Interaction of Tau with Kinesin-1: Effect of Kinesin-1 Heavy Chain Elimination on Autophagy-Mediated Mutant Tau Degradation. Biomedicines 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 38275365 PMCID: PMC10813313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natively unfolded tau has a low propensity to form aggregates, but in tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau aggregates into paired helical filaments (PHFs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Multiple intracellular transport pathways utilize kinesin-1, a plus-end-directed microtubule-based motor. Kinesin-1 is crucial in various neurodegenerative diseases as it transports multiple cargoes along the microtubules (MT). Kinesin-1 proteins cannot progress along MTs due to an accumulation of tau on their surfaces. Although kinesin-1-mediated neuronal transport dysfunction is well-documented in other neurodegenerative diseases, its role in AD has received less attention. Very recently, we have shown that knocking down and knocking out of kinesin-1 heavy chain (KIF5B KO) expression significantly reduced the level and stability of tau in cells and tau transgenic mice, respectively. Here, we report that tau interacts with the motor domain of KIF5B in vivo and in vitro, possibly through its microtubule-binding repeat domain. This interaction leads to the inhibition of the ATPase activity of the motor domain. In addition, the KIF5B KO results in autophagy initiation, which subsequently assists in tau degradation. The mechanisms behind KIF5B KO-mediated tau degradation seem to involve its interaction with tau, promoting the trafficking of tau through retrograde transport into autophagosomes for subsequent lysosomal degradation of tau. Our results suggest how KIF5B removal facilitates the movement of autophagosomes toward lysosomes for efficient tau degradation. This mechanism can be enabled through the downregulation of kinesin-1 or the disruption of the association between kinesin-1 and tau, particularly in cases when neurons perceive disturbances in intercellular axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Selvarasu
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Avinash Dakshinamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (A.D.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Moorthi Radhakrishnan
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Supriti Patnaik
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leonard L. Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, The North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (A.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan
- Molecular Mycology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610 005, India; (K.S.); (A.K.S.); (S.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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D'Souza AI, Grover R, Monzon GA, Santen L, Diez S. Vesicles driven by dynein and kinesin exhibit directional reversals without regulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7532. [PMID: 37985763 PMCID: PMC10662051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular vesicular transport along cytoskeletal filaments ensures targeted cargo delivery. Such transport is rarely unidirectional but rather bidirectional, with frequent directional reversals owing to the simultaneous presence of opposite-polarity motors. So far, it has been unclear whether such complex motility pattern results from the sole mechanical interplay between opposite-polarity motors or requires regulators. Here, we demonstrate that a minimal system, comprising purified Dynein-Dynactin-BICD2 (DDB) and kinesin-3 (KIF16B) attached to large unilamellar vesicles, faithfully reproduces in vivo cargo motility, including runs, pauses, and reversals. Remarkably, opposing motors do not affect vesicle velocity during runs. Our computational model reveals that the engagement of a small number of motors is pivotal for transitioning between runs and pauses. Taken together, our results suggest that motors bound to vesicular cargo transiently engage in a tug-of-war during pauses. Subsequently, stochastic motor attachment and detachment events can lead to directional reversals without the need for regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin I D'Souza
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rahul Grover
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gina A Monzon
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Center for Biophysics, Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Kwan Z, Paulose Nadappuram B, Leung MM, Mohagaonkar S, Li A, Amaradasa KS, Chen J, Rothery S, Kibreab I, Fu J, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Mansfield CA, Subramanian H, Kondrashov A, Wright PT, Swiatlowska P, Nikolaev VO, Wojciak-Stothard B, Ivanov AP, Edel JB, Gorelik J. Microtubule-Mediated Regulation of β 2AR Translation and Function in Failing Hearts. Circ Res 2023; 133:944-958. [PMID: 37869877 PMCID: PMC10635332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β1AR (beta-1 adrenergic receptor) and β2AR (beta-2 adrenergic receptor)-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling has distinct effects on cardiac function and heart failure progression. However, the mechanism regulating spatial localization and functional compartmentation of cardiac β-ARs remains elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that microtubule-dependent trafficking of mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) and localized protein translation modulates protein compartmentation in cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that β-AR compartmentation in cardiomyocytes is accomplished by selective trafficking of its mRNAs and localized translation. METHODS The localization pattern of β-AR mRNA was investigated using single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and subcellular nanobiopsy in rat cardiomyocytes. The role of microtubule on β-AR mRNA localization was studied using vinblastine, and its effect on receptor localization and function was evaluated with immunofluorescent and high-throughput Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy. An mRNA protein co-detection assay identified plausible β-AR translation sites in cardiomyocytes. The mechanism by which β-AR mRNA is redistributed post-heart failure was elucidated by single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, nanobiopsy, and high-throughput Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy on 16 weeks post-myocardial infarction and detubulated cardiomyocytes. RESULTS β1AR and β2AR mRNAs show differential localization in cardiomyocytes, with β1AR found in the perinuclear region and β2AR showing diffuse distribution throughout the cell. Disruption of microtubules induces a shift of β2AR transcripts toward the perinuclear region. The close proximity between β2AR transcripts and translated proteins suggests that the translation process occurs in specialized, precisely defined cellular compartments. Redistribution of β2AR transcripts is microtubule-dependent, as microtubule depolymerization markedly reduces the number of functional receptors on the membrane. In failing hearts, both β1AR and β2AR mRNAs are redistributed toward the cell periphery, similar to what is seen in cardiomyocytes undergoing drug-induced detubulation. This suggests that t-tubule remodeling contributes to β-AR mRNA redistribution and impaired β2AR function in failing hearts. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetrical microtubule-dependent trafficking dictates differential β1AR and β2AR localization in healthy cardiomyocyte microtubules, underlying the distinctive compartmentation of the 2 β-ARs on the plasma membrane. The localization pattern is altered post-myocardial infarction, resulting from transverse tubule remodeling, leading to distorted β2AR-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Rats
- Animals
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Microtubules/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Kwan
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry (Z.K., B.P.N., A.P.I., J.B.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Binoy Paulose Nadappuram
- Department of Chemistry (Z.K., B.P.N., A.P.I., J.B.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom (B.P.N.)
| | - Manton M. Leung
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.M.L.)
| | - Sanika Mohagaonkar
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ao Li
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kumuthu S. Amaradasa
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Chen
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Rothery
- FILM Facility, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.R.)
| | - Iyobel Kibreab
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiarong Fu
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose L. Sanchez-Alonso
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Mansfield
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Kondrashov
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, United Kingdom (A.K.)
| | - Peter T. Wright
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, United Kingdom (P.T.W.)
| | - Pamela Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (H.S., V.O.N.)
| | - Beata Wojciak-Stothard
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar P. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry (Z.K., B.P.N., A.P.I., J.B.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua B. Edel
- Department of Chemistry (Z.K., B.P.N., A.P.I., J.B.E.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Z.K., S.M., A.L., K.S.A., J.C., I.K., J.F., J.L.S.-A., C.A.M., P.S., B.W.-S., P.T.W., J.G.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Parkes M, Landers NL, Gramlich MW. Recently recycled synaptic vesicles use multi-cytoskeletal transport and differential presynaptic capture probability to establish a retrograde net flux during ISVE in central neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1286915. [PMID: 38020880 PMCID: PMC10657820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1286915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Presynapses locally recycle synaptic vesicles to efficiently communicate information. During use and recycling, proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles break down and become less efficient. In order to maintain efficient presynaptic function and accommodate protein breakdown, new proteins are regularly produced in the soma and trafficked to presynaptic locations where they replace older protein-carrying vesicles. Maintaining a balance of new proteins and older proteins is thus essential for presynaptic maintenance and plasticity. While protein production and turnover have been extensively studied, it is still unclear how older synaptic vesicles are trafficked back to the soma for recycling in order to maintain balance. In the present study, we use a combination of fluorescence microscopy, hippocampal cell cultures, and computational analyses to determine the mechanisms that mediate older synaptic vesicle trafficking back to the soma. We show that synaptic vesicles, which have recently undergone exocytosis, can differentially utilize either the microtubule or the actin cytoskeleton networks. We show that axonally trafficked vesicles traveling with higher speeds utilize the microtubule network and are less likely to be captured by presynapses, while slower vesicles utilize the actin network and are more likely to be captured by presynapses. We also show that retrograde-driven vesicles are less likely to be captured by a neighboring presynapse than anterograde-driven vesicles. We show that the loss of synaptic vesicle with bound molecular motor myosin V is the mechanism that differentiates whether vesicles will utilize the microtubule or actin networks. Finally, we present a theoretical framework of how our experimentally observed retrograde vesicle trafficking bias maintains the balance with previously observed rates of new vesicle trafficking from the soma.
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17
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Gibson JM, Zhao X, Ali MY, Solmaz SR, Wang C. A Structural Model for the Core Nup358-BicD2 Interface. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1445. [PMID: 37892127 PMCID: PMC10604712 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein motors facilitate the majority of minus-end-directed transport events on microtubules. The dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2) recruits the dynein machinery to several cellular cargo for transport, including Nup358, which facilitates a nuclear positioning pathway that is essential for the differentiation of distinct brain progenitor cells. Previously, we showed that Nup358 forms a "cargo recognition α-helix" upon binding to BicD2; however, the specifics of the BicD2-Nup358 interface are still not well understood. Here, we used AlphaFold2, complemented by two additional docking programs (HADDOCK and ClusPro) as well as mutagenesis, to show that the Nup358 cargo-recognition α-helix binds to BicD2 between residues 747 and 774 in an anti-parallel manner, forming a helical bundle. We identified two intermolecular salt bridges that are important to stabilize the interface. In addition, we uncovered a secondary interface mediated by an intrinsically disordered region of Nup358 that is directly N-terminal to the cargo-recognition α-helix and binds to BicD2 between residues 774 and 800. This is the same BicD2 domain that binds to the competing cargo adapter Rab6, which is important for the transport of Golgi-derived and secretory vesicles. Our results establish a structural basis for cargo recognition and selection by the dynein adapter BicD2, which facilitates transport pathways that are important for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - M. Yusuf Ali
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Sozanne R. Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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18
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Ma TC, Gicking AM, Feng Q, Hancock WO. Simulations suggest robust microtubule attachment of kinesin and dynein in antagonistic pairs. Biophys J 2023; 122:3299-3313. [PMID: 37464742 PMCID: PMC10465704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is propelled by kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein motors that carry membrane-bound vesicles and organelles bidirectionally along microtubule tracks. Much is known about these motors at the molecular scale, but many questions remain regarding how kinesin and dynein cooperate and compete during bidirectional cargo transport at the cellular level. The goal of the present study was to use a stochastic stepping model constructed by using published load-dependent properties of kinesin-1 and dynein-dynactin-BicD2 (DDB) to identify specific motor properties that determine the speed, directionality, and transport dynamics of a cargo carried by one kinesin and one dynein motor. Model performance was evaluated by comparing simulations to recently published experiments of kinesin-DDB pairs connected by complementary oligonucleotide linkers. Plotting the instantaneous velocity distributions from kinesin-DDB experiments revealed a single peak centered around zero velocity. In contrast, velocity distributions from simulations displayed a central peak around 100 nm/s, along with two side peaks corresponding to the unloaded kinesin and DDB velocities. We hypothesized that frequent motor detachment events and relatively slow motor reattachment rates resulted in periods in which only one motor is attached. To investigate this hypothesis, we varied specific model parameters and compared the resulting instantaneous velocity distributions, and we confirmed this systematic investigation using a machine-learning approach that minimized the residual sum of squares between the experimental and simulation velocity distributions. The experimental data were best recapitulated by a model in which the kinesin and dynein stall forces are matched, the motor detachment rates are independent of load, and the kinesin-1 reattachment rate is 50 s-1. These results provide new insights into motor dynamics during bidirectional transport and put forth hypotheses that can be tested by future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chen Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Allison M Gicking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Qingzhou Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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19
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Christoforidou E, Simoes FA, Gordon D, Talbot K, Hafezparast M. Aberrant dynein function promotes TDP-43 aggregation and upregulation of p62 in male mice harboring transgenic human TDP-43. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37498094 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2239276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most TDP-43 mouse models of ALS do not display cytoplasmic mislocalisation or protein aggregation of TDP-43 in spinal motor neurons in vivo. Thus, we investigated whether a combination of defective dynein with a TDP-43 mutation could trigger TDP-43 pathology. METHODS Using immunohistochemical methods we examined the intracellular motor neuron pathology of the offspring of TDP-43WT and TDP-43M337V transgenic mice bred to heterozygous Loa mice, which carry an autosomal dominant mutation in dynein cytoplasmic 1 heavy chain 1 (Dync1h1). RESULTS These mice did not exhibit TDP-43 mislocalisation in spinal motor neurons, but the expression of mutant dynein in combination with wildtype human TDP-43 resulted in p62 upregulation and TDP-43 aggregation, thus partially recapitulating the human disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the possible relationship between dynein and TDP-43 and could prove useful in future studies looking to elucidate the mechanism behind the TDP-43 pathology observed in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Christoforidou
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
| | - Fabio A Simoes
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
| | - David Gordon
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
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20
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Wu Y, Ding C, Weinreb A, Manning L, Swaim G, Yogev S, Colón-Ramos DA, Hammarlund M. Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548706. [PMID: 37502914 PMCID: PMC10369933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria transport is crucial for mitochondria distribution in axons and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 recruitment to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1 and metaxin2. We conclude that polarized transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 form at the leading edge of mitochondria, and that these complexes are required for anterograde axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Alexis Weinreb
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Laura Manning
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Daniel A Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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22
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Hildebrandt RP, Moss KR, Janusz-Kaminska A, Knudson LA, Denes LT, Saxena T, Boggupalli DP, Li Z, Lin K, Bassell GJ, Wang ET. Muscleblind-like proteins use modular domains to localize RNAs by riding kinesins and docking to membranes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3427. [PMID: 37296096 PMCID: PMC10256740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) act as critical facilitators of spatially regulated gene expression. Muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins, implicated in myotonic dystrophy and cancer, localize RNAs to myoblast membranes and neurites through unknown mechanisms. We find that MBNL forms motile and anchored granules in neurons and myoblasts, and selectively associates with kinesins Kif1bα and Kif1c through its zinc finger (ZnF) domains. Other RBPs with similar ZnFs associate with these kinesins, implicating a motor-RBP specificity code. MBNL and kinesin perturbation leads to widespread mRNA mis-localization, including depletion of Nucleolin transcripts from neurites. Live cell imaging and fractionation reveal that the unstructured carboxy-terminal tail of MBNL1 allows for anchoring at membranes. An approach, termed RBP Module Recruitment and Imaging (RBP-MRI), reconstitutes kinesin- and membrane-recruitment functions using MBNL-MS2 coat protein fusions. Our findings decouple kinesin association, RNA binding, and membrane anchoring functions of MBNL while establishing general strategies for studying multi-functional, modular domains of RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn R Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Luke A Knudson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance T Denes
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanvi Saxena
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Devi Prasad Boggupalli
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhuangyue Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric T Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for Neurogenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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23
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Zehrbach NM, Dubois F, Turner CE. Paxillin regulates Rab5-mediated vesicle motility through modulating microtubule acetylation. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar65. [PMID: 37043310 PMCID: PMC10295489 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPase-mediated vesicle trafficking of cell surface proteins, including integrins, through endocytic and recycling pathways is important in controlling cell-extracellular matrix interactions during cell migration. The focal adhesion adaptor protein, paxillin, plays a central role in regulating adhesion dynamics and was previously shown to promote anterograde vesicle trafficking through modulation of microtubule acetylation via its inhibition of the deacetylase HDAC6. The role of paxillin in retrograde trafficking is unknown. Herein, we identified a role for paxillin in the modulation of the Rab5 GTPase, which is necessary for regulating early endosome dynamics and focal adhesion turnover. Using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and paxillin (-/-) fibroblasts, paxillin was shown to impact Rab5-associated vesicle size and distribution, as well as Rab5 GTPase activity, through its modulation of HDAC6. Using a combination of real-time imaging and particle tracking analysis, paxillin was shown to promote Rab5-associated vesicle motility through inhibition of HDAC6-mediated micro-tubule deacetylation, along with the localization of active integrin to focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Zehrbach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Fatemeh Dubois
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Christopher E. Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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24
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Prowse ENP, Chaudhary AR, Sharon D, Hendricks AG. Huntingtin S421 phosphorylation increases kinesin and dynein engagement on early endosomes and lysosomes. Biophys J 2023; 122:1168-1184. [PMID: 36772794 PMCID: PMC10111264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin (HTT) is a scaffolding protein that recruits motor proteins to vesicular cargoes, enabling it to regulate kinesin-1, dynein, and myosin-VI-dependent transport. To maintain the native stoichiometry of HTT with its interacting partners, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to induce a phosphomimetic mutation of the endogenous HTT at S421 (HTT-S421D). Using single-particle tracking, optical tweezers, and immunofluorescence, we examined the effects of this mutation on the motility of early endosomes and lysosomes. In HTT-S421D cells, lysosomes exhibit longer displacements and higher processive fractions compared with wild-type (HTT-WT) cells. Kinesins and dyneins exert greater forces on early endosomes and lysosomes in cells expressing HTT-S421D. In addition, endosomes bind to microtubules faster and are more resistant to detachment under load. The recruitment of kinesins and dyneins to microtubules is enhanced in HTT-S421D cells. In contrast, overexpression of HTT had variable effects on the processivity, displacement, and directional bias of both early endosomes and lysosomes. These data indicate that phosphorylation of the endogenous HTT causes early endosomes and lysosomes to move longer distances and more processively by recruiting and activating both kinesin-1 and dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N P Prowse
- Bioengineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David Sharon
- Bioengineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Bioengineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Redpath GMI, Ananthanarayanan V. Endosomal sorting sorted - motors, adaptors and lessons from in vitro and cellular studies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:292583. [PMID: 36861885 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins are key players in exerting spatiotemporal control over the intracellular location of membrane-bound compartments, including endosomes containing cargo. In this Review, we focus on how motors and their cargo adaptors regulate positioning of cargoes from the earliest stages of endocytosis and through the two main intracellular itineraries: (1) degradation at the lysosome or (2) recycling back to the plasma membrane. In vitro and cellular (in vivo) studies on cargo transport thus far have typically focussed independently on either the motor proteins and adaptors, or membrane trafficking. Here, we will discuss recent studies to highlight what is known about the regulation of endosomal vesicle positioning and transport by motors and cargo adaptors. We also emphasise that in vitro and cellular studies are often performed at different scales, from single molecules to whole organelles, with the aim to provide a perspective on the unified principles of motor-driven cargo trafficking in living cells that can be learned from these differing scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M I Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Vaishnavi Ananthanarayanan
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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26
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Li Q, Ferrare JT, Silver J, Wilson JO, Arteaga-Castaneda L, Qiu W, Vershinin M, King SJ, Neuman KC, Xu J. Cholesterol in the cargo membrane amplifies tau inhibition of kinesin-1-based transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212507120. [PMID: 36626558 PMCID: PMC9934065 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212507120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cargos are often membrane-enclosed and transported by microtubule-based motors in the presence of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Whereas increasing evidence reveals how MAPs impact the interactions between motors and microtubules, critical questions remain about the impact of the cargo membrane on transport. Here we combined in vitro optical trapping with theoretical approaches to determine the effect of a lipid cargo membrane on kinesin-based transport in the presence of MAP tau. Our results demonstrate that attaching kinesin to a fluid lipid membrane reduces the inhibitory effect of tau on kinesin. Moreover, adding cholesterol, which reduces kinesin diffusion in the cargo membrane, amplifies the inhibitory effect of tau on kinesin binding in a dosage-dependent manner. We propose that reduction of kinesin diffusion in the cargo membrane underlies the effect of cholesterol on kinesin binding in the presence of tau, and we provide a simple model for this proposed mechanism. Our study establishes a direct link between cargo membrane cholesterol and MAP-based regulation of kinesin-1. The cholesterol effects uncovered here may more broadly extend to other lipid alterations that impact motor diffusion in the cargo membrane, including those associated with aging and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, CA95343
| | - James T. Ferrare
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jonathan Silver
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - John O. Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, CA95343
| | | | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR97331
| | - Michael Vershinin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Stephen J. King
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Keir C. Neuman
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, CA95343
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27
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Maiya R, Dey S, Ray K, Menon GI. The interplay of active and passive mechanisms in slow axonal transport. Biophys J 2023; 122:333-345. [PMID: 36502274 PMCID: PMC9892612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of intermittent active movement of transient aggregates and a paused state that intervenes between periods of active transport has been proposed to underlie the slow, directed transport of soluble proteins in axons. A component of passive diffusion in the axoplasm may also contribute to slow axonal transport, although quantitative estimates of the relative contributions of diffusive and active movement in the slow transport of a soluble protein, and in particular how they might vary across developmental stages, are lacking. Here, we propose and study a model for slow axonal transport, addressing data from bleach recovery measurements on a small, soluble, protein, choline acetyltransferase, in thin axons of the lateral chordotonal (lch5) sensory neurons of Drosophila. Choline acetyltransferase is mainly present in soluble form in the axon and catalyzes the acetylation of choline at the synapse. It does not form particulate structures in axons and moves at rates characteristic of slow component b (≈ 1-10 mm/day or 0.01-0.1 μm/s). Using our model, which incorporates active transport with paused and/or diffusive states, we predict bleach recovery, transport rates, and cargo trajectories obtained through kymographs, comparing these with experimental observations at different developmental stages. We show that changes in the diffusive fraction of cargo during these developmental stages dominate bleach recovery and that a combination of active motion with a paused state alone cannot reproduce the data. We compared predictions of the model with results from photoactivation experiments. The importance of the diffusive state in reproducing the bleach recovery signal in the slow axonal transport of small soluble proteins is our central result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Maiya
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Swagata Dey
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
| | - Gautam I Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India; Department of Physics, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India; Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonepat, India.
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28
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Beaudet D, Hendricks AG. Reconstitution of Organelle Transport Along Microtubules In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2623:113-132. [PMID: 36602683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2958-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe methods for reconstituting and analyzing the transport of isolated endogenous cargoes in vitro. Intracellular cargoes are transported along microtubules by teams of kinesin and dynein motors and their cargo-specific adaptor proteins. Observations from living cells show that organelles and vesicular cargoes exhibit diverse motility characteristics. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular transport is regulated is not well understood. Here, we describe step-by-step protocols for the extraction of phagosomes from cells at different stages of maturation, and reconstitution of their motility along microtubules in vitro. Quantitative immunofluorescence and photobleaching techniques are also described to measure the number of motors and adaptor proteins on these isolated cargoes. In addition, we describe techniques for tracking the motility of isolated cargoes along microtubules using TIRF microscopy and quantitative force measurements using an optical trap. These methods enable us to study how the sets of motors and adaptors that drive the transport of endogenous cargoes regulate their trafficking in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudet
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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29
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Grimaud B, Frétaud M, Terras F, Bénassy A, Duroure K, Bercier V, Trippé-Allard G, Mohammedi R, Gacoin T, Del Bene F, Marquier F, Langevin C, Treussart F. In Vivo Fast Nonlinear Microscopy Reveals Impairment of Fast Axonal Transport Induced by Molecular Motor Imbalances in the Brain of Zebrafish Larvae. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20470-20487. [PMID: 36459488 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cargo transport by molecular motors along microtubules is essential for the function of eukaryotic cells, in particular neurons in which axonal transport defects constitute the early pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Mainly studied in motor and sensory neurons, axonal transport is still difficult to characterize in neurons of the brain in absence of appropriate in vivo tools. Here, we measured fast axonal transport by tracing the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) nanocrystals (nanoKTP) endocytosed by brain neurons of zebrafish (Zf) larvae. Thanks to the optical translucency of Zf larvae and to the perfect photostability of nanoKTP SHG, we achieved a high scanning speed of 20 frames (of ≈90 μm × 60 μm size) per second in Zf brain. We focused our study on endolysosomal vesicle transport in axons of known polarization, separately analyzing kinesin and dynein motor-driven displacements. To validate our assay, we used either loss-of-function mutations of dynein or kinesin 1 or the dynein inhibitor dynapyrazole and quantified several transport parameters. We successfully demonstrated that dynapyrazole reduces the nanoKTP mobile fraction and retrograde run length consistently, while the retrograde run length increased in kinesin 1 mutants. Taking advantage of nanoKTP SHG directional emission, we also quantified fluctuations of vesicle orientation. Thus, by combining endocytosis of nanocrystals having a nonlinear response, fast two-photon microscopy, and high-throughput analysis, we are able to finely monitor fast axonal transport in vivo in the brain of a vertebrate and reveal subtle axonal transport alterations. The high spatiotemporal resolution achieved in our model may be relevant to precisely investigate axonal transport impairment associated with disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Grimaud
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxence Frétaud
- INRAE, IERP, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350Jouy-ens-Josas, France
- INRAE, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Feriel Terras
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Bénassy
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Duroure
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 75012Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bercier
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Trippé-Allard
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rabei Mohammedi
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Gacoin
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 75012Paris, France
| | - François Marquier
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - François Treussart
- ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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30
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Munoz O, Klumpp S. Tug-of-War and Coordination in Bidirectional Transport by Molecular Motors. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7957-7965. [PMID: 36194780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cargoes in cells are transported in a bidirectional fashion by molecular motors pulling into opposite directions along a cytoskeletal filament, e.g., by kinesins and dyneins along microtubules. How opposite-polarity motors are coordinated has been under debate for a long time, with experimental evidence supporting both a tug-of-war between the motors as well as biochemical coordination mechanisms. Here we propose a model that extends a tug-of-war model by a mechanism of motor activation and inactivation and show that this model can explain some observations that are incompatible with a simple tug-of-war scenario, specifically long unidirectional runs and a directional memory after unbinding from the filament. Both features are present in two variants of the model in which motors are activated and inactivated individually and in opposite-direction pairs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Munoz
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Gicking AM, Ma TC, Feng Q, Jiang R, Badieyan S, Cianfrocco MA, Hancock WO. Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 motors use family-specific mechanochemical strategies to effectively compete with dynein during bidirectional transport. eLife 2022; 11:e82228. [PMID: 36125250 PMCID: PMC9545524 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional cargo transport in neurons requires competing activity of motors from the kinesin-1, -2, and -3 superfamilies against cytoplasmic dynein-1. Previous studies demonstrated that when kinesin-1 attached to dynein-dynactin-BicD2 (DDB) complex, the tethered motors move slowly with a slight plus-end bias, suggesting kinesin-1 overpowers DDB but DDB generates a substantial hindering load. Compared to kinesin-1, motors from the kinesin-2 and -3 families display a higher sensitivity to load in single-molecule assays and are thus predicted to be overpowered by dynein complexes in cargo transport. To test this prediction, we used a DNA scaffold to pair DDB with members of the kinesin-1, -2, and -3 families to recreate bidirectional transport in vitro, and tracked the motor pairs using two-channel TIRF microscopy. Unexpectedly, we find that when both kinesin and dynein are engaged and stepping on the microtubule, kinesin-1, -2, and -3 motors are able to effectively withstand hindering loads generated by DDB. Stochastic stepping simulations reveal that kinesin-2 and -3 motors compensate for their faster detachment rates under load with faster reattachment kinetics. The similar performance between the three kinesin transport families highlights how motor kinetics play critical roles in balancing forces between kinesin and dynein, and emphasizes the importance of motor regulation by cargo adaptors, regulatory proteins, and the microtubule track for tuning the speed and directionality of cargo transport in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Gicking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Tzu-Chen Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Qingzhou Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Somayesadat Badieyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
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32
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Sidibe DK, Vogel MC, Maday S. Organization of the autophagy pathway in neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102554. [PMID: 35649324 PMCID: PMC9990471 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an essential quality-control pathway in neurons, which face unique functional and morphological challenges in maintaining the integrity of organelles and the proteome. To overcome these challenges, neurons have developed compartment-specific pathways for autophagy. In this review, we discuss the organization of the autophagy pathway, from autophagosome biogenesis, trafficking, to clearance, in the neuron. We dissect the compartment-specific mechanisms and functions of autophagy in axons, dendrites, and the soma. Furthermore, we highlight examples of how steps along the autophagy pathway are impaired in the context of aging and neurodegenerative disease, which underscore the critical importance of autophagy in maintaining neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Sidibe
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maria C Vogel
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Maday
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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33
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Costa AC, Sousa MM. The Role of Spastin in Axon Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934522. [PMID: 35865632 PMCID: PMC9294387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with elaborate shapes that allow them to perform their function. In neurons, microtubule organization—length, density, and dynamics—are essential for the establishment of polarity, growth, and transport. A mounting body of evidence shows that modulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton by microtubule-associated proteins fine tunes key aspects of neuronal cell biology. In this respect, microtubule severing enzymes—spastin, katanin and fidgetin—a group of microtubule-associated proteins that bind to and generate internal breaks in the microtubule lattice, are emerging as key modulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton in different model systems. In this review, we provide an integrative view on the latest research demonstrating the key role of spastin in neurons, specifically in the context of axonal cell biology. We focus on the function of spastin in the regulation of microtubule organization, and axonal transport, that underlie its importance in the intricate control of axon growth, branching and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Catarina Costa, ; Monica Mendes Sousa,
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Catarina Costa, ; Monica Mendes Sousa,
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34
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Tang Z, Cao Y, Huang D, Wu F, Zhang Y, Li C, Chen G, Wang Q. Single-particle fluorescence tracking combined with TrackMate assay reveals highly heterogeneous and discontinuous lysosomal transport in freely orientated axons. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2200006. [PMID: 35765726 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport plays a significant role in the establishment of neuronal polarity, axon growth, and synapse formation during neuronal development. The axon of a naturally growing neuron is a highly complex and multifurcated structure with a large number of bends and branches. Nowadays, the study of dynamic axonal transport in morphologically complex neurons is greatly limited by the technological barrier. Here, a sparse gene transfection strategy was developed to locate fluorescent mCherry in the lysosome of primary neurons, thus enabling us to track the lysosome-based axonal transport with a single-particle resolution. Thereby, several axonal transport models were observed, including the forward or backward transport model, stop-and-go model, repeated back-and-forth transport model, and cross-branch transport model. Then, the accurate single-particle velocity quantification by TrackMate revealed a highly heterogeneous and discontinuous transportation process of lysosome-based axonal transport in freely orientated axons. And, multiple physical factors, such as the axonal structure and the size of particles, were disclosed to affect the velocity of particle transporting in freely orientated axons. The combined single-particle fluorescence tracking and TrackMate assay can be served as a facile tool for evaluating axonal transport in neuronal development and axonal transport-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyang Liu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Lu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuheng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Huang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yejun Zhang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangcun Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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35
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Selective motor activation in organelle transport along axons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:699-714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Shah SH, Schiapparelli LM, Ma Y, Yokota S, Atkins M, Xia X, Cameron EG, Huang T, Saturday S, Sun CB, Knasel C, Blackshaw S, Yates Iii JR, Cline HT, Goldberg JL. Quantitative transportomics identifies Kif5a as a major regulator of neurodegeneration. eLife 2022; 11:68148. [PMID: 35259089 PMCID: PMC8947766 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurons in the adult central nervous system, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), degenerate and die after injury. Early axon protein and organelle trafficking failure is a key component in many neurodegenerative disorders yet changes to axoplasmic transport in disease models have not been quantified. We analyzed early changes in the protein ‘transportome’ from RGC somas to their axons after optic nerve injury and identified transport failure of an anterograde motor protein Kif5a early in RGC degeneration. We demonstrated that manipulating Kif5a expression affects anterograde mitochondrial trafficking in RGCs and characterized axon transport in Kif5a knockout mice to identify proteins whose axon localization was Kif5a-dependent. Finally, we found that knockout of Kif5a in RGCs resulted in progressive RGC degeneration in the absence of injury. Together with expression data localizing Kif5a to human RGCs, these data identify Kif5a transport failure as a cause of RGC neurodegeneration and point to a mechanism for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil H Shah
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | | | - Yuanhui Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Satoshi Yokota
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Melissa Atkins
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Xin Xia
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Evan G Cameron
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Thanh Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Sarah Saturday
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Catalin B Sun
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Cara Knasel
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - John R Yates Iii
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Hollis T Cline
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
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37
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Gibson JM, Cui H, Ali MY, Zhao X, Debler EW, Zhao J, Trybus KM, Solmaz SR, Wang C. Coil-to-α-helix transition at the Nup358-BicD2 interface activates BicD2 for dynein recruitment. eLife 2022; 11:74714. [PMID: 35229716 PMCID: PMC8956292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nup358, a protein of the nuclear pore complex, facilitates a nuclear positioning pathway that is essential for many biological processes, including neuromuscular and brain development. Nup358 interacts with the dynein adaptor Bicaudal D2 (BicD2), which in turn recruits the dynein machinery to position the nucleus. However, the molecular mechanisms of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction and the activation of transport remain poorly understood. Here for the first time, we show that a minimal Nup358 domain activates dynein/dynactin/BicD2 for processive motility on microtubules. Using nuclear magnetic resonance titration and chemical exchange saturation transfer, mutagenesis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, a Nup358 α-helix encompassing residues 2162–2184 was identified, which transitioned from a random coil to an α-helical conformation upon BicD2 binding and formed the core of the Nup358-BicD2 interface. Mutations in this region of Nup358 decreased the Nup358/BicD2 interaction, resulting in decreased dynein recruitment and impaired motility. BicD2 thus recognizes Nup358 through a ‘cargo recognition α-helix,’ a structural feature that may stabilize BicD2 in its activated state and promote processive dynein motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
| | - Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - M Yusuf Ali
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Xioaxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - Erik W Debler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
| | - Kathleen M Trybus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, United States
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38
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Abstract
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal elements found in all eukaryotic cells. The structure and composition of microtubules regulate their function, and the dynamic remodeling of the network by posttranslational modifications and microtubule-associated proteins generates diverse populations of microtubules adapted for various contexts. In the cardiomyocyte, the microtubules must accommodate the unique challenges faced by a highly contractile, rigidly structured, and long-lasting cell. Through their canonical trafficking role and positioning of mRNA, proteins, and organelles, microtubules regulate essential cardiomyocyte functions such as electrical activity, calcium handling, protein translation, and growth. In a more specialized role, posttranslationally modified microtubules form load-bearing structures that regulate myocyte mechanics and mechanotransduction. Modified microtubules proliferate in cardiovascular diseases, creating stabilized resistive elements that impede cardiomyocyte contractility and contribute to contractile dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the most exciting new concepts emerging from recent studies into canonical and noncanonical roles of cardiomyocyte microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Uchida
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Emily A Scarborough
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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39
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Atkins M, Hazan J, Fassier C. In Vivo Live Imaging of Axonal Transport in Developing Zebrafish Axons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:325-350. [PMID: 35412285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is crucial for neuronal homeostasis, survival, and development. Indeed, axonal transport needs to be precisely regulated for developing axons to swiftly and accurately respond to their complex and evolving environment in space and time. A growing number of studies have started to unravel the diversity of regulatory and adaptor proteins required to orchestrate the axonal transport machinery. Despite some discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo axonal transport studies, most analyses aiming at deciphering these regulatory complexes, as well as their mode of action, were carried out in vitro in primary cultures of neurons, and mainly focused on their impact on axon specification and elongation, but rarely on axon navigation per se. Given the clear influence of the in vivo environment on axonal transport, including chemical and physical interactions with neighboring cells, it is essential to develop in vivo models to identify and characterize the molecular complexes involved in this key process. Here, we describe an experimental system to monitor axonal transport in vivo in developing axons of live zebrafish embryos with high spatial and temporal resolution. Due to its optical transparency and easy genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo is ideally suited to study such cellular dynamics at a single axon scale. Using this approach, we were able to unravel the key role of Fidgetin-like 1 in the regulation of bidirectional axonal transport required for motor axon targeting. Moreover, this protocol can be easily adapted to characterize a wide range of axonal transport regulators and components in physiological conditions and may additionally be used to screen new therapeutic compounds based on their ability to recue axonal transport defects in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 1270 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 968, CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
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40
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Denarier E, Ecklund KH, Berthier G, Favier A, O'Toole ET, Gory-Fauré S, De Macedo L, Delphin C, Andrieux A, Markus SM, Boscheron C. Modeling a disease-correlated tubulin mutation in budding yeast reveals insight into MAP-mediated dynein function. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar10. [PMID: 34379441 PMCID: PMC8684761 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes that encode α- and β-tubulin underlie many neurological diseases, most notably malformations in cortical development. In addition to revealing the molecular basis for disease etiology, studying such mutations can provide insight into microtubule function and the role of the large family of microtubule effectors. In this study, we use budding yeast to model one such mutation—Gly436Arg in α-tubulin, which is causative of malformations in cortical development—in order to understand how it impacts microtubule function in a simple eukaryotic system. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo methodologies, including live cell imaging and electron tomography, we find that the mutant tubulin is incorporated into microtubules, causes a shift in α-tubulin isotype usage, and dramatically enhances dynein activity, which leads to spindle-positioning defects. We find that the basis for the latter phenotype is an impaired interaction between She1—a dynein inhibitor—and the mutant microtubules. In addition to revealing the natural balance of α-tubulin isotype utilization in cells, our results provide evidence of an impaired interaction between microtubules and a dynein regulator as a consequence of a tubulin mutation and sheds light on a mechanism that may be causative of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Denarier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K H Ecklund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - G Berthier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Favier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - S Gory-Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L De Macedo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C Delphin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - C Boscheron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, GIN, IBS, Inserm, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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41
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Cotman SL, Lefrancois S. CLN3, at the crossroads of endocytic trafficking. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136117. [PMID: 34274435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The CLN3 gene was identified over two decades ago, but the primary function of the CLN3 protein remains unknown. Recessive inheritance of loss of function mutations in CLN3 are responsible for juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease, or CLN3 disease), a fatal childhood onset neurodegenerative disease causing vision loss, seizures, progressive dementia, motor function loss and premature death. CLN3 is a multipass transmembrane protein that primarily localizes to endosomes and lysosomes. Defects in endocytosis, autophagy, and lysosomal function are common findings in CLN3-deficiency model systems. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects have not yet been fully elucidated. In this mini-review, we will summarize the current understanding of the CLN3 protein interaction network and discuss how this knowledge is starting to delineate the molecular pathogenesis of CLN3 disease. Accumulating evidence strongly points towards CLN3 playing a role in regulation of the cytoskeleton and cytoskeletal associated proteins to tether cellular membranes, regulation of membrane complexes such as channels/transporters, and modulating the function of small GTPases to effectively mediate vesicular movement and membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Cotman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mass General Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Stéphane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval H7V 1B7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal H2X 3Y7, Canada.
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42
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Abstract
Dyneins make up a family of AAA+ motors that move toward the minus end of microtubules. Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for transporting intracellular cargos in interphase cells and mediating spindle assembly and chromosome positioning during cell division. Other dynein isoforms transport cargos in cilia and power ciliary beating. Dyneins were the least studied of the cytoskeletal motors due to challenges in the reconstitution of active dynein complexes in vitro and the scarcity of high-resolution methods for in-depth structural and biophysical characterization of these motors. These challenges have been recently addressed, and there have been major advances in our understanding of the activation, mechanism, and regulation of dyneins. This review synthesizes the results of structural and biophysical studies for each class of dynein motors. We highlight several outstanding questions about the regulation of bidirectional transport along microtubules and the mechanisms that sustain self-coordinated oscillations within motile cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Canty
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Ruensern Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emre Kusakci
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Jonathan Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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43
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Boecker CA, Goldsmith J, Dou D, Cajka GG, Holzbaur ELF. Increased LRRK2 kinase activity alters neuronal autophagy by disrupting the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2140-2154.e6. [PMID: 33765413 PMCID: PMC8154747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease-causing mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and cause increased phosphorylation of Rab GTPases, important regulators of intracellular trafficking. We found that the most common LRRK2 mutation, LRRK2-G2019S, dramatically reduces the processivity of autophagosome transport in neurons in a kinase-dependent manner. This effect was consistent across an overexpression model, neurons from a G2019S knockin mouse, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons gene edited to express the G2019S mutation, and the effect was reversed by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 hyperactivation induced by overexpression of Rab29, a known activator of LRRK2 kinase, disrupted autophagosome transport to a similar extent. Mechanistically, we found that hyperactive LRRK2 recruits the motor adaptor JNK-interacting protein 4 (JIP4) to the autophagosomal membrane, inducing abnormal activation of kinesin that we propose leads to an unproductive tug of war between anterograde and retrograde motors. Disruption of autophagosome transport correlated with a significant defect in autophagosome acidification, suggesting that the observed transport deficit impairs effective degradation of autophagosomal cargo in neurons. Our results robustly link increased LRRK2 kinase activity to defects in autophagosome transport and maturation, further implicating defective autophagy in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Cajka
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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Cason SE, Carman PJ, Van Duyne C, Goldsmith J, Dominguez R, Holzbaur ELF. Sequential dynein effectors regulate axonal autophagosome motility in a maturation-dependent pathway. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212171. [PMID: 34014261 PMCID: PMC8142281 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway required to maintain homeostasis. Neuronal autophagosomes form constitutively at the axon terminal and mature via lysosomal fusion during dynein-mediated transport to the soma. How the dynein–autophagosome interaction is regulated is unknown. Here, we identify multiple dynein effectors on autophagosomes as they transit along the axons of primary neurons. In the distal axon, JIP1 initiates autophagosomal transport. Autophagosomes in the mid-axon require HAP1 and Huntingtin. We find that HAP1 is a dynein activator, binding the dynein–dynactin complex via canonical and noncanonical interactions. JIP3 is on most axonal autophagosomes, but specifically regulates the transport of mature autolysosomes. Inhibiting autophagosomal transport disrupts maturation, and inhibiting autophagosomal maturation perturbs the association and function of dynein effectors; thus, maturation and transport are tightly linked. These results reveal a novel maturation-based dynein effector handoff on neuronal autophagosomes that is key to motility, cargo degradation, and the maintenance of axonal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Cason
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter J Carman
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Claire Van Duyne
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Vagelos Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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45
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Wilson JO, Zaragoza AD, Xu J. Tuning ensemble-averaged cargo run length via fractional change in mean kinesin number. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33827070 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abf5b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of motors carrying cargos in biological cells is not well-defined, instead varying from cargo to cargo about a statistical mean. Predictive understanding of motility in cells therefore requires quantitative insights into mixed ensembles of cargos. Toward this goal, here we employed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate statistical ensembles of cargos carried by a Poisson-distributed number of motors. Focusing on the key microtubule-based motor kinesin-1, our simulations utilized experimentally determined single-kinesin characteristics and alterations in kinesin's on- and off-rates caused by cellular factors and/or physical load. We found that a fractional increase in mean kinesin number enhances the ensemble-averaged cargo run length and amplifies run-length sensitivity to changes in single-kinesin on-rate and off-rate. These tuning effects can be further enhanced as solution viscosity increases over the range reported for cells. Together, our data indicate that the physiological range of kinesin number sensitively tunes the motility of mixed cargo populations. These effects have rich implications for quantitative and predictive understanding of cellular motility and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Wilson
- Physics, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Arturo D Zaragoza
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Jing Xu
- Physics, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
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46
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Conrad R, Kortzak D, Guzman GA, Miranda-Laferte E, Hidalgo P. Ca V β controls the endocytic turnover of Ca V 1.2 L-type calcium channel. Traffic 2021; 22:180-193. [PMID: 33890356 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane depolarization activates the multisubunit CaV 1.2 L-type calcium channel initiating various excitation coupling responses. Intracellular trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane regulates the channel's surface expression and stability, and thus, the strength of CaV 1.2-mediated Ca2+ signals. The mechanisms regulating the residency time of the channel at the cell membrane are unclear. Here, we coexpressed the channel core complex CaV 1.2α1 pore-forming and auxiliary CaV β subunits and analyzed their trafficking dynamics from single-particle-tracking trajectories. Speed histograms obtained for each subunit were best fitted to a sum of diffusive and directed motion terms. The same mean speed for the highest-mobility state underlying directed motion was found for all subunits. The frequency of this component increased by covalent linkage of CaV β to CaV 1.2α1 suggesting that high-speed transport occurs in association with CaV β. Selective tracking of CaV 1.2α1 along the postendocytic pathway failed to show the highly mobile state, implying CaV β-independent retrograde transport. Retrograde speeds of CaV 1.2α1 are compatible with myosin VI-mediated backward transport. Moreover, residency time at the cell surface was significantly prolonged when CaV 1.2α1 was covalently linked to CaV β. Thus, CaV β promotes fast transport speed along anterograde trafficking and acts as a molecular switch controlling the endocytic turnover of L-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Conrad
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kortzak
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gustavo A Guzman
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Erick Miranda-Laferte
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Patricia Hidalgo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Aiken J, Holzbaur ELF. Cytoskeletal regulation guides neuronal trafficking to effectively supply the synapse. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R633-R650. [PMID: 34033795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and proper function of the brain requires the formation of highly complex neuronal circuitry. These circuits are shaped from synaptic connections between neurons and must be maintained over a lifetime. The formation and continued maintenance of synapses requires accurate trafficking of presynaptic and postsynaptic components along the axon and dendrite, respectively, necessitating deliberate and specialized delivery strategies to replenish essential synaptic components. Maintenance of synaptic transmission also requires readily accessible energy stores, produced in part by localized mitochondria, that are tightly regulated with activity level. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the cytoskeletal environment of axons and dendrites, examining how local regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking promotes synapse-specific delivery and plasticity. These new insights shed light on the complex and coordinated role that cytoskeletal elements play in establishing and maintaining neuronal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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48
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Bovyn M, Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Gross S, Allard J. Diffusion of kinesin motors on cargo can enhance binding and run lengths during intracellular transport. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:984-994. [PMID: 33439674 PMCID: PMC8108528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cargoes, including lipid droplets and mitochondria, are transported along microtubules using molecular motors such as kinesins. Many experimental and computational studies focused on cargoes with rigidly attached motors, in contrast to many biological cargoes that have lipid surfaces that may allow surface mobility of motors. We extend a mechanochemical three-dimensional computational model by adding coupled-viscosity effects to compare different motor arrangements and mobilities. We show that organizational changes can optimize for different objectives: Cargoes with clustered motors are transported efficiently but are slow to bind to microtubules, whereas those with motors dispersed rigidly on their surface bind microtubules quickly but are transported inefficiently. Finally, cargoes with freely diffusing motors have both fast binding and efficient transport, although less efficient than clustered motors. These results suggest that experimentally observed changes in motor organization may be a control point for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bovyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Steven Gross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Mathematics, and
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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49
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Lie PPY, Yang DS, Stavrides P, Goulbourne CN, Zheng P, Mohan PS, Cataldo AM, Nixon RA. Post-Golgi carriers, not lysosomes, confer lysosomal properties to pre-degradative organelles in normal and dystrophic axons. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109034. [PMID: 33910020 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal trafficking and maturation in neurons remain poorly understood and are unstudied in vivo despite high disease relevance. We generated neuron-specific transgenic mice to track vesicular CTSD acquisition, acidification, and traffic within the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in vivo, revealing that mature lysosomes are restricted from axons. Moreover, TGN-derived transport carriers (TCs), not lysosomes, supply lysosomal components to axonal organelles. Ultrastructurally distinctive TCs containing TGN and lysosomal markers enter axons, engaging autophagic vacuoles and late endosomes. This process is markedly upregulated in dystrophic axons of Alzheimer models. In cultured neurons, most axonal LAMP1 vesicles are weakly acidic TCs that shuttle lysosomal components bidirectionally, conferring limited degradative capability to retrograde organelles before they mature fully to lysosomes within perikarya. The minor LAMP1 subpopulation attaining robust acidification are retrograde Rab7+ endosomes/amphisomes, not lysosomes. Restricted lysosome entry into axons explains the unique lysosome distribution in neurons and their vulnerability toward neuritic dystrophy in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P Y Lie
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dun-Sheng Yang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philip Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ping Zheng
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Panaiyur S Mohan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne M Cataldo
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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50
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Theisen U, Ernst AU, Heyne RLS, Ring TP, Thorn-Seshold O, Köster RW. Microtubules and motor proteins support zebrafish neuronal migration by directing cargo. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151951. [PMID: 32668451 PMCID: PMC7659711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration during development is necessary to form an ordered and functional brain. Postmitotic neurons require microtubules and dynein to move, but the mechanisms by which they contribute to migration are not fully characterized. Using tegmental hindbrain nuclei neurons in zebrafish embryos together with subcellular imaging, optogenetics, and photopharmacology, we show that, in vivo, the centrosome's position relative to the nucleus is not linked to greatest motility in this cell type. Nevertheless, microtubules, dynein, and kinesin-1 are essential for migration, and we find that interference with endosome formation or the Golgi apparatus impairs migration to a similar extent as disrupting microtubules. In addition, an imbalance in the traffic of the model cargo Cadherin-2 also reduces neuronal migration. These results lead us to propose that microtubules act as cargo carriers to control spatiotemporal protein distribution, which in turn controls motility. This adds crucial insights into the variety of ways that microtubules can support successful neuronal migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Theisen
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander U Ernst
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronja L S Heyne
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias P Ring
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute for Acoustics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany
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