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Ali MZ, Anushree, Ahsan A, Ola MS, Haque R, Ahsan J. Ionotropic receptors mediate olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:1249-1269. [PMID: 38114448 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenylacetaldehyde (PAH), an aromatic compound, is present in a diverse range of fruits including overripe bananas and prickly pear cactus, the two major host fruits for Drosophila melanogaster. PAH acts as a potent ligand for the ionotropic receptor 84a (IR84a) in the adult fruit fly and it is detected by the IR84a/IR8a heterotetrameric complex. Its role in the male courtship behavior through IR84a as an environmental aphrodisiac is of additional importance. In D. melanogaster, two distinct kinds of olfactory receptors, that is, odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs), perceive the odorant stimuli. They display unique structural, molecular, and functional characteristics in addition to having different evolutionary origins. Traditionally, olfactory cues detected by the ORs such as ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, isoamyl acetate, 1-octanol, 4-methylcyclohexanol, etc. classified as aliphatic esters and alcohols have been employed in olfactory classical conditioning using fruit flies. This underlines the participation of OR-activated olfactory pathways in learning and memory formation. Our study elucidates that likewise ethyl acetate (EA) (an OR-responsive odorant), PAH (an IR-responsive aromatic compound) too can form learning and memory when associated with an appetitive gustatory reinforcer. The association of PAH with sucrose (PAH/SUC) led to learning and formation of the long-term memory (LTM). Additionally, the Orco1, Ir84aMI00501, and Ir8a1 mutant flies were used to confirm the exclusive participation of the IR84a/IR8a complex in PAH/SUC olfactory associative conditioning. These results highlight the involvement of IRs via an IR-activated pathway in facilitating robust olfactory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Anushree
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Aarif Ahsan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Jawaid Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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2
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Yu P, Chen W, Jiang L, Jia Y, Xu X, Shen W, Jin N, Du H. Olfactory dysfunction and the role of stem cells in the regeneration of olfactory neurons. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29948. [PMID: 38694081 PMCID: PMC11058886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of COVID-19 has drawn increasing attention to olfactory dysfunction among researchers. Olfactory dysfunction manifests in various clinical types, influenced by numerous pathogenic factors. Despite this diversity, the underlying pathogenesis remains largely elusive, contributing to a lack of standardized treatment approaches. However, the potential regeneration of olfactory neurons within the nasal cavity presents a promising avenue for addressing olfactory dysfunction effectively. Our review aims to delve into the current research landscape and treatment modalities concerning olfactory dysfunction, emphasizing etiology, pathogenesis, clinical interventions, and the role of stem cells in regenerating olfactory nerves. Through this comprehensive examination, we aim to provide valuable insights into understanding the onset, progression, and treatment of olfactory dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiguan Chen
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yufeng Jia
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiye Shen
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ni Jin
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongjie Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, China
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3
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Baleba SBS, Mahadevan VP, Knaden M, Hansson BS. Temperature-dependent modulation of odor-dependent behavior in three drosophilid fly species of differing thermal preference. Commun Biol 2023; 6:905. [PMID: 37666902 PMCID: PMC10477191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and ongoing climate change increases global temperature, impacts feeding, and reproduction in insects. The olfaction plays an important underlying role in these behaviors in most insect species. Here, we investigated how changing temperatures affect odor detection and ensuing behavior in three drosophilid flies: Drosophila novamexicana, D. virilis and D. ezoana, species adapted to life in desert, global, and subarctic climates, respectively. Using a series of thermal preference assays, we confirmed that the three species indeed exhibit distinct temperature preferences. Next, using single sensillum recording technique, we classified olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) present in basiconic sensilla on the antenna of the three species and thereby identified ligands for each OSN type. In a series of trap assays we proceeded to establish the behavioral valence of the best ligands and chose guaiacol, methyl salicylate and isopropyl benzoate as representatives of a repellent, attractant and neutral odor. Next, we assessed the behavioral valence of these three odors in all three species across a thermal range (10-35 °C), with flies reared at 18 °C and 25 °C. We found that both developmental and experimental temperatures affected the behavioral performance of the flies. Our study thus reveals temperature-dependent changes in odor-guided behavior in drosophilid flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve B S Baleba
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology, Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Venkatesh Pal Mahadevan
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology, Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology, Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
- Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology, Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Álvarez-Ocaña R, Shahandeh MP, Ray V, Auer TO, Gompel N, Benton R. Odor-regulated oviposition behavior in an ecological specialist. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3041. [PMID: 37236992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of a novel ecological niche can require, or be driven by, evolution of an animal's behaviors promoting their reproductive success. We investigated the evolution and sensory basis of oviposition in Drosophila sechellia, a close relative of Drosophila melanogaster that exhibits extreme specialism for Morinda citrifolia noni fruit. D. sechellia produces fewer eggs than other drosophilids and lays these almost exclusively on noni substrates. We show that visual, textural and social cues do not explain this species-specific preference. By contrast, we find that loss of olfactory input in D. sechellia, but not D. melanogaster, essentially abolishes egg-laying, suggesting that olfaction gates gustatory-driven noni preference. Noni odors are detected by redundant olfactory pathways, but we discover a role for hexanoic acid and the cognate Ionotropic receptor 75b (Ir75b) in odor-evoked oviposition. Through receptor exchange in D. melanogaster, we provide evidence for a causal contribution of odor-tuning changes in Ir75b to the evolution of D. sechellia's oviposition behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez-Ocaña
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Shahandeh
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vijayaditya Ray
- Evolutionary Ecology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Fakultät für Biologie, Biozentrum, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas O Auer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Gompel
- Evolutionary Ecology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Fakultät für Biologie, Biozentrum, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Walker WB, Mori BA, Cattaneo AM, Gonzalez F, Witzgall P, Becher PG. Comparative transcriptomic assessment of the chemosensory receptor repertoire of Drosophila suzukii adult and larval olfactory organs. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101049. [PMID: 36528931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has emerged within the past decade as an invasive species on a global scale, and is one of the most economically important pests in fruit and berry production in Europe and North America. Insect ecology, to a strong degree, depends on the chemosensory modalities of smell and taste. Extensive research on the sensory receptors of the olfactory and gustatory systems in Drosophila melanogaster provide an excellent frame of reference to better understand the fundamentals of the chemosensory systems of D. suzukii. This knowledge may enhance the development of semiochemicals for sustainable management of D. suzukii, which is urgently needed. Here, using a transcriptomic approach we report the chemosensory receptor expression profiles in D. suzukii female and male antennae, and for the first time, in larval heads including the dorsal organ that houses larval olfactory sensory neurons. In D. suzukii adults, we generally observed a lack of sexually dimorphic expression levels in male and female antennae. While there was generally conservation of antennal expression of odorant and ionotropic receptor orthologues for D. melanogaster and D. suzukii, gustatory receptors showed more distinct species-specific profiles. In larval head tissues, for all three receptor gene families, there was also a greater degree of species-specific gene expression patterns. Analysis of chemosensory receptor repertoires in the pest species, D. suzukii relative to those of the genetic model D. melanogaster enables comparative studies of the chemosensory, physiology, and ecology of D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Walker
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
| | - Boyd A Mori
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Alberto M Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Francisco Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; Department of Research and Development, ChemTica Internacional S.A., Apdo. 640-3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Paul G Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Kandasamy D, Zaman R, Nakamura Y, Zhao T, Hartmann H, Andersson MN, Hammerbacher A, Gershenzon J. Conifer-killing bark beetles locate fungal symbionts by detecting volatile fungal metabolites of host tree resin monoterpenes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001887. [PMID: 36802386 PMCID: PMC9943021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) have decimated millions of hectares of conifer forests in Europe in recent years. The ability of these 4.0 to 5.5 mm long insects to kill mature trees over a short period has been sometimes ascribed to two main factors: (1) mass attacks on the host tree to overcome tree defenses and (2) the presence of fungal symbionts that support successful beetle development in the tree. While the role of pheromones in coordinating mass attacks has been well studied, the role of chemical communication in maintaining the fungal symbiosis is poorly understood. Previous evidence indicates that I. typographus can distinguish fungal symbionts of the genera Grosmannia, Endoconidiophora, and Ophiostoma by their de novo synthesized volatile compounds. Here, we hypothesize that the fungal symbionts of this bark beetle species metabolize spruce resin monoterpenes of the beetle's host tree, Norway spruce (Picea abies), and that the volatile products are used as cues by beetles for locating breeding sites with beneficial symbionts. We show that Grosmannia penicillata and other fungal symbionts alter the profile of spruce bark volatiles by converting the major monoterpenes into an attractive blend of oxygenated derivatives. Bornyl acetate was metabolized to camphor, and α- and β-pinene to trans-4-thujanol and other oxygenated products. Electrophysiological measurements showed that I. typographus possesses dedicated olfactory sensory neurons for oxygenated metabolites. Both camphor and trans-4-thujanol attracted beetles at specific doses in walking olfactometer experiments, and the presence of symbiotic fungi enhanced attraction of females to pheromones. Another co-occurring nonbeneficial fungus (Trichoderma sp.) also produced oxygenated monoterpenes, but these were not attractive to I. typographus. Finally, we show that colonization of fungal symbionts on spruce bark diet stimulated beetles to make tunnels into the diet. Collectively, our study suggests that the blends of oxygenated metabolites of conifer monoterpenes produced by fungal symbionts are used by walking bark beetles as attractive or repellent cues to locate breeding or feeding sites containing beneficial microbial symbionts. The oxygenated metabolites may aid beetles in assessing the presence of the fungus, the defense status of the host tree and the density of conspecifics at potential feeding and breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany,Max Planck Center for next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology (nGICE), Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,* E-mail: (DK); (JG)
| | - Rashaduz Zaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany,Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin N. Andersson
- Max Planck Center for next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology (nGICE), Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany,* E-mail: (DK); (JG)
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Ssempijja F, Dare SS, Bukenya EEM, Kasozi KI, Kenganzi R, Fernandez EM, Vicente-Crespo M. Attenuation of Seizures, Cognitive Deficits, and Brain Histopathology by Phytochemicals of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv (Poaceae) in Acute and Chronic Mutant Drosophila melanogaster Epilepsy Models. J Evid Based Integr Med 2023; 28:2515690X231160191. [PMID: 36866635 PMCID: PMC9989407 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x231160191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imperata cylindrica is a globally distributed plant known for its antiepileptic attributes, but there is a scarcity of robust evidence for its efficacy. The study investigated neuroprotective attributes of Imperata cylindrica root extract on neuropathological features of epilepsy in a Drosophila melanogaster mutant model of epilepsy. It was conducted on 10-day-old (at the initiation of study) male post-eclosion bang-senseless paralytic Drosophila (parabss1) involved acute (1-3 h) and chronic (6-18 days) experiments; n = 50 flies per group (convulsions tests); n = 100 flies per group (learning/memory tests and histological examination). Administrations were done in 1 g standard fly food, per os. The mutant flies of study (parabss1) showed marked age-dependent progressive brain neurodegeneration and axonal degeneration, significant (P < 0.05) bang sensitivity and convulsions, and cognitive deficits due to up-regulation of the paralytic gene in our mutants. The neuropathological findings were significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated in dose and duration-dependent fashions to near normal/normal after acute and chronic treatment with extract similar to sodium valproate. Therefore, para is expressed in neurons of brain tissues in our mutant flies to bring about epilepsy phenotypes and behaviors of the current juvenile and old-adult mutant D. melanogaster models of epilepsy. The herb exerts neuroprotection by anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic mechanisms in mutant D. melanogaster due to plant flavonoids, polyphenols, and chromones (1 and 2) which exert antioxidative and receptor or voltage-gated sodium ion channels' inhibitory properties, and thus causing reduced inflammation and apoptosis, increased tissue repair, and improved cell biology in the brain of mutant flies. The methanol root extract provides anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic medicinal values which protect epileptic D. melanogaster. Therefore, the herb should be advanced for more experimental and clinical studies to confirm its efficacy in treating epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ssempijja
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Samuel Sunday Dare
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
- School of Medicine, Kabale University, P.O Box 317, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Edmund E. M. Bukenya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
- School of Medicine, Kabale University, P.O Box 317, Kabale, Uganda
| | | | - Ritah Kenganzi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Edgar Mario Fernandez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Marta Vicente-Crespo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
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Jevons AL, Quain DE. Identification of spoilage microflora in draught beer using culture-dependent methods. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3728-3740. [PMID: 36073539 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the culture-dependent spoilage microflora found in draught beer are influenced by beer style. METHODS AND RESULTS Four beer styles - lager, ale, stout, and cask ale - were sampled twice from five different public houses (accounts) in four different locations. The microbiological quality of the dispensed beers was determined by a culture-dependent method ('forcing'), measuring the increase in turbidity after incubation at 30°C. The quality of draught beer varied from 'excellent' to 'poor' with cask beer samples having a higher Quality Index (90%) with keg ale the lowest (67.5%). With PCR amplified DNA (ITS1, ITS4, 16S rRNA primers) and BLAST identification of microflora, 386 colonies from agar plates were identified with 28 different microorganisms from five genera of yeast and six of bacteria. Seven microorganisms were found in all beer styles with Brettanomyces bruxellensis, B. anomalus and Acetobacter fabarum representing 53% of the identified microorganisms. A subsequent, limited study using PALL multiplex PCR GeneDisc technology on forced samples (without selection on plates) suggests that draught beer microflora is qualitatively broader. It is noteworthy that the microflora of spoilt draught beer resembles that involved in the production of Belgian Lambic sour beers. CONCLUSIONS Draught beer was of variable quality. Culture-dependent analysis suggests that species of Brettanomyces and Acetobacter are core microflora with some microorganisms being associated with beer style. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The microbiological quality of draught beer is important both commercially and to the Consumer. Here, we report the core and diverse microflora found in different styles of draught beer using culture-dependent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Jevons
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.,Heineken UK, The Brewery, Tadcaster, North Yorkshire
| | - David E Quain
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Vora A, Nguyen AD, Spicer C, Li W. The impact of social isolation on health and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and beyond. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms, including humans, have evolved dynamic social behaviors to promote survival. Public health studies show that isolation from social groups is a major risk factor for adverse health outcomes in humans, but these studies lack mechanistic understanding. Animal models can provide insight into the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying how social isolation impacts health through investigations using genetic, genomic, molecular, and neuroscience methods. In this review, we discuss Drosophila melanogaster as a robust genetic model for studying the effects of social isolation and for developing a mechanistic understanding of the perception of social isolation and how it impacts health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha Vora
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Andrew D. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carmen Spicer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wanhe Li
- Department of Biology, Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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10
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Harrouard J, Eberlein C, Ballestra P, Dols-Lafargue M, Masneuf-Pomarede I, Miot-Sertier C, Schacherer J, Albertin W. Brettanomyces bruxellensis: Overview of the genetic and phenotypic diversity of an anthropized yeast. Mol Ecol 2022; 32:2374-2395. [PMID: 35318747 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human-associated microorganisms are ideal models to study the impact of environmental changes on species evolution and adaptation because of their small genome, short generation time, and their colonization of contrasting and ever-changing ecological niches. The yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a good example of organism facing anthropogenic-driven selective pressures. It is associated with fermentation processes in which it can be considered either as a spoiler (e.g. winemaking, bioethanol production) or as a beneficial microorganism (e.g. production of specific beers, kombucha). Besides its industrial interests, noteworthy parallels and dichotomies with Saccharomyces cerevisiae propelled B. bruxellensis as a valuable complementary yeast model. In this review, we emphasize that the broad genetic and phenotypic diversity of this species is only beginning to be uncovered. Population genomic studies have revealed the co-existence of auto- and allotriploidization events with different evolutionary outcomes. The different diploid, autotriploid and allotriploid subpopulations are associated with specific fermented processes, suggesting independent adaptation events to anthropized environments. Phenotypically, B. bruxellensis is renowned for its ability to metabolize a wide variety of carbon and nitrogen sources, which may explain its ability to colonize already fermented environments showing low-nutrient contents. Several traits of interest could be related to adaptation to human activities (e.g. nitrate metabolization in bioethanol production, resistance to sulphite treatments in winemaking). However, phenotypic traits are insufficiently studied in view of the great genomic diversity of the species. Future work will have to take into account strains of varied substrates, geographical origins as well as displaying different ploidy levels to improve our understanding of an anthropized yeast's phenotypic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Harrouard
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Chris Eberlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM, UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patricia Ballestra
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marguerite Dols-Lafargue
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,ENSCBP, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarede
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,BSA, 33170, Gradignan
| | - Cécile Miot-Sertier
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM, UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Warren Albertin
- UMR 1366 OENOLOGIE, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,ENSCBP, Bordeaux INP, 33600, Pessac, France
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11
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Influence of Sunlight Incidence and Fruit Chemical Features on Oviposition Site Selection in Mango by Anastrepha obliqua: Implications for Management. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020141. [PMID: 35206715 PMCID: PMC8880634 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of identifying key factors that determine oviposition decisions by Anastrepha obliqua for management purposes, we conducted a behavioral study under natural/semi-natural field conditions to identify where exactly in the fruit (upper, middle, or lower sections) females preferred to lay eggs in a highly susceptible mango cultivar (“Criollo”), and whether sunlight incidence and fruit chemical compounds influenced oviposition site selection by this pestiferous fly. Females oviposited in shaded, upper fruit sections where pulp had higher total carbohydrate concentrations but similar total protein, lipid, and polyphenol concentrations than non-oviposited sections. Peel had higher overall nutrient and mangiferin/quercetin-3-D-galactoside (polyphenols) concentrations. An untargeted metabolomic analysis of oviposited and non-oviposited fruit sections identified abscisic acid (ABA) and dihydrophaseic acid glucoside, a by-product of ABA catabolism, as potential chemical markers that could play a role in fruit acceptance behaviors by female flies. We conclude that females preferentially oviposit in fruit sections with optimal chemical and environmental conditions for larval development: more carbohydrates and antioxidants such as mangiferin and ferulic acid and lesser sunlight exposure to avoid lethal egg/larval desiccation/overheating. We make specific recommendations for A. obliqua management based on female host selection behavior, a tree pruning scheme exposing fruit to direct sunlight, application of a host marking pheromone, and the use of egg sinks in the orchard.
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12
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Ruel DM, Vainer Y, Yakir E, Bohbot JD. Identification and functional characterization of olfactory indolergic receptors in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103651. [PMID: 34582989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indole-sensitive odorant receptors or indolORs belong to a mosquito-specific expansion as ancient as the Culicidae lineage. Brachyceran flies appeared to lack representative members of this group despite the importance of indolics in this important group of dipterans. To explore whether indolORs occur in other brachyceran species, we searched for candidate indolORs in Drosophila melanogaster. Using phylogenetic tools, we show that D. melanogaster OR30a, OR43a, and OR49b form a distinct monophyletic lineage with mosquito indolORs. To explore a potential functional orthology with indolORs, we expressed these three Drosophila ORs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and measured their responses to a panel of indolic compounds. We provide evidence that OR30a, OR43a, and OR49b exhibit high sensitivity to indoles. Along with the recent discovery of indolORs in the housefly Musca domestica, our findings suggest that indolORs are a widespread feature of the peripheral olfactory systems of Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ruel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Yuri Vainer
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Esther Yakir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Jonathan D Bohbot
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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13
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Legan AW, Jernigan CM, Miller SE, Fuchs MF, Sheehan MJ. Expansion and Accelerated Evolution of 9-Exon Odorant Receptors in Polistes Paper Wasps. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:3832-3846. [PMID: 34151983 PMCID: PMC8383895 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent origins of sociality in bees and ants are associated with independent expansions of particular odorant receptor (OR) gene subfamilies. In ants, one clade within the OR gene family, the 9-exon subfamily, has dramatically expanded. These receptors detect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), key social signaling molecules in insects. It is unclear to what extent 9-exon OR subfamily expansion is associated with the independent evolution of sociality across Hymenoptera, warranting studies of taxa with independently derived social behavior. Here, we describe OR gene family evolution in the northern paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus, and compare it to four additional paper wasp species spanning ∼40 million years of evolutionary divergence. We find 200 putatively functional OR genes in P. fuscatus, matching predictions from neuroanatomy, and more than half of these are in the 9-exon subfamily. Most OR gene expansions are tandemly arrayed at orthologous loci in Polistes genomes, and microsynteny analysis shows species-specific gain and loss of 9-exon ORs within tandem arrays. There is evidence of episodic positive diversifying selection shaping ORs in expanded subfamilies. Values of omega (dN/dS) are higher among 9-exon ORs compared to other OR subfamilies. Within the Polistes OR gene tree, branches in the 9-exon OR clade experience relaxed negative (relaxed purifying) selection relative to other branches in the tree. Patterns of OR evolution within Polistes are consistent with 9-exon OR function in CHC perception by combinatorial coding, with both natural selection and neutral drift contributing to interspecies differences in gene copy number and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Legan
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher M Jernigan
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sara E Miller
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthieu F Fuchs
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Sheehan
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Li HM, Liu WB, Yang LL, Cao HQ, Pelosi P, Wang GR, Wang B. Aromatic Volatiles and Odorant Receptor 25 Mediate Attraction of Eupeodes corollae to Flowers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12212-12220. [PMID: 33103425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants attract pollinators with volatile chemicals that include aromatic compounds. Syrphid flies are the largest group of flower visitors in Diptera, but little is known about how they detect floral scents at the molecular level. Here, electroantennogram (EAG) recordings from the antennae of Eupeodes corollae were used to measure responses from 14 aromatic compounds. To identify odorant receptors (ORs) of E. corollae tuned to aromatic volatiles, we analyzed functional profiles of Drosophila melanogaster odorant receptors (ORs), DmelOR46a and DmelOR71a, which are narrowly tuned to phenolic compounds and represent the orthologues of E. corollae OR25 and OR28, respectively. The two genes that are expressed in the antennae of both sexes were functionally characterized. EcorOR25 is narrowly tuned to several structurally related floral scent volatiles, including eugenol, p-cresol, and methyl eugenol. Finally, choice behavior assays showed that eugenol and methyl eugenol were attractants for both sexes of E. corollae adults. This study identified the odorant receptors used by E. corollae to detect aromatic volatiles, suggesting environmentally friendly strategies to attract these beneficial insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wen-Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenzstraße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Linnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
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15
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Yanagawa A, Huang W, Yamamoto A, Wada-Katsumata A, Schal C, Mackay TFC. Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Spontaneous Grooming in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3453-3460. [PMID: 32727922 PMCID: PMC7467001 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous grooming behavior is a component of insect fitness. We quantified spontaneous grooming behavior in 201 sequenced lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel and observed significant genetic variation in spontaneous grooming, with broad-sense heritabilities of 0.25 and 0.24 in females and males, respectively. Although grooming behavior is highly correlated between males and females, we observed significant sex by genotype interactions, indicating that the genetic basis of spontaneous grooming is partially distinct in the two sexes. We performed genome-wide association analyses of grooming behavior, and mapped 107 molecular polymorphisms associated with spontaneous grooming behavior, of which 73 were in or near 70 genes and 34 were over 1 kilobase from the nearest gene. The candidate genes were associated with a wide variety of gene ontology terms, and several of the candidate genes were significantly enriched in a genetic interaction network. We performed functional assessments of 29 candidate genes using RNA interference, and found that 11 affected spontaneous grooming behavior. The genes associated with natural variation in Drosophila grooming are involved with glutamate metabolism (Gdh) and transport (Eaat); interact genetically with (CCKLR-17D1) or are in the same gene family as (PGRP-LA) genes previously implicated in grooming behavior; are involved in the development of the nervous system and other tissues; or regulate the Notch and Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Several DGRP lines exhibited extreme grooming behavior. Excessive grooming behavior can serve as a model for repetitive behaviors diagnostic of several human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yanagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646
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16
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Michels B, Franke K, Weiglein A, Sultani H, Gerber B, Wessjohann LA. Rewarding compounds identified from the medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/16/jeb223982. [PMID: 32848044 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preparations of Rhodiola rosea root are widely used in traditional medicine. They can increase life span in worms and flies, and have various effects related to nervous system function in different animal species and humans. However, which of the compounds in R. rosea is mediating any one of these effects has remained unknown in most cases. Here, an analysis of the volatile and non-volatile low-molecular-weight constituents of R. rosea root samples was accompanied by an investigation of their behavioral impact on Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Rhodiola rosea root samples have an attractive smell and taste to the larvae, and exert a rewarding effect. This rewarding effect was also observed for R. rosea root extracts, and did not require activity of dopamine neurons that mediate known rewards such as sugar. Based on the chemical profiles of R. rosea root extracts and resultant fractions, a bioactivity-correlation analysis (AcorA) was performed to identify candidate rewarding compounds. This suggested positive correlations for - among related compounds - ferulic acid eicosyl ester (FAE-20) and β-sitosterol glucoside. A validation using these as pure compounds confirmed that the correlations were causal. Their rewarding effects can be observed even at low micromolar concentrations and thus at remarkably lower doses than for any known taste reward in the larva. We discuss whether similar rewarding effects, should they be observed in humans, would indicate a habit-forming or addictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Michels
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Franke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Aliće Weiglein
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Haider Sultani
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany .,Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Biology, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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17
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Diallo S, Shahbaaz M, Torto B, Christoffels A, Masiga D, Getahun MN. Cellular and Molecular Targets of Waterbuck Repellent Blend Odors in Antennae of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:137. [PMID: 32581714 PMCID: PMC7283967 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects that transmit many of the world's deadliest animal diseases, for instance trypanosomosis, find their suitable hosts and avoid non-preferred hosts mostly through olfactory cues. The waterbuck repellent blend (WRB) comprising geranylacetone, guaiacol, pentanoic acid, and δ-octalactone derived from waterbuck skin odor is a repellent to some savannah-adapted tsetse flies and reduces trap catches of riverine species. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with detection and coding of the repellent odors remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that WRB inhibited blood feeding in both Glossina pallidipes Austen, 1903 and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910. Using the DREAM (Deorphanization of Receptors based on Expression Alterations in odorant receptor mRNA levels) technique, combined with ortholog comparison and molecular docking, we predicted the putative odorant receptors (ORs) for the WRB in G. f. fuscipes, a non-model insect. We show that exposure of G. f. fuscipes in vivo to WRB odorant resulted in up- and downregulation of mRNA transcript of several ORs. The WRB component with strong feeding inhibition altered mRNA transcript differently as compared to an attractant odor, showing these two odors of opposing valence already segregate at the cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the predicted ligand-OR binding pockets consisted mostly of hydrophobic residues with a few hydrogen bonds but a stable interaction. Finally, our electrophysiological response showed the olfactory sensory neurons of G. f. fuscipes tuned to the tsetse repellent components in different sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Diallo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Merid N Getahun
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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Kabaka JM, Wachira BM, Mang’era CM, Rono MK, Hassanali A, Okoth SO, Oduol VO, Macharia RW, Murilla GA, Mireji PO. Expansions of chemosensory gene orthologs among selected tsetse fly species and their expressions in Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse fly. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008341. [PMID: 32589659 PMCID: PMC7347240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse fly exhibit species-specific olfactory uniqueness potentially underpinned by differences in their chemosensory protein repertoire. We assessed 1) expansions of chemosensory protein orthologs in Glossina morsitans morsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina austeni, Glossina palpalis gambiensis, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina brevipalpis tsetse fly species using Café analysis (to identify species-specific expansions) and 2) differential expressions of the orthologs and associated proteins in male G. m. morsitans antennae and head tissues using RNA-Seq approaches (to establish associated functional molecular pathways). We established accelerated and significant (P<0.05, λ = 2.60452e-7) expansions of gene families in G. m. morsitans Odorant receptor (Or)71a, Or46a, Ir75a,d, Ionotropic receptor (Ir) 31a, Ir84a, Ir64a and Odorant binding protein (Obp) 83a-b), G. pallidipes Or67a,c, Or49a, Or92a, Or85b-c,f and Obp73a, G. f. fuscipes Ir21a, Gustatory receptor (Gr) 21a and Gr63a), G. p. gambiensis clumsy, Ir25a and Ir8a, and G. brevipalpis Ir68a and missing orthologs in each tsetse fly species. Most abundantly expressed transcripts in male G. m. morsitans included specific Or (Orco, Or56a, 65a-c, Or47b, Or67b, GMOY012254, GMOY009475, and GMOY006265), Gr (Gr21a, Gr63a, GMOY013297 and GMOY013298), Ir (Ir8a, Ir25a and Ir41a) and Obp (Obp19a, lush, Obp28a, Obp83a-b Obp44a, GMOY012275 and GMOY013254) orthologs. Most enriched biological processes in the head were associated with vision, muscle activity and neuropeptide regulations, amino acid/nucleotide metabolism and circulatory system processes. Antennal enrichments (>90% of chemosensory transcripts) included cilium-associated mechanoreceptors, chemo-sensation, neuronal controlled growth/differentiation and regeneration/responses to stress. The expanded and tsetse fly species specific orthologs includes those associated with known tsetse fly responsive ligands (4-methyl phenol, 4-propyl phenol, acetic acid, butanol and carbon dioxide) and potential tsetse fly species-specific responsive ligands (2-oxopentanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, hydroxycinnamic acid, 2-heptanone, caffeine, geosmin, DEET and (cVA) pheromone). Some of the orthologs can potentially modulate several tsetse fly species-specific behavioral (male-male courtship, hunger/host seeking, cool avoidance, hygrosensory and feeding) phenotypes. The putative tsetse fly specific chemosensory gene orthologs and their respective ligands provide candidate gene targets and kairomones for respective downstream functional genomic and field evaluations that can effectively expand toolbox of species-specific tsetse fly attractants, repellents and other tsetse fly behavioral modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M. Kabaka
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson M. Wachira
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clarence M. Mang’era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Martin K. Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Oduol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosaline W. Macharia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace A. Murilla
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute—Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
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19
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Koerte S, Keesey IW, Easson MLAE, Gershenzon J, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Variable dependency on associated yeast communities influences host range inDrosophilaspecies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koerte
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | | | | | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
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20
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Lerner H, Rozenfeld E, Rozenman B, Huetteroth W, Parnas M. Differential Role for a Defined Lateral Horn Neuron Subset in Naïve Odor Valence in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6147. [PMID: 32273557 PMCID: PMC7145822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Value coding of external stimuli in general, and odor valence in particular, is crucial for survival. In flies, odor valence is thought to be coded by two types of neurons: mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and lateral horn (LH) neurons. MBONs are classified as neurons that promote either attraction or aversion, but not both, and they are dynamically activated by upstream neurons. This dynamic activation updates the valence values. In contrast, LH neurons receive scaled, but non-dynamic, input from their upstream neurons. It remains unclear how such a non-dynamic system generates differential valence values. Recently, PD2a1/b1 LH neurons were demonstrated to promote approach behavior at low odor concentration in starved flies. Here, we demonstrate that at high odor concentrations, these same neurons contribute to avoidance in satiated flies. The contribution of PD2a1/b1 LH neurons to aversion is context dependent. It is diminished in starved flies, although PD2a1/b1 neural activity remains unchanged, and at lower odor concentration. In addition, PD2a1/b1 aversive effect develops over time. Thus, our results indicate that, even though PD2a1/b1 LH neurons transmit hard-wired output, their effect on valence can change. Taken together, we suggest that the valence model described for MBONs does not hold for LH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Lerner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eyal Rozenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Bar Rozenman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Wolf Huetteroth
- Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moshe Parnas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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21
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Khadka R, Carraher C, Hamiaux C, Travas-Sejdic J, Kralicek A. Synergistic improvement in the performance of insect odorant receptor based biosensors in the presence of Orco. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Yan H, Jafari S, Pask G, Zhou X, Reinberg D, Desplan C. Evolution, developmental expression and function of odorant receptors in insects. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208215. [PMID: 32034042 PMCID: PMC7790194 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animals rely on their chemosensory system to discriminate among a very large number of attractive or repulsive chemical cues in the environment, which is essential to respond with proper action. The olfactory sensory systems in insects share significant similarities with those of vertebrates, although they also exhibit dramatic differences, such as the molecular nature of the odorant receptors (ORs): insect ORs function as heteromeric ion channels with a common Orco subunit, unlike the G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors found in vertebrates. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the evolution, development and function of insect odorant receptor neurons (ORNs). These studies have uncovered the diversity of olfactory sensory systems among insect species, including in eusocial insects that rely extensively on olfactory sensing of pheromones for social communication. However, further studies, notably functional analyses, are needed to improve our understanding of the origins of the Orco-OR system, the mechanisms of ORN fate determination, and the extraordinary diversity of behavioral responses to chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste (UFCST), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shadi Jafari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Gregory Pask
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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23
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Chin SG, Maguire SE, Huoviala P, Jefferis GSXE, Potter CJ. Olfactory Neurons and Brain Centers Directing Oviposition Decisions in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 24:1667-1678. [PMID: 30089274 PMCID: PMC6290906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell influences many behaviors, yet how odors are represented in the brain remains unclear. A major challenge to studying olfaction is the lack of methods allowing activation of specific types of olfactory neurons in an ethologically relevant setting. To address this, we developed a genetic method in Drosophila called olfactogenetics in which a narrowly tuned odorant receptor, Or56a, is ectopically expressed in different olfactory neuron types. Stimulation with geosmin (the only known Or56a ligand) in an Or56a mutant background leads to specific activation of only target olfactory neuron types. We used this approach to identify olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that directly guide oviposition decisions. We identify 5 OSN-types (Or71a, Or47b, Or49a, Or67b, and Or7a) that, when activated alone, suppress oviposition. Projection neurons partnering with these OSNs share a region of innervation in the lateral horn, suggesting that oviposition site selection might be encoded in this brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia G Chin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E Maguire
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paavo Huoviala
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Christopher J Potter
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Cibrario A, Miot-Sertier C, Paulin M, Bullier B, Riquier L, Perello MC, de Revel G, Albertin W, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Ballestra P, Dols-Lafargue M. Brettanomyces bruxellensis phenotypic diversity, tolerance to wine stress and wine spoilage ability. Food Microbiol 2019; 87:103379. [PMID: 31948620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a yeast species found in many fermented matrices. A high level of genetic diversity prevails in this species and was recently connected with tolerance to sulfur dioxide, the main preservative used in wine. We therefore examine other phenotypes that may modulate the ability of the species to spoil wine, in a selection of representative strains. The species shows a fairly high homogeneity with respect to the carbohydrates that can support growth, but more diverse behaviors regarding tolerance to low pH or ethanol. Thought no clear link can be drawn with genotype, some strains appear more tolerant than the others, mainly in the AWRI1499 like genetic group. Volatile phenol production is ubiquitous within the species, independent from yeast growth profile and not affected by the nature of the growth substrate. The specific production. n rate of volatile phenol production raises in case of increased aeration. It is little affected by pH decrease until 3.0 or by ethanol concentration increase up to 12% vol, but it decreased in case of increased constraint (pH < 3.0, Ethanol ≥14% vol) or combination of constraints. All the strain studied have thus the ability to spoil wine but some outstanding dangerous strains can even spoil the wine with high level of constrainst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cibrario
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Miot-Sertier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Margot Paulin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Bastien Bullier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Laurent Riquier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Perello
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Gilles de Revel
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Warren Albertin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarède
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Ballestra
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Marguerite Dols-Lafargue
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Bordeaux INP, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France.
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25
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Chepurwar S, Gupta A, Haddad R, Gupta N. Sequence-Based Prediction of Olfactory Receptor Responses. Chem Senses 2019; 44:693-703. [PMID: 31665762 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational prediction of how strongly an olfactory receptor (OR) responds to various odors can help in bridging the widening gap between the large number of receptors that have been sequenced and the small number of experiments measuring their responses. Previous efforts in this area have predicted the responses of a receptor to some odors, using the known responses of the same receptor to other odors. Here, we present a method to predict the responses of a receptor without any known responses by using available data about the responses of other conspecific receptors and their sequences. We applied this method to ORs in insects Drosophila melanogaster (both adult and larva) and Anopheles gambiae and to mouse and human ORs. We found the predictions to be in significant agreement with the experimental measurements. The method also provides clues about the response-determining positions within the receptor sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Chepurwar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rafi Haddad
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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26
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Cury KM, Prud'homme B, Gompel N. A short guide to insect oviposition: when, where and how to lay an egg. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:75-89. [PMID: 31164023 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2019.1586898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Egg-laying behavior is one of the most important aspects of female behavior, and has a profound impact on the fitness of a species. As such, it is controlled by several layers of regulation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect neural circuits that control when, where and how to lay an egg. We also outline outstanding open questions about the control of egg-laying decisions, and speculate on the possible neural underpinnings that can drive the diversification of oviposition behaviors through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Cury
- a Department of Neuroscience and the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Benjamin Prud'homme
- b Aix Marseille Université, CNRS , Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) , Marseille , France
| | - Nicolas Gompel
- c Fakultät für Biologie, Biozentrum , Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Munich , Germany
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27
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Zhang K, Feng Y, Du L, Gao S, Yan H, Li K, Liu N, Wu J, Wang G. Functional Analysis of MsepOR13 in the Oriental Armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker). Front Physiol 2019; 10:367. [PMID: 31024335 PMCID: PMC6465334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction in insects has a critical role in recognizing the host, finding food, and choosing mating partners, as well as avoiding predators. Odorant receptors (ORs), which are housed in the dendritic membrane of sensory neurons and extended into the lymph of sensilla on insect antennae, are participating in the detection of volatile compounds in insects. In the present study, we identified an OR gene, named MsepOR13, in the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that MsepOR13 was expressed mainly in the antennae of male and female moths. In in vitro heterologous expression experiments, MsepOR13 was widely tuned to 32 of the 67 different compounds tested. Furthermore, MsepOR13 responded to eugenol at a low concentration of 10-9 M, with an EC50 value of 3.91 × 10-6 M. The high sensitivity suggests an important role for the OR13 gene in the moth olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yilu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiao Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Hang Yan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Junxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Murugathas T, Zheng HY, Colbert D, Kralicek AV, Carraher C, Plank NOV. Biosensing with Insect Odorant Receptor Nanodiscs and Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9530-9538. [PMID: 30740970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors have been reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs and tethered to carbon nanotube field-effect transistors to function as a biosensor. Here, four different insect odorant receptors (ORs) from Drosophila melanogaster (DmelOR10a, DmelOR22a, DmelOR35a, and DmelOR71a) were expressed in Sf9 cells, purified, and reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs. We have demonstrated that each of these ORs produce a selective and highly sensitive electrical response to their respective positive ligands, methyl salicylate, methyl hexanoate, trans-2-hexen-1-al, and 4-ethylguaiacol, with limits of detection in the low femtomolar range. No detection was observed for each OR against control ligands, and empty nanodiscs showed no specific sensor signal for any of the odorant molecules. Our results are the first evidence that insect ORs can be integrated into lipid nanodiscs and used as primary sensing elements for bioelectronic nose technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanihaichelvan Murugathas
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- Department of Physics , University of Jaffna , Jaffna 40000 , Sri Lanka
| | - Han Yue Zheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
| | - Damon Colbert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Andrew V Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Colm Carraher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Natalie O V Plank
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
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29
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Khadka R, Aydemir N, Carraher C, Hamiaux C, Colbert D, Cheema J, Malmström J, Kralicek A, Travas-Sejdic J. An ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance-based biosensor using insect odorant receptors to detect odorants. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Ruel DM, Yakir E, Bohbot JD. Supersensitive Odorant Receptor Underscores Pleiotropic Roles of Indoles in Mosquito Ecology. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:533. [PMID: 30733668 PMCID: PMC6353850 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes exhibit highly diverse and fast evolving odorant receptors (ORs). The indole-sensitive OR gene clade, comprised of Or2 and Or10 is a notable exception on account of its conservation in both mosquito subfamilies. This group of paralogous genes exhibits a complex developmental expression pattern in Aedes aegypti: AaegOr2 is expressed in both adults and larvae, AaegOr10 is adult-specific and a third member named AaegOr9 is larva-specific. OR2 and OR10 have been deorphanized and are selectively activated by indole and skatole, respectively. Using the two-electrode voltage clamp of Xenopus oocytes expressing Ae. aegypti ORs, we show that AaegOR9 is supersensitive and narrowly tuned to skatole. Our findings suggest that Ae. aegypti has evolved two distinct molecular strategies to detect skatole in aquatic and terrestrial environments, highlighting the central ecological roles of indolic compounds in the evolutionary and life histories of these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Bohbot
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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31
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Qiao H, Keesey IW, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Gut microbiota affects development and olfactory behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.192500. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that gut microbes are very important for the behavior and development of Drosophila, as the beneficial microbes are involved in the identification of suitable feeding and oviposition places. However, in what way these associated gut microbes influence the fitness-related behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster remains unclear. Here we show that D. melanogaster exhibits different behavioral preferences towards gut microbes. Both adults and larvae were attracted by the headspace of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum, but were repelled by Acetobacter malorum in behavioral assays, indicating an olfactory mechanism involved in these preference behaviors. While the attraction to yeast was governed by olfactory sensory neurons expressing the odorant co-receptor Orco, the observed behaviors towards the other microbes still remained in flies lacking this co-receptor. By experimentally manipulating the microbiota of the flies, we found that flies did not strive for a diverse microbiome by e.g. increasing their preference towards gut microbes that they had not experienced previously. Instead, in some cases the flies even increased preference for the microbes they were reared on. Furthermore, exposing Drosophila larvae to all three microbes promoted Drosophila’s development while only exposure to S. cerevisiae and A. malorum resulted in the development of larger ovaries and in increased egg numbers the flies laid in an oviposition assay. Thus our study provides a better understanding of how gut microbes affect insect behavior and development, and offers an ecological rationale for preferences of flies for different microbes in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Qiao
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
- Henan Provincial Key laboratory of Funiu Mountain Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
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32
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Koerte S, Keesey IW, Khallaf MA, Cortés Llorca L, Grosse-Wilde E, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Evaluation of the DREAM Technique for a High-Throughput Deorphanization of Chemosensory Receptors in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:366. [PMID: 30356801 PMCID: PMC6189519 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of olfactory receptors mediating the detection of volatile chemicals found in their natural habitat have been functionally characterized (deorphanized) in vivo. In this process, receptors have been assigned ligands leading to either excitation or inhibition in the olfactory sensory neuron where they are expressed. In other, non-drosophilid insect species, scientists have not yet been able to compile datasets about ligand-receptor interactions anywhere near as extensive as in the model organism D. melanogaster, as genetic tools necessary for receptor deorphanization are still missing. Recently, it was discovered that exposure to artificially high concentrations of odorants leads to reliable alterations in mRNA levels of interacting odorant receptors in mammals. Analyzing receptor expression after odorant exposure can, therefore, help to identify ligand-receptor interactions in vivo without the need for other genetic tools. Transfer of the same methodology from mice to a small number of receptors in D. melanogaster resulted in a similar trend, indicating that odorant exposure induced alterations in mRNA levels are generally applicable for deorphanization of interacting chemosensory receptors. Here, we evaluated the potential of the DREAM (Deorphanization of receptors based on expression alterations in mRNA levels) technique for high-throughput deorphanization of chemosensory receptors in insect species using D. melanogaster as a model. We confirmed that in some cases the exposure of a chemosensory receptor to high concentration of its best ligand leads to measureable alterations in mRNA levels. However, unlike in mammals, we found several cases where either confirmed ligands did not induce alterations in mRNA levels of the corresponding chemosensory receptors, or where gene transcript-levels were altered even though there is no evidence for a ligand-receptor interaction. Hence, there are severe limitations to the suitability of the DREAM technique for deorphanization as a general tool to characterize olfactory receptors in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koerte
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian W Keesey
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammed A Khallaf
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Lucas Cortés Llorca
- Department for Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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33
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Jacob VEJM. Current Source Density Analysis of Electroantennogram Recordings: A Tool for Mapping the Olfactory Response in an Insect Antenna. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:287. [PMID: 30233325 PMCID: PMC6135050 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The set of chemosensory receptors expressed by the olfactory receptor neurons lying in an insect's antennae and maxillary palps define the ability of this insect to perceive the volatile chemicals of its environment. The main two electrophysiological methods of antennal recordings for studying the range of chemicals that activate chemosensory receptors have limitations. Single-sensillum recording (SSR) samples a subset of olfactory receptor neurons and therefore does not reveal the full capacity of an insect to perceive an odor. Electroantennography (EAG), even if less resolutive than SSRs, is sometimes preferred since it samples the activity of a large number of the olfactory receptor neurons. But, at least in flies, the amplitude of the EAG signal is not directly correlated with the degree of sensitivity of the insect to the olfactory compound. Such dual methodology was also used to study mammalian brains, and the current source density (CSD) analysis was developed to bridge the gap between the cellular and the population recordings. This paper details the use of a similar approach adapted to the study of olfactory responses within insects with bulbous antennae. The EAG was recorded at multiple antennal positions and the CSD that generates the EAG potentials were estimated. The method measures the activation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) across the antennae and thus it quantifies the olfactory sensitivity of the insect. It allows a rapid mapping of olfactory responses and thus can be used to guide further SSRs or to determine that two chemicals are detected by independent ORNs. This study further explored biases resulting from a limited number of recording positions or from an approximation of the antennal geometry that should be considered for interpreting the CSD maps. It also shows that the CSD analysis of EAGs is compatible with a gas chromatograph stimulator for analyzing the response to complex odors. Finally, I discuss the origin of the EAG signal in light of the CSD theory.
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34
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Hernández A, Pérez-Nevado F, Ruiz-Moyano S, Serradilla MJ, Villalobos MC, Martín A, Córdoba MG. Spoilage yeasts: What are the sources of contamination of foods and beverages? Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 286:98-110. [PMID: 30056262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Foods and beverages are nutrient-rich ecosystems in which most microorganisms are able to grow. Moreover, several factors, such as physicochemical characteristics, storage temperature, culinary practices, and application of technologies for storage, also define the microbial population of foods and beverages. The yeast population has been well-characterised in fresh and processed fruit and vegetables, dairy products, dry-cured meat products, and beverages, among others. Some species are agents of alteration in different foods and beverages. Since the most comprehensive studies of spoilage yeasts have been performed in the winemaking process, hence, these studies form the thread of the discussion in this review. The natural yeast populations in raw ingredients and environmental contamination in the manufacturing facilities are the main modes by which food contamination occurs. After contamination, yeasts play a significant role in food and beverage spoilage, particularly in the alteration of fermented foods. Several mechanisms contribute to spoilage by yeasts, such as the production of lytic enzymes (lipases, proteases, and cellulases) and gas, utilisation of organic acids, discolouration, and off-flavours. This review addresses the role of yeasts in foods and beverages degradation by considering the modes of contamination and colonisation by yeasts, the yeast population diversity, mechanisms involved, and the analytical techniques for their identification, primarily molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - F Pérez-Nevado
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - S Ruiz-Moyano
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M J Serradilla
- Área de Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), A5 km 372, 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - M C Villalobos
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - A Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M G Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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Ouedraogo L, den Otter CJ. Comparison of single cell sensitivities to acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-methylphenol in the riverine tsetse species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and G. palpalis palpalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:144-151. [PMID: 29559304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Action potentials from individual cells were recorded from antennae (funiculi) of living tsetse flies, Glossina p. palpalis and Glossina f. fuscipes using a "surface-contact" recording technique. Stimuli were vapours of 1-octen-3-ol, acetone and 3-methylphenol. Of the 101 and 128 olfactory cells tested for their sensitivity to odour stimuli in G. p. palpalis and G. f. fuscipes, respectively, the majority (83 and 77%) were activated by more than one chemical. The numbers of these "generalist" cells were 20 and 15% higher in females than in males. Response intensity increased with increasing odour dose. Temporal patterns of excitation were phasic-tonic and showed cells with relatively rapid cessation of spike activity after the end of stimulation and cells which continued firing for several seconds or even minutes after stimulation. Inhibition by odours only occurred in a minority of cells and was dose-dependent. For each of the three substances the excitatory response was significantly higher in G. f. fuscipes than in G. p. palpalis, whereas no significant differences between inhibitory responses were found. In G. f. fuscipes each stimulus evoked equal excitatory responses. In G. p. palpalis, however, acetone induced significantly higher responses than 1-octen-3-ol and 3-methylphenol. Response intensities to each of the three chemicals did not differ between male and female G. p. palpalis, whereas in G. f. fuscipes 1-octen-3-ol evoked significantly higher responses in males. Possible mechanisms of receptor cell odour coding and behavioural effects of the various cell type activities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamini Ouedraogo
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Unité de Formation et de la Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR/SVT), Universite Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Burkina Faso.
| | - C J den Otter
- FRES, Rijksstraatweg 377, 9752 CH Haren, The Netherlands.
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Billeter JC, Wolfner MF. Chemical Cues that Guide Female Reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:750-769. [PMID: 29557077 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals released into the environment by food, predators and conspecifics play critical roles in Drosophila reproduction. Females and males live in an environment full of smells, whose molecules communicate to them the availability of food, potential mates, competitors or predators. Volatile chemicals derived from fruit, yeast growing on the fruit, and flies already present on the fruit attract Drosophila, concentrating flies at food sites, where they will also mate. Species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons displayed on female Drosophila as they mature are sensed by males and act as pheromones to stimulate mating by conspecific males and inhibit heterospecific mating. The pheromonal profile of a female is also responsive to her nutritional environment, providing an honest signal of her fertility potential. After mating, cuticular and semen hydrocarbons transferred by the male change the female's chemical profile. These molecules make the female less attractive to other males, thus protecting her mate's sperm investment. Females have evolved the capacity to counteract this inhibition by ejecting the semen hydrocarbon (along with the rest of the remaining ejaculate) a few hours after mating. Although this ejection can temporarily restore the female's attractiveness, shortly thereafter another male pheromone, a seminal peptide, decreases the female's propensity to re-mate, thus continuing to protect the male's investment. Females use olfaction and taste sensing to select optimal egg-laying sites, integrating cues for the availability of food for her offspring, and the presence of other flies and of harmful species. We argue that taking into account evolutionary considerations such as sexual conflict, and the ecological conditions in which flies live, is helpful in understanding the role of highly species-specific pheromones and blends thereof, as well as an individual's response to the chemical cues in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Sweet-insensitive Drosophila mutants are unable to readily identify sugar. In presence of wild-type (WT) flies, however, these mutant flies demonstrated a marked increase in their preference for nutritive sugar. Real-time recordings of starved WT flies revealed that these flies discharge a drop from their gut end after consuming nutritive sugars, but not nonnutritive sugars. We proposed that the drop may contain a molecule(s) named calorie-induced secreted factor (CIF), which serves as a signal to inform other flies about its nutritional value. Consistent with this, we observed a robust preference of flies for nutritive sugar containing CIF over nutritive sugar without CIF. Feeding appears to be a prerequisite for the release of CIF, given that fed flies did not produce it. Additionally, correlation analyses and pharmacological approaches suggest that the nutritional value, rather than the taste, of the consumed sugar correlates strongly with the amount (or intensity) of the released CIF. We observed that the release of this attractant signal requires the consumption of macronutrients, specifically nutritive sugars and l-enantiomer essential amino acids (l-eAAs), but it is negligibly released when flies are fed nonnutritive sugars, unnatural d-enantiomer essential amino acids (d-eAAs), fatty acids, alcohol, or salts. Finally, CIF (i) is not detected by the olfactory system, (ii) is not influenced by the sex of the fly, and (iii) is not limited to one species of Drosophila.
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Steck K, Walker SJ, Itskov PM, Baltazar C, Moreira JM, Ribeiro C. Internal amino acid state modulates yeast taste neurons to support protein homeostasis in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:31625. [PMID: 29393045 PMCID: PMC5812714 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize fitness, animals must dynamically match food choices to their current needs. For drosophilids, yeast fulfills most dietary protein and micronutrient requirements. While several yeast metabolites activate known gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in Drosophila melanogaster, the chemosensory channels mediating yeast feeding remain unknown. Here we identify a class of proboscis GRNs required for yeast intake. Within this class, taste peg GRNs are specifically required to sustain yeast feeding. Sensillar GRNs, however, mediate feeding initiation. Furthermore, the response of yeast GRNs, but not sweet GRNs, is enhanced following deprivation from amino acids, providing a potential basis for protein-specific appetite. Although nutritional and reproductive states synergistically increase yeast appetite, reproductive state acts independently of nutritional state, modulating processing downstream of GRNs. Together, these results suggest that different internal states act at distinct levels of a dedicated gustatory circuit to elicit nutrient-specific appetites towards a complex, ecologically relevant protein source. When animals run low on a certain nutrient, they change their behavior to seek out and feed on foods rich in that missing element. For example, fruit flies lacking sugar will look for and eat more sweet food; if they need proteins, they will instead favor yeast, flies’ principal source of proteins. In fruit flies, certain neurons on the insects’ tongue (or proboscis) are dedicated only to taste. These cells are divided in groups specialized for a type of nutrient – for instance some of them only react to sugar. Taste neurons sense food and help coordinate how much and for how long the animals will feed. However, despite how important proteins are for flies, the neurons dedicated to tasting yeast had yet to be identified. Here, Steck, Walker et al. report discovering a new set of taste neurons in fruit flies, which are activated by a unique combination of molecules present in yeast. Crucially, without these neurons being active, the insects can no longer adjust their diet to eat more yeast when they are deprived of proteins. The activity of these cells is also regulated by internal levels of nutrients derived from proteins. The yeast-specific taste neurons are present in two areas on the fly’s proboscis, which is used like a straw when feeding. The two sets of cells have different roles in the consumption of yeast. The first group, which is located at the extremity of the proboscis, helps flies detect and start consuming the resource. The second group, which is on the inner surface of the proboscis, influences whether the insects keep feeding. If one of these groups of neurons is deactivated, flies continue to eat yeast as normal, showing that the system is redundant. However, if both sets are turned off artificially, the insects stop favoring yeast even when they are in need of proteins. Steck, Walker et al. show how the animals’ internal states also influence the activity of these neurons. When the insects are deprived of molecules that are only found in proteins, these newly discovered neurons are primed to react more strongly when they are exposed to yeast. This potentially makes flies eat more yeast, and as a result consume more proteins. Many biological systems in flies are similar in other insects and even humans. If this is the case for these taste neurons, fruit flies could be a good model to study how pests such as locusts and mosquitoes are attracted to the proteins in crops and blood, but also how humans make decisions about food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Steck
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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Haverkamp A, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Combinatorial Codes and Labeled Lines: How Insects Use Olfactory Cues to Find and Judge Food, Mates, and Oviposition Sites in Complex Environments. Front Physiol 2018; 9:49. [PMID: 29449815 PMCID: PMC5799900 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects, including those which provide vital ecosystems services as well as those which are devastating pests or disease vectors, locate their resources mainly based on olfaction. Understanding insect olfaction not only from a neurobiological but also from an ecological perspective is therefore crucial to balance insect control and conservation. However, among all sensory stimuli olfaction is particularly hard to grasp. Our chemical environment is made up of thousands of different compounds, which might again be detected by our nose in multiple ways. Due to this complexity, researchers have only recently begun to explore the chemosensory ecology of model organisms such as Drosophila, linking the tools of chemical ecology to those of neurogenetics. This cross-disciplinary approach has enabled several studies that range from single odors and their ecological relevance, via olfactory receptor genes and neuronal processing, up to the insects' behavior. We learned that the insect olfactory system employs strategies of combinatorial coding to process general odors as well as labeled lines for specific compounds that call for an immediate response. These studies opened new doors to the olfactory world in which insects feed, oviposit, and mate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Crowley-Gall A, Date P, Han C, Rhodes N, Andolfatto P, Layne JE, Rollmann SM. Population differences in olfaction accompany host shift in Drosophila mojavensis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1562. [PMID: 27581882 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary shifts in plant-herbivore interactions provide a model for understanding the link among the evolution of behaviour, ecological specialization and incipient speciation. Drosophila mojavensis uses different host cacti across its range, and volatile chemicals emitted by the host are the primary cue for host plant identification. In this study, we show that changes in host plant use between distinct D. mojavensis populations are accompanied by changes in the olfactory system. Specifically, we observe differences in olfactory receptor neuron specificity and sensitivity, as well as changes in sensillar subtype abundance, between populations. Additionally, RNA-seq analyses reveal differential gene expression between populations for members of the odorant receptor gene family. Hence, alterations in host preference are associated with changes in development, regulation and function at the olfactory periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Crowley-Gall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Priya Date
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Clair Han
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicole Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - John E Layne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Stephanie M Rollmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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41
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Yanagawa A, Chabaud MA, Imai T, Marion-Poll F. Olfactory cues play a significant role in removing fungus from the body surface of Drosophila melanogaster. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 151:144-150. [PMID: 29175531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many insects and Dipterans in particular are known to spend considerable time grooming, but whether these behaviors actually are able to remove pathogenic fungal conidia is less clear. In this study, we examined whether grooming serves to protect flies by reducing the risk of fungal infection in Drosophila melanogaster. First, we confirmed that fungi were removed by grooming. Entomopathogenic, opportunistic, and plant pathogenic fungi were applied on the body surface of the flies. To estimate grooming efficiency, the number of removal conidia through grooming was quantified and we successfully demonstrated that flies remove fungal conidia from their body surfaces via grooming behavior. Second, the roles of gustatory and olfactory signals in fungus removal were examined. The wildtype fly Canton-S, the taste deficiency mutant poxn 70, and the olfactory deficiency mutant orco1 were used in the tests. Comparisons between Canton-S and poxn 70 flies indicated that gustatory signals do not have a significant role in fungal removal via grooming behavior in D. melanogaster. In contrast, the efficiency of conidia removal in orco1 flies was drastically decreased. Consequently, this study indicated that flies rely on mechanical stimulus for the induction of grooming and olfaction for more detailed removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yanagawa
- RISH, Kyoto University, Uji City 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Marie-Ange Chabaud
- UMR Physiologie de l'Insecte: Signalisation et Communication, INRA Centre de Versailles, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Tomoya Imai
- RISH, Kyoto University, Uji City 611-0011, Japan
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; AgroParisTech, F-75005 Paris, France
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42
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Brown EB, Patterson C, Pancoast R, Rollmann SM. Artificial selection for odor-guided behavior in Drosophila reveals changes in food consumption. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:867. [PMID: 29132294 PMCID: PMC5683340 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The olfactory system enables organisms to detect chemical cues in the environment and can signal the availability of food or the presence of a predator. Appropriate behavioral responses to these chemical cues are therefore important for organismal survival and can influence traits such as organismal life span and food consumption. However, understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying odor-guided behavior, correlated responses in other traits, and how these constrain or promote their evolution, remain an important challenge. Here, we performed artificial selection for attractive and aversive behavioral responses to four chemical compounds, two aromatics (4-ethylguaiacol and 4-methylphenol) and two esters (methyl hexanoate and ethyl acetate), for thirty generations. Results Artificial selection for odor-guided behavior revealed symmetrical responses to selection for each of the four chemical compounds. We then investigated whether selection for odor-guided behavior resulted in correlated responses in life history traits and/or food consumption. We found changes in food consumption upon selection for behavioral responses to aromatics. In many cases, lines selected for increased attraction to aromatics showed an increase in food consumption. We then performed RNA sequencing of lines selected for responses to 4-ethylguaiacol to identify candidate genes associated with odor-guided behavior and its impact on food consumption. We identified 91 genes that were differentially expressed among lines, many of which were associated with metabolic processes. RNAi-mediated knockdown of select candidate genes further supports their role in odor-guided behavior and/or food consumption. Conclusions This study identifies novel genes underlying variation in odor-guided behavior and further elucidates the genetic mechanisms underlying the interrelationship between olfaction and feeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4233-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA
| | - Cody Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA
| | - Rayanne Pancoast
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA.,Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - Stephanie M Rollmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA.
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Dzialo MC, Park R, Steensels J, Lievens B, Verstrepen KJ. Physiology, ecology and industrial applications of aroma formation in yeast. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:S95-S128. [PMID: 28830094 PMCID: PMC5916228 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells are often employed in industrial fermentation processes for their ability to efficiently convert relatively high concentrations of sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Additionally, fermenting yeast cells produce a wide range of other compounds, including various higher alcohols, carbonyl compounds, phenolic compounds, fatty acid derivatives and sulfur compounds. Interestingly, many of these secondary metabolites are volatile and have pungent aromas that are often vital for product quality. In this review, we summarize the different biochemical pathways underlying aroma production in yeast as well as the relevance of these compounds for industrial applications and the factors that influence their production during fermentation. Additionally, we discuss the different physiological and ecological roles of aroma-active metabolites, including recent findings that point at their role as signaling molecules and attractants for insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Dzialo
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rahel Park
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Steensels
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, Fortsesteenweg 30A B-2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, VIB Center for Microbiology, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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de Fouchier A, Walker WB, Montagné N, Steiner C, Binyameen M, Schlyter F, Chertemps T, Maria A, François MC, Monsempes C, Anderson P, Hansson BS, Larsson MC, Jacquin-Joly E. Functional evolution of Lepidoptera olfactory receptors revealed by deorphanization of a moth repertoire. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15709. [PMID: 28580965 PMCID: PMC5465368 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects detect their hosts or mates primarily through olfaction, and olfactory receptors (ORs) are at the core of odorant detection. Each species has evolved a unique repertoire of ORs whose functional properties are expected to meet its ecological needs, though little is known about the molecular basis of olfaction outside Diptera. Here we report a pioneer functional analysis of a large array of ORs in a lepidopteran, the herbivorous pest Spodoptera littoralis. We demonstrate that most ORs are narrowly tuned to ubiquitous plant volatiles at low, relevant odorant titres. Our phylogenetic analysis highlights a basic conservation of function within the receptor repertoire of Lepidoptera, across the expansive evolutionary radiation of different major clades. Our study provides a reference for further studies of olfactory mechanisms in Lepidoptera, a historically crucial insect order in olfactory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur de Fouchier
- INRA, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - William B. Walker
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Universités—UPMC University Paris 06, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Claudia Steiner
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
- Sorbonne Universités—UPMC University Paris 06, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Muhammad Binyameen
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
- Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Thomas Chertemps
- Sorbonne Universités—UPMC University Paris 06, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Annick Maria
- Sorbonne Universités—UPMC University Paris 06, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marie-Christine François
- INRA, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Monsempes
- INRA, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mattias C. Larsson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRA, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, Department of Sensory Ecology, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Kepchia D, Moliver S, Chohan K, Phillips C, Luetje CW. Inhibition of insect olfactory behavior by an airborne antagonist of the insect odorant receptor co-receptor subunit. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177454. [PMID: 28562598 PMCID: PMC5451006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to volatile environmental chemosensory cues is essential for insect survival. The odorant receptor (OR) family is an important class of receptors that detects volatile molecules; guiding insects towards food, mates, and oviposition sites. ORs are odorant-gated ion channels, consisting of a variable odorant specificity subunit and a conserved odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) subunit, in an unknown stoichiometry. The Orco subunit possesses an allosteric site to which modulators can bind and noncompetitively inhibit odorant activation of ORs. In this study, we characterized several halogen-substituted versions of a phenylthiophenecarboxamide Orco antagonist structure. Orco antagonist activity was assessed on ORs from Drosophila melanogaster flies and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and assayed by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology. One compound, OX1w, was also shown to inhibit odorant activation of a panel of Anopheles gambiae mosquito ORs activated by diverse odorants. Next, we asked whether Orco antagonist OX1w could affect insect olfactory behavior. A Drosophila melanogaster larval chemotaxis assay was utilized to address this question. Larvae were robustly attracted to highly diluted ethyl acetate in a closed experimental chamber. Attraction to ethyl acetate was Orco dependent and also required the odorant specificity subunit Or42b. The addition of the airborne Orco antagonist OX1w to the experimental chamber abolished larval chemotaxis towards ethyl acetate. The Orco antagonist was not a general inhibitor of sensory behavior, as behavioral repulsion from a light source was unaffected. This is the first demonstration that an airborne Orco antagonist can alter olfactory behavior in an insect. These results suggest a new approach to insect control and emphasize the need to develop more potent Orco antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kepchia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Scott Moliver
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kunal Chohan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cameron Phillips
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Luetje
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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46
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Di C, Ning C, Huang LQ, Wang CZ. Design of larval chemical attractants based on odorant response spectra of odorant receptors in the cotton bollworm. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 84:48-62. [PMID: 28366786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran caterpillars rely on olfaction and gustation to discriminate among food sources. Compared to the larval gustation, the larval olfaction has been poorly investigated. To uncover the molecular basis of olfaction in Helicoverpa armigera larvae, we identified 17 odorant receptor (Or) genes in larval antennae and maxillae using transcriptome sequencing, and functionally identified the response spectra of seven Ors to ecologically relevant odorants. Innate behavioural responses of larvae to active odorants were evaluated in chemotaxis assays. Several odorant blends were formulated based on the Ors tuning spectra and caterpillar chemotaxis. A four-component blend strongly attracted H. armigera larvae, and cis-jasmone and 1-pentanol were identified as essential components. Localization analyses showed that the two Ors detecting these components (Or41 and Or52) were expressed in the same sensory neurons. This is the first evidence that Ors in a polyphagous caterpillar respond to odorants in a combinatorial manner. The design of attractants to target specific olfactory pathways may promote the development of new baits for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Di
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Retzke T, Thoma M, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Potencies of effector genes in silencing odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1812-1819. [PMID: 28235908 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genetic toolbox in Drosophila melanogaster offers a multitude of different effector constructs to silence neurons and neuron populations. In this study, we investigated the potencies of several effector genes - when expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) - to abolish odor-guided behavior in three different bioassays. We found that two of the tested effectors (tetanus toxin and Kir2.1) are capable of mimicking the Orco mutant phenotype in all of our behavioral paradigms. In both cases, the effectiveness depended on effector expression levels, as full suppression of odor-guided behavior was observed only in flies homozygous for both Gal4-driver and UAS-effector constructs. Interestingly, the impact of the effector genes differed between chemotactic assays (i.e. the fly has to follow an odor gradient to localize the odor source) and anemotactic assays (i.e. the fly has to walk upwind after detecting an attractive odorant). In conclusion, our results underline the importance of performing appropriate control experiments when exploiting the D. melanogaster genetic toolbox, and demonstrate that some odor-guided behaviors are more resistant to genetic perturbations than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Retzke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Thoma
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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48
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Belda I, Ruiz J, Esteban-Fernández A, Navascués E, Marquina D, Santos A, Moreno-Arribas MV. Microbial Contribution to Wine Aroma and Its Intended Use for Wine Quality Improvement. Molecules 2017; 22:E189. [PMID: 28125039 PMCID: PMC6155689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine is a complex matrix that includes components with different chemical natures, the volatile compounds being responsible for wine aroma quality. The microbial ecosystem of grapes and wine, including Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts, as well as lactic acid bacteria, is considered by winemakers and oenologists as a decisive factor influencing wine aroma and consumer's preferences. The challenges and opportunities emanating from the contribution of wine microbiome to the production of high quality wines are astounding. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the impact of microorganisms in wine aroma and flavour, and the biochemical reactions and pathways in which they participate, therefore contributing to both the quality and acceptability of wine. In this context, an overview of genetic and transcriptional studies to explain and interpret these effects is included, and new directions are proposed. It also considers the contribution of human oral microbiota to wine aroma conversion and perception during wine consumption. The potential use of wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria as biological tools to enhance wine quality and the advent of promising advice allowed by pioneering -omics technologies on wine research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Belda
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adelaida Esteban-Fernández
- CIAL-Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), Dpt. Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Navascués
- Department of Food Technology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Domingo Marquina
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- CIAL-Institute of Food Science Research (CSIC-UAM), Dpt. Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Crauwels S, Van Opstaele F, Jaskula-Goiris B, Steensels J, Verreth C, Bosmans L, Paulussen C, Herrera-Malaver B, de Jonge R, De Clippeleer J, Marchal K, De Samblanx G, Willems KA, Verstrepen KJ, Aerts G, Lievens B. Fermentation assays reveal differences in sugar and (off-) flavor metabolism across different Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 17:fow105. [PMID: 27956491 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brettanomyces (Dekkera) bruxellensis is an ascomycetous yeast of major importance in the food, beverage and biofuel industry. It has been isolated from various man-made ecological niches that are typically characterized by harsh environmental conditions such as wine, beer, soft drink, etc. Recent comparative genomics studies revealed an immense intraspecific diversity, but it is still unclear whether this genetic diversity also leads to systematic differences in fermentation performance and (off-)flavor production, and to what extent strains have evolved to match their ecological niche. Here, we present an evaluation of the fermentation properties of eight genetically diverse B. bruxellensis strains originating from beer, wine and soft drinks. We show that sugar consumption and aroma production during fermentation are determined by both the yeast strain and composition of the medium. Furthermore, our results indicate a strong niche adaptation of B. bruxellensis, most clearly for wine strains. For example, only strains originally isolated from wine were able to thrive well and produce the typical Brettanomyces-related phenolic off-flavors 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol when inoculated in red wine. Sulfite tolerance was found as a key factor explaining the observed differences in fermentation performance and off-flavor production. Sequence analysis of genes related to phenolic off-flavor production, however, revealed only marginal differences between the isolates tested, especially at the amino acid level. Altogether, our study provides novel insights in the Brettanomyces metabolism of flavor production, and is highly relevant for both the wine and beer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Crauwels
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Opstaele
- Laboratory for Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, MS, KU Leuven, Technology Campus Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Jaskula-Goiris
- Laboratory for Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, MS, KU Leuven, Technology Campus Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Steensels
- VIB Lab for Systems Biology and Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Lab for Genetics and Genomics, MS, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christel Verreth
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Lien Bosmans
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Caroline Paulussen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Herrera-Malaver
- VIB Lab for Systems Biology and Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Lab for Genetics and Genomics, MS, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessika De Clippeleer
- Laboratory for Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, MS, KU Leuven, Technology Campus Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics and Department of Information Technology, IMinds, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gorik De Samblanx
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Kris A Willems
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB Lab for Systems Biology and Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics Lab for Genetics and Genomics, MS, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guido Aerts
- Laboratory for Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, MS, KU Leuven, Technology Campus Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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50
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Wang B, Liu Y, He K, Wang G. Comparison of research methods for functional characterization of insect olfactory receptors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32806. [PMID: 27633402 PMCID: PMC5025650 DOI: 10.1038/srep32806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect olfactory receptors (ORs) in the peripheral olfactory system play an important role detecting elements of information from the environment. At present, various approaches are used for deorphanizing of ORs in insect. In this study, we compared methods for functional analysis of ORs in vitro and in vivo taking the candidate pheromone receptor OR13 of Helicoverpa assulta (HassOR13) as the object of our experiments. We found that the natural system was more sensitive than those utilizing transgenic Drosophila. The two-electrode voltage-clamp recording is more suitable for functional screening of large numbers of ORs, while the in vivo transgenic Drosophila system could prove more accurate to further validate the function of a specific OR. We also found that, among the different solvents used to dissolve pheromones and odorants, hexane offered good reproducibility and high sensitivity. Finally, the function of ORs was indirectly confirmed in transgenic Drosophila, showing that odor-activation of ORs-expressing olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) can mediate behavioral choices. In summary, our results compare advantages and drawbacks of different approaches, thus helping in the choice of the method most suitable, in each specific situation, for deorphanizing insect ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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