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Liu H, Welburn JPI. A circle of life: platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeleton dynamics in health and disease. Open Biol 2024; 14:240041. [PMID: 38835242 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are blood cells derived from megakaryocytes that play a central role in regulating haemostasis and vascular integrity. The microtubule cytoskeleton of megakaryocytes undergoes a critical dynamic reorganization during cycles of endomitosis and platelet biogenesis. Quiescent platelets have a discoid shape maintained by a marginal band composed of microtubule bundles, which undergoes remarkable remodelling during platelet activation, driving shape change and platelet function. Disrupting or enhancing this process can cause platelet dysfunction such as bleeding disorders or thrombosis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the reorganization of the cytoskeleton in the platelet lineage. Recent studies indicate that the emergence of a unique platelet tubulin code and specific pathogenic tubulin mutations cause platelet defects and bleeding disorders. Frequently, these mutations exhibit dominant negative effects, offering valuable insights into both platelet disease mechanisms and the functioning of tubulins. This review will highlight our current understanding of the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the life and death of platelets, along with its relevance to platelet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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2
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Palumbo J, Tai E, Forth S. Directly Measuring Forces within Reconstituted Active Microtubule Bundles. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63819. [PMID: 35635475 PMCID: PMC10790399 DOI: 10.3791/63819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule networks are employed in cells to accomplish a wide range of tasks, ranging from acting as tracks for vesicle transport to working as specialized arrays during mitosis to regulate chromosome segregation. Proteins that interact with microtubules include motors such as kinesins and dynein, which can generate active forces and directional motion, as well as non-motor proteins that crosslink filaments into higher-order networks or regulate filament dynamics. To date, biophysical studies of microtubule-associated proteins have overwhelmingly focused on the role of single motor proteins needed for vesicle transport, and significant progress has been made in elucidating the force-generating properties and mechanochemical regulation of kinesins and dyneins. However, for processes in which microtubules act both as cargo and track, such as during filament sliding within the mitotic spindle, much less is understood about the biophysical regulation of ensembles of the crosslinking proteins involved. Here, we detail our methodology for directly probing force generation and response within crosslinked microtubule minimal networks reconstituted from purified microtubules and mitotic proteins. Microtubule pairs are crosslinked by proteins of interest, one microtubule is immobilized to a microscope coverslip, and the second microtubule is manipulated by an optical trap. Simultaneous total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy allows for multichannel visualization of all the components of this microtubule network as the filaments slide apart to generate force. We also demonstrate how these techniques can be used to probe pushing forces exerted by kinesin-5 ensembles and how viscous braking forces arise between sliding microtubule pairs crosslinked by the mitotic MAP PRC1. These assays provide insights into the mechanisms of spindle assembly and function and can be more broadly adapted to study dense microtubule network mechanics in diverse contexts, such as the axon and dendrites of neurons and polar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Palumbo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Ellinor Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Scott Forth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute;
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3
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Zhang J, Buranjiang G, Mutalifu Z, Jin H, Yao L. KIF14 affects cell cycle arrest and cell viability in cervical cancer by regulating the p27 Kip1 pathway. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35439960 PMCID: PMC9016959 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a kind of malignant gynecological tumor. The first choice for treating cervical cancer is still a combination of surgery and chemoradiotherapy, but the 5-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, researchers are trying to find new ways to diagnose and treat cervical cancer early. Methods The expression level of KIF14 in cells and tissues was determined via qRT–PCR. The ability of the cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade was examined using CCK-8 assay kits, colony formation assays, and Transwell chambers. The expression levels of Cyclin D1, Cyclin B1, p21, and p27 were also detected using western blot assays. Results The results suggested that p27 is a key regulatory factor in the KIF14-mediated regulation of the cell cycle. In addition, KIF14 knockdown promotes malignancy in cervical cancer cells by inhibiting p27 degradation, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Conclusions KIF14 is an oncogene in cervical cancer, and knocking down KIF14 causes cell cycle arrest by inhibiting p27 degradation, thus affecting cell viability, proliferation, and migration. These results provide a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Gulimire Buranjiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Zuohelaguli Mutalifu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Liyan Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Nanhu Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830063, China.
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4
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Wei YL, Fan XJ, Diao YY, She ZY, Wang XR. Kinesin-14 KIFC1 modulates spindle assembly and chromosome segregation in mouse spermatocytes. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Vukušić K, Tolić IM. Anaphase B: Long-standing models meet new concepts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:127-139. [PMID: 33849764 PMCID: PMC8406420 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions ensure stable transmission of genetic information from a mother to daughter cells in a series of generations. To ensure this crucial task is accomplished, the cell forms a bipolar structure called the mitotic spindle that divides sister chromatids to the opposite sides of the dividing mother cell. After successful establishment of stable attachments of microtubules to chromosomes and inspection of connections between them, at the heart of mitosis, the cell starts the process of segregation. This spectacular moment in the life of a cell is termed anaphase, and it involves two distinct processes: depolymerization of microtubules bound to chromosomes, which is also known as anaphase A, and elongation of the spindle or anaphase B. Both processes ensure physical separation of disjointed sister chromatids. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of anaphase B spindle elongation primarily in mammalian systems, combining different pioneering ideas and concepts with more recent findings that shed new light on the force generation and regulation of biochemical modules operating during spindle elongation. Finally, we present a comprehensive model of spindle elongation that includes structural, biophysical, and molecular aspects of anaphase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Vukušić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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6
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Vukušić K, Ponjavić I, Buđa R, Risteski P, Tolić IM. Microtubule-sliding modules based on kinesins EG5 and PRC1-dependent KIF4A drive human spindle elongation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1253-1267.e10. [PMID: 33910056 PMCID: PMC8098747 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation into two future daughter cells requires the mitotic spindle to elongate in anaphase. However, although some candidate proteins are implicated in this process, the molecular mechanism that drives spindle elongation in human cells is unknown. Using combined depletion and inactivation assays together with CRISPR technology to explore redundancy between multiple targets, we discovered that the force-generating mechanism of spindle elongation consists of EG5/kinesin-5 together with the PRC1-dependent motor KIF4A/kinesin-4, with contribution from kinesin-6 and kinesin-8. Disruption of EG5 and KIF4A leads to total failure of chromosome segregation due to blocked spindle elongation, despite poleward chromosome motion. Tubulin photoactivation, stimulated emission depletion (STED), and expansion microscopy show that perturbation of both proteins impairs midzone microtubule sliding without affecting microtubule stability. Thus, two mechanistically distinct sliding modules, one based on a self-sustained and the other on a crosslinker-assisted motor, power the mechanism that drives spindle elongation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Vukušić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ponjavić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Buđa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrik Risteski
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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7
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Kornakov N, Möllers B, Westermann S. The EB1-Kinesin-14 complex is required for efficient metaphase spindle assembly and kinetochore bi-orientation. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:211447. [PMID: 33044553 PMCID: PMC7545359 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-14s are conserved molecular motors required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation, but their specific contributions to spindle function have not been fully defined. Here, we show that key functions of budding yeast Kinesin-14 Cik1-Kar3 are accomplished in a complex with Bim1 (yeast EB1). Genetic complementation of mitotic phenotypes identifies a novel KLTF peptide motif in the Cik1 N-terminus. We show that this motif is one element of a tripartite binding interface required to form a high-affinity Bim1–Cik1-Kar3 complex. Lack of Bim1-binding by Cik1-Kar3 delays cells in mitosis and impairs microtubule bundle organization and dynamics. Conversely, constitutive targeting of Cik1-Kar3 to microtubule plus ends induces the formation of nuclear microtubule bundles. Cells lacking the Bim1–Cik1-Kar3 complex rely on the conserved microtubule bundler Ase1/PRC1 for metaphase spindle organization, and simultaneous loss of plus-end targeted Kar3 and Ase1 is lethal. Our results reveal the contributions of an EB1–Kinesin-14 complex for spindle formation as a prerequisite for efficient kinetochore clustering and bi-orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kornakov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Möllers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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8
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The Modified Phenanthridine PJ34 Unveils an Exclusive Cell-Death Mechanism in Human Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061628. [PMID: 32575437 PMCID: PMC7352794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview summarizes recent data disclosing the efficacy of the PARP inhibitor PJ34 in exclusive eradication of a variety of human cancer cells without impairing healthy proliferating cells. Its cytotoxic activity in cancer cells is attributed to the insertion of specific un-repairable anomalies in the structure of their mitotic spindle, leading to mitotic catastrophe cell death. This mechanism paves the way to a new concept of cancer therapy.
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9
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Nazgiewicz A, Atherton P, Ballestrem C. GAS2-like 1 coordinates cell division through its association with end-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5805. [PMID: 30967572 PMCID: PMC6456587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division involves the tightly coordinated rearrangement of actin and microtubules (MTs). We have previously shown that a member of the family of growth arrest-specific 2-like proteins, GAS2-like 1 (G2L1) regulates actin-MT crosstalk through its associations with plus-end microtubule tip-binding (EB) proteins. Here we show that G2L1 is involved in the regulation of cell division. We show that the depletion of G2L1 results in a reduction in the number of cells undergoing cell division and a significant proportion of those cells that do divide are either multinucleated, display deformed nuclei, or undergo cell division at a much slower rate. Exogenous expression of G2L1 mutants revealed that the association of G2L1 with EB1 is critical for regulated cell division and blocking this interaction inhibits cell division as observed in cells lacking G2L1. Taken together, our data suggest that G2L1 controls the precise regulation and successful progression of cell division through its binding to EB-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nazgiewicz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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10
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Yukawa M, Yamada Y, Yamauchi T, Toda T. Two spatially distinct kinesin-14 proteins, Pkl1 and Klp2, generate collaborative inward forces against kinesin-5 Cut7 in S. pombe. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210740. [PMID: 29167352 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motors play central roles in bipolar spindle assembly. In many eukaryotes, spindle pole separation is driven by kinesin-5, which generates outward force. This outward force is balanced by antagonistic inward force elicited by kinesin-14 and/or dynein. In fission yeast, two kinesin-14 proteins, Pkl1 and Klp2, play an opposing role against the kinesin-5 motor protein Cut7. However, how the two kinesin-14 proteins coordinate individual activities remains elusive. Here, we show that although deletion of either pkl1 or klp2 rescues temperature-sensitive cut7 mutants, deletion of only pkl1 can bypass the lethality caused by cut7 deletion. Pkl1 is tethered to the spindle pole body, whereas Klp2 is localized along the spindle microtubule. Forced targeting of Klp2 to the spindle pole body, however, compensates for Pkl1 functions, indicating that cellular localizations, rather than individual motor specificities, differentiate between the two kinesin-14 proteins. Interestingly, human kinesin-14 (KIFC1 or HSET) can replace either Pkl1 or Klp2. Moreover, overproduction of HSET induces monopolar spindles, reminiscent of the phenotype of Cut7 inactivation. Taken together, this study has uncovered the biological mechanism whereby two different Kinesin-14 motor proteins exert their antagonistic roles against kinesin-5 in a spatially distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yukawa
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging, and Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging, and Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamauchi
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging, and Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Toda
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging, and Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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11
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Hanselmann S, Wolter P, Malkmus J, Gaubatz S. The microtubule-associated protein PRC1 is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4985-4997. [PMID: 29435157 PMCID: PMC5797028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are potential targets for therapy of lung cancer. We find that the microtubule-associated protein PRC1 (protein required for cytokinesis 1), which plays a key role in organizing anti-parallel microtubule in the central spindle in cytokinesis, is overexpressed in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Increased expression of PRC1 is correlated with a poor prognosis of human lung adenocarcinoma patients. Lentiviral delivered, inducible RNAi of PRC1 demonstrated that proliferation of lung cancer cell lines strongly depends on PRC1. Significantly, we also show that PRC1 is required for tumorigenesis in vivo using a mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer driven by oncogenic K-RAS and loss of p53. When PRC1 is depleted by in vivo RNA interference, lung tumor formation is significantly reduced. Although PRC1 has been suggested to regulate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in cancer cells, we find no evidence for a role of PRC1 in this pathway in lung cancer. Instead, we show that the depletion of PRC1 results in a strong increase in bi- and multinuclear cells due to defects in cytokinesis. This ultimately leads to apoptosis and senescence. Together these data establish PRC1 as a potential target for therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hanselmann
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wolter
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Malkmus
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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12
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Visochek L, Castiel A, Mittelman L, Elkin M, Atias D, Golan T, Izraeli S, Peretz T, Cohen-Armon M. Exclusive destruction of mitotic spindles in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20813-20824. [PMID: 28209915 PMCID: PMC5400547 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified target proteins modified by phenanthrenes that cause exclusive eradication of human cancer cells. The cytotoxic activity of the phenanthrenes in a variety of human cancer cells is attributed by these findings to post translational modifications of NuMA and kinesins HSET/kifC1 and kif18A. Their activity prevented the binding of NuMA to α-tubulin and kinesins in human cancer cells, and caused aberrant spindles. The most efficient cytotoxic activity of the phenanthridine PJ34, caused significantly smaller aberrant spindles with disrupted spindle poles and scattered extra-centrosomes and chromosomes. Concomitantly, PJ34 induced tumor growth arrest of human malignant tumors developed in athymic nude mice, indicating the relevance of its activity for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Visochek
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Asher Castiel
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 53621, Israel
| | - Leonid Mittelman
- The Imaging Unit, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dikla Atias
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 53621, Israel
| | - Talia Golan
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 53621, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 53621, Israel.,The Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Malka Cohen-Armon
- The Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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13
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She ZY, Yang WX. Molecular mechanisms of kinesin-14 motors in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2097-2110. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During eukaryote cell division, molecular motors are crucial regulators of microtubule organization, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and intracellular transport. The kinesin-14 motors are evolutionarily conserved minus-end-directed kinesin motors that occur in diverse organisms from simple yeasts to higher eukaryotes. Members of the kinesin-14 motor family can bind to, crosslink or slide microtubules and, thus, regulate microtubule organization and spindle assembly. In this Commentary, we present the common subthemes that have emerged from studies of the molecular kinetics and mechanics of kinesin-14 motors, particularly with regard to their non-processive movement, their ability to crosslink microtubules and interact with the minus- and plus-ends of microtubules, and with microtubule-organizing center proteins. In particular, counteracting forces between minus-end-directed kinesin-14 and plus-end-directed kinesin-5 motors have recently been implicated in the regulation of microtubule nucleation. We also discuss recent progress in our current understanding of the multiple and fundamental functions that kinesin-14 motors family members have in important aspects of cell division, including the spindle pole, spindle organization and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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The mitotic kinesin-14 KlpA contains a context-dependent directionality switch. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13999. [PMID: 28051135 PMCID: PMC5216134 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-14s are commonly known as nonprocessive minus end-directed microtubule motors that function mainly for mitotic spindle assembly. Here we show using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy that KlpA—a kinesin-14 from Aspergillus nidulans—is a context-dependent bidirectional motor. KlpA exhibits plus end-directed processive motility on single microtubules, but reverts to canonical minus end-directed motility when anchored on the surface in microtubule-gliding experiments or interacting with a pair of microtubules in microtubule-sliding experiments. Plus end-directed processive motility of KlpA on single microtubules depends on its N-terminal nonmotor microtubule-binding tail, as KlpA without the tail is nonprocessive and minus end-directed. We suggest that the tail is a de facto directionality switch for KlpA motility: when the tail binds to the same microtubule as the motor domain, KlpA is a plus end-directed processive motor; in contrast, when the tail detaches from the microtubule to which the motor domain binds, KlpA becomes minus end-directed. Kinesin-14s are commonly considered to be minus end-directed microtubule motor proteins. Here the authors show that KlpA, a fungal kinesin-14 orthologue, relies on its N-terminal nonmotor microtubule-binding tail to achieve context-dependent bidirectional motility.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify gastric cancer (GC)-associated genes and transcription factors (TFs) using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of Asians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The RNA-seq data (GSE36968) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including 6 noncancerous gastric tissue samples, 5 stage I GC samples, 5 stage II GC samples, 8 stage III GC samples, and 6 stage IV GC samples. The gene expression values in each sample were calculated using Cuffdiff. Following, stage-specific genes were identified by 1-way analysis of variance and hierarchical clustering analysis. Upstream TFs were identified using Seqpos. Besides, functional enrichment analysis of stage-specific genes was performed by DAVID. In addition, the underlying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) information among stage IV-specific genes were extracted from STRING database and PPI network was constructed using Cytoscape software. RESULTS A total of 3576 stage-specific genes were identified, including 813 specifically up-regulated genes in the normal gastric tissues, 2224 stage I and II-specific genes, and 539 stage IV-specific genes. Also, a total of 9 and 11 up-regulated TFs were identified for the stage I and II-specific genes and stage IV-specific genes, respectively. Functional enrichment showed SPARC, MMP17, and COL6A3 were related to extracellular matrix. Notably, 2 regulatory pathways HOXA4-GLI3-RUNX2-FGF2 and HMGA2-PRKCA were obtained from the PPI network for stage IV-specific genes. In the PPI network, TFs HOXA4 and HMGA2 might function via mediating other genes. CONCLUSION These stage-specific genes and TFs might act in the pathogenesis of GC in Asians.
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Li Z, Zhang P, Yan A, Guo Z, Ban Y, Li J, Chen S, Yang H, He Y, Li J, Guo Y, Zhang W, Hajiramezanali E, An H, Fajardo D, Harbour JW, Ruan Y, Nimer SD, Yu P, Chen X, Xu M, Yang FC. ASXL1 interacts with the cohesin complex to maintain chromatid separation and gene expression for normal hematopoiesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601602. [PMID: 28116354 PMCID: PMC5249256 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ASXL1 is frequently mutated in a spectrum of myeloid malignancies with poor prognosis. Loss of Asxl1 leads to myelodysplastic syndrome-like disease in mice; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We report that ASXL1 interacts with the cohesin complex, which has been shown to guide sister chromatid segregation and regulate gene expression. Loss of Asxl1 impairs the cohesin function, as reflected by an impaired telophase chromatid disjunction in hematopoietic cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing data revealed that ASXL1, RAD21, and SMC1A share 93% of genomic binding sites at promoter regions in Lin-cKit+ (LK) cells. We have shown that loss of Asxl1 reduces the genome binding of RAD21 and SMC1A and alters the expression of ASXL1/cohesin target genes in LK cells. Our study underscores the ASXL1-cohesin interaction as a novel means to maintain normal sister chromatid separation and regulate gene expression in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Li
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Aimin Yan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Zhengyu Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yongzheng He
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jianping Li
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ehsan Hajiramezanali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Huangda An
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Darlene Fajardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J. William Harbour
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Stephen D. Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Feng-Chun Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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17
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Li R, Liu Y, Pedersen HS, Callesen H. Cytoplasmic membrane activities during first cleavage of zona-free porcine embryos: description and consequences. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:557-564. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Already at first embryo cleavage subsequent blastocyst formation can be predicted based on morphology but the finer morphological details can be difficult to determine due to the presence of the zona pellucida (ZP). Therefore, we monitored zona-free porcine parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos in a time-lapse system to: (1) describe and characterise the morphological activity of the cytoplasmic membrane and the distribution to the two nuclei during first cleavage and (2) determine the relationship between specific morphological activities and subsequent embryonic development. After ZP removal the membrane surface activities were clearly visible, so all cleaved embryos could be divided into two groups depending on the surface activity during first cleavage: regular morphology (MN) or irregular morphology with ‘bumps’ (MB). The two nuclei were more unequal in MB embryos in both nucleus size and DNA quantity. After first cleavage, MB embryos could be further divided into three types of irregularities (MB1, MB2, MB3) based on their subsequent behaviour. Clear differences in developmental patterns were found between MN and MB embryos, such as delayed first cleavage, compromised blastocyst formation and total cell number. The predictive value of these new types of morphological events was comparable to the more traditionally used time of first cleavage. In conclusion, zona-free embryos allow visualisation of finer morphological details that can provide an early prediction of embryo developmental potential, but further studies are needed on other type of embryos.
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18
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Qin B, Cao D, Wu H, Mo F, Shao H, Chu J, Powell M, Aikhionbare F, Wang D, Fu C, He P, Pan W, Wang W, Liu X, Yao X. Phosphorylation of SKAP by GSK3β ensures chromosome segregation by a temporal inhibition of Kif2b activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38791. [PMID: 27982129 PMCID: PMC5159797 DOI: 10.1038/srep38791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the kinetochore and spindle microtubules. Our recent study shows SKAP is an EB1-dependent, microtubule plus-end tracking protein essential for kinetochore oscillations during mitosis. Here we show that phosphorylation of SKAP by GSK3β regulates Kif2b depolymerase activity by competing Kif2b for microtubule plus-end binding. SKAP is a bona fide substrate of GSK3β in vitro and the phosphorylation is essential for an accurate kinetochore-microtubule attachment in cells. The GSK3β-elicited phosphorylation sites were mapped by mass spectrometry and the phosphomimetic mutant of SKAP can rescue the phenotype of chromosome missegregation in SKAP-suppressed cells. Importantly, GSK3β-elicited phosphorylation promotes SKAP binding to Kif2b to regulate its depolymerase activity at the microtubule plus-ends. Based on those findings, we reason that GSK3β-SKAP-Kif2b signaling axis constitutes a dynamic link between spindle microtubule plus-ends and mitotic chromosomes to achieve faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hengyi Shao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jane Chu
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical &Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Michael Powell
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical &Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Felix Aikhionbare
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical &Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ping He
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science &Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Zhong A, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Chromokinesin: Kinesin superfamily regulating cell division through chromosome and spindle. Gene 2016; 589:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Recent findings and future directions for interpolar mitotic kinesin inhibitors in cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:463-89. [PMID: 26976726 PMCID: PMC4896392 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin class of microtubule-associated motor proteins present attractive anti-cancer targets owing to their roles in key functions in dividing cells. Two interpolar mitotic kinesins Eg5 and HSET have opposing motor functions in mitotic spindle assembly with respect to microtubule movement, but both offer opportunities to develop cancer selective therapeutic agents. Here, we summarize the progress to date in developing inhibitors of Eg5 and HSET, with an emphasis on structural biology insights into the binding modes of allosteric inhibitors, compound selectivity and mechanisms of action of different chemical scaffolds. We discuss translation of preclinical studies to clinical experience with Eg5 inhibitors, recent findings on potential resistance mechanisms, and explore the implications for future anticancer drug development against these targets.
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21
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Zong H, Carnes SK, Moe C, Walczak CE, Ems-McClung SC. The far C-terminus of MCAK regulates its conformation and spindle pole focusing. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1451-64. [PMID: 26941326 PMCID: PMC4850033 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical for proper spindle assembly. The far C-terminus of the microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin-13 MCAK regulates MCAK localization at spindle poles, which is needed for proper pole focusing. To ensure proper spindle assembly, microtubule (MT) dynamics needs to be spatially regulated within the cell. The kinesin-13 MCAK is a potent MT depolymerase with a complex subcellular localization, yet how MCAK spatial regulation contributes to spindle assembly is not understood. Here we show that the far C-terminus of MCAK plays a critical role in regulating MCAK conformation, subspindle localization, and spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. Alteration of MCAK conformation by the point mutation E715A/E716A in the far C-terminus increased MCAK targeting to the poles and reduced MT lifetimes, which induced spindles with unfocused poles. These effects were phenocopied by the Aurora A phosphomimetic mutation, S719E. Furthermore, addition of the kinesin-14 XCTK2 to spindle assembly reactions rescued the unfocused-pole phenotype. Collectively our work shows how the regional targeting of MCAK regulates MT dynamics, highlighting the idea that multiple phosphorylation pathways of MCAK cooperate to spatially control MT dynamics to maintain spindle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Christina Moe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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22
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Uehara R, Kamasaki T, Hiruma S, Poser I, Yoda K, Yajima J, Gerlich DW, Goshima G. Augmin shapes the anaphase spindle for efficient cytokinetic furrow ingression and abscission. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:812-27. [PMID: 26764096 PMCID: PMC4803307 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During anaphase, distinct populations of microtubules (MTs) form by either centrosome-dependent or augmin-dependent nucleation. It remains largely unknown whether these different MT populations contribute distinct functions to cytokinesis. Here we show that augmin-dependent MTs are required for the progression of both furrow ingression and abscission. Augmin depletion reduced the accumulation of anillin, a contractile ring regulator at the cell equator, yet centrosomal MTs were sufficient to mediate RhoA activation at the furrow. This defect in contractile ring organization, combined with incomplete spindle pole separation during anaphase, led to impaired furrow ingression. During the late stages of cytokinesis, astral MTs formed bundles in the intercellular bridge, but these failed to assemble a focused midbody structure and did not establish tight linkage to the plasma membrane, resulting in furrow regression. Thus augmin-dependent acentrosomal MTs and centrosomal MTs contribute to nonredundant targeting mechanisms of different cytokinesis factors, which are required for the formation of a functional contractile ring and midbody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Uehara
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan Department of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shota Hiruma
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kinya Yoda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter Campus, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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23
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Syrovatkina V, Tran PT. Loss of kinesin-14 results in aneuploidy via kinesin-5-dependent microtubule protrusions leading to chromosome cut. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7322. [PMID: 26031557 PMCID: PMC4720966 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy – chromosome instability leading to incorrect chromosome number in dividing cells – can arise from defects in centrosome duplication, bipolar spindle formation, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, chromatid cohesion, mitotic checkpoint monitoring, or cytokinesis. As most tumors show some degree of aneuploidy, mechanistic understanding of these pathways has been an intense area of research to provide potential therapeutics. Here, we present a mechanism for aneuploidy in fission yeast based on spindle pole microtubule defocusing by loss of kinesin-14 Pkl1, leading to kinesin-5 Cut7-dependent aberrant long spindle microtubule minus end protrusions that push the properly segregated chromosomes to the site of cell division, resulting in chromosome cut at cytokinesis. Pkl1 localization and function at the spindle pole is mutually dependent on spindle pole-associated protein Msd1. This mechanism of aneuploidy bypasses the known spindle assembly checkpoint that monitors chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Room 1145, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Phong T Tran
- 1] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Room 1145, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris F-75248, France [3] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris F-75248, France
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24
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Olmsted ZT, Colliver AG, Riehlman TD, Paluh JL. Kinesin-14 and kinesin-5 antagonistically regulate microtubule nucleation by γ-TuRC in yeast and human cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5339. [PMID: 25348260 PMCID: PMC4220466 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar spindle assembly is a critical control point for initiation of mitosis through nucleation and organization of spindle microtubules and is regulated by kinesin-like proteins. In fission yeast, the kinesin-14 Pkl1 binds the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) microtubule-organizing centre at spindle poles and can alter its structure and function. Here we show that kinesin-14 blocks microtubule nucleation in yeast and reveal that this inhibition is countered by the kinesin-5 protein, Cut7. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Cut7 binding to γ-TuRC and the Cut7 BimC domain are both required for inhibition of Pkl1. We also demonstrate that a yeast kinesin-14 peptide blocks microtubule nucleation in two human breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. In conclusion, using genetic, biochemical and cell biology approaches we uncover antagonistic control of microtubule nucleation at γ-TuRC by two kinesin-like proteins, which may represent an attractive anti-mitotic target for cancer therapies. Mitotic spindle assembly requires strict control of microtubule nucleation by γ-tubulin ring complexes. Olmsted et al. report that the kinesin-like proteins Pkl1 and Cut7 antagonistically regulate nucleation in fission yeast, and show that a Pkl1 peptide blocks spindle assembly in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Olmsted
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, Albany, New York 12203, USA
| | - Andrew G Colliver
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, Albany, New York 12203, USA
| | - Timothy D Riehlman
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, Albany, New York 12203, USA
| | - Janet L Paluh
- State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, College of Nanoscale Science, Nanobioscience Constellation, Albany, New York 12203, USA
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25
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Min M, Mayor U, Dittmar G, Lindon C. Using in vivo biotinylated ubiquitin to describe a mitotic exit ubiquitome from human cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2411-25. [PMID: 24857844 PMCID: PMC4159658 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.033498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic division requires highly regulated morphological and biochemical changes to the cell. Upon commitment to exit mitosis, cells begin to remove mitotic regulators in a temporally and spatially controlled manner to bring about the changes that reestablish interphase. Ubiquitin-dependent pathways target these regulators to generate polyubiquitin-tagged substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome. However, the lack of cell-based assays to investigate in vivo ubiquitination limits our knowledge of the identity of substrates of ubiquitin-mediated regulation in mitosis. Here we report an in vivo ubiquitin tagging system used in human cells that allows efficient purification of ubiquitin conjugates from synchronized cell populations. Coupling purification with mass spectrometry, we have identified a series of mitotic regulators targeted for polyubiquitination in mitotic exit. We show that some are new substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and validate KIFC1 and RacGAP1/Cyk4 as two such targets involved respectively in timely mitotic spindle disassembly and cell spreading. We conclude that in vivo biotin tagging of ubiquitin can provide valuable information about the role of ubiquitin-mediated regulation in processes required for rebuilding interphase cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Min
- From the ‡Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ugo Mayor
- §CIC Biogune, Bizkaia Teknology Park, 48160 Derio, Basque Country, Spain; ¶Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- ‖Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Lindon
- From the ‡Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK;
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26
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Lecland N, Lüders J. The dynamics of microtubule minus ends in the human mitotic spindle. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:770-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Pawar S, Donthamsetty S, Pannu V, Rida P, Ogden A, Bowen N, Osan R, Cantuaria G, Aneja R. KIFCI, a novel putative prognostic biomarker for ovarian adenocarcinomas: delineating protein interaction networks and signaling circuitries. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:53. [PMID: 25028599 PMCID: PMC4098650 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amplified centrosomes in cancers are recently garnering a lot of attention as an emerging hub of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. Ovarian adenocarcinomas commonly harbor supernumerary centrosomes that drive chromosomal instability. A centrosome clustering molecule, KIFC1, is indispensable for the viability of extra centrosome-bearing cancer cells, and may underlie progression of ovarian cancers. Methods Centrosome amplification in low- and high- grade serous ovarian adenocarcinomas was quantitated employing confocal imaging. KIFC1 expression was analyzed in ovarian tumors using publically-available databases. Associated grade, stage and clinical information from these databases were plotted for KIFC1 gene expression values. Furthermore, interactions and functional annotation of KIFC1 and its highly correlated genes were studied using DAVID and STRING 9.1. Results Clinical specimens of ovarian cancers display robust centrosome amplification and deploy centrosome clustering to execute an error-prone mitosis to enable karyotypic heterogeneity that fosters tumor progression and aggressiveness. Our in silico analyses showed KIFC1 overexpression in human ovarian tumors (n = 1090) and its upregulation associated with tumor aggressiveness utilizing publically-available gene expression databases. KIFC1 expression correlated with advanced tumor grade and stage. Dichotomization of KIFC1 levels revealed a significantly lower overall survival time for patients in high KIFC1 group. Intriguingly, in a matched-cohort of primary (n = 7) and metastatic (n = 7) ovarian samples, no significant differences in KIFC1 expression were detectable, suggesting that high KIFC1 expression may serve as a marker of metastases onset. Nonetheless, KIFC1 levels in both primary and matched metastatic sites were significantly higher compared to normal tissue . Ingenuity based network prediction algorithms combined with pre-established protein interaction networks uncovered several novel cell-cycle related partner genes on the basis of interconnectivity, illuminating the centrosome clustering independent agenda of KIFC1 in ovarian tumor progression. Conclusions Ovarian cancers display amplified centrosomes, a feature of aggressive tumors. To cope up with the abnormal centrosomal load, ovarian cancer cells upregulate genes like KIFC1 that are known to induce centrosome clustering. Our data underscore KIFC1 as a putative biomarker that predicts worse prognosis, poor overall survival and may serve as a potential marker of onset of metastatic dissemination in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Pawar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Vaishali Pannu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Padmashree Rida
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Angela Ogden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Nathan Bowen
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development (CCRTD), Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Remus Osan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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28
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Nachbar J, Lázaro-Diéguez F, Prekeris R, Cohen D, Müsch A. KIFC3 promotes mitotic progression and integrity of the central spindle in cytokinesis. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:426-33. [PMID: 24275865 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-14 motor proteins play a variety of roles during metaphase and anaphase. However, it is not known whether members of this family of motors also participate in the dramatic changes in mitotic spindle organization during the transition from telophase to cytokinesis. We have identified the minus-end-directed motor, KIFC3, as an important contributor to central bridge morphology at this stage. KIFC3's unique motor-dependent localization at the central bridge allows it to congress microtubules, promoting efficient progress through cytokinesis. Conversely, when KIFC3 function is perturbed, abscission is delayed, and the central bridge is both widened and extended. Examination of KIFC3 on growing microtubules in interphase indicates that it caps microtubules released from the centrosome, both in the region of the centrosome and in the cell periphery. In line with other kinesin-14 family members, KIFC3 may guide free microtubules to their destination at the bridge and/or may slide and crosslink central bridge microtubules in order to stage the cells for abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Nachbar
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Francisco Lázaro-Diéguez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | | | - David Cohen
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Anne Müsch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York, NY USA
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29
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Watts C, Richards F, Bender A, Bond P, Korb O, Kern O, Riddick M, Owen P, Myers R, Raff J, Gergely F, Jodrell D, Ley S. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of an allosteric inhibitor of HSET that targets cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2013; 20:1399-410. [PMID: 24210220 PMCID: PMC3898838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes associate with spindle poles; thus, the presence of two centrosomes promotes bipolar spindle assembly in normal cells. Cancer cells often contain supernumerary centrosomes, and to avoid multipolar mitosis and cell death, these are clustered into two poles by the microtubule motor protein HSET. We report the discovery of an allosteric inhibitor of HSET, CW069, which we designed using a methodology on an interface of chemistry and biology. Using this approach, we explored millions of compounds in silico and utilized convergent syntheses. Only compound CW069 showed marked activity against HSET in vitro. The inhibitor induced multipolar mitoses only in cells containing supernumerary centrosomes. CW069 therefore constitutes a valuable tool for probing HSET function and, by reducing the growth of cells containing supernumerary centrosomes, paves the way for new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciorsdaidh A. Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Frances M. Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Andreas Bender
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge 1EW, UK
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge 1EW, UK
| | - Oliver Korb
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Oliver Kern
- Cancer Research Technology, Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle Riddick
- Cancer Research Technology, Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 3AT, UK
| | - Paul Owen
- Cancer Research Technology, Ltd., Wolfson Institute of Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rebecca M. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jordan Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Duncan I. Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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30
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Nalepa G, Enzor R, Sun Z, Marchal C, Park SJ, Yang Y, Tedeschi L, Kelich S, Hanenberg H, Clapp DW. Fanconi anemia signaling network regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3839-47. [PMID: 23934222 DOI: 10.1172/jci67364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogenous genetic disease with a high risk of cancer. The FA proteins are essential for interphase DNA damage repair; however, it is incompletely understood why FA-deficient cells also develop gross aneuploidy, leading to cancer. Here, we systematically evaluated the role of the FA proteins in chromosome segregation through functional RNAi screens and analysis of primary cells from patients with FA. We found that FA signaling is essential for the spindle assembly checkpoint and is therefore required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation and prevention of aneuploidy. Furthermore, we discovered that FA proteins differentially localize to key structures of the mitotic apparatus in a cell cycle-dependent manner. The essential role of the FA pathway in mitosis offers a mechanistic explanation for the aneuploidy and malignant transformation known to occur after disruption of FA signaling. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the genetically unstable cancers resulting from inactivation of the FA/BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nalepa
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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31
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Milani L, Ghiselli F, Nuzhdin SV, Passamonti M. Nuclear genes with sex bias in Ruditapes philippinarum (Bivalvia, veneridae): Mitochondrial inheritance and sex determination in DUI species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:442-54. [PMID: 23873694 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are inherited maternally in most metazoans, but in bivalves with Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI) a mitochondrial lineage is transmitted through eggs (F-type), and another through sperm (M-type). In DUI species, a sex-ratio distortion of the progeny was observed: some females produce a female-biased offspring (female-biased family), others a male-biased progeny (male-biased family), and others a 50:50 sex-ratio. A peculiar segregation pattern of M-type mitochondria in DUI organisms appears to be correlated with the sex bias of these families. According to a proposed model for the inheritance of M-type mitochondria in DUI, the transmission of sperm mitochondria is controlled by three nuclear genes, named W, X, and Z. An additional S gene with different dosage effect would be involved in sex determination. In this study, we analyzed structure and localization of three transcripts (psa, birc, and anubl1) with specific sex and family biases in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. In situ hybridization confirmed the localization of these transcripts in gametogenic cells. In other animals, homologs of these genes are involved in reproduction and ubiquitination. We hypothesized that these genes may have a role in sex determination and could also be responsible for the maintenance/degradation of spermatozoon mitochondria during embryo development of the DUI species R. philippinarum, so that we propose them as candidate factors of the W/X/Z/S system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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32
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Schiel JA, Childs C, Prekeris R. Endocytic transport and cytokinesis: from regulation of the cytoskeleton to midbody inheritance. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:319-27. [PMID: 23522622 PMCID: PMC4228945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abscission is the last step of cytokinesis that leads to the physical separation of two daughter cells. An emerging picture is that abscission is a complex event that relies on changes in both lipid composition and cytoskeletal dynamics. These subcellular processes lead to the establishment of the abscission site and recruitment of the ESCRT-III protein complex to mediate the final separation event. It has become apparent that endocytic transport to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis mediates and coordinates lipid and cytoskeleton dynamics, thus playing a key role in abscission. Furthermore, new evidence suggests that endosomes may have additional roles in post-mitotic cellular events such as midbody inheritance and degradation. Here, we highlight recent findings regarding the function of these endosomes in the regulation of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Schiel
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Carly Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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33
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Lee KY, Davies T, Mishima M. Cytokinesis microtubule organisers at a glance. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:3495-500. [PMID: 22991411 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kian-Yong Lee
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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34
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Kim N, Song K. KIFC1 is essential for bipolar spindle formation and genomic stability in the primary human fibroblast IMR-90 cell. Cell Struct Funct 2013; 38:21-30. [PMID: 23318213 DOI: 10.1247/csf.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) is the only member of the minus-end-directed kinesin-14 family in human cells. In cancer cells, KIFC1 plays an essential role in bipolar spindle formation by clustering the multiple poles during mitosis. However, it has not been clearly demonstrated whether KIFC1 also functions to mediate bipolar spindle formation and to maintain genomic stability in normal cells. In this study, by using human primary lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells, we showed that KIFC1 knock-down with lentiviral KIFC1 shRNA induced 17% of cells with multiple microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and delayed cyclin A degradation for more than 2 hr in early mitosis. However, these cells eventually carried out mitosis, resulting in 24% of cells with lagging chromosomes and 9% of cells with micronuclei after mitosis. Karyotyping of KIFC1-depleted IMR-90 cells demonstrated that cells with various abnormal numbers of chromosomes are produced. When IMR-90 cells treated with KIFC1 or the control shRNA for 60 hr were compared, 20% less cells were observed in KIFC1-depleted cells without an obvious immediate cell death. As reported for Mad2 depletion in IMR-90 cells, KIFC1-depleted IMR-90 cells showed typical features of senescence, like senescence-associated (SA) β-galactosidase expression, when incubated 6 days or more. However, IMR-90 cells knocked down with both KIFC1 and Mad2 underwent apoptosis, suggesting that KIFC1 and Mad2 likely function in different pathways during mitosis. Taken together, we suggest that KIFC1 plays an essential role for bipolar MTOC formation and maintaining chromosomal stability in the mitosis of human primary fibroblast IMR-90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Murata T, Sano T, Sasabe M, Nonaka S, Higashiyama T, Hasezawa S, Machida Y, Hasebe M. Mechanism of microtubule array expansion in the cytokinetic phragmoplast. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1967. [PMID: 23770826 PMCID: PMC3709505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In land plants, the cell plate partitions the daughter cells at cytokinesis. The cell plate initially forms between daughter nuclei and expands centrifugally until reaching the plasma membrane. The centrifugal development of the cell plate is driven by the centrifugal expansion of the phragmoplast microtubule array, but the molecular mechanism underlying this expansion is unknown. Here, we show that the phragmoplast array comprises stable microtubule bundles and dynamic microtubules. We find that the dynamic microtubules are nucleated by γ-tubulin on stable bundles. The dynamic microtubules elongate at the plus ends and form new bundles preferentially at the leading edge of the phragmoplast. At the same time, they are moved away from the cell plate, maintaining a restricted distribution of minus ends. We propose that cycles of attachment of γ-tubulin complexes onto the microtubule bundles, microtubule nucleation and bundling, accompanied by minus-end-directed motility, drive the centrifugal development of the phragmoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murata
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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36
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Abstract
Kinesins are a family of molecular motors that travel unidirectionally along microtubule tracks to fulfil their many roles in intracellular transport or cell division. Over the past few years kinesins that are involved in mitosis have emerged as potential targets for cancer drug development. Several compounds that inhibit two mitotic kinesins (EG5 (also known as KIF11) and centromere-associated protein E (CENPE)) have entered Phase I and II clinical trials either as monotherapies or in combination with other drugs. Additional mitotic kinesins are currently being validated as drug targets, raising the possibility that the range of kinesin-based drug targets may expand in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rath
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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37
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Wolter P, Schmitt K, Fackler M, Kremling H, Probst L, Hauser S, Gruss OJ, Gaubatz S. GAS2L3, a target gene of the DREAM complex, is required for proper cytokinesis and genomic stability. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2393-406. [PMID: 22344256 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian DREAM complex is a key regulator of cell-cycle-regulated gene transcription and drives the expression of many gene products required for mitosis and cytokinesis. In this study, we characterized GAS2L3, which belongs to the GAS2 family of proteins with putative actin- and microtubule-binding domains as a target gene of DREAM. We found that GAS2L3 localizes to the spindle midzone and the midbody during anaphase and cytokinesis, respectively. Biochemical studies show that GAS2L3 binds to and bundles microtubules as well as F-actin in vitro. Strikingly, the RNAi-mediated knockdown of GAS2L3 results in chromosome segregation defects in multinucleated cells and in cells with multi-lobed nuclei. Likewise, chronic downregulation of GAS2L3 causes chromosome loss and aneuploidy. Time-lapse videomicroscopy experiments in GAS2L3-knockdown cells reveal abnormal oscillation of chromatin and the spindle during cytokinesis. Taken together, our data reveal novel, important roles of GAS2L3 for faithful cell division. Our work thus contributes to the understanding of how DREAM regulates cytokinesis.
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38
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Shrestha S, Wilmeth LJ, Eyer J, Shuster CB. PRC1 controls spindle polarization and recruitment of cytokinetic factors during monopolar cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1196-207. [PMID: 22323288 PMCID: PMC3315816 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-12-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PRC1 and KIF4A are believed to play a critical role in organizing antiparallel microtubules of the central spindle. Separable and nonredundant roles for these proteins were uncovered using cells with compromised spindle bipolarity, in which cytokinesis can be induced by bypassing the spindle assembly checkpoint. The central spindle is a postanaphase array of microtubules that plays an essential role in organizing the signaling machinery for cytokinesis. The model by which the central spindle organizes the cytokinetic apparatus is premised on an antiparallel arrangement of microtubules, yet cells lacking spindle bipolarity are capable of generating a distal domain of ectopic furrowing when forced into mitotic exit. Because protein regulator of cytokinesis (PRC1) and kinesin family member 4A (KIF4A) are believed to play a principal role in organizing the antiparallel midzone array, we sought to clarify their roles in monopolar cytokinesis. Although both factors localized to the distal ends of microtubules during monopolar cytokinesis, depletion of PRC1 and KIF4A displayed different phenotypes. Cells depleted of PRC1 failed to form a polarized microtubule array or ectopic furrows following mitotic exit, and recruitment of Aurora B kinase, male germ cell Rac GTPase-activating protein, and RhoA to the cortex was impaired. In contrast, KIF4A depletion impaired neither polarization nor ectopic furrowing, but it did result in elongated spindles with a diffuse distribution of cytokinetic factors. Thus, even in the absence of spindle bipolarity, PRC1 appears to be essential for polarizing parallel microtubules and concentrating the factors responsible for contractile ring assembly, whereas KIF4A is required for limiting the length of anaphase microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Shrestha
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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39
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Milani L, Ghiselli F, Maurizii MG, Passamonti M. Doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria as a model system for studying germ line formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28194. [PMID: 22140544 PMCID: PMC3226660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI) of mitochondria occurs when both mothers and fathers are capable of transmitting mitochondria to their offspring, in contrast to the typical Strictly Maternal Inheritance (SMI). DUI was found in some bivalve molluscs, in which two mitochondrial genomes are inherited, one through eggs, the other through sperm. During male embryo development, spermatozoon mitochondria aggregate in proximity of the first cleavage furrow and end up in the primordial germ cells, while they are dispersed in female embryos. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used MitoTracker, microtubule staining and transmission electron microscopy to examine the mechanisms of this unusual distribution of sperm mitochondria in the DUI species Ruditapes philippinarum. Our results suggest that in male embryos the midbody deriving from the mitotic spindle of the first division concurs in positioning the aggregate of sperm mitochondria. Furthermore, an immunocytochemical analysis showed that the germ line determinant Vasa segregates close to the first cleavage furrow. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In DUI male embryos, spermatozoon mitochondria aggregate in a stable area on the animal-vegetal axis: in organisms with spiral segmentation this zone is not involved in cleavage, so the aggregation is maintained. Moreover, sperm mitochondria reach the same embryonic area in which also germ plasm is transferred. In 2-blastomere embryos, the segregation of sperm mitochondria in the same region with Vasa suggests their contribution in male germ line formation. In DUI male embryos, M-type mitochondria must be recognized by egg factors to be actively transferred in the germ line, where they become dominant replacing the Balbiani body mitochondria. The typical features of germ line assembly point to a common biological mechanism shared by DUI and SMI organisms. Although the molecular dynamics of the segregation of sperm mitochondria in DUI species are unknown, they could be a variation of the mechanism regulating the mitochondrial bottleneck in all metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Department of Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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40
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Good JAD, Skoufias DA, Kozielski F. Elucidating the functionality of kinesins: an overview of small molecule inhibitors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:935-45. [PMID: 22001111 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins are ubiquitously involved in multiple fundamental cellular processes, coordinating transport and mediating changes to cellular architecture. Thus, specific small molecule kinesin inhibitors can shed new light on the functions of kinesins and the dynamic roles in which they participate. Here we review the range of known inhibitors, their key characteristics, and specificity, and discuss their potential suitability for chemical genetics as starting points to further investigate complex kinesin-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A D Good
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK.
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41
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Caballe A, Martin-Serrano J. ESCRT machinery and cytokinesis: the road to daughter cell separation. Traffic 2011; 12:1318-26. [PMID: 21722282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is a set of cellular protein complexes required for at least three topologically equivalent membrane scission events, namely multivesicular body (MVB) formation, retroviral particle release and midbody abscission during cytokinesis. Recently, several studies have explored the mechanism by which the core ESCRT-III subunits mediate membrane scission and might be differentially required according to the functions of the pathway. In this review, we discuss the links between the ESCRT machinery and cytokinesis, with special focus on abscission initiation and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caballe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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42
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Sahab ZJ, Man YG, Byers SW, Sang QXA. Putative biomarkers and targets of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4504-21. [PMID: 21845093 PMCID: PMC3155366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a progressive and potentially fatal disease that affects women of all ages. Like all progressive diseases, early and reliable diagnosis is the key for successful treatment and annihilation. Biomarkers serve as indicators of pathological, physiological, or pharmacological processes. Her2/neu, CA15.3, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and cytokeratins are biomarkers that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. The structural and functional complexity of protein biomarkers and the heterogeneity of the breast cancer pathology present challenges to the scientific community. Here we review estrogen receptor-related putative breast cancer biomarkers, including those of putative breast cancer stem cells, a minor population of estrogen receptor negative tumor cells that retain the stem cell property of self-renewal. We also review a few promising cytoskeleton targets for ER alpha negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad J. Sahab
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, MD 20789, USA; E-Mail:
- Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Stephen W. Byers
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Qing-Xiang A. Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 102 Varsity Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; E-Mail:
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43
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DDA3 associates with MCAK and controls chromosome congression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:610-4. [PMID: 21426902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DDA3 regulates spindle microtubule (MT) dynamics and chromosome movement in mitosis through its interaction with and subsequent recruitment of Kif2a, a minus end-MT depolymerase. Depletion of DDA3 causes a hyper-stabilization of spindle MT, a loss of inter-kinetochore tension, and a defect in chromosome congression, leading to unaligned chromosomes at metaphase. We report here that DDA3 is also localized at kinetochores and interacts with MCAK. Furthermore, CENP-E, a plus end-motor protein, accumulates at kinetochores in unaligned chromosomes in mitotic cells depleted of DDA3. On the other hand, the localization of chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and the kinase activity of Aurora B are normal in DDA3-depleted cells. We conclude that MCAK and CENP-E are involved in DDA3-mediated chromosome congression.
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44
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Rankin KE, Wordeman L. Long astral microtubules uncouple mitotic spindles from the cytokinetic furrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 190:35-43. [PMID: 20603328 PMCID: PMC2911660 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201004017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of MCAK, which lengthens astral microtubules, induces oscillations of the mitotic spindle, and displaces the plane of cell division. Astral microtubules (MTs) are known to be important for cleavage furrow induction and spindle positioning, and loss of astral MTs has been reported to increase cortical contractility. To investigate the effect of excess astral MT activity, we depleted the MT depolymerizer mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) from HeLa cells to produce ultra-long, astral MTs during mitosis. MCAK depletion promoted dramatic spindle rocking in early anaphase, wherein the entire mitotic spindle oscillated along the spindle axis from one proto-daughter cell to the other, driven by oscillations of cortical nonmuscle myosin II. The effect was phenocopied by taxol treatment. Live imaging revealed that cortical actin partially vacates the polar cortex in favor of the equatorial cortex during anaphase. We propose that this renders the polar actin cortex vulnerable to rupture during normal contractile activity and that long astral MTs enlarge the blebs. Excessively large blebs displace mitotic spindle position by cytoplasmic flow, triggering the oscillations as the blebs resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Rankin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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