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Jaillais Y, Bayer E, Bergmann DC, Botella MA, Boutté Y, Bozkurt TO, Caillaud MC, Germain V, Grossmann G, Heilmann I, Hemsley PA, Kirchhelle C, Martinière A, Miao Y, Mongrand S, Müller S, Noack LC, Oda Y, Ott T, Pan X, Pleskot R, Potocky M, Robert S, Rodriguez CS, Simon-Plas F, Russinova E, Van Damme D, Van Norman JM, Weijers D, Yalovsky S, Yang Z, Zelazny E, Gronnier J. Guidelines for naming and studying plasma membrane domains in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1172-1183. [PMID: 39134664 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Biological membranes play a crucial role in actively hosting, modulating and coordinating a wide range of molecular events essential for cellular function. Membranes are organized into diverse domains giving rise to dynamic molecular patchworks. However, the very definition of membrane domains has been the subject of continuous debate. For example, in the plant field, membrane domains are often referred to as nanodomains, nanoclusters, microdomains, lipid rafts, membrane rafts, signalling platforms, foci or liquid-ordered membranes without any clear rationale. In the context of plant-microbe interactions, microdomains have sometimes been used to refer to the large area at the plant-microbe interface. Some of these terms have partially overlapping meanings at best, but they are often used interchangeably in the literature. This situation generates much confusion and limits conceptual progress. There is thus an urgent need for us as a scientific community to resolve these semantic and conceptual controversies by defining an unambiguous nomenclature of membrane domains. In this Review, experts in the field get together to provide explicit definitions of plasma membrane domains in plant systems and experimental guidelines for their study. We propose that plasma membrane domains should not be considered on the basis of their size alone but rather according to the biological system being considered, such as the local membrane environment or the entire cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Piers A Hemsley
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinière
- IPSiM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocky
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clara Sanchez Rodriguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Enric Zelazny
- IPSiM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- NanoSignaling Lab, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Liang J. Endomembrane-biased dimerization of ABCG16 and ABCG25 transporters determines their substrate selectivity in ABA-regulated plant growth and stress responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:478-495. [PMID: 38327051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are integral membrane proteins that have evolved diverse functions fulfilled via the transport of various substrates. In Arabidopsis, the G subfamily of ABC proteins is particularly abundant and participates in multiple signaling pathways during plant development and stress responses. In this study, we revealed that two Arabidopsis ABCG transporters, ABCG16 and ABCG25, engage in ABA-mediated stress responses and early plant growth through endomembrane-specific dimerization-coupled transport of ABA and ABA-glucosyl ester (ABA-GE), respectively. We first revealed that ABCG16 contributes to osmotic stress tolerance via ABA signaling. More specifically, ABCG16 induces cellular ABA efflux in both yeast and plant cells. Using FRET analysis, we showed that ABCG16 forms obligatory homodimers for ABA export activity and that the plasma membrane-resident ABCG16 homodimers specifically respond to ABA, undergoing notable conformational changes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ABCG16 heterodimerizes with ABCG25 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and facilitates the ER entry of ABA-GE in both Arabidopsis and tobacco cells. The specific responsiveness of the ABCG16-ABCG25 heterodimer to ABA-GE and the superior growth of their double mutant support an inhibitory role of these two ABCGs in early seedling establishment via regulation of ABA-GE translocation across the ER membrane. Our endomembrane-specific analysis of the FRET signals derived from the homo- or heterodimerized ABCG complexes allowed us to link endomembrane-biased dimerization to the translocation of distinct substrates by ABCG transporters, providing a prototypic framework for understanding the omnipotence of ABCG transporters in plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeling Zhou
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Kelly-Bellow R, Lee K, Kennaway R, Barclay JE, Whibley A, Bushell C, Spooner J, Yu M, Brett P, Kular B, Cheng S, Chu J, Xu T, Lane B, Fitzsimons J, Xue Y, Smith RS, Whitewoods CD, Coen E. Brassinosteroid coordinates cell layer interactions in plants via cell wall and tissue mechanics. Science 2023; 380:1275-1281. [PMID: 37347863 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Growth coordination between cell layers is essential for development of most multicellular organisms. Coordination may be mediated by molecular signaling and/or mechanical connectivity between cells, but how genes modify mechanical interactions between layers is unknown. Here we show that genes driving brassinosteroid synthesis promote growth of internal tissue, at least in part, by reducing mechanical epidermal constraint. We identified a brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf mutant in the aquatic plant Utricularia gibba with twisted internal tissue, likely caused by mechanical constraint from a slow-growing epidermis. We tested this hypothesis by showing that a brassinosteroid mutant in Arabidopsis enhances epidermal crack formation, indicative of increased tissue stress. We propose that by remodeling cell walls, brassinosteroids reduce epidermal constraint, showing how genes can control growth coordination between layers by means of mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kelly-Bellow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Karen Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard Kennaway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - J Elaine Barclay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Claire Bushell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jamie Spooner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Baldeep Kular
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shujing Cheng
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Fitzsimons
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christopher D Whitewoods
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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4
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Aryal B, Xia J, Hu Z, Stumpe M, Tsering T, Liu J, Huynh J, Fukao Y, Glöckner N, Huang HY, Sáncho-Andrés G, Pakula K, Ziegler J, Gorzolka K, Zwiewka M, Nodzynski T, Harter K, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Jasiński M, Rosahl S, Geisler MM. An LRR receptor kinase controls ABC transporter substrate preferences during plant growth-defense decisions. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2008-2023.e8. [PMID: 37146609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The exporter of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), ABCG36/PDR8/PEN3, from the model plant Arabidopsis has recently been proposed to also function in the transport of the phytoalexin camalexin. Based on these bonafide substrates, it has been suggested that ABCG36 functions at the interface between growth and defense. Here, we provide evidence that ABCG36 catalyzes the direct, ATP-dependent export of camalexin across the plasma membrane. We identify the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, QIAN SHOU KINASE1 (QSK1), as a functional kinase that physically interacts with and phosphorylates ABCG36. Phosphorylation of ABCG36 by QSK1 unilaterally represses IBA export, allowing camalexin export by ABCG36 conferring pathogen resistance. As a consequence, phospho-dead mutants of ABCG36, as well as qsk1 and abcg36 alleles, are hypersensitive to infection with the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, caused by elevated fungal progression. Our findings indicate a direct regulatory circuit between a receptor kinase and an ABC transporter that functions to control transporter substrate preference during plant growth and defense balance decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zehan Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tashi Tsering
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - John Huynh
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hsin-Yao Huang
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Sáncho-Andrés
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Pakula
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joerg Ziegler
- Department Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karin Gorzolka
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics Masaryk University, CEITEC MU Kamenice 5, Building A26, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzynski
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics Masaryk University, CEITEC MU Kamenice 5, Building A26, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus M Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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WAVY GROWTH Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligases affect apical PIN sorting decisions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5147. [PMID: 36050482 PMCID: PMC9437102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Directionality in the intercellular transport of the plant hormone auxin is determined by polar plasma membrane localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins. However, apart from PIN phosphorylation at conserved motifs, no further determinants explicitly controlling polar PIN sorting decisions have been identified. Here we present Arabidopsis WAVY GROWTH 3 (WAV3) and closely related RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose loss-of-function mutants show a striking apical-to-basal polarity switch in PIN2 localization in root meristem cells. WAV3 E3 ligases function as essential determinants for PIN polarity, acting independently from PINOID/WAG-dependent PIN phosphorylation. They antagonize ectopic deposition of de novo synthesized PIN proteins already immediately following completion of cell division, presumably via preventing PIN sorting into basal, ARF GEF-mediated trafficking. Our findings reveal an involvement of E3 ligases in the selective targeting of apically localized PINs in higher plants.
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6
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Wiggenhauser M, Moore RET, Wang P, Bienert GP, Laursen KH, Blotevogel S. Stable Isotope Fractionation of Metals and Metalloids in Plants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840941. [PMID: 35519812 PMCID: PMC9063737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work critically reviews stable isotope fractionation of essential (B, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo), beneficial (Si), and non-essential (Cd, Tl) metals and metalloids in plants. The review (i) provides basic principles and methodologies for non-traditional isotope analyses, (ii) compiles isotope fractionation for uptake and translocation for each element and connects them to physiological processes, and (iii) interlinks knowledge from different elements to identify common and contrasting drivers of isotope fractionation. Different biological and physico-chemical processes drive isotope fractionation in plants. During uptake, Ca and Mg fractionate through root apoplast adsorption, Si through diffusion during membrane passage, Fe and Cu through reduction prior to membrane transport in strategy I plants, and Zn, Cu, and Cd through membrane transport. During translocation and utilization, isotopes fractionate through precipitation into insoluble forms, such as phytoliths (Si) or oxalate (Ca), structural binding to cell walls (Ca), and membrane transport and binding to soluble organic ligands (Zn, Cd). These processes can lead to similar (Cu, Fe) and opposing (Ca vs. Mg, Zn vs. Cd) isotope fractionation patterns of chemically similar elements in plants. Isotope fractionation in plants is influenced by biotic factors, such as phenological stages and plant genetics, as well as abiotic factors. Different nutrient supply induced shifts in isotope fractionation patterns for Mg, Cu, and Zn, suggesting that isotope process tracing can be used as a tool to detect and quantify different uptake pathways in response to abiotic stresses. However, the interpretation of isotope fractionation in plants is challenging because many isotope fractionation factors associated with specific processes are unknown and experiments are often exploratory. To overcome these limitations, fundamental geochemical research should expand the database of isotope fractionation factors and disentangle kinetic and equilibrium fractionation. In addition, plant growth studies should further shift toward hypothesis-driven experiments, for example, by integrating contrasting nutrient supplies, using established model plants, genetic approaches, and by combining isotope analyses with complementary speciation techniques. To fully exploit the potential of isotope process tracing in plants, the interdisciplinary expertise of plant and isotope geochemical scientists is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Group of Plant Nutrition, Department of Environmental System Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekah E. T. Moore
- MAGIC Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- Crop Physiology, Molecular Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristian Holst Laursen
- Plant Nutrients and Food Quality Research Group, Plant and Soil Science Section and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Blotevogel
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions (LMDC), UPS/INSA, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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7
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Do THT, Martinoia E, Lee Y, Hwang JU. 2021 update on ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: how they meet the needs of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1876-1892. [PMID: 35235666 PMCID: PMC8890498 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of ABC proteins including newly identified functions and regulatory mechanisms expand the understanding of how they function in the development and physiology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ha Thi Do
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ung Hwang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Author for communication:
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9
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Martín-Barranco A, Thomine S, Vert G, Zelazny E. A quick journey into the diversity of iron uptake strategies in photosynthetic organisms. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1975088. [PMID: 34514930 PMCID: PMC8525953 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1975088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is involved in multiple processes that contribute to the maintenance of the cellular homeostasis of all living beings. In photosynthetic organisms, Fe is notably required for photosynthesis. Although iron is generally abundant in the environment, it is frequently poorly bioavailable. This review focuses on the molecular strategies that photosynthetic organisms have evolved to optimize iron acquisition, using Arabidopsis thaliana, rice (Oryza sativa), and some unicellular algae as models. Non-graminaceous plants, including Arabidopsis, take up iron from the soil by an acidification-reduction-transport process (strategy I) requiring specific proteins that were recently shown to associate in a dedicated complex. On the other hand, graminaceous plants, such as rice, use the so-called strategy II to acquire iron, which relies on the uptake of Fe3+ chelated by phytosiderophores that are secreted by the plant into the rhizosphere. However, apart these main strategies, accessory mechanisms contribute to robust iron uptake in both Arabidopsis and rice. Unicellular algae combine reductive and non-reductive mechanisms for iron uptake and present important specificities compared to land plants. Since the majority of the molecular actors required for iron acquisition in algae are not conserved in land plants, questions arise about the evolution of the Fe uptake processes upon land colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Martín-Barranco
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR9198 CNRS/CEA/Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR9198 CNRS/CEA/Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/University of Toulouse 3, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Enric Zelazny
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Physiology (BPMP), CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Synek L, Rawat A, L'Haridon F, Weisskopf L, Saad MM, Hirt H. Multiple strategies of plant colonization by beneficial endophytic Enterobacter sp. SA187. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6223-6240. [PMID: 34472197 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although many endophytic plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been identified, relatively little is still known about the mechanisms by which they enter plants and promote plant growth. The beneficial endophyte Enterobacter sp. SA187 was shown to maintain the productivity of crops in extreme agricultural conditions. Here we present that roots of its natural host (Indigofera argentea), alfalfa, tomato, wheat, barley and Arabidopsis are all efficiently colonized by SA187. Detailed analysis of the colonization process in Arabidopsis showed that colonization already starts during seed germination, where seed-coat mucilage supports SA187 proliferation. The meristematic zone of growing roots attracts SA187, allowing epiphytic colonization in the elongation zone. Unlike primary roots, lateral roots are significantly less epiphytically colonized by SA187. Root endophytic colonization was found to occur by passive entry of SA187 at lateral-root bases. However, SA187 also actively penetrates the root epidermis by enzymatic disruption of plant cell wall material. In contrast to roots, endophytic colonization of shoots occurs via stomata, whereby SA187 can actively re-open stomata similarly to pathogenic bacteria. In summary, several entry strategies were identified that allow SA187 to establish itself as a beneficial endophyte in several plant species, supporting its use as a plant growth-promoting bacterium in agriculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Synek
- Darwin 21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Prague, 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Anamika Rawat
- Darwin 21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Maged M Saad
- Darwin 21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Darwin 21, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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11
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TRANVIA (TVA) facilitates cellulose synthase trafficking and delivery to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021790118. [PMID: 34290139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene, TRANVIA (TVA), that is transcriptionally coregulated with the CESA genes required for primary cell wall synthesis. The tva mutant exhibits enhanced sensitivity to cellulose synthesis inhibitors; reduced cellulose content; and defective dynamics, density, and secretion of CSCs to the plasma membrane as compared to wild type. TVA is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that is detected in at least two different intracellular compartments: organelles labeled by markers for the TGN and smaller compartments that deliver CSCs to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that TVA promotes trafficking of CSCs to the plasma membrane by facilitating exit from the TGN and/or interaction of CSC secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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12
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Glanc M, Van Gelderen K, Hoermayer L, Tan S, Naramoto S, Zhang X, Domjan D, Včelařová L, Hauschild R, Johnson A, de Koning E, van Dop M, Rademacher E, Janson S, Wei X, Molnár G, Fendrych M, De Rybel B, Offringa R, Friml J. AGC kinases and MAB4/MEL proteins maintain PIN polarity by limiting lateral diffusion in plant cells. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1918-1930.e5. [PMID: 33705718 PMCID: PMC8112251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polar subcellular localization of the PIN exporters of the phytohormone auxin is a key determinant of directional, intercellular auxin transport and thus a central topic of both plant cell and developmental biology. Arabidopsis mutants lacking PID, a kinase that phosphorylates PINs, or the MAB4/MEL proteins of unknown molecular function display PIN polarity defects and phenocopy pin mutants, but mechanistic insights into how these factors convey PIN polarity are missing. Here, by combining protein biochemistry with quantitative live-cell imaging, we demonstrate that PINs, MAB4/MELs, and AGC kinases interact in the same complex at the plasma membrane. MAB4/MELs are recruited to the plasma membrane by the PINs and in concert with the AGC kinases maintain PIN polarity through limiting lateral diffusion-based escape of PINs from the polar domain. The PIN-MAB4/MEL-PID protein complex has self-reinforcing properties thanks to positive feedback between AGC kinase-mediated PIN phosphorylation and MAB4/MEL recruitment. We thus uncover the molecular mechanism by which AGC kinases and MAB4/MEL proteins regulate PIN localization and plant development. MAB4/MEL proteins are recruited to the plasma membrane by PINs PINs, MAB4/MELs, and AGC kinases directly interact in a multiprotein complex PIN phosphorylation and MAB4/MEL recruitment form a positive feedback loop MAB4/MELs and AGC kinases maintain PIN polarity by limiting PIN lateral diffusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czechia; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kasper Van Gelderen
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Domjan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ludmila Včelařová
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Edward de Koning
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maritza van Dop
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eike Rademacher
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stef Janson
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czechia
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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13
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Oliver J, Fan M, McKinley B, Zemelis‐Durfee S, Brandizzi F, Wilkerson C, Mullet JE. The AGCVIII kinase Dw2 modulates cell proliferation, endomembrane trafficking, and MLG/xylan cell wall localization in elongating stem internodes of Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1053-1071. [PMID: 33211340 PMCID: PMC7983884 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stems of bioenergy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), a drought-tolerant C4 grass, contain up to 50 nodes and internodes of varying length that span 4-5 m and account for approximately 84% of harvested biomass. Stem internode growth impacts plant height and biomass accumulation and is regulated by brassinosteroid signaling, auxin transport, and gibberellin biosynthesis. In addition, an AGCVIII kinase (Dw2) regulates sorghum stem internode growth, but the underlying mechanism and signaling network are unknown. Here we provide evidence that mutation of Dw2 reduces cell proliferation in internode intercalary meristems, inhibits endocytosis, and alters the distribution of heteroxylan and mixed linkage glucan in cell walls. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Dw2 signaling influences the phosphorylation of proteins involved in lipid signaling (PLDδ), endomembrane trafficking, hormone, light, and receptor signaling, and photosynthesis. Together, our results show that Dw2 modulates endomembrane function and cell division during sorghum internode growth, providing insight into the regulation of monocot stem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Mingzhu Fan
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Starla Zemelis‐Durfee
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Curtis Wilkerson
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
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14
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Gräfe K, Schmitt L. The ABC transporter G subfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:92-106. [PMID: 32459300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters are ubiquitously present in all kingdoms and mediate the transport of a large spectrum of structurally different compounds. Plants possess high numbers of ABC transporters in relation to other eukaryotes; the ABCG subfamily in particular is extensive. Earlier studies demonstrated that ABCG transporters are involved in important processes influencing plant fitness. This review summarizes the functions of ABCG transporters present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These transporters take part in diverse processes such as pathogen response, diffusion barrier formation, or phytohormone transport. Studies involving knockout mutations reported pleiotropic phenotypes of the mutants. In some cases, different physiological roles were assigned to the same protein. The actual transported substrate(s), however, still remain to be determined for the majority of ABCG transporters. Additionally, the proposed substrate spectrum of different ABCG proteins is not always reflected by sequence identities between ABCG members. Applying only reverse genetics is thereby insufficient to clearly identify the substrate(s). We therefore stress the importance of in vitro studies in addition to in vivo studies in order to (i) clarify the substrate identity; (ii) determine the transport characteristics including directionality; and (iii) identify dimerization partners of the half-size proteins, which might in turn affect substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gräfe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Wallner ES. The value of asymmetry: how polarity proteins determine plant growth and morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5733-5739. [PMID: 32687194 PMCID: PMC7888286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is indispensable for forming complex multicellular organisms. Proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains can either serve as scaffolds for effectors or coordinate intercellular communication and transport. Here, I give an overview of polarity protein complexes and their fundamental importance for plant development, and summarize novel mechanistic insights into their molecular networks. Examples are presented for proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains to orient cell division planes, alter cell fate progression, control transport, direct cell growth, read global polarity axes, or integrate external stimuli into plant growth. The recent advances in characterizing protein polarity during plant development enable a better understanding of coordinated plant growth and open up intriguing paths that could provide a means to modulate plant morphology and adaptability in the future.
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16
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Abstract
Cell polarity in plants operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales to control processes from acute cell growth to systemic hormone distribution. Similar to other eukaryotes, plants generate polarity at both the subcellular and tissue levels, often through polarization of membrane-associated protein complexes. However, likely due to the constraints imposed by the cell wall and their extremely plastic development, plants possess novel polarity molecules and mechanisms highly tuned to environmental inputs. Considerable progress has been made in identifying key plant polarity regulators, but detailed molecular understanding of polarity mechanisms remains incomplete in plants. Here, we emphasize the striking similarities in the conceptual frameworks that generate polarity in both animals and plants. To this end, we highlight how novel, plant-specific proteins engage in common themes of positive feedback, dynamic intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational regulation to establish polarity axes in development. We end with a discussion of how environmental signals control intrinsic polarity to impact postembryonic organogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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17
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Damodaran S, Strader LC. Indole 3-Butyric Acid Metabolism and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31333697 PMCID: PMC6616111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone involved in multiple plant developmental processes. Spatiotemporal regulation of auxin levels is necessary to achieve development of organs in the proper place and at the proper time. These levels can be regulated by conversion of auxin [indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)] from its conjugated forms and its precursors. Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) is an auxin precursor that is converted to IAA in a peroxisomal β-oxidation process. In Arabidopsis, altered IBA-to-IAA conversion leads to multiple plant defects, indicating that IBA contributes to auxin homeostasis in critical ways. Like IAA, IBA and its conjugates can be transported in plants, yet many IBA carriers still need to be identified. In this review, we discuss IBA transporters identified in Arabidopsis thus far, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) members of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCG) family, the TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1) member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) family and hypothesize other potential IBA carriers involved in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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18
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Aryal B, Huynh J, Schneuwly J, Siffert A, Liu J, Alejandro S, Ludwig-Müller J, Martinoia E, Geisler M. ABCG36/PEN3/PDR8 Is an Exporter of the Auxin Precursor, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and Involved in Auxin-Controlled Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:899. [PMID: 31354769 PMCID: PMC6629959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The PDR-type ABCG transporter, ABCG36/PDR8/PEN3, is thought to be implicated in the export of a few structurally unrelated substrates, including the auxin precursor, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), although a clear-cut proof of transport is lacking. An outward facing, lateral root (LR) location for ABCG36 fuelled speculations that it might secrete IBA into the rhizosphere. Here, we provide strong evidence that ABCG36 catalyzes the export of IBA - but not of indole-3-acetic acid - through the plasma membrane. ABCG36 seems to function redundantly with the closely related isoform ABCG37/PDR9/PIS1 in a negative control of rootward IBA transport in roots, which might be dampened by concerted, lateral IBA export. Analyses of single and double mutant phenotypes suggest that both ABCG36 and ABCG37 function cooperatively in auxin-controlled plant development. Both seem to possess a dual function in the control of auxin homeostasis in the root tip and long-range transport in the mature root correlating with non-polar and polar expression profiles in the LR cap and epidermis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - John Huynh
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jerôme Schneuwly
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Siffert
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Markus Geisler,
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19
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Nakamura M, Grebe M. Outer, inner and planar polarity in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:46-53. [PMID: 28869926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots control uptake of water and nutrients and cope with environmental challenges. The root epidermis provides the first selective interface for nutrient absorption, while the endodermis produces the main apoplastic diffusion barrier in the form of a structure called the Casparian strip. The positioning of root hairs on epidermal cells, and of the Casparian strip around endodermal cells, requires asymmetries along cellular axes (cell polarity). Cell polarity is termed planar polarity, when coordinated within the plane of a given tissue layer. Here, we review recent molecular advances towards understanding both the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain instructing root hair initiation, and the cytoskeletal, trafficking and polar tethering requirements of proteins at outer or inner plasma membrane domains. Finally, we highlight progress towards understanding mechanisms of Casparian strip formation and underlying endodermal cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Naramoto S. Polar transport in plants mediated by membrane transporters: focus on mechanisms of polar auxin transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:8-14. [PMID: 28686910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Directional cell-to-cell transport of functional molecules, called polar transport, enables plants to sense and respond to developmental and environmental signals. Transporters that localize to plasma membranes (PMs) in a polar manner are key components of these systems. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers, which are the most studied polar-localized PM proteins, are implicated in the polar transport of auxin that in turn regulates plant development and tropic growth. In this review, the regulatory mechanisms underlying polar localization of PINs, control of auxin efflux activity, and PIN abundance at PMs are considered. Up to date information on polar-localized nutrient transporters that regulate directional nutrient movement from soil into the root vasculature is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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21
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Yoshinari A, Takano J. Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Boron Homeostasis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1951. [PMID: 29204148 PMCID: PMC5698777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential element for plants but is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must adapt to both limiting and excess boron conditions for normal growth. Boron transport in plants is primarily based on three transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane: passive diffusion of boric acid, facilitated diffusion of boric acid via channels, and export of borate anion via transporters. Under boron -limiting conditions, boric acid channels and borate exporters function in the uptake and translocation of boron to support growth of various plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, NIP5;1 and BOR1 are located in the plasma membrane and polarized toward soil and stele, respectively, in various root cells, for efficient transport of boron from the soil to the stele. Importantly, sufficient levels of boron induce downregulation of NIP5;1 and BOR1 through mRNA degradation and proteolysis through endocytosis, respectively. In addition, borate exporters, such as Arabidopsis BOR4 and barley Bot1, function in boron exclusion from tissues and cells under conditions of excess boron. Thus, plants actively regulate intracellular localization and abundance of transport proteins to maintain boron homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms of intracellular localization and abundance of boron transport proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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22
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Mao H, Aryal B, Langenecker T, Hagmann J, Geisler M, Grebe M. Arabidopsis BTB/POZ protein-dependent PENETRATION3 trafficking and disease susceptibility. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:854-858. [PMID: 29085068 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The outermost cell layer of plant roots (epidermis) constantly encounters environmental challenges. The epidermal outer plasma membrane domain harbours the PENETRATION3 (PEN3)/ABCG36/PDR8 ATP-binding cassette transporter that confers non-host resistance to several pathogens. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-ARRESTED PEN3 (EAP3) BTB/POZ-domain protein specifically mediates PEN3 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and confers resistance to a root-penetrating fungus, providing prime evidence for BTB/POZ-domain protein-dependent membrane trafficking underlying disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Mao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, Plant Biology Unit, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, PER04, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Langenecker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, DE-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hagmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, DE-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, Plant Biology Unit, University of Fribourg, Rue Albert-Gockel 3, PER04, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grebe
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187, Umeå, Sweden.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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23
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Arabidopsis ABCG34 contributes to defense against necrotrophic pathogens by mediating the secretion of camalexin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5712-E5720. [PMID: 28652324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702259114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause huge yield losses. Plant defense often depends on toxic secondary metabolites that inhibit pathogen growth. Because most secondary metabolites are also toxic to the plant, specific transporters are needed to deliver them to the pathogens. To identify the transporters that function in plant defense, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of full-size ABCG transporters for hypersensitivity to sclareol, an antifungal compound. We found that atabcg34 mutants were hypersensitive to sclareol and to the necrotrophic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinereaAtABCG34 expression was induced by Abrassicicola inoculation as well as by methyl-jasmonate, a defense-related phytohormone, and AtABCG34 was polarly localized at the external face of the plasma membrane of epidermal cells of leaves and roots. atabcg34 mutants secreted less camalexin, a major phytoalexin in Athaliana, whereas plants overexpressing AtABCG34 secreted more camalexin to the leaf surface and were more resistant to the pathogen. When treated with exogenous camalexin, atabcg34 mutants exhibited hypersensitivity, whereas BY2 cells expressing AtABCG34 exhibited improved resistance. Analyses of natural Arabidopsis accessions revealed that AtABCG34 contributes to the disease resistance in naturally occurring genetic variants, albeit to a small extent. Together, our data suggest that AtABCG34 mediates camalexin secretion to the leaf surface and thereby prevents Abrassicicola infection.
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Kirchhelle C, Chow CM, Foucart C, Neto H, Stierhof YD, Kalde M, Walton C, Fricker M, Smith RS, Jérusalem A, Irani N, Moore I. The Specification of Geometric Edges by a Plant Rab GTPase Is an Essential Cell-Patterning Principle During Organogenesis in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2016; 36:386-400. [PMID: 26906735 PMCID: PMC4766369 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant organogenesis requires control over division planes and anisotropic cell wall growth, which each require spatial patterning of cells. Polyhedral plant cells can display complex patterning in which individual faces are established as biochemically distinct domains by endomembrane trafficking. We now show that, during organogenesis, the Arabidopsis endomembrane system specifies an important additional cellular spatial domain: the geometric edges. Previously unidentified membrane vesicles lying immediately beneath the plasma membrane at cell edges were revealed through localization of RAB-A5c, a plant GTPase of the Rab family of membrane-trafficking regulators. Specific inhibition of RAB-A5c activity grossly perturbed cell geometry in developing lateral organs by interfering independently with growth anisotropy and cytokinesis without disrupting default membrane trafficking. The initial loss of normal cell geometry can be explained by a failure to maintain wall stiffness specifically at geometric edges. RAB-A5c thus meets a requirement to specify this cellular spatial domain during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Cheung-Ming Chow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Camille Foucart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helia Neto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Microscopy, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Carol Walton
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative and Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Niloufer Irani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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Alassimone J, Fujita S, Doblas VG, van Dop M, Barberon M, Kalmbach L, Vermeer JEM, Rojas-Murcia N, Santuari L, Hardtke CS, Geldner N. Polarly localized kinase SGN1 is required for Casparian strip integrity and positioning. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16113. [PMID: 27455051 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Casparian strips are precisely localized and aligned ring-like cell wall modifications in the root of all higher plants. They set up an extracellular diffusion barrier analogous to animal tight junctions, and are crucial for maintaining the homeostatic capacity of plant roots. Casparian strips become localized because of the formation of a highly stable plasma membrane domain, consisting of a family of small transmembrane proteins called Casparian strip membrane domain proteins (CASPs). Here we report a large-scale forward genetic screen directly visualizing endodermal barrier function, which allowed us to identify factors required for the formation and integrity of Casparian strips. We present the identification and characterization of one of the mutants, schengen1 (sgn1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase that we show localizes in a strictly polar fashion to the outer plasma membrane of endodermal cells and is required for the positioning and correct formation of the centrally located CASP domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Alassimone
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Verónica G Doblas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maritza van Dop
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelson Rojas-Murcia
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Santuari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, Campus UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cellular mechanisms for cargo delivery and polarity maintenance at different polar domains in plant cells. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16018. [PMID: 27462465 PMCID: PMC4950145 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric localization of proteins in the plasma membrane domains of eukaryotic cells is a fundamental manifestation of cell polarity that is central to multicellular organization and developmental patterning. In plants, the mechanisms underlying the polar localization of cargo proteins are still largely unknown and appear to be fundamentally distinct from those operating in mammals. Here, we present a systematic, quantitative comparative analysis of the polar delivery and subcellular localization of proteins that characterize distinct polar plasma membrane domains in plant cells. The combination of microscopic analyses and computational modeling revealed a mechanistic framework common to diverse polar cargos and underlying the establishment and maintenance of apical, basal, and lateral polar domains in plant cells. This mechanism depends on the polar secretion, constitutive endocytic recycling, and restricted lateral diffusion of cargos within the plasma membrane. Moreover, our observations suggest that polar cargo distribution involves the individual protein potential to form clusters within the plasma membrane and interact with the extracellular matrix. Our observations provide insights into the shared cellular mechanisms of polar cargo delivery and polarity maintenance in plant cells.
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Van Norman JM. Asymmetry and cell polarity in root development. Dev Biol 2016; 419:165-174. [PMID: 27426272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within living systems, striking juxtapositions in symmetry and asymmetry can be observed and the superficial appearance of symmetric organization often gives way to cellular asymmetries at higher resolution. It is frequently asymmetry and polarity that fascinate and challenge developmental biologists. In multicellular eukaryotes, cell polarity and asymmetry are essential for diverse cellular, tissue, and organismal level function and physiology and are particularly crucial for developmental processes. In plants, where cells are surrounded by rigid cell walls, asymmetric cell divisions are the foundation of pattern formation and differential cell fate specification. Thus, cellular asymmetry is a key feature of plant biology and in the plant root the consequences of these asymmetries are elegantly displayed. Yet despite the frequency of asymmetric (formative) cell divisions, cell/tissue polarity and the proposed roles for directional signaling in these processes, polarly localized proteins, beyond those involved in auxin or nutrient transport, are exceedingly rare. Indeed, although half of the asymmetric cell divisions in root patterning are oriented parallel to the axis of growth, laterally localized proteins directly involved in patterning are largely missing in action. Here, various asymmetric cell divisions and cellular and structural polarities observed in roots are highlighted and discussed in the context of the proposed roles for positional and/or directional signaling in these processes. The importance of directional signaling and the weight given to polarity in the root-shoot axis is contrasted with how little we currently understand about laterally oriented asymmetry and polarity in the root.
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Wakuta S, Mineta K, Amano T, Toyoda A, Fujiwara T, Naito S, Takano J. Evolutionary Divergence of Plant Borate Exporters and Critical Amino Acid Residues for the Polar Localization and Boron-Dependent Vacuolar Sorting of AtBOR1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:852-862. [PMID: 25619824 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants but is toxic when accumulated in excess. The plant BOR family encodes plasma membrane-localized borate exporters (BORs) that control translocation and homeostasis of B under a wide range of conditions. In this study, we examined the evolutionary divergence of BORs among terrestrial plants and showed that the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and angiosperms have evolved two types of BOR (clades I and II). Clade I includes AtBOR1 and homologs previously shown to be involved in efficient transport of B under conditions of limited B availability. AtBOR1 shows polar localization in the plasma membrane and high-B-induced vacuolar sorting, important features for efficient B transport under low-B conditions, and rapid down-regulation to avoid B toxicity. Clade II includes AtBOR4 and barley Bot1 involved in B exclusion for high-B tolerance. We showed, using yeast complementation and B transport assays, that three genes in S. moellendorffii, SmBOR1 in clade I and SmBOR3 and SmBOR4 in clade II, encode functional BORs. Furthermore, amino acid sequence alignments identified an acidic di-leucine motif unique in clade I BORs. Mutational analysis of AtBOR1 revealed that the acidic di-leucine motif is required for the polarity and high-B-induced vacuolar sorting of AtBOR1. Our data clearly indicated that the common ancestor of vascular plants had already acquired two types of BOR for low- and high-B tolerance, and that the BOR family evolved to establish B tolerance in each lineage by adapting to their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Wakuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Taro Amano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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Tapken W, Murphy AS. Membrane nanodomains in plants: capturing form, function, and movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1573-86. [PMID: 25725094 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is the interface between the cell and the external environment. Plasma membrane lipids provide scaffolds for proteins and protein complexes that are involved in cell to cell communication, signal transduction, immune responses, and transport of small molecules. In animals, fungi, and plants, a substantial subset of these plasma membrane proteins function within ordered sterol- and sphingolipid-rich nanodomains. High-resolution microscopy, lipid dyes, pharmacological inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis, and lipid biosynthetic mutants have been employed to examine the relationship between the lipid environment and protein activity in plants. They have also been used to identify proteins associated with nanodomains and the pathways by which nanodomain-associated proteins are trafficked to their plasma membrane destinations. These studies suggest that plant membrane nanodomains function in a context-specific manner, analogous to similar structures in animals and fungi. In addition to the highly conserved flotillin and remorin markers, some members of the B and G subclasses of ATP binding cassette transporters have emerged as functional markers for plant nanodomains. Further, the glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, that are often associated with detergent-resistant membranes, appear also to have a functional role in membrane nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Tapken
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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An early secretory pathway mediated by GNOM-LIKE 1 and GNOM is essential for basal polarity establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E806-15. [PMID: 25646449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424856112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial regulation of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, or auxin) is essential for plant development. Auxin gradient establishment is mediated by polarly localized auxin transporters, including PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins. Their localization and abundance at the plasma membrane are tightly regulated by endomembrane machinery, especially the endocytic and recycling pathways mediated by the ADP ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (ARF-GEF) GNOM. We assessed the role of the early secretory pathway in establishing PIN1 polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana by pharmacological and genetic approaches. We identified the compound endosidin 8 (ES8), which selectively interferes with PIN1 basal polarity without altering the polarity of apical proteins. ES8 alters the auxin distribution pattern in the root and induces a strong developmental phenotype, including reduced root length. The ARF-GEF-defective mutants gnom-like 1 (gnl1-1) and gnom (van7) are significantly resistant to ES8. The compound does not affect recycling or vacuolar trafficking of PIN1 but leads to its intracellular accumulation, resulting in loss of PIN1 basal polarity at the plasma membrane. Our data confirm a role for GNOM in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking and reveal that a GNL1/GNOM-mediated early secretory pathway selectively regulates PIN1 basal polarity establishment in a manner essential for normal plant development.
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31
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Cole RA, McInally SA, Fowler JE. Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:386. [PMID: 25551204 PMCID: PMC4302519 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. RESULTS The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose-response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. CONCLUSIONS The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - Samantha A McInally
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
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Barberon M, Geldner N. Radial transport of nutrients: the plant root as a polarized epithelium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:528-37. [PMID: 25136061 PMCID: PMC4213085 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, roots acquire water and soil nutrients and transport them upward to their aerial parts. These functions are closely related to their anatomical structure; water and nutrients entering the root first move radially through several concentric layers of the epidermis, cortex, and endodermis before entering the central cylinder. The endodermis is the innermost cortical cell layer that features rings of hydrophobic cell wall material called the Casparian strips, which functionally resemble tight junctions in animal epithelia. Nutrient uptake from the soil can occur through three different routes that can be interconnected in various ways: the apoplastic route (through the cell wall), the symplastic route (through cellular connections), and a coupled trans-cellular route (involving polarized influx and efflux carriers). This Update presents recent advances in the radial transport of nutrients highlighting the coupled trans-cellular pathway and the roles played by the endodermis as a barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Nutrient and water uptake from the soil is essential for plant growth and development. In the root, absorption and radial transport of nutrients and water toward the vascular tissues is achieved by a battery of specialized transporters and channels. Modulating the amount and the localization of these membrane transport proteins appears as a way to drive their activity and is essential to maintain nutrient homeostasis in plants. This control first involves the delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the plasma membrane by establishing check points along the secretory pathway, especially during the export from the endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma membrane-localized transport proteins are internalized through endocytosis followed by recycling to the cell surface or targeting to the vacuole for degradation, hence constituting another layer of control. These intricate mechanisms are often regulated by nutrient availability, stresses, and endogenous cues, allowing plants to rapidly adjust to their environment and adapt their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Zelazny
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Moran Lauter AN, Peiffer GA, Yin T, Whitham SA, Cook D, Shoemaker RC, Graham MA. Identification of candidate genes involved in early iron deficiency chlorosis signaling in soybean (Glycine max) roots and leaves. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:702. [PMID: 25149281 PMCID: PMC4161901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential micronutrient for all living things, required in plants for photosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. A lack of bioavailable iron in soil leads to iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC), causing a reduction in photosynthesis and interveinal yellowing of leaves. Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown in high pH soils often suffer from IDC, resulting in substantial yield losses. Iron efficient soybean cultivars maintain photosynthesis and have higher yields under IDC-promoting conditions than inefficient cultivars. RESULTS To capture signaling between roots and leaves and identify genes acting early in the iron efficient cultivar Clark, we conducted a RNA-Seq study at one and six hours after replacing iron sufficient hydroponic media (100 μM iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate) with iron deficient media (50 μM iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate). At one hour of iron stress, few genes were differentially expressed in leaves but many were already changing expression in roots. By six hours, more genes were differentially expressed in the leaves, and a massive shift was observed in the direction of gene expression in both roots and leaves. Further, there was little overlap in differentially expressed genes identified in each tissue and time point. CONCLUSIONS Genes involved in hormone signaling, regulation of DNA replication and iron uptake utilization are key aspects of the early iron-efficiency response. We observed dynamic gene expression differences between roots and leaves, suggesting the involvement of many transcription factors in eliciting rapid changes in gene expression. In roots, genes involved iron uptake and development of Casparian strips were induced one hour after iron stress. In leaves, genes involved in DNA replication and sugar signaling responded to iron deficiency. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling components identified here represent new targets for soybean improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne N Moran Lauter
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, 1565 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Gregory A Peiffer
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, 1565 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Tengfei Yin
- />Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Steven A Whitham
- />Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Dianne Cook
- />Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Randy C Shoemaker
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, 1565 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- />Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Michelle A Graham
- />USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, 1565 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- />Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
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Pietra S, Gustavsson A, Kiefer C, Kalmbach L, Hörstedt P, Ikeda Y, Stepanova AN, Alonso JM, Grebe M. Arabidopsis SABRE and CLASP interact to stabilize cell division plane orientation and planar polarity. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2779. [PMID: 24240534 PMCID: PMC3868209 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The orientation of cell division and the coordination of cell polarity within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity) contribute to shape diverse multicellular organisms. The root of Arabidopsis thaliana displays regularly oriented cell divisions, cell elongation and planar polarity providing a plant model system to study these processes. Here we report that the SABRE protein, which shares similarity with proteins of unknown function throughout eukaryotes, has important roles in orienting cell division and planar polarity. SABRE localizes at the plasma membrane, endomembranes, mitotic spindle and cell plate. SABRE stabilizes the orientation of CLASP-labelled preprophase band microtubules predicting the cell division plane, and of cortical microtubules driving cell elongation. During planar polarity establishment, sabre is epistatic to clasp at directing polar membrane domains of Rho-of-plant GTPases. Our findings mechanistically link SABRE to CLASP-dependent microtubule organization, shedding new light on the function of SABRE-related proteins in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pietra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
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Polarization of IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) to the plant-soil interface plays crucial role in metal homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8293-8. [PMID: 24843126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402262111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the controlled absorption of soil nutrients by root epidermal cells is critical for growth and development. IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) is the main root transporter taking up iron from the soil and is also the main entry route in plants for potentially toxic metals such as manganese, zinc, cobalt, and cadmium. Previous work demonstrated that the IRT1 protein localizes to early endosomes/trans-Golgi network (EE/TGN) and is constitutively endocytosed through a monoubiquitin- and clathrin-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that the availability of secondary non-iron metal substrates of IRT1 (Zn, Mn, and Co) controls the localization of IRT1 between the outer polar domain of the plasma membrane and EE/TGN in root epidermal cells. We also identify FYVE1, a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-binding protein recruited to late endosomes, as an important regulator of IRT1-dependent metal transport and metal homeostasis in plants. FYVE1 controls IRT1 recycling to the plasma membrane and impacts the polar delivery of this transporter to the outer plasma membrane domain. This work establishes a functional link between the dynamics and the lateral polarity of IRT1 and the transport of its substrates, and identifies a molecular mechanism driving polar localization of a cell surface protein in plants.
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Baetz U, Martinoia E. Root exudates: the hidden part of plant defense. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:90-8. [PMID: 24332225 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The significance of root exudates as belowground defense substances has long been underestimated, presumably due to being buried out of sight. Nevertheless, this chapter of root biology has been progressively addressed within the past decade through the characterization of novel constitutively secreted and inducible phytochemicals that directly repel, inhibit, or kill pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere. In addition, the complex transport machinery involved in their export has been considerably unraveled. It has become evident that the profile of defense root exudates is not only diverse in its composition, but also strikingly dynamic. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the nature and regulation of root-secreted defense compounds and the role of transport proteins in modulating their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baetz
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hawkins TJ, Deeks MJ, Wang P, Hussey PJ. The evolution of the actin binding NET superfamily. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:254. [PMID: 24926301 PMCID: PMC4046492 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis Networked (NET) superfamily are plant-specific actin binding proteins which specifically label different membrane compartments and identify specialized sites of interaction between actin and membranes unique to plants. There are 13 members of the superfamily in Arabidopsis, which group into four distinct clades or families. NET homologs are absent from the genomes of metazoa and fungi; furthermore, in plantae, NET sequences are also absent from the genome of mosses and more ancient extant plant clades. A single family of the NET proteins is found encoded in the club moss genome, an extant species of the earliest vascular plants. Gymnosperms have examples from families 4 and 3, with a hybrid form of NET1 and 2 which shows characteristics of both NET1 and NET2. In addition to NET3 and 4 families, the NET1 and pollen-expressed NET2 families are found only as independent sequences in Angiosperms. This is consistent with the divergence of reproductive actin. The four families are conserved across Monocots and Eudicots, with the numbers of members of each clade expanding at this point, due, in part, to regions of genome duplication. Since the emergence of the NET superfamily at the dawn of vascular plants, they have continued to develop and diversify in a manner which has mirrored the divergence and increasing complexity of land-plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hawkins
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
| | - Michael J. Deeks
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Hussey, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK e-mail:
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It Takes More Than Two to Tango: Regulation of Plant ABC Transporters. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Offringa R, Huang F. Phosphorylation-dependent trafficking of plasma membrane proteins in animal and plant cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:789-808. [PMID: 23945267 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, transmembrane (TM) proteins are sorted to and retained at specific membrane domains by endomembrane trafficking mechanisms that recognize sorting signals in the these proteins. The trafficking and distribution of plasma membrane (PM)-localized TM proteins (PM proteins), especially of those PM proteins that show an asymmetric distribution over the PM, has received much attention, as their proper PM localization is crucial for elementary signaling and transport processes, and defects in their localization often lead to severe disease symptoms or developmental defects. The subcellular localization of PM proteins is dynamically regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. These modificaitons mostly occur on sorting signals that are located in the larger cytosolic domains of the cargo proteins. Here we review the effects of phosphorylation of PM proteins on their trafficking, and present the key examples from the animal field that have been subject to studies for already several decades, such as that of aquaporin 2 and the epidermal growth factor receptor. Our knowledge on cargo trafficking in plants is largely based on studies of the family of PIN FORMED (PIN) carriers that mediate the efflux of the plant hormone auxin. We will review what is known on the subcellular distribution and trafficking of PIN proteins, with a focus on how this is modulated by phosphorylation, and identify and discuss analogies and differences in trafficking with the well-studied animal examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Offringa
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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41
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Baluška F, Mancuso S. Microorganism and filamentous fungi drive evolution of plant synapses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:44. [PMID: 23967407 PMCID: PMC3744040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of plant evolution, there is an obvious trend toward an increased complexity of plant bodies, as well as an increased sophistication of plant behavior and communication. Phenotypic plasticity of plants is based on the polar auxin transport machinery that is directly linked with plant sensory systems impinging on plant behavior and adaptive responses. Similar to the emergence and evolution of eukaryotic cells, evolution of land plants was also shaped and driven by infective and symbiotic microorganisms. These microorganisms are the driving force behind the evolution of plant synapses and other neuronal aspects of higher plants; this is especially pronounced in the root apices. Plant synapses allow synaptic cell–cell communication and coordination in plants, as well as sensory-motor integration in root apices searching for water and mineral nutrition. These neuronal aspects of higher plants are closely linked with their unique ability to adapt to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- IZMB, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Rigó G, Ayaydin F, Tietz O, Zsigmond L, Kovács H, Páy A, Salchert K, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Szabados L, Palme K, Koncz C, Cséplő Á. Inactivation of plasma membrane-localized CDPK-RELATED KINASE5 decelerates PIN2 exocytosis and root gravitropic response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1592-608. [PMID: 23673979 PMCID: PMC3694694 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CRK5 is a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase-related kinase family. Here, we show that inactivation of CRK5 inhibits primary root elongation and delays gravitropic bending of shoots and roots. Reduced activity of the auxin-induced DR5-green fluorescent protein reporter suggests that auxin is depleted from crk5 root tips. However, no tip collapse is observed and the transcription of genes for auxin biosynthesis, AUXIN TRANSPORTER/AUXIN TRANSPORTER-LIKE PROTEIN (AUX/LAX) auxin influx, and PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers is unaffected by the crk5 mutation. Whereas AUX1, PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 display normal localization, PIN2 is depleted from apical membranes of epidermal cells and shows basal to apical relocalization in the cortex of the crk5 root transition zone. This, together with an increase in the number of crk5 lateral root primordia, suggests facilitated auxin efflux through the cortex toward the elongation zone. CRK5 is a plasma membrane-associated kinase that forms U-shaped patterns facing outer lateral walls of epidermis and cortex cells. Brefeldin inhibition of exocytosis stimulates CRK5 internalization into brefeldin bodies. CRK5 phosphorylates the hydrophilic loop of PIN2 in vitro, and PIN2 shows accelerated accumulation in brefeldin bodies in the crk5 mutant. Delayed gravitropic response of the crk5 mutant thus likely reflects defective phosphorylation of PIN2 and deceleration of its brefeldin-sensitive membrane recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olaf Tietz
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Páy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaus Salchert
- BASF Plant Science, DNA Landmarks, Quebec J3B 6X3, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F. Medzihradszky
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csaba Koncz
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Max-Planck Institute für Züchtungschforshung, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Fendrych M, Synek L, Pecenková T, Drdová EJ, Sekeres J, de Rycke R, Nowack MK, Zársky V. Visualization of the exocyst complex dynamics at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:510-20. [PMID: 23283982 PMCID: PMC3571873 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-06-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst complex localizes to distinct foci at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Their localization at the plasma membrane is insensitive to BFA treatment but is decreased in an exocyst-subunit mutant. In turn, exocyst-subunit mutants show decreased exocytosis. The exocyst complex, an effector of Rho and Rab GTPases, is believed to function as an exocytotic vesicle tether at the plasma membrane before soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex formation. Exocyst subunits localize to secretory-active regions of the plasma membrane, exemplified by the outer domain of Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. Using variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy, we visualized the dynamics of exocyst subunits at this domain. The subunits colocalized in defined foci at the plasma membrane, distinct from endocytic sites. Exocyst foci were independent of cytoskeleton, although prolonged actin disruption led to changes in exocyst localization. Exocyst foci partially overlapped with vesicles visualized by VAMP721 v-SNARE, but the majority of the foci represent sites without vesicles, as indicated by electron microscopy and drug treatments, supporting the concept of the exocyst functioning as a dynamic particle. We observed a decrease of SEC6–green fluorescent protein foci in an exo70A1 exocyst mutant. Finally, we documented decreased VAMP721 trafficking to the plasma membrane in exo70A1 and exo84b mutants. Our data support the concept that the exocyst-complex subunits dynamically dock and undock at the plasma membrane to create sites primed for vesicle tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyás Fendrych
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Wang B, Bailly A, Zwiewka M, Henrichs S, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Maeshima M, Friml J, Schulz A, Geisler M. Arabidopsis TWISTED DWARF1 functionally interacts with auxin exporter ABCB1 on the root plasma membrane. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:202-14. [PMID: 23321285 PMCID: PMC3584535 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is influenced by the polar, cell-to-cell transport of auxin that is primarily provided and regulated by plasma membrane efflux catalysts of the PIN-FORMED and B family of ABC transporter (ABCB) classes. The latter were shown to require the functionality of the FK506 binding protein42 TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1), although underlying mechanisms are unclear. By genetic manipulation of TWD1 expression, we show here that TWD1 affects shootward root auxin reflux and, thus, downstream developmental traits, such as epidermal twisting and gravitropism of the root. Using immunological assays, we demonstrate a predominant lateral, mainly outward-facing, plasma membrane location for TWD1 in the root epidermis characterized by the lateral marker ABC transporter G36/PLEIOTROPIC DRUG-RESISTANCE8/PENETRATION3. At these epidermal plasma membrane domains, TWD1 colocalizes with nonpolar ABCB1. In planta bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis was used to verify specific ABC transporter B1 (ABCB1)-TWD1 interaction. Our data support a model in which TWD1 promotes lateral ABCB-mediated auxin efflux via protein-protein interaction at the plasma membrane, minimizing reflux from the root apoplast into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjun Wang
- Department of Biology-Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Biology-Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sina Henrichs
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- Department of Horticulture, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Horticulture, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology-Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to
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Abstract
A Casparian strip-bearing endodermis is a feature that has been invariably present in the roots of ferns and angiosperms for approximately 400 million years. As the innermost cortical layer that surrounds the central vasculature of roots, the endodermis acts as a barrier to the free diffusion of solutes from the soil into the stele. Based on an enormous body of anatomical and physiological work, the protective endodermal diffusion barrier is thought to be of major importance for many aspects of root biology, reaching from efficient water and nutrient transport to defense against soil-borne pathogens. Until recently, however, we were ignorant about the genes and mechanisms that drive the differentiation of this intricately structured barrier. Recent work in Arabidopsis has now identified the first major players in Casparian strip formation. A mechanistic understanding of endodermal differentiation will finally allow us to specifically interfere with endodermal barrier function and study the effects on plant growth and survival under various stress conditions. Here, I critically review the major findings and models related to endodermal structure and function from other plant species and assess them in light of recent molecular data from Arabidopsis, pointing out where the older, descriptive work can provide a framework and inspiration for further molecular dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Baluška F. Rethinking origins of multicellularity: convergent evolution of epithelia in plants. Bioessays 2012; 34:1085. [PMID: 23108939 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Since the first recordings of single potassium channel activities in the plasma membrane of guard cells more than 25 years ago, patch-clamp studies discovered a variety of ion channels in all cell types and plant species under inspection. Their properties differed in a cell type- and cell membrane-dependent manner. Guard cells, for which the existence of plant potassium channels was initially documented, advanced to a versatile model system for studying plant ion channel structure, function, and physiology. Interestingly, one of the first identified potassium-channel genes encoding the Shaker-type channel KAT1 was shown to be highly expressed in guard cells. KAT1-type channels from Arabidopsis thaliana and its homologs from other species were found to encode the K+-selective inward rectifiers that had already been recorded in early patch-clamp studies with guard cells. Within the genome era, additional Arabidopsis Shaker-type channels appeared. All nine members of the Arabidopsis Shaker family are localized at the plasma membrane, where they either operate as inward rectifiers, outward rectifiers, weak voltage-dependent channels, or electrically silent, but modulatory subunits. The vacuole membrane, in contrast, harbors a set of two-pore K+ channels. Just very recently, two plant anion channel families of the SLAC/SLAH and ALMT/QUAC type were identified. SLAC1/SLAH3 and QUAC1 are expressed in guard cells and mediate Slow- and Rapid-type anion currents, respectively, that are involved in volume and turgor regulation. Anion channels in guard cells and other plant cells are key targets within often complex signaling networks. Here, the present knowledge is reviewed for the plant ion channel biology. Special emphasis is drawn to the molecular mechanisms of channel regulation, in the context of model systems and in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Wuerzburg, Germany; and King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Deeks MJ, Calcutt JR, Ingle EKS, Hawkins TJ, Chapman S, Richardson AC, Mentlak DA, Dixon MR, Cartwright F, Smertenko AP, Oparka K, Hussey PJ. A superfamily of actin-binding proteins at the actin-membrane nexus of higher plants. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1595-600. [PMID: 22840520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Complex animals use a wide variety of adaptor proteins to produce specialized sites of interaction between actin and membranes. Plants do not have these protein families, yet actin-membrane interactions within plant cells are critical for the positioning of subcellular compartments, for coordinating intercellular communication, and for membrane deformation. Novel factors are therefore likely to provide interfaces at actin-membrane contacts in plants, but their identity has remained obscure. Here we identify the plant-specific Networked (NET) superfamily of actin-binding proteins, members of which localize to the actin cytoskeleton and specify different membrane compartments. The founding member of the NET superfamily, NET1A, is anchored at the plasma membrane and predominates at cell junctions, the plasmodesmata. NET1A binds directly to actin filaments via a novel actin-binding domain that defines a superfamily of thirteen Arabidopsis proteins divided into four distinct phylogenetic clades. Members of other clades identify interactions at the tonoplast, nuclear membrane, and pollen tube plasma membrane, emphasizing the role of this superfamily in mediating actin-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Deeks
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Alassimone J, Roppolo D, Geldner N, Vermeer JEM. The endodermis--development and differentiation of the plant's inner skin. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:433-43. [PMID: 21735349 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling external compound entrance is essential for plant survival. To set up an efficient and selective sorting of nutrients, free diffusion via the apoplast in vascular plants is blocked at the level of the endodermis. Although we have learned a lot about endodermal specification in the last years, information regarding its differentiation is still very limited. A differentiated endodermal cell can be defined by the presence of the "Casparian strip" (CS), a cell wall modification described first by Robert Caspary in 1865. While the anatomical description of CS in many vascular plants has been very detailed, we still lack molecular information about the establishment of the Casparian strips and their actual function in roots. The recent isolation of a novel protein family, the CASPs, that localizes precisely to a domain of the plasma membrane underneath the CS represents an excellent point of entry to explore CS function and formation. In addition, it has been shown that the endodermis contains transporters that are localized to either the central (stele-facing) or peripheral (soil-facing) plasma membranes. These features suggest that the endodermis functions as a polar plant epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Alassimone
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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50
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Ganguly A, Sasayama D, Cho HT. Regulation of the polarity of protein trafficking by phosphorylation. Mol Cells 2012; 33:423-30. [PMID: 22453777 PMCID: PMC3887733 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetry of environmental stimuli and the execution of developmental programs at the organism level require a corresponding polarity at the cellular level, in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In plants, cell polarity is important in major developmental processes such as cell division, cell enlargement, cell morphogenesis, embryogenesis, axis formation, organ development, and defense. One of the most important factors controlling cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of polarity determinants. In particular, phosphorylation is implicated in the polar distribution of the determinant protein factors, a mechanism conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, formation of local gradients of auxin, the morphogenic hormone, is critical for plant developmental processes exhibiting polarity. The auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMEDs (PINs) localize asymmetrically in the plasma membrane and cause the formation of local auxin gradients throughout the plant. The asymmetry of PIN distribution in the plasma membrane is determined by phosphorylationmediated polar trafficking of PIN proteins. This review discusses recent studies on the role of phosphorylation in polar PIN trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Daisuke Sasayama
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
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