1
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Park S, Ding SY. Five amino acid mismatches in the zinc-finger domains of Cellulose Synthase 5 and Cellulose Synthase 6 cooperatively modulate their functional properties by controlling homodimerization in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:76. [PMID: 38888655 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase 5 (CESA5) and CESA6 are known to share substantial functional overlap. In the zinc-finger domain (ZN) of CESA5, there are five amino acid (AA) mismatches when compared to CESA6. These mismatches in CESA5 were replaced with their CESA6 counterparts one by one until all were replaced, generating nine engineered CESA5s. Each N-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-tagged engineered CESA5 was introduced to prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, and resulting mutants were subjected to phenotypic analyses. We found that five single AA-replaced CESA5 proteins partially rescue the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes to different extents. Multi-AA replaced CESA5s further rescued the mutant phenotypes in an additive manner, culminating in full recovery by CESA5G43R + S49T+S54P+S80A+Y88F. Investigations in cellulose content, cellulose synthase complex (CSC) motility, and cellulose microfibril organization in the same mutants support the results of the phenotypic analyses. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that the level of homodimerization in every engineered CESA5 is substantially higher than CESA5. The mean fluorescence intensity of CSCs carrying each engineered CESA5 fluctuates with the degree to which the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes are rescued by introducing a corresponding engineered CESA5. Taken together, these five AA mismatches in the ZNs of CESA5 and CESA6 cooperatively modulate the functional properties of these CESAs by controlling their homodimerization capacity, which in turn imposes proportional changes on the incorporation of these CESAs into CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Caldana C. Impact of the TOR pathway on plant growth via cell wall remodeling. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154202. [PMID: 38422631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth is intimately linked to the availability of carbon and energy status. The Target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway is a highly relevant metabolic sensor and integrator of plant-assimilated C into development and growth. The cell wall accounts for around a third of the cell biomass, and the investment of C into this structure should be finely tuned for optimal growth. The plant C status plays a significant role in controlling the rate of cell wall synthesis. TOR signaling regulates cell growth and expansion, which are fundamental processes for plant development. The availability of nutrients and energy, sensed and integrated by TOR, influences cell division and elongation, ultimately impacting the synthesis and deposition of cell wall components. The plant cell wall is crucial in environmental adaptation and stress responses. TOR senses and internalizes various environmental cues, such as nutrient availability and stresses. These environmental factors influence TOR activity, which modulates cell wall remodeling to cope with changing conditions. Plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, also regulate TOR signaling and cell wall-related processes. The connection between nutrients and cell wall pathways modulated by TOR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Juliana Calderan-Rodrigues
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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3
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Gandhi A, Tseng YH, Oelmüller R. The damage-associated molecular pattern cellotriose alters the phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cellulose synthesis and trans-Golgi trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2184352. [PMID: 36913771 PMCID: PMC10026868 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2184352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the cellulose breakdown product cellotriose is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which induces responses related to the integrity of the cell wall. Activation of downstream responses requires the Arabidopsis malectin domain-containing CELLOOLIGOMER RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CORK1)1. The cellotriose/CORK1 pathway induces immune responses, including NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 phosphorylation-dependent defense gene activation, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. However, apoplastic accumulation of cell wall breakdown products should also activate cell wall repair mechanisms. We demonstrate that the phosphorylation pattern of numerous proteins involved in the accumulation of an active cellulose synthase complex in the plasma membrane and those for protein trafficking to and within the trans-Golgi network (TGN) are altered within minutes after cellotriose application to Arabidopsis roots. The phosphorylation pattern of enzymes involved in hemicellulose or pectin biosynthesis and the transcript levels for polysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes responded barely to cellotriose treatments. Our data show that the phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis and trans-Golgi trafficking is an early target of the cellotriose/CORK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- CONTACT Ralf Oelmüller Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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4
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Wang C, Luo J, He W, Huang A, Lu W, Lin Y, Ou Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase and KATANIN in Corymbia citriodora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1308354. [PMID: 38186597 PMCID: PMC10766700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1308354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) and microtubule severing enzyme KATANIN (KTN) are crucial for wood formation. Although functional identification has been performed in Arabidopsis, few comprehensive studies have been conducted in forest trees. In this study, we discovered 8 CcGMP and 4 CcKTN genes by analyzing the whole genome sequence of Corymbia citriodora. The chromosomal location, genome synteny, phylogenetic relationship, protein domain, motif identification, gene structure, cis-acting regulatory elements, and protein-interaction of CcGMP and CcKTN were all investigated. KTN has just one pair of segmentally duplicated genes, while GMP has no duplication events. According to gene structure, two 5' UTRs were identified in CcGMP4. Furthermore, there is no protein-interaction between KTN and GMP. Based on real-time PCR, the expression of most genes showed a positive connection with DBH diameters. In addition, the expression of CcGMP4 and CcKTN4 genes were greater in different size tree, indicating that these genes are important in secondary xylem production. Overall, this findings will enhance our comprehension of the intricacy of CcGMP&CcKTN across diverse DBHs and furnish valuable insights for future functional characterization of specific genes in C. citriodora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubiao Wang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianzhong Luo
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Anying Huang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wanhong Lu
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuduan Ou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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5
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Xin X, Wei D, Lei L, Zheng H, Wallace IS, Li S, Gu Y. CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post-translational modification of cellulose synthase. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2212-2224. [PMID: 37431066 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential component of plant cell walls and an economically important source of food, paper, textiles, and biofuel. Despite its economic and biological significance, the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis is poorly understood. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of cellulose synthases (CESAs) were shown to impact the direction and velocity of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). However, the protein kinases that phosphorylate CESAs are largely unknown. We conducted research in Arabidopsis thaliana to reveal protein kinases that phosphorylate CESAs. In this study, we used yeast two-hybrid, protein biochemistry, genetics, and live-cell imaging to reveal the role of calcium-dependent protein kinase32 (CPK32) in the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in A. thaliana. We identified CPK32 using CESA3 as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid assay. We showed that CPK32 phosphorylates CESA3 while it interacts with both CESA1 and CESA3. Overexpressing functionally defective CPK32 variant and phospho-dead mutation of CESA3 led to decreased motility of CSCs and reduced crystalline cellulose content in etiolated seedlings. Deregulation of CPKs impacted the stability of CSCs. We uncovered a new function of CPKs that regulates cellulose biosynthesis and a novel mechanism by which phosphorylation regulates the stability of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donghui Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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6
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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7
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Novaković L, Yakubov GE, Ma Y, Bacic A, Blank KG, Sampathkumar A, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cellulose synthesis and affects primary cell wall mechanics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150202. [PMID: 36998675 PMCID: PMC10043484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the defining features of plants, controlling cell shape, regulating growth dynamics and hydraulic conductivity, as well as mediating plants interactions with both the external and internal environments. Here we report that a putative mechanosensitive Cys-protease DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) influences the mechanical properties of primary cell walls and regulation of cellulose synthesis. Our results indicate that DEK1 is an important regulator of cellulose synthesis in epidermal tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons during early post-embryonic development. DEK1 is involved in regulation of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) by modifying their biosynthetic properties, possibly through interactions with various cellulose synthase regulatory proteins. Mechanical properties of the primary cell wall are altered in DEK1 modulated lines with DEK1 affecting both cell wall stiffness and the thickness of the cellulose microfibril bundles in epidermal cell walls of cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Novaković
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gleb E. Yakubov
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Mechano(bio)chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- School of Biosciences, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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8
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Li K, Ji L, Xing Y, Zuo Z, Zhang L. Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics Reveals the Effects of Red and Blue Light on the Growth and Development of Moso Bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065103. [PMID: 36982175 PMCID: PMC10049362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Moso bamboo is a rapidly growing species with significant economic, social, and cultural value. Transplanting moso bamboo container seedlings for afforestation has become a cost-effective method. The growth and development of the seedlings is greatly affected by the quality of light, including light morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite production. Therefore, studies on the effects of specific light wavelengths on the physiology and proteome of moso bamboo seedlings are crucial. In this study, moso bamboo seedlings were germinated in darkness and then exposed to blue and red light conditions for 14 days. The effects of these light treatments on seedling growth and development were observed and compared through proteomics analysis. Results showed that moso bamboo has higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency under blue light, while it displays longer internode and root length, more dry weight, and higher cellulose content under red light. Proteomics analysis reveals that these changes under red light are likely caused by the increased content of cellulase CSEA, specifically expressed cell wall synthetic proteins, and up-regulated auxin transporter ABCB19 in red light. Additionally, blue light is found to promote the expression of proteins constituting photosystem II, such as PsbP and PsbQ, more than red light. These findings provide new insights into the growth and development of moso bamboo seedlings regulated by different light qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Luyao Ji
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yaoyun Xing
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zecheng Zuo
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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9
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Zhu Y, McFarlane HE. Regulation of cellulose synthesis via exocytosis and endocytosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102273. [PMID: 35987011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a critical component of plant cell walls. Cellulose is made at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes organized into large, multi-subunit cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Although CESAs are only active at the plasma membrane, fluorescently-tagged CESAs also substantially label the Golgi apparatus and other intracellular compartments, even when cellulose synthesis rates are high. These data imply that CESA activity is regulated by trafficking to the plasma membrane (exocytosis) and removal from the plasma membrane (endocytosis), as well as recycling of endocytosed CESAs back to the plasma membrane. Key molecular components and events of CESA exocytosis and endocytosis have recently been defined, primarily using mutant analysis and live-cell imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we integrate these data into a working model of CESA regulation by exocytosis and endocytosis and highlight key outstanding questions. We present the hypothesis that cycling of CESAs between the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system is important for regulating cellulose synthesis and for maintaining a robust population of active CSCs in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St. Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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11
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Zhang S, Sheng H, Ma Y, Wei Y, Liu D, Dou Y, Cui H, Liang B, Liesche J, Li J, Chen S. Mutation of CESA1 phosphorylation site influences pectin synthesis and methylesterification with a role in seed development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153631. [PMID: 35180541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biogenesis is required for the production of seeds of higher plants. However, little is known about regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall biogenesis during seed formation. Here we show a role for the phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase 1 (AtCESA1) in modulating pectin synthesis and methylesterification in seed coat mucilage. A phosphor-null mutant of AtCESA1 on T166 (AtCESA1T166A) was constructed and introduced into a null mutant of AtCESA1 (Atcesa1-1). The resulting transgenic lines showed a slight but significant decrease in cellulose contents in mature seeds. Defects in cellulosic ray architecture along with reduced levels of non-adherent and adherent mucilage were observed on the seeds of the AtCESA1T166A mutant. Reduced mucilage pectin synthesis was also reflected by a decrease in the level of uronic acid. Meanwhile, an increase in the degree of pectin methylesterification was also observed in the seed coat mucilage of AtCESA1T166A mutant. Change in seed development was further reflected by a delayed germination and about 50% increase in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, which is known to bind pectin and inhibit seed germination as revealed by previous studies. Taken together, the results suggest a role of AtCESA1 phosphorylation on T166 in modulating mucilage pectin synthesis and methylesterification as well as cellulose synthesis with a role in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Zhang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanhua Dou
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiying Cui
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Boyou Liang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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12
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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13
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Proietti S, Moscatello S, Riccio F, Downey P, Battistelli A. Continuous Lighting Promotes Plant Growth, Light Conversion Efficiency, and Nutritional Quality of Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. in Controlled Environment With Minor Effects Due to Light Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730119. [PMID: 34712255 PMCID: PMC8546256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diode lamps can allow for the optimization of lighting conditions in artificial growing environments, with respect to light quality, quantity, and photoperiod extension, to precisely manage resources and crop performance. Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. was hydroponically cultured under three light treatments to investigate the effect on yield and nutritional properties of rocket plants. A treatment of (W-12h) having a12/12 h light/dark at 600 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by LEDs W:FR:R:B = 12:2:71:15 was compared with two treatments of continuous lighting (CL), 24 h light at 300 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool white LEDs (W-CL), and by LED R:B = 73:27 (RB-CL). CL enhanced the growth of the rocket plants: total fresh biomass, leaf fresh weight, and shoot/root ratio increased in W-CL, and leaf dry weight, leaf dry matter %, root fresh and dry weight, and specific leaf dry weight (SLDW) increased in RB-CL. Total carbon content was higher in RB-CL, whereas total nitrogen and proteins content increased in W-12h. Both W-CL and RB-CL increased carbohydrate content in the rocket leaves, while W-CL alone increased the sugar content in the roots. Fibers, pigments, antioxidant compounds, and malic acid were increased by CL regardless of the light spectrum applied. Nitrate was significantly reduced in the rocket leaves grown both in W-CL and RB-CL. Thus, the application of CL with low light intensity can increase the yield and quality value of rocket, highlighting that careful scheduling of light spectrum, intensity, and photoperiod can improve the performance of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Proietti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Francesca Riccio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
| | - Peter Downey
- Department of Applied Science, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Porano, Italy
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14
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Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Huang X, Zhang L, Sun P. Cellulose accumulation in the secondary cell walls is negatively correlated with the tenderness of new shoots in Camellia sinensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1700-1710. [PMID: 33619767 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tea, which is usually made from the new shoots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis), is one of the most popular and healthy beverages. The tenderness of new shoots plays a critical role in the production of high-quality tea; however, the factors affecting the tenderness of the new shoots of tea have not been extensively studied. Here, we show that cellulose accumulation is negatively correlated with the tenderness of new shoots, including leaves and stems, by characterizing the cellulose content and visualizing cellulose in the new shoots of two cultivars ("Huangjinya" and "Yujinxiang") via toluidine blue staining. We further found that the number of cells with secondary cell walls (SCWs) and the thickness of SCWs increased with the maturity degree of stems in both cultivars. Because cellulose is the most abundant polymer in SCW, we next identified three cellulose synthase CsCesAs, CsCesA4, 7, and 8A, through homologous alignment with Arabidopsis AtCesAs. Protein sequence analysis revealed that these proteins were closely related based on the phylogenetic analysis. We finally showed that the gene expression of the three CsCesAs was positively correlated with the maturity degree and cellulose content of the new shoots. Thus, our data suggest that cellulose accumulation, especially in the SCWs, is negatively correlated with the tenderness of new shoots in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhao
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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15
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Uhrig RG, Echevarría‐Zomeño S, Schlapfer P, Grossmann J, Roschitzki B, Koerber N, Fiorani F, Gruissem W. Diurnal dynamics of the Arabidopsis rosette proteome and phosphoproteome. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:821-841. [PMID: 33278033 PMCID: PMC7986931 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth depends on the diurnal regulation of cellular processes, but it is not well understood if and how transcriptional regulation controls diurnal fluctuations at the protein level. Here, we report a high-resolution Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaf rosette proteome acquired over a 12 hr light:12 hr dark diurnal cycle and the phosphoproteome immediately before and after the light-to-dark and dark-to-light transitions. We quantified nearly 5,000 proteins and 800 phosphoproteins, of which 288 fluctuated in their abundance and 226 fluctuated in their phosphorylation status. Of the phosphoproteins, 60% were quantified for changes in protein abundance. This revealed six proteins involved in nitrogen and hormone metabolism that had concurrent changes in both protein abundance and phosphorylation status. The diurnal proteome and phosphoproteome changes involve proteins in key cellular processes, including protein translation, light perception, photosynthesis, metabolism and transport. The phosphoproteome at the light-dark transitions revealed the dynamics at phosphorylation sites in either anticipation of or response to a change in light regime. Phosphorylation site motif analyses implicate casein kinase II and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases among the primary light-dark transition kinases. The comparative analysis of the diurnal proteome and diurnal and circadian transcriptome established how mRNA and protein accumulation intersect in leaves during the diurnal cycle of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glen Uhrig
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Pascal Schlapfer
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Niklas Koerber
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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16
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Tiwari B, Habermann K, Arif MA, Top O, Frank W. Identification of Small RNAs During High Light Acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656657. [PMID: 34211484 PMCID: PMC8239388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biological significance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been firmly established to be important for the regulation of genes involved in stress acclimation. Light plays an important role for the growth of plants providing the energy for photosynthesis; however, excessive light conditions can also cause substantial defects. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that regulate transcript levels of protein-coding genes and mediate epigenetic silencing. Next generation sequencing facilitates the identification of small non-coding RNA classes such as miRNAs (microRNAs) and small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), but changes in the ncRNA transcriptome in response to high light are poorly understood. We subjected Arabidopsis plants to high light conditions and performed a temporal in-depth study of the transcriptome data after 3 h, 6 h, and 2 days of high light treatment. We identified a large number of high light responsive miRNAs and sRNAs derived from NAT gene pairs, lncRNAs and TAS transcripts. We performed target predictions for differentially expressed miRNAs and correlated their expression levels through mRNA sequencing data. GO analysis of the targets revealed an overrepresentation of genes involved in transcriptional regulation. In A. thaliana, sRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in response to high light treatment is mainly carried out by miRNAs and sRNAs derived from NAT gene pairs, and from lncRNAs. This study provides a deeper understanding of sRNA-dependent regulatory networks in high light acclimation.
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18
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Park S, Ding SY. The N-terminal zinc finger of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 is critical in defining its functional properties by determining the level of homodimerization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1826-1838. [PMID: 32524705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) containing CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1), CESA3 and one of four CESA6-like proteins in Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that the CESA6-like proteins occupy the same position in the CSC, but their underlying selection mechanism remains unclear. We produced a chimeric CESA5 by replacing its N-terminal zinc finger with its CESA6 counterpart to investigate the consequences for its homodimerization, a crucial step in forming higher-order structures during assembly of the CSC. We found that the mutant phenotypes of prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, were rescued by the chimeric CESA5, and became comparable to the wild type (WT) and prc1-1 complemented by WT CESA6 in regard to plant growth, cellulose content, cellulose microfibril organization, CSC dynamics and subcellular localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were employed to evaluate pairwise interactions between the N-terminal regions of CESA1, CESA3, CESA5, CESA6 and the chimeric CESA5. We verified that the chimeric CESA5 explicitly interacted with all the other CESA partners, comparable to CESA6, whereas interaction between CESA5 with itself was significantly weaker than that of all other CESA pairs. Our findings suggest that the homodimerization of CESA6 through its N-terminal zinc finger is critical in defining its functional properties, and possibly determines its intrinsic roles in facilitating higher-order structures in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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19
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Wang H, Shang Q. The combined effects of light intensity, temperature, and water potential on wall deposition in regulating hypocotyl elongation of Brassica rapa. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9106. [PMID: 32518720 PMCID: PMC7258941 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation is a critical sign of seed germination and seedling growth, and it is regulated by multi-environmental factors. Light, temperature, and water potential are the major environmental stimuli, and their regulatory mechanism on hypocotyl growth has been extensively studied at molecular level. However, the converged point in signaling process of light, temperature, and water potential on modulating hypocotyl elongation is still unclear. In the present study, we found cell wall was the co-target of the three environmental factors in regulating hypocotyl elongation by analyzing the extension kinetics of hypocotyl and the changes in hypocotyl cell wall of Brassica rapa under the combined effects of light intensity, temperature, and water potential. The three environmental factors regulated hypocotyl cell elongation both in isolation and in combination. Cell walls thickened, maintained, or thinned depending on growth conditions and developmental stages during hypocotyl elongation. Further analysis revealed that the imbalance in wall deposition and hypocotyl elongation led to dynamic changes in wall thickness. Low light repressed wall deposition by influencing the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin; high temperature and high water potential had significant effects on pectin accumulation overall. It was concluded that wall deposition was tightly controlled during hypocotyl elongation, and low light, high temperature, and high water potential promoted hypocotyl elongation by repressing wall deposition, especially the deposition of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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21
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Hu H, Zhang R, Tang Y, Peng C, Wu L, Feng S, Chen P, Wang Y, Du X, Peng L. Cotton CSLD3 restores cell elongation and cell wall integrity mainly by enhancing primary cellulose production in the Arabidopsis cesa6 mutant. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:389-401. [PMID: 31432304 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cotton cellulose synthase like D3 (GhCSLD3) gene partially rescued growth defect of atcesa6 mutant with restored cell elongation and cell wall integrity mainly by enhancing primary cellulose production. Among cellulose synthase like (CSL) family proteins, CSLDs share the highest sequence similarity to cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. Although CSLD proteins have been implicated to participate in the synthesis of carbohydrate-based polymers (cellulose, pectins and hemicelluloses), and therefore plant cell wall formation, the exact biochemical function of CSLD proteins remains controversial and the function of the remaining CSLD genes in other species have not been determined. In this study, we attempted to illustrate the function of CSLD proteins by overexpressing Arabidopsis AtCSLD2, -3, -5 and cotton GhCSLD3 genes in the atcesa6 mutant, which has a background that is defective for primary cell wall cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. We found that GhCSLD3 overexpression partially rescued the growth defect of the atcesa6 mutant during early vegetative growth. Despite the atceas6 mutant having significantly reduced cellulose contents, the defected cell walls and lower dry mass, GhCSLD3 overexpression largely restored cell wall integrity (CWI) and improved the biomass yield. Our result suggests that overexpression of the GhCSLD protein enhances primary cell wall synthesis and compensates for the loss of CESAs, which is required for cellulose production, therefore rescuing defects in cell elongation and CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chenglang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Leiming Wu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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22
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Heidari P, Ahmadizadeh M, Izanlo F, Nussbaumer T. In silico study of the CESA and CSL gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa: Focus on post-translation modifications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Vaahtera L, Schulz J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:924-932. [PMID: 31506641 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are highly dynamic structures that provide mechanical support for plant cells during growth, development and adaptation to a changing environment. Thus, it is important for plants to monitor the state of their cell walls and ensure their functional integrity at all times. This monitoring involves perception of physical forces at the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase. These forces are altered during cell division and morphogenesis, as well as in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Mechanisms responsible for the perception of physical stimuli involved in these processes have been difficult to separate from other regulatory mechanisms perceiving chemical signals such as hormones, peptides or cell wall fragments. However, recently developed technologies in combination with more established genetic and biochemical approaches are beginning to open up this exciting field of study. Here, we will review our current knowledge of plant cell wall integrity signalling using selected recent findings and highlight how the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase can act as a venue for sensing changes in the physical forces affecting plant development and stress responses. More importantly, we discuss how these signals may be integrated with chemical signals derived from established signalling cascades to control specific adaptive responses during exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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24
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Watanabe Y, Schneider R, Barkwill S, Gonzales-Vigil E, Hill JL, Samuels AL, Persson S, Mansfield SD. Cellulose synthase complexes display distinct dynamic behaviors during xylem transdifferentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6366-E6374. [PMID: 29871949 PMCID: PMC6142216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, plasma membrane-embedded CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) enzyme complexes deposit cellulose polymers into the developing cell wall. Cellulose synthesis requires two different sets of CESA complexes that are active during cell expansion and secondary cell wall thickening, respectively. Hence, developing xylem cells, which first undergo cell expansion and subsequently deposit thick secondary walls, need to completely reorganize their CESA complexes from primary wall- to secondary wall-specific CESAs. Using live-cell imaging, we analyzed the principles underlying this remodeling. At the onset of secondary wall synthesis, the primary wall CESAs ceased to be delivered to the plasma membrane and were gradually removed from both the plasma membrane and the Golgi. For a brief transition period, both primary wall- and secondary wall-specific CESAs coexisted in banded domains of the plasma membrane where secondary wall synthesis is concentrated. During this transition, primary and secondary wall CESAs displayed discrete dynamic behaviors and sensitivities to the inhibitor isoxaben. As secondary wall-specific CESAs were delivered and inserted into the plasma membrane, the primary wall CESAs became concentrated in prevacuolar compartments and lytic vacuoles. This adjustment in localization between the two CESAs was accompanied by concurrent decreased primary wall CESA and increased secondary wall CESA protein abundance. Our data reveal distinct and dynamic subcellular trafficking patterns that underpin the remodeling of the cellulose biosynthetic machinery, resulting in the removal and degradation of the primary wall CESA complex with concurrent production and recycling of the secondary wall CESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rene Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Barkwill
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joseph L Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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25
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Hill JL, Hill AN, Roberts AW, Haigler CH, Tien M. Domain swaps of Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthases to elucidate their class specificity. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00061. [PMID: 31245731 PMCID: PMC6508838 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs), currently modeled as hexamers of cellulose synthase (CESA) trimers. The three paralogous CESAs involved in secondary cell wall (SCW) cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (CESA4, CESA7, CESA8) are similar, but nonredundant, with all three isoforms required for assembly and function of the CSC. The molecular basis of protein-protein recognition among the isoforms is not well understood. To investigate the locations of the interfaces that are responsible for isoform recognition, we swapped three domains between the Arabidopsis CESAs required for SCW synthesis (CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8): N-terminus, central domain containing the catalytic core, and C-terminus. Chimeric genes with all pairwise permutations of the domains were tested for in vivo functionality within knockout mutant backgrounds of cesa4, cesa7, and cesa8. Immunoblotting with isoform-specific antibodies confirmed the anticipated protein expression in transgenic plants. The percent recovery of stem height and crystalline cellulose content was assayed, as compared to wild type, the mutant background lines, and other controls. Retention of the native central domain was sufficient for CESA8 chimeras to function, with neither its N-terminal nor C-terminal domains required. The C-terminal domain is required for class-specific function of CESA4 and CESA7, and CESA7 also requires its own N-terminus. Across all isoforms, the results indicate that the central domain, as well as the N- and C-terminal regions, contributes to class-specific function variously in Arabidopsis CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
- Present address:
Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824
| | - Ashley Nicole Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
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26
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Hu H, Zhang R, Feng S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan C, Li Y, Liu Z, Schneider R, Xia T, Ding S, Persson S, Peng L. Three AtCesA6-like members enhance biomass production by distinctively promoting cell growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:976-988. [PMID: 28944540 PMCID: PMC5902768 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer and a prominent constituent of plant cell walls. Cellulose is also a central component to plant morphogenesis and contributes the bulk of a plant's biomass. While cellulose synthase (CesA) genes were identified over two decades ago, genetic manipulation of this family to enhance cellulose production has remained difficult. In this study, we show that increasing the expression levels of the three primary cell wall AtCesA6-like genes (AtCesA2, AtCesA5, AtCesA6), but not AtCesA3, AtCesA9 or secondary cell wall AtCesA7, can promote the expression of major primary wall CesA genes to accelerate primary wall CesA complex (cellulose synthase complexes, CSCs) particle movement for acquiring long microfibrils and consequently increasing cellulose production in Arabidopsis transgenic lines, as compared with wild-type. The overexpression transgenic lines displayed changes in expression of genes related to cell growth and proliferation, perhaps explaining the enhanced growth of the transgenic seedlings. Notably, overexpression of the three AtCesA6-like genes also enhanced secondary cell wall deposition that led to improved mechanical strength and higher biomass production in transgenic mature plants. Hence, we propose that overexpression of certain AtCesA genes can provide a biotechnological approach to increase cellulose synthesis and biomass accumulation in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunfen Fan
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zengyu Liu
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - René Schneider
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Tao Xia
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shi‐You Ding
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Staffan Persson
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research CentreHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Hill JL, Josephs C, Barnes WJ, Anderson CT, Tien M. Longevity in vivo of primary cell wall cellulose synthases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:279-289. [PMID: 29388029 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Our work focuses on understanding the lifetime and thus stability of the three main cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins involved in primary cell wall synthesis of Arabidopsis. It had long been thought that a major means of CESA regulation was via their rapid degradation. However, our studies here have uncovered that AtCESA proteins are not rapidly degraded. Rather, they persist for an extended time in the plant cell. Plant cellulose is synthesized by membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). The CSC is composed of cellulose synthases (CESAs), of which three distinct isozymes form the primary cell wall CSC and another set of three isozymes form the secondary cell wall CSC. We determined the stability over time of primary cell wall (PCW) CESAs in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, using immunoblotting after inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide treatment. Our work reveals very slow turnover for the Arabidopsis PCW CESAs in vivo. Additionally, we show that the stability of all three CESAs within the PCW CSC is altered by mutations in individual CESAs, elevated temperature, and light conditions. Together, these results suggest that CESA proteins are very stable in vivo, but that their lifetimes can be modulated by intrinsic and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lee Hill
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cooper Josephs
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ming Tien
- The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
- , 305 S. Frear, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Imaging cellulose synthase motility during primary cell wall synthesis in the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15111. [PMID: 29118446 PMCID: PMC5678151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of cellulose synthesis has been studied by characterizing the motility of cellulose synthase complexes tagged with a fluorescent protein; however, this approach has been used exclusively on the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we characterize cellulose synthase motility in the model grass, Brachypodium distachyon. We generated lines in which mEGFP is fused N-terminal to BdCESA3 or BdCESA6 and which grew indistinguishably from the wild type (Bd21-3) and had dense fluorescent puncta at or near the plasma membrane. Measured with a particle tracking algorithm, the average speed of GFP-BdCESA3 particles in the mesocotyl was 164 ± 78 nm min−1 (error gives standard deviation [SD], n = 1451 particles). Mean speed in the root appeared similar. For comparison, average speed in the A. thaliana hypocotyl expressing GFP-AtCESA6 was 184 ± 86 nm min−1 (n = 2755). For B. distachyon, we quantified root diameter and elongation rate in response to inhibitors of cellulose (dichlorobenylnitrile; DCB), microtubules (oryzalin), or actin (latrunculin B). Neither oryzalin nor latrunculin affected the speed of CESA complexes; whereas, DCB reduced average speed by about 50% in B. distachyon and by about 35% in A. thaliana. Evidently, between these species, CESA motility is well conserved.
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31
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Griffiths JS, North HM. Sticking to cellulose: exploiting Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage to understand cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall polysaccharide interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:959-966. [PMID: 28191645 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape of cells and ultimately plant architecture. It provides mechanical resistance to osmotic pressure while still being malleable and allowing cells to grow and divide. These properties are determined by the different components of the wall and the interactions between them. The major components of the cell wall are the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Cellulose biosynthesis has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and more recently in the mucilage-producing epidermal cells of the seed coat. The latter has emerged as an excellent system to study cellulose biosynthesis and the interactions between cellulose and other cell wall polymers. Here we review some of the major advances in our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis in the seed coat, and how mucilage has aided our understanding of the interactions between cellulose and other cell wall components required for wall cohesion. Recently, 10 genes involved in cellulose or hemicellulose biosynthesis in mucilage have been identified. These discoveries have helped to demonstrate that xylan side-chains on rhamnogalacturonan I act to link this pectin directly to cellulose. We also examine other factors that, either directly or indirectly, influence cellulose organization or crystallization in mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Griffiths
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, F-78000, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, F-78000, France
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BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 negatively regulates cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis by phosphorylating cellulose synthase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3533-3538. [PMID: 28289192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of cellulose is a defining aspect of plant growth and development, but regulation of this process is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the protein kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), a key negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, can phosphorylate Arabidopsis cellulose synthase A1 (CESA1), a subunit of the primary cell wall cellulose synthase complex, and thereby negatively regulate cellulose biosynthesis. Accordingly, point mutations of the BIN2-mediated CESA1 phosphorylation site abolished BIN2-dependent regulation of cellulose synthase activity. Hence, we have uncovered a mechanism for how BR signaling can modulate cellulose synthesis in plants.
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Wang J, Feng J, Jia W, Fan P, Bao H, Li S, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Sorghum bicolor Laccases Reveals Potential Targets for Lignin Modification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:714. [PMID: 28529519 PMCID: PMC5418363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laccase is a key enzyme in plant lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step of monolignols polymerization. Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is considered as an ideal feedstock for ethanol production, but lignin greatly limits the production efficiency. No comprehensive analysis on laccase has ever been conducted in S. bicolor, although it appears as the most promising target for engineering lignocellulosic feedstock. The aim of our work is to systematically characterize S. bicolor laccase gene family and to identify the lignin-specific candidates. A total of twenty-seven laccase candidates (SbLAC1-SbLAC27) were identified in S. bicolor. All SbLACs comprised the equivalent L1-L4 signature sequences and three typical Cu-oxidase domains, but exhibited diverse intron-exon patterns and relatively low sequence identity. They were divided into six groups by phylogenetic clustering, revealing potential distinct functions, while SbLAC5 was considered as the closest lignin-specific candidate. qRT-PCR analysis deciphered that SbLAC genes were expressed preferentially in roots and young internodes of sweet sorghum, and SbLAC5 showed high expression, adding the evidence that SbLAC5 was bona fide involved in lignin biosynthesis. Besides, high abundance of SbLAC6 transcripts was detected, correlating it a potential role in lignin biosynthesis. Diverse cis regulatory elements were recognized in SbLACs promoters, indicating putative interaction with transcription factors. Seven SbLACs were found to be potential targets of sbi-miRNAs. Moreover, putative phosphorylation sites in SbLAC sequences were identified. Our research adds to the knowledge for lignin profile modification in sweet sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Juanjuan Feng
| | - Weitao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Biofuels, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
- Shizhong Li
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Yinxin Li
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Schneider R, Hanak T, Persson S, Voigt CA. Cellulose and callose synthesis and organization in focus, what's new? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:9-16. [PMID: 27479608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are supported by plastic but strong cell walls. These walls consist largely of polysaccharides that vary in content and structure. Most of the polysaccharides are produced in the Golgi apparatus and are then secreted to the apoplast and built into the growing walls. However, the two glucan polymers cellulose and callose are synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes, respectively. Cellulose is the most common cell wall polymer in land plants and provides strength to the walls to support directed cell expansion. In contrast, callose is integral to specialized cell walls, such as the cell plate that separates dividing cells and growing pollen tube walls, and maintains important functions during abiotic and biotic stress responses. The last years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of how cellulose and callose are manufactured, and new factors that regulate the synthases have been identified. Much of this knowledge has been amassed via various microscopy-based techniques, including various confocal techniques and super-resolution imaging. Here, we summarize and synthesize recent findings in the fields of cellulose and callose synthesis in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schneider
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Hanak
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Christian A Voigt
- Phytopathology and Biochemistry, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cellulose synthase complexes act in a concerted fashion to synthesize highly aggregated cellulose in secondary cell walls of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11348-11353. [PMID: 27647923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613273113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, often touted as the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, is a critical component of the plant cell wall and is synthesized by plasma membrane-spanning cellulose synthase (CESA) enzymes, which in plants are organized into rosette-like CESA complexes (CSCs). Plants construct two types of cell walls, primary cell walls (PCWs) and secondary cell walls (SCWs), which differ in composition, structure, and purpose. Cellulose in PCWs and SCWs is chemically identical but has different physical characteristics. During PCW synthesis, multiple dispersed CSCs move along a shared linear track in opposing directions while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils with low aggregation. In contrast, during SCW synthesis, we observed swaths of densely arranged CSCs that moved in the same direction along tracks while synthesizing cellulose microfibrils that became highly aggregated. Our data support a model in which distinct spatiotemporal features of active CSCs during PCW and SCW synthesis contribute to the formation of cellulose with distinct structure and organization in PCWs and SCWs of Arabidopsis thaliana This study provides a foundation for understanding differences in the formation, structure, and organization of cellulose in PCWs and SCWs.
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Rui Y, Anderson CT. Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan in the Walls of Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1398-419. [PMID: 26729799 PMCID: PMC4775103 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells are pairs of specialized epidermal cells that control water and CO2 exchange between the plant and the environment. To fulfill the functions of stomatal opening and closure that are driven by changes in turgor pressure, guard cell walls must be both strong and flexible, but how the structure and dynamics of guard cell walls enable stomatal function remains poorly understood. To address this question, we applied cell biological and genetic analyses to investigate guard cell walls and their relationship to stomatal function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using live-cell spinning disk confocal microscopy, we measured the motility of cellulose synthase (CESA)-containing complexes labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CESA3 and observed a reduced proportion of GFP-CESA3 particles colocalizing with microtubules upon stomatal closure. Imaging cellulose organization in guard cells revealed a relatively uniform distribution of cellulose in the open state and a more fibrillar pattern in the closed state, indicating that cellulose microfibrils undergo dynamic reorganization during stomatal movements. In cesa3(je5) mutants defective in cellulose synthesis and xxt1 xxt2 mutants lacking the hemicellulose xyloglucan, stomatal apertures, changes in guard cell length, and cellulose reorganization were aberrant during fusicoccin-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure, indicating that sufficient cellulose and xyloglucan are required for normal guard cell dynamics. Together, these results provide new insights into how guard cell walls allow stomata to function as responsive mediators of gas exchange at the plant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Wang T, McFarlane HE, Persson S. The impact of abiotic factors on cellulose synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:543-52. [PMID: 26552883 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants require mechanisms to sense and respond to changes in their environment, including both biotic and abiotic factors. One of the most common plant adaptations to environmental changes is differential regulation of growth, which results in growth either away from adverse conditions or towards more favorable conditions. As cell walls shape plant growth, this differential growth response must be accompanied by alterations to the plant cell wall. Here, we review the impact of four abiotic factors (osmotic conditions, ionic stress, light, and temperature) on the synthesis of cellulose, an important component of the plant cell wall. Understanding how different abiotic factors influence cellulose production and addressing key questions that remain in this field can provide crucial information to cope with the need for increased crop production under the mounting pressures of a growing world population and global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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Jones DM, Murray CM, Ketelaar KJ, Thomas JJ, Villalobos JA, Wallace IS. The Emerging Role of Protein Phosphorylation as a Critical Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Cellulose Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:684. [PMID: 27252710 PMCID: PMC4877384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are extracellular matrices that surround plant cells and critically influence basic cellular processes, such as cell division and expansion. Cellulose is a major constituent of plant cell walls, and this paracrystalline polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane by a large protein complex known as the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Recent efforts have identified numerous protein components of the CSC, but relatively little is known about regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Numerous phosphoproteomic surveys have identified phosphorylation events in CSC associated proteins, suggesting that protein phosphorylation may represent an important regulatory control of CSC activity. In this review, we discuss the composition and dynamics of the CSC in vivo, the catalog of CSC phosphorylation sites that have been identified, the function of experimentally examined phosphorylation events, and potential kinases responsible for these phosphorylation events. Additionally, we discuss future directions in cellulose synthase kinase identification and functional analyses of CSC phosphorylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Christian M. Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - KassaDee J. Ketelaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Joseph J. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Jose A. Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
| | - Ian S. Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, RenoNV, USA
- *Correspondence: Ian S. Wallace,
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Slabaugh E, Scavuzzo-Duggan T, Chaves A, Wilson L, Wilson C, Davis JK, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT, Roberts AW, Haigler CH. The valine and lysine residues in the conserved FxVTxK motif are important for the function of phylogenetically distant plant cellulose synthases. Glycobiology 2015; 26:509-19. [PMID: 26646446 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CESAs) synthesize the β-1,4-glucan chains that coalesce to form cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. In addition to a large cytosolic (catalytic) domain, CESAs have eight predicted transmembrane helices (TMHs). However, analogous to the structure of BcsA, a bacterial CESA, predicted TMH5 in CESA may instead be an interfacial helix. This would place the conserved FxVTxK motif in the plant cell cytosol where it could function as a substrate-gating loop as occurs in BcsA. To define the functional importance of the CESA region containing FxVTxK, we tested five parallel mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 and Physcomitrella patens CESA5 in complementation assays of the relevant cesa mutants. In both organisms, the substitution of the valine or lysine residues in FxVTxK severely affected CESA function. In Arabidopsis roots, both changes were correlated with lower cellulose anisotropy, as revealed by Pontamine Fast Scarlet. Analysis of hypocotyl inner cell wall layers by atomic force microscopy showed that two altered versions of Atcesa1 could rescue cell wall phenotypes observed in the mutant background line. Overall, the data show that the FxVTxK motif is functionally important in two phylogenetically distant plant CESAs. The results show that Physcomitrella provides an efficient model for assessing the effects of engineered CESA mutations affecting primary cell wall synthesis and that diverse testing systems can lead to nuanced insights into CESA structure-function relationships. Although CESA membrane topology needs to be experimentally determined, the results support the possibility that the FxVTxK region functions similarly in CESA and BcsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Tess Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Arielle Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Carmen Wilson
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jonathan K Davis
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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40
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Li S, Lei L, Yingling YG, Gu Y. Microtubules and cellulose biosynthesis: the emergence of new players. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:76-82. [PMID: 26476686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules determine the orientation of newly formed cellulose microfibrils in expanding cells. There are many hypotheses regarding how the information is transduced across the plasma membrane from microtubules to cellulose microfibrils. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the co-alignment between microtubules and cellulose microfibrils were not revealed until the recent discovery of cellulose synthase interacting (CSI) proteins. Characterization of CSIs and additional cellulose synthase-associated proteins will greatly advance the knowledge of how cellulose microfibrils are organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Roberts AW. A complementation assay for in vivo protein structure/function analysis in Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps1500023. [PMID: 26191463 PMCID: PMC4504723 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A method for rapid in vivo functional analysis of engineered proteins was developed using Physcomitrella patens. METHODS AND RESULTS A complementation assay was designed for testing structure/function relationships in cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The components of the assay include (1) construction of test vectors that drive expression of epitope-tagged PpCESA5 carrying engineered mutations, (2) transformation of a ppcesa5 knockout line that fails to produce gametophores with test and control vectors, (3) scoring the stable transformants for gametophore production, (4) statistical analysis comparing complementation rates for test vectors to positive and negative control vectors, and (5) analysis of transgenic protein expression by Western blotting. The assay distinguished mutations that generate fully functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins. CONCLUSIONS Compared with existing methods for in vivo testing of protein function, this complementation assay provides a rapid method for investigating protein structure/function relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Author for correspondence:
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Kujur A, Bajaj D, Upadhyaya HD, Das S, Ranjan R, Shree T, Saxena MS, Badoni S, Kumar V, Tripathi S, Gowda CLL, Sharma S, Singh S, Tyagi AK, Parida SK. A genome-wide SNP scan accelerates trait-regulatory genomic loci identification in chickpea. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11166. [PMID: 26058368 PMCID: PMC4461920 DOI: 10.1038/srep11166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified 44844 high-quality SNPs by sequencing 92 diverse chickpea accessions belonging to a seed and pod trait-specific association panel using reference genome- and de novo-based GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing) assays. A GWAS (genome-wide association study) in an association panel of 211, including the 92 sequenced accessions, identified 22 major genomic loci showing significant association (explaining 23-47% phenotypic variation) with pod and seed number/plant and 100-seed weight. Eighteen trait-regulatory major genomic loci underlying 13 robust QTLs were validated and mapped on an intra-specific genetic linkage map by QTL mapping. A combinatorial approach of GWAS, QTL mapping and gene haplotype-specific LD mapping and transcript profiling uncovered one superior haplotype and favourable natural allelic variants in the upstream regulatory region of a CesA-type cellulose synthase (Ca_Kabuli_CesA3) gene regulating high pod and seed number/plant (explaining 47% phenotypic variation) in chickpea. The up-regulation of this superior gene haplotype correlated with increased transcript expression of Ca_Kabuli_CesA3 gene in the pollen and pod of high pod/seed number accession, resulting in higher cellulose accumulation for normal pollen and pollen tube growth. A rapid combinatorial genome-wide SNP genotyping-based approach has potential to dissect complex quantitative agronomic traits and delineate trait-regulatory genomic loci (candidate genes) for genetic enhancement in crop plants, including chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kujur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepak Bajaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Hari D Upadhyaya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shouvik Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tanima Shree
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Maneesha S Saxena
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Saurabh Badoni
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - C L L Gowda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shivali Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sube Singh
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Kumar M, Turner S. Plant cellulose synthesis: CESA proteins crossing kingdoms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:91-9. [PMID: 25104231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a biopolymer of considerable economic importance. It is synthesised by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) in species ranging from bacteria to higher plants. Enormous progress in our understanding of bacterial cellulose synthesis has come with the recent publication of both the crystal structure and biochemical characterisation of a purified complex able to synthesis cellulose in vitro. A model structure of a plant CESA protein suggests considerable similarity between the bacterial and plant cellulose synthesis. In this review article we will cover current knowledge of how plant CESA proteins synthesise cellulose. In particular the focus will be on the lessons learned from the recent work on the catalytic mechanism and the implications that new data on cellulose structure has for the assembly of CESA proteins into the large complex that synthesis plant cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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44
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Wang X, Jing Y, Zhang B, Zhou Y, Lin R. Glycosyltransferase-like protein ABI8/ELD1/KOB1 promotes Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation through regulating cellulose biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:411-22. [PMID: 24995569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seedling de-etiolation (photomorphogenesis) is an important light-regulated developmental process in plants. Here, we showed that disruption of the gene encoding a glycosyltransferase-like protein, ABA INSENSITIVE 8 (ABI8)/ELONGATION EFFECTIVE 1 (ELD1)/KOBITO1 (KOB1), caused short-hypocotyl elongation under all light conditions examined and even in darkness. We found that the ABI8 transcript level was down-regulated by light in a phytochrome A-dependent manner. Furthermore, light destabilized ABI8 protein via the 26S proteasome degradation pathway. We showed that ABI8 promoted the expression of genes involved in cell elongation and cellulose synthesis. Consistently, the cellulose content was reduced in the abi8 mutants and application of 2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile (an inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis) mimicked the abi8 mutant phenotype. Moreover, we found that phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors negatively, whereas CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 positively, regulated cellulose synthesis. We also showed that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 directly bound to the promoters of ABI8 and several cellulose synthesis genes and repressed their expression in light conditions. Taken together, our study reveals that ABI8 functions as a negative factor in light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation through modulating cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Sampathkumar A, Wightman R. Live cell imaging of the cytoskeleton and cell wall enzymes in plant cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:133-141. [PMID: 25408450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of live imaging techniques to visualize the dynamic changes and interactions within plant cells has given us detailed information on the function and organization of the cytoskeleton and cell wall associated proteins. This information has grown with the constant improvement in imaging hardware and molecular tools. In this chapter, we describe the procedure for the preparation and live visualization of fluorescent protein fusions associated with the cytoskeleton and the cell wall in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA,
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46
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Davanture M, Jossier M, Zivy M, Hodges M, Tcherkez G. Photosynthetic activity influences cellulose biosynthesis and phosphorylation of proteins involved therein in Arabidopsis leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4997-5010. [PMID: 25039072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most important organic compounds in terrestrial ecosystems and represents a major plant structural polymer. However, knowledge of the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis is still rather limited. Recent studies have shown that the phosphorylation of cellulose synthases (CESAs) may represent a key regulatory event in cellulose production. However, the impact of environmental conditions on the carbon flux of cellulose deposition and on phosphorylation levels of CESAs has not been fully elucidated. Here, we took advantage of gas exchange measurements, isotopic techniques, metabolomics, and quantitative phosphoproteomics to investigate the regulation of cellulose production in Arabidopsis rosette leaves in different photosynthetic contexts (different CO2 mole fractions) or upon light/dark transition. We show that the carbon flux to cellulose production increased with photosynthesis, but not proportionally. The phosphorylation level of several phosphopeptides associated with CESA1 and 3, and several enzymes of sugar metabolism was higher in the light and/or increased with photosynthesis. By contrast, a phosphopeptide (Ser126) associated with CESA5 seemed to be more phosphorylated in the dark. Our data suggest that photosynthetic activity affects cellulose deposition through the control of both sucrose metabolism and cellulose synthesis complexes themselves by protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Saclay Plant Sciences, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Marlène Davanture
- Plateforme PAPPSO, UMR de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Jossier
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Saclay Plant Sciences, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- Plateforme PAPPSO, UMR de Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Saclay Plant Sciences, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Saclay Plant Sciences, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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Griffiths JS, Tsai AYL, Xue H, Voiniciuc C, Sola K, Seifert GJ, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 Mediates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Adherence and Organization through Pectins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:991-1004. [PMID: 24808103 PMCID: PMC4081351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cell wall polymers are critical for establishing cell wall integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Here, we exploit the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage system to examine cell wall polymer interactions. On hydration, seeds release an adherent mucilage layer strongly attached to the seed in addition to a nonadherent layer that can be removed by gentle agitation. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) is the primary component of adherent mucilage, with homogalacturonan, cellulose, and xyloglucan constituting minor components. Adherent mucilage contains rays composed of cellulose and pectin that extend above the center of each epidermal cell. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) and the arabinogalactan protein SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 (SOS5) are required for mucilage adherence through unknown mechanisms. SOS5 has been suggested to mediate adherence by influencing cellulose biosynthesis. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between SOS5 and CESA5. cesa5-1 seeds show reduced cellulose, RG I, and ray size in adherent mucilage. In contrast, sos5-2 seeds have wild-type levels of cellulose but completely lack adherent RG I and rays. Thus, relative to each other, cesa5-1 has a greater effect on cellulose, whereas sos5-2 mainly affects pectin. The double mutant cesa5-1 sos5-2 has a much more severe loss of mucilage adherence, suggesting that SOS5 and CESA5 function independently. Double-mutant analyses with mutations in MUCILAGE MODIFIED2 and FLYING SAUCER1 that reduce mucilage release through pectin modification suggest that only SOS5 influences pectin-mediated adherence. Together, these findings suggest that SOS5 mediates adherence through pectins and does so independently of but in concert with cellulose synthesized by CESA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Griffiths
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Hui Xue
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Krešimir Sola
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Georg J Seifert
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
| | - George W Haughn
- Departments of Botany (J.S.G., A.Y.-L.T., C.V., K.S., G.W.H.) andWood Science (S.D.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4; andDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, A-1990 Vienna, Austria (H.X., G.J.S.)
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Lei L, Zhang T, Strasser R, Lee CM, Gonneau M, Mach L, Vernhettes S, Kim SH, J Cosgrove D, Li S, Gu Y. The jiaoyao1 Mutant Is an Allele of korrigan1 That Abolishes Endoglucanase Activity and Affects the Organization of Both Cellulose Microfibrils and Microtubules in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2601-2616. [PMID: 24963054 PMCID: PMC4114954 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). Arabidopsis thaliana GH9A1/KORRIGAN1 is a membrane-bound, family 9 glycosyl hydrolase that is important for cellulose synthesis in both primary and secondary cell walls. Most previously identified korrigan1 mutants show severe phenotypes such as embryo lethality; therefore, the role of GH9A1 in cellulose synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report a novel A577V missense mutation, designated jiaoyao1 (jia1), in the second of the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 active site signature motifs in GH9A1. jia1 is defective in cell expansion in dark-grown hypocotyls, roots, and adult plants. Consistent with its defect in cell expansion, this mutation in GH9A1 resulted in reduced cellulose content and reduced CSC velocity at the plasma membrane. Green fluorescent protein-GH9A1 is associated with CSCs at multiple locations, including the plasma membrane, Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and small CESA-containing compartments or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments, indicating a tight association between GH9A1 and CSCs. GH9A1A577V abolishes the endoglucanase activity of GH9A1 in vitro but does not affect its interaction with CESAs in vitro, suggesting that endoglucanase activity is important for cellulose synthesis. Interestingly, jia1 results in both cellulose microfibril and microtubule disorganization. Our study establishes the important role of endoglucanase in cellulose synthesis and cellulose microfibril organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher M Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seong H Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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49
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Li S, Bashline L, Lei L, Gu Y. Cellulose synthesis and its regulation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0169. [PMID: 24465174 PMCID: PMC3894906 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer synthesized on land, is made of linear chains of ß (1-4) linked D-glucose. As a major structural component of the cell wall, cellulose is important not only for industrial use but also for plant growth and development. Cellulose microfibrils are tethered by other cell wall polysaccharides such as hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized rosette cellulose synthase complexes. Despite the recent advances using a combination of molecular genetics, live cell imaging, and spectroscopic tools, many aspects of the cellulose synthesis remain a mystery. In this chapter, we highlight recent research progress towards understanding the mechanism of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Address correspondence to
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50
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Lei L, Li S, Bashline L, Gu Y. Dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 24659994 PMCID: PMC3952479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A central question in plant cell development is how the cell wall determines directional cell expansion and therefore the final shape of the cell. As the major load-bearing component of the cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are laid down transversely to the axis of elongation, thus forming a spring-like structure that reinforces the cell laterally and while favoring longitudinal expansion in most growing cells. Mounting evidence suggests that cortical microtubules organize the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, but the precise molecular mechanisms linking microtubules to cellulose organization have remained unclear until the recent discovery of cellulose synthase interactive protein 1 , a linker protein between the cortical microtubules and the cellulose biosynthesizing machinery. In this review, we will focus on the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules, in particular, we will discuss microtubule arrangement and cell wall architecture, the linkage between cellulose synthase complexes and microtubules, and the feedback mechanisms between cell wall and microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Gu
- *Correspondence: Ying Gu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail:
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