1
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Mim MS, Kumar N, Levis M, Unger MF, Miranda G, Gazzo D, Robinett T, Zartman JJ. Piezo regulates epithelial topology and promotes precision in organ size control. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114398. [PMID: 38935502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive Piezo channels regulate cell division, cell extrusion, and cell death. However, systems-level functions of Piezo in regulating organogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Piezo controls epithelial cell topology to ensure precise organ growth by integrating live-imaging experiments with pharmacological and genetic perturbations and computational modeling. Notably, the knockout or knockdown of Piezo increases bilateral asymmetry in wing size. Piezo's multifaceted functions can be deconstructed as either autonomous or non-autonomous based on a comparison between tissue-compartment-level perturbations or between genetic perturbation populations at the whole-tissue level. A computational model that posits cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation through modulation of the cutoff tension required for Piezo channel activation explains key cell and tissue phenotypes arising from perturbations of Piezo expression levels. Our findings demonstrate that Piezo promotes robustness in regulating epithelial topology and is necessary for precise organ size control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayesha Sahir Mim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Megan Levis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Maria F Unger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gabriel Miranda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - David Gazzo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Trent Robinett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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2
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Kulkarni T, Akhtar A. Nuclei facing the tissue surface get fuel for development. Nature 2024; 630:312-314. [PMID: 38840003 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
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3
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Kumar N, Rangel Ambriz J, Tsai K, Mim MS, Flores-Flores M, Chen W, Zartman JJ, Alber M. Balancing competing effects of tissue growth and cytoskeletal regulation during Drosophila wing disc development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2477. [PMID: 38509115 PMCID: PMC10954670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
How a developing organ robustly coordinates the cellular mechanics and growth to reach a final size and shape remains poorly understood. Through iterations between experiments and model simulations that include a mechanistic description of interkinetic nuclear migration, we show that the local curvature, height, and nuclear positioning of cells in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc are defined by the concurrent patterning of actomyosin contractility, cell-ECM adhesion, ECM stiffness, and interfacial membrane tension. We show that increasing cell proliferation via different growth-promoting pathways results in two distinct phenotypes. Triggering proliferation through insulin signaling increases basal curvature, but an increase in growth through Dpp signaling and Myc causes tissue flattening. These distinct phenotypic outcomes arise from differences in how each growth pathway regulates the cellular cytoskeleton, including contractility and cell-ECM adhesion. The coupled regulation of proliferation and cytoskeletal regulators is a general strategy to meet the multiple context-dependent criteria defining tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Rangel Ambriz
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mayesha Sahir Mim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marycruz Flores-Flores
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Weitao Chen
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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4
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Ochoa A, Herrera A, Menendez A, Estefanell M, Ramos C, Pons S. Vinculin is required for interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) and cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202106169. [PMID: 37889294 PMCID: PMC10609122 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinculin is an actin-binding protein (ABP) that strengthens the connection between the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. It binds to β-catenin/N-cadherin complexes in apical adherens junctions (AJs), which maintain cell-to-cell adhesions, and to talin/integrins in the focal adhesions (FAs) that attach cells to the basal membrane. Here, we demonstrate that β-catenin targets vinculin to the apical AJs and the centrosome in the embryonic neural tube (NT). Suppression of vinculin slows down the basal-to-apical part of interkinetic nuclear migration (BAINM), arrests neural stem cells (NSCs) in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and ultimately dismantles the apical actin cytoskeleton. In the NSCs, mitosis initiates when an internalized centrosome gathers with the nucleus during BAINM. Notably, our results show that the first centrosome to be internalized is the daughter centrosome, where β-catenin and vinculin accumulate, and that vinculin suppression prevents centrosome internalization. Thus, we propose that vinculin links AJs, the centrosome, and the actin cytoskeleton where actomyosin contraction forces are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ochoa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anghara Menendez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Estefanell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Ostalé CM, Vega-Cuesta P, González T, López-Varea A, de Celis JF. RNAi screen in the Drosophila wing of genes encoding proteins related to cytoskeleton organization and cell division. Dev Biol 2023; 498:61-76. [PMID: 37015290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell division and cytoskeleton organization are fundamental processes participating in the development of Drosophila imaginal discs. In this manuscript we describe the phenotypes in the adult fly wing generated by knockdowns of 85% of Drosophila genes encoding proteins likely related to the regulation of cell division and cytoskeleton organization. We also compile a molecular classification of these proteins into classes that describe their expected or known main biochemical characteristics, as well as mRNA expression in the wing disc and likely protein subcellular localization for a subset of these genes. Finally, we analyze in more detail one protein family of cytoskeleton genes (Arp2/3 complex), and define the consequences of interfering with cell division for wing growth and patterning.
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6
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Guevara-Garcia A, Soleilhac M, Minc N, Delacour D. Regulation and functions of cell division in the intestinal tissue. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023:S1084-9521(23)00004-6. [PMID: 36702722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are key elements of tissue organization. In developing epithelial tissues, cellular proliferation and differentiation are under the tight regulation of morphogenetic programs to ensure correct organ formation and functioning. In these processes, proliferation rates and division orientation regulate the speed, timing and direction of tissue expansion but also its proper patterning. Moreover, tissue homeostasis relies on spatio-temporal modulations of daughter cell behavior and arrangement. These aspects are particularly crucial in the intestine, which is one of the most proliferative tissues in adults, making it a very attractive adult organ system to study the role of cell division on epithelial morphogenesis and organ function. Although epithelial cell division has been the subject of intense research for many years in multiple models, it still remains in its infancy in the context of the intestinal tissue. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on cell division and regulatory mechanisms at play in the intestinal epithelial tissue, as well as their importance in developmental biology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matis Soleilhac
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France.
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7
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Katz PS, Lyons DC. Cephalopod vision: How to build a better eye. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R27-R30. [PMID: 36626860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods' eyes superficially resemble our own, but because of their evolutionary and developmental history, the photoreceptors face forward, with the downstream neural circuitry in the brain, not the retina. Two new papers uncover molecular and developmental mechanisms underlying cephalopod visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Katz
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Napoli FR, Daly CM, Neal S, McCulloch KJ, Zaloga AR, Liu A, Koenig KM. Cephalopod retinal development shows vertebrate-like mechanisms of neurogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5045-5056.e3. [PMID: 36356573 PMCID: PMC9729453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coleoid cephalopods, including squid, cuttlefish, and octopus, have large and complex nervous systems and high-acuity, camera-type eyes. These traits are comparable only to features that are independently evolved in the vertebrate lineage. The size of animal nervous systems and the diversity of their constituent cell types is a result of the tight regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation in development. Changes in the process of development during evolution that result in a diversity of neural cell types and variable nervous system size are not well understood. Here, we have pioneered live-imaging techniques and performed functional interrogation to show that the squid Doryteuthis pealeii utilizes mechanisms during retinal neurogenesis that are hallmarks of vertebrate processes. We find that retinal progenitor cells in the squid undergo nuclear migration until they exit the cell cycle. We identify retinal organization corresponding to progenitor, post-mitotic, and differentiated cells. Finally, we find that Notch signaling may regulate both retinal cell cycle and cell fate. Given the convergent evolution of elaborate visual systems in cephalopods and vertebrates, these results reveal common mechanisms that underlie the growth of highly proliferative neurogenic primordia. This work highlights mechanisms that may alter ontogenetic allometry and contribute to the evolution of complexity and growth in animal nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R Napoli
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christina M Daly
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie Neal
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kyle J McCulloch
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexandra R Zaloga
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alicia Liu
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kristen M Koenig
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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9
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Hecht S, Perez-Mockus G, Schienstock D, Recasens-Alvarez C, Merino-Aceituno S, Smith M, Salbreux G, Degond P, Vincent JP. Mechanical constraints to cell-cycle progression in a pseudostratified epithelium. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2076-2083.e2. [PMID: 35338851 PMCID: PMC7615048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As organs and tissues approach their normal size during development or regeneration, growth slows down, and cell proliferation progressively comes to a halt. Among the various processes suggested to contribute to growth termination,1-10 mechanical feedback, perhaps via adherens junctions, has been suggested to play a role.11-14 However, since adherens junctions are only present in a narrow plane of the subapical region, other structures are likely needed to sense mechanical stresses along the apical-basal (A-B) axis, especially in a thick pseudostratified epithelium. This could be achieved by nuclei, which have been implicated in mechanotransduction in tissue culture.15 In addition, mechanical constraints imposed by nuclear crowding and spatial confinement could affect interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM),16 which allows G2 nuclei to reach the apical surface, where they normally undergo mitosis.17-25 To explore how mechanical constraints affect IKNM, we devised an individual-based model that treats nuclei as deformable objects constrained by the cell cortex and the presence of other nuclei. The model predicts changes in the proportion of cell-cycle phases during growth, which we validate with the cell-cycle phase reporter FUCCI (Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator).26 However, this model does not preclude indefinite growth, leading us to postulate that nuclei must migrate basally to access a putative basal signal required for S phase entry. With this refinement, our updated model accounts for the observed progressive slowing down of growth and explains how pseudostratified epithelia reach a stereotypical thickness upon completion of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hecht
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sara Merino-Aceituno
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, Wien 1090, Austria; University of Sussex, Department of Mathematics, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Matt Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Pierre Degond
- Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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10
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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11
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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12
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Ishii M, Tateya T, Matsuda M, Hirashima T. Stalling interkinetic nuclear migration in curved pseudostratified epithelium of developing cochlea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211024. [PMID: 34909216 PMCID: PMC8652271 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The bending of epithelial tubes is a fundamental process in organ morphogenesis, driven by various multicellular behaviours. The cochlea in the mammalian inner ear is a representative example of spiral tissue architecture where the continuous bending of the duct is a fundamental component of its morphogenetic process. Although the cochlear duct morphogenesis has been studied by genetic approaches extensively, it is still unclear how the cochlear duct morphology is physically formed. Here, we report that nuclear behaviour changes are associated with the curvature of the pseudostratified epithelium during murine cochlear development. Two-photon live-cell imaging reveals that the nuclei shuttle between the luminal and basal edges of the cell is in phase with cell-cycle progression, known as interkinetic nuclear migration, in the flat region of the pseudostratified epithelium. However, the nuclei become stationary on the luminal side following mitosis in the curved region. Mathematical modelling together with perturbation experiments shows that this nuclear stalling facilitates luminal-basal differential growth within the epithelium, suggesting that the nuclear stalling would contribute to the bending of the pseudostratified epithelium during the cochlear duct development. The findings suggest a possible scenario of differential growth which sculpts the tissue shape, driven by collective nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Ishii
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tateya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- The Hakubi Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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13
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Vetrova AA, Lebedeva TS, Saidova AA, Kupaeva DM, Kraus YA, Kremnyov SV. From apolar gastrula to polarized larva: Embryonic development of a marine hydroid, Dynamena pumila. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:795-825. [PMID: 34787911 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In almost all metazoans examined to this respect, the axial patterning system based on canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling operates throughout the course of development. In most metazoans, gastrulation is polar, and embryos develop morphological landmarks of axial polarity, such as blastopore under control/regulation from cWnt signaling. However, in many cnidarian species, gastrulation is morphologically apolar. The question remains whether сWnt signaling providing the establishment of a body axis controls morphogenetic processes involved in apolar gastrulation. RESULTS In this study, we focused on the embryonic development of Dynamena pumila, a cnidarian species with apolar gastrulation. We thoroughly described cell behavior, proliferation, and ultrastructure and examined axial patterning in the embryos of this species. We revealed that the first signs of morphological polarity appear only after the end of gastrulation, while molecular prepatterning of the embryo does exist during gastrulation. We have shown experimentally that in D. pumila, the direction of the oral-aboral axis is highly robust against perturbations in cWnt activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that morphogenetic processes are uncoupled from molecular axial patterning during gastrulation in D. pumila. Investigation of D. pumila might significantly expand our understanding of the ways in which morphological polarization and axial molecular patterning are linked in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Vetrova
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Lebedeva
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleena A Saidova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Kupaeva
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Kraus
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Kremnyov
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Despin-Guitard E, Migeotte I. Mitosis, a springboard for epithelial-mesenchymal transition? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2452-2464. [PMID: 34720062 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1992854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a key process in development and remains critical to ensure homeostasis in adult tissues. Besides its primary role in generating two new cells, cell division involves deep structural and molecular changes that might have additional effects on cell and tissue fate and shape. Specific quantitative and qualitative regulation of mitosis has been observed in multiple morphogenetic events in different embryo models. For instance, during mouse embryo gastrulation, the portion of epithelium that undergoes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, where a static epithelial cell become mesenchymal and motile, has a higher mitotic index and a distinct localization of mitotic rounding, compared to the rest of the tissue. Here we explore the potential mechanisms through which mitosis may favor tissue reorganization in various models. Notably, we discuss the mechanical impact of cell rounding on the cell and its environment, and the modification of tissue physical parameters through changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Gómez HF, Dumond MS, Hodel L, Vetter R, Iber D. 3D cell neighbour dynamics in growing pseudostratified epithelia. eLife 2021; 10:e68135. [PMID: 34609280 PMCID: PMC8570695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, epithelial sheets remodel into complex geometries. How cells dynamically organise their contact with neighbouring cells in these tightly packed tissues is poorly understood. We have used light-sheet microscopy of growing mouse embryonic lung explants, three-dimensional cell segmentation, and physical theory to unravel the principles behind 3D cell organisation in growing pseudostratified epithelia. We find that cells have highly irregular 3D shapes and exhibit numerous neighbour intercalations along the apical-basal axis as well as over time. Despite the fluidic nature, the cell packing configurations follow fundamental relationships previously described for apical epithelial layers, that is, Euler's polyhedron formula, Lewis' law, and Aboav-Weaire's law, at all times and across the entire tissue thickness. This arrangement minimises the lateral cell-cell surface energy for a given cross-sectional area variability, generated primarily by the distribution and movement of nuclei. We conclude that the complex 3D cell organisation in growing epithelia emerges from simple physical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Fernando Gómez
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Mathilde Sabine Dumond
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Leonie Hodel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
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16
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Nakajima YI. Scrib module proteins: Control of epithelial architecture and planar spindle orientation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 136:106001. [PMID: 33962021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Scrib module proteins, Scrib, Dlg, and Lgl, are conserved regulators of cell polarity in diverse biological contexts. Originally discovered as neoplastic tumor suppressors in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, disruption of Scrib module components leads to tumorigenesis in mammalian epithelia and is associated with human cancers. With multiple protein interacting domains, Scrib module proteins function as determinants of basolateral identity in epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity while acting as signaling platform scaffold proteins. Recent studies have further revealed novel roles of the Scrib module in the control of epithelial architecture, ranging from polarity establishment and tricellular junction formation to planar spindle orientation during cell division. This review updates the current understanding of the molecular nature and physiological functions of the Scrib module with a focus on in vivo studies, providing a framework for how these protein dynamics affect the processes of epithelial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ichiro Nakajima
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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17
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Getachew D, Matsumoto A, Uchimura Y, Udagawa J, Mita N, Ogawa N, Moriyama S, Takami A, Otani H. Global pattern of interkinetic nuclear migration in tracheoesophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo: Interorgan and intraorgan regional differences. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:82-96. [PMID: 33249638 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is an apicobasal (AB) polarity-based regulatory mechanism of proliferation/differentiation in epithelial stem/progenitor cells. We previously documented INM in the endoderm-derived tracheal/esophageal epithelia at embryonic day (E) 11.5 and suggested that INM is involved in the development of both organs. We here investigated interorgan (trachea vs esophagus) and intraorgan regional (ventral vs dorsal) differences in the INM mode in the tracheal and esophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo. We also analyzed convergent extension (CE) and planar cell movement (PCM) in the epithelia based on cell distribution. The pregnant C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine at E11.5 and E12.5 and were sacrificed 1, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours later to obtain the embryos. The distribution of labeled cell nuclei along the AB axis was chronologically analyzed in the total, ventral, and dorsal sides of the epithelia. The percentage distribution of the nuclei population was represented by histogram and the chronological change was analyzed statistically using multidimensional scaling. The interorgan comparison of the INM mode during E11.5-E12.0, but not E12.5-E13.0, showed a significant difference. During E11.5-E12.0 the trachea, but not the esophagus, showed a significant difference between ventral and dorsal sides. During E12.5-E13.0 neither organ showed regional differences. CE appeared to occur in both organs during E11.5-E12.0 while PCM was unclear in both organs. These findings suggest a difference between the trachea and esophagus, and a regional difference in the trachea, not in the esophagus, in the INM mode, which may be related with the later differential organogenesis/histogenesis of these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Getachew
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uchimura
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Mita
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Moriyama
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akiyasu Takami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Matsue College, Matsue, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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18
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Analysis of Epithelial Architecture and Planar Spindle Orientation in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33280064 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc is an epithelial sac that exhibits dramatic tissue growth during the larval stage. With its simple morphology and accessibility of genetic tools, studies using the wing disc have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms of epithelial homeostasis including the control of mitotic spindle orientation. This chapter describes a detailed protocol for analyzing epithelial architecture and planar orientation of the mitotic spindle in the wing disc epithelium. The rapid dissection method, effective immunostaining, and mounting tips described here facilitate genetic and cell biological studies of the wing disc and can be applied to a wide array of studies using various Drosophila tissues.
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19
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Feeding-dependent tentacle development in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4399. [PMID: 32879319 PMCID: PMC7467937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In cnidarians, axial patterning is not restricted to embryogenesis but continues throughout a prolonged life history filled with unpredictable environmental changes. How this developmental capacity copes with fluctuations of food availability and whether it recapitulates embryonic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we utilize the tentacles of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis as an experimental paradigm for developmental patterning across distinct life history stages. By analyzing over 1000 growing polyps, we find that tentacle progression is stereotyped and occurs in a feeding-dependent manner. Using a combination of genetic, cellular and molecular approaches, we demonstrate that the crosstalk between Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor b (Fgfrb) signaling in ring muscles defines tentacle primordia in fed polyps. Interestingly, Fgfrb-dependent polarized growth is observed in polyp but not embryonic tentacle primordia. These findings show an unexpected plasticity of tentacle development, and link post-embryonic body patterning with food availability. How the developmental capacity of long-lived animals copes with fluctuations in the food supply is unclear. Here, the authors show using the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis that the crosstalk between Target of Rapamycin and fibroblast growth factor signalling in ring muscles links postembryonic tentacle patterning with food availability.
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20
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Tozluoǧlu M, Mao Y. On folding morphogenesis, a mechanical problem. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190564. [PMID: 32829686 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue folding is a fundamental process that sculpts a simple flat epithelium into a complex three-dimensional organ structure. Whether it is the folding of the brain, or the looping of the gut, it has become clear that to generate an invagination or a fold of any form, mechanical asymmetries must exist in the epithelium. These mechanical asymmetries can be generated locally, involving just the invaginating cells and their immediate neighbours, or on a more global tissue-wide scale. Here, we review the different mechanical mechanisms that epithelia have adopted to generate folds, and how the use of precisely defined mathematical models has helped decipher which mechanisms are the key driving forces in different epithelia. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Tozluoǧlu
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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21
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Nematbakhsh A, Levis M, Kumar N, Chen W, Zartman JJ, Alber M. Epithelial organ shape is generated by patterned actomyosin contractility and maintained by the extracellular matrix. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008105. [PMID: 32817654 PMCID: PMC7480841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheets define organ architecture during development. Here, we employed an iterative multiscale computational modeling and quantitative experimental approach to decouple direct and indirect effects of actomyosin-generated forces, nuclear positioning, extracellular matrix, and cell-cell adhesion in shaping Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Basally generated actomyosin forces generate epithelial bending of the wing disc pouch. Surprisingly, acute pharmacological inhibition of ROCK-driven actomyosin contractility does not impact the maintenance of tissue height or curved shape. Computational simulations show that ECM tautness provides only a minor contribution to modulating tissue shape. Instead, passive ECM pre-strain serves to maintain the shape independent from actomyosin contractility. These results provide general insight into how the subcellular forces are generated and maintained within individual cells to induce tissue curvature. Thus, the results suggest an important design principle of separable contributions from ECM prestrain and actomyosin tension during epithelial organogenesis and homeostasis. The regulation and maintenance of an organ’s shape is a major outstanding problem in developmental biology. An iterative approach combining multiscale computational modelling and quantitative experimental approach was used to decouple direct and indirect roles of subcellular mechanical forces, nuclear positioning, and extracellular matrix in shaping the major axis of the wing pouch during the larval stage in fruit flies, which serves as a prototypical system for investigating epithelial morphogenesis. The research findings in this paper demonstrate that subcellular mechanical forces can effectively generate the curved tissue profile, while extracellular matrix is necessary for preserving the bent shape even in the absence of subcellular mechanical forces once the shape is generated. The developed integrated multiscale modelling environment can be readily extended to generate and test hypothesized novel mechanisms of developmental dynamics of other systems, including organoids that consist of several cellular and extracellular matrix layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nematbakhsh
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Levis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Weitao Chen
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah J. Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJZ); (MA)
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJZ); (MA)
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22
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Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
New work reveals that interkinetic nuclear migration - the movement of nuclei towards the apical surface of dividing epithelial cells - is mechanically regulated, relying on a balance of forces between the mitotic cell and the surrounding tissue.
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24
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Tissue Mechanics Regulate Mitotic Nuclear Dynamics during Epithelial Development. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2419-2432.e4. [PMID: 32413305 PMCID: PMC7342018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell divisions are essential for tissue growth. In pseudostratified epithelia, where nuclei are staggered across the tissue, each nucleus migrates apically before undergoing mitosis. Successful apical nuclear migration is critical for planar-orientated cell divisions in densely packed epithelia. Most previous investigations have focused on the local cellular mechanisms controlling nuclear migration. Inter-species and inter-organ comparisons of different pseudostratified epithelia suggest global tissue architecture may influence nuclear dynamics, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we use the developing Drosophila wing disc to systematically investigate, in a single epithelial type, how changes in tissue architecture during growth influence mitotic nuclear migration. We observe distinct nuclear dynamics at discrete developmental stages, as epithelial morphology changes. We use genetic and physical perturbations to show a direct effect of cell density on mitotic nuclear positioning. We find Rho kinase and Diaphanous, which facilitate mitotic cell rounding in confined cell conditions, are essential for efficient apical nuclear movement. Perturbation of Diaphanous causes increasing defects in apical nuclear migration as the tissue grows and cell density increases, and these defects can be reversed by acute physical reduction of cell density. Our findings reveal how the mechanical environment imposed on cells within a tissue alters the molecular and cellular mechanisms adopted by single cells for mitosis. Mitotic nuclear dynamics change as the Drosophila wing disc develops and grows Cell density is the primary driver of the differences in mitotic nuclear dynamics Mitotic rounding and nuclear dynamics depend on Dia in a density-dependent manner Nuclear dynamic defects in Dia mutants can be reversed by physical perturbations
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25
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Aguilar‐Aragon M, Bonello TT, Bell GP, Fletcher GC, Thompson BJ. Adherens junction remodelling during mitotic rounding of pseudostratified epithelial cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49700. [PMID: 32030856 PMCID: PMC7132200 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo cortical rounding at the onset of mitosis to enable spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. In cuboidal epithelia in culture, the adherens junction protein E-cadherin recruits Pins/LGN/GPSM2 and Mud/NuMA to orient the mitotic spindle. In the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells of Drosophila, septate junctions recruit Mud/NuMA to orient the spindle, while Pins/LGN/GPSM2 is surprisingly dispensable. We show that these pseudostratified epithelial cells downregulate E-cadherin as they round up for mitosis. Preventing cortical rounding by inhibiting Rho-kinase-mediated actomyosin contractility blocks downregulation of E-cadherin during mitosis. Mitotic activation of Rho-kinase depends on the RhoGEF ECT2/Pebble and its binding partners RacGAP1/MgcRacGAP/CYK4/Tum and MKLP1/KIF23/ZEN4/Pav. Cell cycle control of these Rho activators is mediated by the Aurora A and B kinases, which act redundantly during mitotic rounding. Thus, in Drosophila pseudostratified epithelia, disruption of adherens junctions during mitosis necessitates planar spindle orientation by septate junctions to maintain epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa T Bonello
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
| | - Graham P Bell
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
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26
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Takemura M, Noborn F, Nilsson J, Bowden N, Nakato E, Baker S, Su TY, Larson G, Nakato H. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Windpipe modulates Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:813-824. [PMID: 32049582 PMCID: PMC7185963 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-06-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans, a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, often modulate growth factor signaling on the cell surface. However, the molecular mechanism by which proteoglycans regulate signal transduction is largely unknown. In this study, using a recently developed glycoproteomic method, we found that Windpipe (Wdp) is a novel chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) in Drosophila. Wdp is a single-pass transmembrane protein with leucin-rich repeat (LRR) motifs and bears three CS sugar chain attachment sites in the extracellular domain. Here we show that Wdp modulates the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. In the wing disc, overexpression of wdp inhibits Hh signaling, which is dependent on its CS chains and the LRR motifs. The wdp null mutant flies show a specific defect (supernumerary scutellar bristles) known to be caused by Hh overexpression. RNA interference knockdown and mutant clone analyses showed that loss of wdp leads to the up-regulation of Hh signaling. Altogether, our study demonstrates a novel role of CSPGs in regulating Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Nanako Bowden
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sarah Baker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Tsu-Yi Su
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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27
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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28
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Brenneis G, Beltz BS. Adult neurogenesis in crayfish: Origin, expansion, and migration of neural progenitor lineages in a pseudostratified neuroepithelium. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1459-1485. [PMID: 31743442 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two decades after the discovery of adult-born neurons in the brains of decapod crustaceans, the deutocerebral proliferative system (DPS) producing these neural lineages has become a model of adult neurogenesis in invertebrates. Studies on crayfish have provided substantial insights into the anatomy, cellular dynamics, and regulation of the DPS. Contrary to traditional thinking, recent evidence suggests that the neurogenic niche in the crayfish DPS lacks self-renewing stem cells, its cell pool being instead sustained via integration of hemocytes generated by the innate immune system. Here, we investigated the origin, division and migration patterns of the adult-born neural progenitor (NP) lineages in detail. We show that the niche cell pool is not only replenished by hemocyte integration but also by limited numbers of symmetric cell divisions with some characteristics reminiscent of interkinetic nuclear migration. Once specified in the niche, first generation NPs act as transit-amplifying intermediate NPs that eventually exit and produce multicellular clones as they move along migratory streams toward target brain areas. Different clones may migrate simultaneously in the streams but occupy separate tracks and show spatio-temporally flexible division patterns. Based on this, we propose an extended DPS model that emphasizes structural similarities to pseudostratified neuroepithelia in other arthropods and vertebrates. This model includes hemocyte integration and intrinsic cell proliferation to synergistically counteract niche cell pool depletion during the animal's lifespan. Further, we discuss parallels to recent findings on mammalian adult neurogenesis, as both systems seem to exhibit a similar decoupling of proliferative replenishment divisions and consuming neurogenic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brenneis
- Wellesley College, Neuroscience Program, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA.,Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, AG Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara S Beltz
- Wellesley College, Neuroscience Program, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Franco M, Carmena A. Measurement of Mitotic Spindle Angle and Mitotic Cell Distance in Fixed Tissue of Drosophila Larval Brains. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3432. [PMID: 33654928 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The positioning and the cleavage plane orientation of mitotic cells in pseudostratified epithelia (PSE) must be tightly regulated since failures in any of these processes might have fatal consequences during development. Here we present a simple method to determine the spindle orientation as well as the positioning of neuroepithelial mitotic cells within the Outer Proliferation Center (OPC) of Drosophila larval brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Franco
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Carmena
- Developmental Neurobiology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
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30
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Tozluoǧlu M, Duda M, Kirkland NJ, Barrientos R, Burden JJ, Muñoz JJ, Mao Y. Planar Differential Growth Rates Initiate Precise Fold Positions in Complex Epithelia. Dev Cell 2019; 51:299-312.e4. [PMID: 31607650 PMCID: PMC6838681 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue folding is a fundamental process that shapes epithelia into complex 3D organs. The initial positioning of folds is the foundation for the emergence of correct tissue morphology. Mechanisms forming individual folds have been studied, but the precise positioning of folds in complex, multi-folded epithelia is less well-understood. We present a computational model of morphogenesis, encompassing local differential growth and tissue mechanics, to investigate tissue fold positioning. We use the Drosophila wing disc as our model system and show that there is spatial-temporal heterogeneity in its planar growth rates. This differential growth, especially at the early stages of development, is the main driver for fold positioning. Increased apical layer stiffness and confinement by the basement membrane drive fold formation but influence positioning to a lesser degree. The model successfully predicts the in vivo morphology of overgrowth clones and wingless mutants via perturbations solely on planar differential growth in silico. Drosophila wing discs grow with spatial and temporal heterogeneity This differential growth determines the positions of epithelial folds Constriction from the basement membrane is necessary for correct fold initiation Our computational model correctly predicts the shape of growth mutants
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Tozluoǧlu
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Duda
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Natalie J Kirkland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ricardo Barrientos
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - José J Muñoz
- Mathematical and Computational Modeling (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
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31
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Brockway NL, Cook ZT, O'Gallagher MJ, Tobias ZJC, Gedi M, Carey KM, Unni VK, Pan YA, Metz MR, Weissman TA. Multicolor lineage tracing using in vivo time-lapse imaging reveals coordinated death of clonally related cells in the developing vertebrate brain. Dev Biol 2019; 453:130-140. [PMID: 31102591 PMCID: PMC10426338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global mechanisms that regulate and potentially coordinate cell proliferation & death in developing neural regions are not well understood. In particular, it is not clear how or whether clonal relationships between neural progenitor cells and their progeny influence the growing brain. We have developed an approach using Brainbow in the developing zebrafish to visualize and follow multiple clones of related cells in vivo over time. This allows for clear visualization of many dividing clones of cells, deep in proliferating brain regions. As expected, in addition to undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration and cell division, cells also periodically undergo apoptosis. Interestingly, cell death occurs in a non-random manner: clonally related cells are more likely to die in a progressive fashion than cells from different clones. Multiple members of an individual clone die while neighboring clones appear healthy and continue to divide. Our results suggest that clonal relationships can influence cellular fitness and survival in the developing nervous system, perhaps through a competitive mechanism whereby clones of cells are competing with other clones. Clonal cell competition may help regulate neuronal proliferation in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Brockway
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Zoe T Cook
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | | | | | - Mako Gedi
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Kristine M Carey
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Vivek K Unni
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Developmental and Translational Neurobiology Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Margaret R Metz
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Tamily A Weissman
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA.
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32
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Cell-Size Pleomorphism Drives Aberrant Clone Dispersal in Proliferating Epithelia. Dev Cell 2019; 51:49-61.e4. [PMID: 31495693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As epithelial tissues develop, groups of cells related by descent tend to associate in clonal populations rather than dispersing within the cell layer. While this is frequently assumed to be a result of differential adhesion, precise mechanisms controlling clonal cohesiveness remain unknown. Here we employ computational simulations to modulate epithelial cell size in silico and show that junctions between small cells frequently collapse, resulting in clone-cell dispersal among larger neighbors. Consistent with similar dynamics in vivo, we further demonstrate that mosaic disruption of Drosophila Tor generates small cells and results in aberrant clone dispersal in developing wing disc epithelia. We propose a geometric basis for this phenomenon, supported in part by the observation that soap-foam cells exhibit similar size-dependent junctional rearrangements. Combined, these results establish a link between cell-size pleomorphism and the control of epithelial cell packing, with potential implications for understanding tumor cell dispersal in human disease.
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33
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Yanakieva I, Erzberger A, Matejčić M, Modes CD, Norden C. Cell and tissue morphology determine actin-dependent nuclear migration mechanisms in neuroepithelia. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3272-3289. [PMID: 31420451 PMCID: PMC6781452 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using quantitative live imaging in the developing zebrafish embryo, Yanakieva et al. show that distinct actin-dependent mechanisms position nuclei in neuroepithelia of different morphology. In curved neuroepithelia, a novel formin-dependent mechanism is discovered for which the authors propose a proof-of-principle theoretical model. Correct nuclear position is crucial for cellular function and tissue development. Depending on cell context, however, the cytoskeletal elements responsible for nuclear positioning vary. While these cytoskeletal mechanisms have been intensely studied in single cells, how nuclear positioning is linked to tissue morphology is less clear. Here, we compare apical nuclear positioning in zebrafish neuroepithelia. We find that kinetics and actin-dependent mechanisms of nuclear positioning vary in tissues of different morphology. In straight neuroepithelia, nuclear positioning is controlled by Rho-ROCK–dependent myosin contractility. In contrast, in basally constricted neuroepithelia, a novel formin-dependent pushing mechanism is found for which we propose a proof-of-principle force generation theory. Overall, our data suggest that correct nuclear positioning is ensured by the adaptability of the cytoskeleton to cell and tissue shape. This in turn leads to robust epithelial maturation across geometries. The conclusion that different nuclear positioning mechanisms are favored in tissues of different morphology highlights the importance of developmental context for the execution of intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Yanakieva
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marija Matejčić
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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34
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You MS, Wang WP, Wang JY, Jiang YJ, Chi YH. Sun1 Mediates Interkinetic Nuclear Migration and Notch Signaling in the Neurogenesis of Zebrafish. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1116-1127. [PMID: 31140357 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a process by which nuclei oscillate between the basal and apical surfaces of epithelial cells in coordination with the cell cycle. The cytoskeletal machinery including microtubules and actin has been reported to drive apical INM; however, the role of nuclear proteins in this process has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the function of a SUN-domain protein, Sun1, in zebrafish. We found that zebrafish sun1 is highly expressed in the ventricular zone of the brain. Knocking down sun1 with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides reduced the abundance of nestin- and gfap-expressing neural stem cells and progenitor cells. The live-cell imaging results showed that sun1 morphant cells migrated toward the basal side during the S phase but failed to migrate apically during the G2 phase. On the contrary, the passive stochastic movement during the G2 phase was unaffected. Furthermore, down regulation of sun1 was shown to reduce the expression of genes associated with the Notch pathway, whereas the expression of genes in the Wnt pathway was less perturbed. Findings from this research suggest that the Sun1-mediated nucleo-cytoskeletal interaction contributes to apical nuclear migration, and may thus affect exposure to Notch signal, thereby altering the composition of the progenitor pool in the embryonic neurogenesis of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Su You
- 1Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Wang
- 2Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Wang
- 2Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- 1Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chi
- 2Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,3Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Nakajima YI, Lee ZT, McKinney SA, Swanson SK, Florens L, Gibson MC. Junctional tumor suppressors interact with 14-3-3 proteins to control planar spindle alignment. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1824-1838. [PMID: 31088859 PMCID: PMC6548121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201803116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nakajima et al. reveal a novel mechanism of planar spindle alignment through junctional tumor suppressors Scrib/Dlg and 14-3-3 proteins in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium. Their results suggest that 14-3-3 proteins interact with Scrib/Dlg to control planar spindle orientation and maintain epithelial architecture. Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is essential for cell fate determination, tissue morphogenesis, and homeostasis. During epithelial proliferation, planar spindle alignment ensures the maintenance of polarized tissue architecture, and aberrant spindle orientation can disrupt epithelial integrity. Nevertheless, in vivo mechanisms that restrict the mitotic spindle to the plane of the epithelium remain poorly understood. Here we show that the junction-localized tumor suppressors Scribbled (Scrib) and Discs large (Dlg) control planar spindle orientation via Mud and 14-3-3 proteins in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium. During mitosis, Scrib is required for the junctional localization of Dlg, and both affect mitotic spindle movements. Using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identify 14-3-3 proteins as Dlg-interacting partners and further report that loss of 14-3-3s causes both abnormal spindle orientation and disruption of epithelial architecture as a consequence of basal cell delamination and apoptosis. Combined, these biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that 14-3-3s function together with Scrib, Dlg, and Mud during planar cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ichiro Nakajima
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO .,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zachary T Lee
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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36
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Cdk1-mediated DIAPH1 phosphorylation maintains metaphase cortical tension and inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint at anaphase. Nat Commun 2019; 10:981. [PMID: 30816115 PMCID: PMC6395754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells undergo rapid rounding during mitosis, ensuring proper chromosome segregation, during which an outward rounding force abruptly increases upon prometaphase entry and is maintained at a constant level during metaphase. Initial cortical tension is generated by the actomyosin system to which both myosin motors and actin network architecture contribute. However, how cortical tension is maintained and its physiological significance remain unknown. We demonstrate here that Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of DIAPH1 stably maintains cortical tension after rounding and inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Cdk1 phosphorylates DIAPH1, preventing profilin1 binding to maintain cortical tension. Mutation of DIAPH1 phosphorylation sites promotes cortical F-actin accumulation, increases cortical tension, and delays anaphase onset due to SAC activation. Measurement of the intra-kinetochore length suggests that Cdk1-mediated cortex relaxation is indispensable for kinetochore stretching. We thus uncovered a previously unknown mechanism by which Cdk1 coordinates cortical tension maintenance and SAC inactivation at anaphase onset. Cell rounding at mitosis is driven by cortical tension and maintained through metaphase, although the mechanism is unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that Cdk1 phosphorylation of DIAPH1 is required for both cortical tension maintenance and inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint.
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37
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Fousse J, Gautier E, Patti D, Dehay C. Developmental changes in interkinetic nuclear migration dynamics with respect to cell‐cycle progression in the mouse cerebral cortex ventricular zone. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1545-1557. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fousse
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208 Bron France
| | - Elodie Gautier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208 Bron France
| | - Dorothée Patti
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208 Bron France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208 Bron France
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38
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Baena-Lopez LA, Arthurton L, Bischoff M, Vincent JP, Alexandre C, McGregor R. Novel initiator caspase reporters uncover previously unknown features of caspase-activating cells. Development 2018; 145:dev170811. [PMID: 30413561 PMCID: PMC6288387 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The caspase-mediated regulation of many cellular processes, including apoptosis, justifies the substantial interest in understanding all of the biological features of these enzymes. To complement functional assays, it is crucial to identify caspase-activating cells in live tissues. Our work describes novel initiator caspase reporters that, for the first time, provide direct information concerning the initial steps of the caspase activation cascade in Drosophila tissues. One of our caspase sensors capitalises on the rapid subcellular localisation change of a fluorescent marker to uncover novel cellular apoptotic events relating to the actin-mediated positioning of the nucleus before cell delamination. The other construct benefits from caspase-induced nuclear translocation of a QF transcription factor. This feature enables the genetic manipulation of caspase-activating cells and reveals the spatiotemporal patterns of initiator caspase activity. Collectively, our sensors offer experimental opportunities not available by using previous reporters and have proven useful to illuminate previously unknown aspects of caspase-dependent processes in apoptotic and non-apoptotic cellular scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | | | | | - Reuben McGregor
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Molecular Medicine & Pathology, The University of Auckland, M&HS Building 502, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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39
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Barrasso AP, Wang S, Tong X, Christiansen AE, Larina IV, Poché RA. Live imaging of developing mouse retinal slices. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 30219109 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo, whole-mount explant culture of the rodent retina has proved to be a valuable approach for studying retinal development. In a limited number of recent studies, this method has been coupled to live fluorescent microscopy with the goal of directly observing dynamic cellular events. However, retinal tissue thickness imposes significant technical limitations. To obtain 3-dimensional images with high quality axial resolution, investigators are restricted to specific areas of the retina and require microscopes, such as 2-photon, with a higher level of depth penetrance. Here, we report a retinal live imaging method that is more amenable to a wider array of imaging systems and does not compromise resolution of retinal cross-sectional area. RESULTS Mouse retinal slice cultures were prepared and standard, inverted confocal microscopy was used to generate movies with high quality resolution of retinal cross-sections. To illustrate the ability of this method to capture discrete, physiologically relevant events during retinal development, we imaged the dynamics of the Fucci cell cycle reporter in both wild type and Cyclin D1 mutant retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). Like previously reported for the zebrafish, mouse RPCs in G1 phase migrated stochastically and exhibited overall basal drift during development. In contrast, mouse RPCs in G2 phase displayed directed, apical migration toward the ventricular zone prior to mitosis. We also determined that Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs in G2 exhibited a slower apical velocity as compared to wild type. These data are consistent with previous IdU/BrdU window labeling experiments on Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs indicating an elongated cell cycle. Finally, to illustrate the ability to monitor retinal neuron differentiation, we imaged early postnatal horizontal cells (HCs). Time lapse movies uncovered specific HC neurite dynamics consistent with previously published data showing an instructive role for transient vertical neurites in HC mosaic formation. CONCLUSIONS We have detailed a straightforward method to image mouse retinal slice culture preparations that, due to its relative ease, extends live retinal imaging capabilities to a more diverse group of scientists. We have also shown that, by using a slice technique, we can achieve excellent lateral resolution, which is advantageous for capturing intracellular dynamics and overall cell movements during retinal development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Barrasso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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40
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Barrasso AP, Wang S, Tong X, Christiansen AE, Larina IV, Poché RA. Live imaging of developing mouse retinal slices. Neural Dev 2018; 13:23. [PMID: 30219109 PMCID: PMC6139133 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ex vivo, whole-mount explant culture of the rodent retina has proved to be a valuable approach for studying retinal development. In a limited number of recent studies, this method has been coupled to live fluorescent microscopy with the goal of directly observing dynamic cellular events. However, retinal tissue thickness imposes significant technical limitations. To obtain 3-dimensional images with high quality axial resolution, investigators are restricted to specific areas of the retina and require microscopes, such as 2-photon, with a higher level of depth penetrance. Here, we report a retinal live imaging method that is more amenable to a wider array of imaging systems and does not compromise resolution of retinal cross-sectional area. Results Mouse retinal slice cultures were prepared and standard, inverted confocal microscopy was used to generate movies with high quality resolution of retinal cross-sections. To illustrate the ability of this method to capture discrete, physiologically relevant events during retinal development, we imaged the dynamics of the Fucci cell cycle reporter in both wild type and Cyclin D1 mutant retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). Like previously reported for the zebrafish, mouse RPCs in G1 phase migrated stochastically and exhibited overall basal drift during development. In contrast, mouse RPCs in G2 phase displayed directed, apical migration toward the ventricular zone prior to mitosis. We also determined that Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs in G2 exhibited a slower apical velocity as compared to wild type. These data are consistent with previous IdU/BrdU window labeling experiments on Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs indicating an elongated cell cycle. Finally, to illustrate the ability to monitor retinal neuron differentiation, we imaged early postnatal horizontal cells (HCs). Time lapse movies uncovered specific HC neurite dynamics consistent with previously published data showing an instructive role for transient vertical neurites in HC mosaic formation. Conclusions We have detailed a straightforward method to image mouse retinal slice culture preparations that, due to its relative ease, extends live retinal imaging capabilities to a more diverse group of scientists. We have also shown that, by using a slice technique, we can achieve excellent lateral resolution, which is advantageous for capturing intracellular dynamics and overall cell movements during retinal development and differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Barrasso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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41
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Coordinated collective migration and asymmetric cell division in confluent human keratinocytes without wounding. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3665. [PMID: 30202009 PMCID: PMC6131553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheet spreading is a fundamental cellular process that must be coordinated with cell division and differentiation to restore tissue integrity. Here we use consecutive serum deprivation and re-stimulation to reconstruct biphasic collective migration and proliferation in cultured sheets of human keratinocytes. In this system, a burst of long-range coordinated locomotion is rapidly generated throughout the cell sheet in the absence of wound edges. Migrating cohorts reach correlation lengths of several millimeters and display dependencies on epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling, self-propelled polarized migration, and a G1/G0 cell cycle environment. The migration phase is temporally and spatially aligned with polarized cell divisions characterized by pre-mitotic nuclear migration to the cell front and asymmetric partitioning of nuclear promyelocytic leukemia bodies and lysosomes to opposite daughter cells. This study investigates underlying mechanisms contributing to the stark contrast between cells in a static quiescent state compared to the long-range coordinated collective migration seen in contact with blood serum. Epithelial sheet migration requires polarized and coordinated cell movement. Here, the authors demonstrate serum-activated collective migration followed by polarized asymmetric cell divisions in otherwise quiescent human keratinocyte monolayers in the absence of wound edges.
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42
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Sivakumar A, Kurpios NA. Transcriptional regulation of cell shape during organ morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2987-3005. [PMID: 30061107 PMCID: PMC6122985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of transcriptional regulation of cell shape changes aims to address the critical question of how gene expression programs produce a change in cell shape. Together with cell growth, division, and death, changes in cell shape are essential for organ morphogenesis. Whereas most studies of cell shape focus on posttranslational events involved in protein organization and distribution, cell shape changes can be genetically programmed. This review highlights the essential role of transcriptional regulation of cell shape during morphogenesis of the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. We emphasize the evolutionary conservation of these processes across different model organisms and discuss perspectives on open questions and research avenues that may provide mechanistic insights toward understanding birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Natasza A Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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43
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Wang S, Cebrian C, Schnell S, Gumucio DL. Radial WNT5A-Guided Post-mitotic Filopodial Pathfinding Is Critical for Midgut Tube Elongation. Dev Cell 2018; 46:173-188.e3. [PMID: 30016620 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The early midgut undergoes intensive elongation, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown. The early midgut epithelium is pseudostratified, and its nuclei travel between apical and basal surfaces in concert with cell cycle. Using 3D confocal imaging and 2D live imaging, we profiled behaviors of individual dividing cells. As nuclei migrate apically for mitosis, cells maintain a basal process (BP), which splits but is inherited by only one daughter. After mitosis, some daughters directly use the inherited BP as a "conduit" to transport the nucleus basally, while >50% of daughters generate a new basal filopodium and use it as a path to return the nucleus. Post-mitotic filopodial "pathfinding" is guided by mesenchymal WNT5A. Without WNT5A, some cells fail to tether basally and undergo apoptosis, leading to a shortened midgut. Thus, these studies reveal previously unrecognized strategies for efficient post-mitotic nuclear trafficking, which is critical for early midgut elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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44
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McKinley KL, Stuurman N, Royer LA, Schartner C, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Delling M, Klein OD, Vale RD. Cellular aspect ratio and cell division mechanics underlie the patterning of cell progeny in diverse mammalian epithelia. eLife 2018; 7:36739. [PMID: 29897330 PMCID: PMC6023609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division is essential to expand, shape, and replenish epithelia. In the adult small intestine, cells from a common progenitor intermix with other lineages, whereas cell progeny in many other epithelia form contiguous patches. The mechanisms that generate these distinct patterns of progeny are poorly understood. Using light sheet and confocal imaging of intestinal organoids, we show that lineages intersperse during cytokinesis, when elongated interphase cells insert between apically displaced daughters. Reducing the cellular aspect ratio to minimize the height difference between interphase and mitotic cells disrupts interspersion, producing contiguous patches. Cellular aspect ratio is similarly a key parameter for division-coupled interspersion in the early mouse embryo, suggesting that this physical mechanism for patterning progeny may pertain to many mammalian epithelia. Our results reveal that the process of cytokinesis in elongated mammalian epithelia allows lineages to intermix and that cellular aspect ratio is a critical modulator of the progeny pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L McKinley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nico Stuurman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Loic A Royer
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christoph Schartner
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Markus Delling
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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45
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Warner JF, Guerlais V, Amiel AR, Johnston H, Nedoncelle K, Röttinger E. NvERTx: a gene expression database to compare embryogenesis and regeneration in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Development 2018; 145:dev.162867. [PMID: 29739837 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For over a century, researchers have been comparing embryogenesis and regeneration hoping that lessons learned from embryonic development will unlock hidden regenerative potential. This problem has historically been a difficult one to investigate because the best regenerative model systems are poor embryonic models and vice versa. Recently, however, there has been renewed interest in this question, as emerging models have allowed researchers to investigate these processes in the same organism. This interest has been further fueled by the advent of high-throughput transcriptomic analyses that provide virtual mountains of data. Here, we present Nematostella vectensis Embryogenesis and Regeneration Transcriptomics (NvERTx), a platform for comparing gene expression during embryogenesis and regeneration. NvERTx consists of close to 50 transcriptomic data sets spanning embryogenesis and regeneration in Nematostella These data were used to perform a robust de novo transcriptome assembly, with which users can search, conduct BLAST analyses, and plot the expression of multiple genes during these two developmental processes. The site is also home to the results of gene clustering analyses, to further mine the data and identify groups of co-expressed genes. The site can be accessed at http://nvertx.kahikai.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Warner
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Vincent Guerlais
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Aldine R Amiel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Hereroa Johnston
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Karine Nedoncelle
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
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46
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Watanabe Y, Kawaue T, Miyata T. Differentiating cells mechanically limit progenitor cells’ interkinetic nuclear migration to secure apical cytogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev.162883. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.162883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many proliferative epithelia are pseudostratified due to cell cycle–dependent interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM, basal during G1 and apical during G2). Although most epithelia, including early embryonic neuroepithelia (≤100 µm thick), undergo IKNM over the entire apicobasal extent, more apicobasally elongated (300 µm) neural progenitor cells (also called “radial glia”) in the mid-embryonic mouse cerebral wall move their nuclei only within its apical (100 µm) compartment, leaving the remaining basal part nucleus-free (fiber-like). How this IKNM range (i.e., the thickness of a pseudostratified “ventricular zone” [VZ]) is determined remains unknown. Here, we report external fencing of IKNM and VZ by differentiating cells. When a tight stack of multipolar cells just basal to VZ was “drilled” via acute neuron-directed expression of diphtheria toxin, IKNM of apicobasally connected progenitor cells continued far basally (200 µm). The unfencing-induced, basally overshot nuclei stay in S phase too long and do not move apically, suggesting that external limitation of IKNM is necessary for progenitors to undergo normal cytogenetic behaviors. Thus, physical collaboration between progenitors and differentiating cells including neurons underlies brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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47
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Bertipaglia C, Gonçalves JC, Vallee RB. Nuclear migration in mammalian brain development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:57-66. [PMID: 29208348 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During development of the mammalian brain, neural stem cells divide and give rise to adult stem cells, glia and neurons, which migrate to their final locations. Nuclear migration is an important feature of neural stem cell (radial glia progenitor) proliferation and subsequent postmitotic neuronal migration. Defects in nuclear migration contribute to severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly and lissencephaly. In this review, we address the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for nuclear migration during the radial glia cell cycle and postmitotic neuronal migration, with a particular focus on the role of molecular motors and cytoskeleton dynamics in regulating nuclear behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bertipaglia
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - João Carlos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Richard Bert Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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48
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Ma M, Cao X, Dai J, Pastor-Pareja JC. Basement Membrane Manipulation in Drosophila Wing Discs Affects Dpp Retention but Not Growth Mechanoregulation. Dev Cell 2017; 42:97-106.e4. [PMID: 28697337 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are extracellular matrix polymers basally underlying epithelia, where they regulate cell signaling and tissue mechanics. Constriction by the BM shapes Drosophila wing discs, a well-characterized model of tissue growth. Recently, the hypothesis that mechanical factors govern wing growth has received much attention, but it has not been definitively tested. In this study, we manipulated BM composition to cause dramatic changes in tissue tension. We found that increased tissue compression when perlecan was knocked down did not affect adult wing size. BM elimination, decreasing compression, reduced wing size but did not visibly affect Hippo signaling, widely postulated to mediate growth mechanoregulation. BM elimination, in contrast, attenuated signaling by bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor β ligand Dpp, which was not efficiently retained within the tissue and escaped to the body cavity. Our results challenge mechanoregulation of wing growth, while uncovering a function of BMs in preserving a growth-promoting tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xueya Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianli Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, China
| | - José C Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building, D224, Beijing 100084, China.
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49
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Üretmen Kagıalı ZC, Şentürk A, Özkan Küçük NE, Qureshi MH, Özlü N. Proteomics in Cell Division. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28548456 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell division requires a coordinated action of the cell cycle machinery, cytoskeletal elements, chromosomes, and membranes. Cell division studies have greatly benefitted from the mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approaches for probing the biochemistry of highly dynamic complexes and their coordination with each other as a cell progresses into division. In this review, the authors first summarize a wide-range of proteomic studies that focus on the identification of sub-cellular components/protein complexes of the cell division machinery including kinetochores, mitotic spindle, midzone, and centrosomes. The authors also highlight MS-based large-scale analyses of the cellular components that are largely understudied during cell division such as the cell surface and lipids. Then, the authors focus on posttranslational modification analyses, especially phosphorylation and the resulting crosstalk with other modifications as a cell undergoes cell division. Combining proteomic approaches that probe the biochemistry of cell division components with functional genomic assays will lead to breakthroughs toward a systems-level understanding of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aydanur Şentürk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Haroon Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Özlü
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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50
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Busengdal H, Rentzsch F. Unipotent progenitors contribute to the generation of sensory cell types in the nervous system of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Dev Biol 2017; 431:59-68. [PMID: 28827097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nervous systems often consist of a large number of different types of neurons which are generated from neural stem and progenitor cells by a series of symmetric and asymmetric divisions. The origin and early evolution of these neural progenitor systems is not well understood. Here we use a cnidarian model organism, Nematostella vectensis, to gain insight into the generation of neural cell type diversity in a non-bilaterian animal. We identify NvFoxQ2d as a transcription factor that is expressed in a population of spatially restricted, proliferating ectodermal cells that are derived from NvSoxB(2)-expressing neural progenitor cells. Using a transgenic reporter line we show that the NvFoxQ2d cells undergo a terminal, symmetric division to generate a morphologically homogeneous population of putative sensory cells. The abundance of these cells, but not their proliferation status is affected by treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT, suggesting regulation by Notch signalling. Our data suggest that intermediate progenitor cells and symmetric divisions contribute to the formation of the seemingly simple nervous system of a sea anemone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Busengdal
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fabian Rentzsch
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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