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Martin M, Chen CY, McCowan T, Wells S. Differential Development of the Chordae Tendineae and Anterior Leaflet of the Bovine Mitral Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:106. [PMID: 38667724 PMCID: PMC11050492 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that some adult mitral valve pathologies may have developmental origins involving errors in cell signaling and protein deposition during valvulogenesis. While early and late gestational stages are well-documented in zebrafish, chicks, and small mammalian models, longitudinal studies in large mammals with a similar gestational period to humans are lacking. Further, the mechanism of chordae tendineae formation and multiplication remains unclear. The current study presents a comprehensive examination of mitral anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae development in a bovine model (a large mammal with the same gestational period as humans). Remarkably distinct from small mammals, bovine development displayed early branched chordae, with increasing attachments only until birth, while the anterior leaflet grew both during gestation and postnatally. Chordae also exhibited accelerated collagen deposition, maturation, and crimp development during gestation. These findings suggest that the bovine anterior leaflet and chordae tendineae possess unique processes of development despite being a continuous collagenous structure and could provide greater insight into human valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Martin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy McCowan
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
- Integrated Science Program, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah Wells
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (C.-Y.C.); (T.M.)
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2
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Pitha I, Du L, Nguyen TD, Quigley H. IOP and glaucoma damage: The essential role of optic nerve head and retinal mechanosensors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 99:101232. [PMID: 38110030 PMCID: PMC10960268 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
There are many unanswered questions on the relation of intraocular pressure to glaucoma development and progression. IOP itself cannot be distilled to a single, unifying value, because IOP level varies over time, differs depending on ocular location, and can be affected by method of measurement. Ultimately, IOP level creates mechanical strain that affects axonal function at the optic nerve head which causes local extracellular matrix remodeling and retinal ganglion cell death - hallmarks of glaucoma and the cause of glaucomatous vision loss. Extracellular tissue strain at the ONH and lamina cribrosa is regionally variable and differs in magnitude and location between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. The ultimate targets of IOP-induced tissue strain in glaucoma are retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic nerve head and the cells that support axonal function (astrocytes, the neurovascular unit, microglia, and fibroblasts). These cells sense tissue strain through a series of signals that originate at the cell membrane and alter cytoskeletal organization, migration, differentiation, gene transcription, and proliferation. The proteins that translate mechanical stimuli into molecular signals act as band-pass filters - sensing some stimuli while ignoring others - and cellular responses to stimuli can differ based on cell type and differentiation state. Therefore, to fully understand the IOP signals that are relevant to glaucoma, it is necessary to understand the ultimate cellular targets of IOP-induced mechanical stimuli and their ability to sense, ignore, and translate these signals into cellular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Pitha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liya Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thao D Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Glaucoma Center of Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Tsutsumi K, Nohara A, Tanaka T, Murano M, Miyagaki Y, Ohta Y. FilGAP regulates tumor growth in Glioma through the regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20956. [PMID: 38065968 PMCID: PMC10709582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that forms the two different protein complexes, known as mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTOR signaling is activated in a variety of tumors, including glioma that is one of the malignant brain tumors. FilGAP (ARHGAP24) is a negative regulator of Rac, a member of Rho family small GTPases. In this study, we found that FilGAP interacts with mTORC1/2 and is involved in tumor formation in glioma. FilGAP interacted with mTORC1 via Raptor and with mTORC2 via Rictor and Sin1. Depletion of FilGAP in KINGS-1 glioma cells decreased phosphorylation of S6K and AKT. Furthermore, overexpression of FilGAP increased phosphorylation of S6K and AKT, suggesting that FilGAP activates mTORC1/2. U-87MG, glioblastoma cells, showed higher mTOR activity than KINGS-1, and phosphorylation of S6K and AKT was not affected by suppression of FilGAP expression. However, in the presence of PI3K inhibitors, phosphorylation of S6K and AKT was also decreased in U-87MG by depletion of FilGAP, suggesting that FilGAP may also regulate mTORC2 in U-87MG. Finally, we showed that depletion of FilGAP in KINGS-1 and U-87MG cells significantly reduced spheroid growth. These results suggest that FilGAP may contribute to tumor growth in glioma by regulating mTORC1/2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsutsumi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Nohara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Taiki Tanaka
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Moe Murano
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yurina Miyagaki
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Minami-Ku, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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4
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Cho JM, Poon MLS, Zhu E, Wang J, Butcher JT, Hsiai T. Quantitative 4D imaging of biomechanical regulation of ventricular growth and maturation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 26:100438. [PMID: 37424697 PMCID: PMC10327868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal cardiac development is intimately associated with congenital heart disease. During development, a sponge-like network of muscle fibers in the endocardium, known as trabeculation, becomes compacted. Biomechanical forces regulate myocardial differentiation and proliferation to form trabeculation, while the molecular mechanism is still enigmatic. Biomechanical forces, including intracardiac hemodynamic flow and myocardial contractile force, activate a host of molecular signaling pathways to mediate cardiac morphogenesis. While mechanotransduction pathways to initiate ventricular trabeculation is well studied, deciphering the relative importance of hemodynamic shear vs. mechanical contractile forces to modulate the transition from trabeculation to compaction requires advanced imaging tools and genetically tractable animal models. For these reasons, the advent of 4-D multi-scale light-sheet imaging and complementary multiplex live imaging via micro-CT in the beating zebrafish heart and live chick embryos respectively. Thus, this review highlights the complementary animal models and advanced imaging needed to elucidate the mechanotransduction underlying cardiac ventricular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System
| | - Mong Lung Steve Poon
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System
| | | | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA
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5
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Wang M, Lin BY, Sun S, Dai C, Long F, Butcher JT. Shear and hydrostatic stress regulate fetal heart valve remodeling through YAP-mediated mechanotransduction. eLife 2023; 12:e83209. [PMID: 37078699 PMCID: PMC10162797 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically serious congenital heart valve defects arise from improper growth and remodeling of endocardial cushions into leaflets. Genetic mutations have been extensively studied but explain less than 20% of cases. Mechanical forces generated by beating hearts drive valve development, but how these forces collectively determine valve growth and remodeling remains incompletely understood. Here, we decouple the influence of those forces on valve size and shape, and study the role of YAP pathway in determining the size and shape. The low oscillatory shear stress promotes YAP nuclear translocation in valvular endothelial cells (VEC), while the high unidirectional shear stress restricts YAP in cytoplasm. The hydrostatic compressive stress activated YAP in valvular interstitial cells (VIC), whereas the tensile stress deactivated YAP. YAP activation by small molecules promoted VIC proliferation and increased valve size. Whereas YAP inhibition enhanced the expression of cell-cell adhesions in VEC and affected valve shape. Finally, left atrial ligation was performed in chick embryonic hearts to manipulate the shear and hydrostatic stress in vivo. The restricted flow in the left ventricle induced a globular and hypoplastic left atrioventricular (AV) valves with an inhibited YAP expression. By contrast, the right AV valves with sustained YAP expression grew and elongated normally. This study establishes a simple yet elegant mechanobiological system by which transduction of local stresses regulates valve growth and remodeling. This system guides leaflets to grow into proper sizes and shapes with the ventricular development, without the need of a genetically prescribed timing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Belle Yanyu Lin
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Shuofei Sun
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Charles Dai
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Feifei Long
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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6
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Xie N, Xiao C, Shu Q, Cheng B, Wang Z, Xue R, Wen Z, Wang J, Shi H, Fan D, Liu N, Xu F. Cell response to mechanical microenvironment cues via Rho signaling: From mechanobiology to mechanomedicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:1-20. [PMID: 36717048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues in the cell microenvironment such as those from extracellular matrix properties, stretching, compression and shear stress, play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis. Upon sensing mechanical stimuli, cells can translate these external forces into intracellular biochemical signals to regulate their cellular behaviors, but the specific mechanisms of mechanotransduction at the molecular level remain elusive. As a subfamily of the Ras superfamily, Rho GTPases have been recognized as key intracellular mechanotransduction mediators that can regulate multiple cell activities such as proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as biological processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, metabolism, and organ development. However, the upstream mechanosensors for Rho proteins and downstream effectors that respond to Rho signal activation have not been well illustrated. Moreover, Rho-mediated mechanical signals in previous studies are highly context-dependent. In this review, we systematically summarize the types of mechanical cues in the cell microenvironment and provide recent advances on the roles of the Rho-based mechanotransduction in various cell activities, physiological processes and diseases. Comprehensive insights into the mechanical roles of Rho GTPase partners would open a new paradigm of mechanomedicine for a variety of diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight the critical role of Rho GTPases as signal mediators to respond to physical cues in microenvironment. This article will add a distinct contribution to this set of knowledge by intensively addressing the relationship between Rho signaling and mechanobiology/mechanotransduction/mechanomedcine. This topic has not been discussed by the journal, nor has it yet been developed by the field. The comprehensive picture that will develop, from molecular mechanisms and engineering methods to disease treatment strategies, represents an important and distinct contribution to the field. We hope that this review would help researchers in various fields, especially clinicians, oncologists and bioengineers, who study Rho signal pathway and mechanobiology/mechanotransduction, understand the critical role of Rho GTPase in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Cailan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Qiuai Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Runxin Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhang Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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7
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Wang M, Sun S, Dong G, Long F, Butcher JT. Soft, strong, tough, and durable protein-based fiber hydrogels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213030120. [PMID: 36791112 PMCID: PMC9974439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Load-bearing soft tissues normally show J-shaped stress-strain behaviors with high compliance at low strains yet high strength at high strains. They have high water content but are still tough and durable. By contrast, naturally derived hydrogels are weak and brittle. Although hydrogels prepared from synthetic polymers can be strong and tough, they do not have the desired bioactivity for emerging biomedical applications. Here, we present a thermomechanical approach to replicate the combinational properties of soft tissues in protein-based photocrosslinkable hydrogels. As a demonstration, we create a gelatin methacryloyl fiber hydrogel with soft tissue-like mechanical properties, such as low Young's modulus (0.1 to 0.3 MPa), high strength (1.1 ± 0.2 MPa), high toughness (9,100 ± 2,200 J/m3), and high fatigue resistance (2,300 ± 500 J/m2). This hydrogel also resembles the biochemical and architectural properties of native extracellular matrix, which enables a fast formation of 3D interconnected cell meshwork inside hydrogels. The fiber architecture also regulates cellular mechanoresponse and supports cell remodeling inside hydrogels. The integration of tissue-like mechanical properties and bioactivity is highly desirable for the next-generation biomaterials and could advance emerging fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Wang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Shuofei Sun
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Gening Dong
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Feifei Long
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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8
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Petracchini S, Hamaoui D, Doye A, Asnacios A, Fage F, Vitiello E, Balland M, Janel S, Lafont F, Gupta M, Ladoux B, Gilleron J, Maia TM, Impens F, Gagnoux-Palacios L, Daugaard M, Sorensen PH, Lemichez E, Mettouchi A. Optineurin links Hace1-dependent Rac ubiquitylation to integrin-mediated mechanotransduction to control bacterial invasion and cell division. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6059. [PMID: 36229487 PMCID: PMC9561704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity is perceived by cells via focal adhesion structures, which transduce mechanical cues into chemical signalling to conform cell behavior. Although the contribution of ECM compliance to the control of cell migration or division is extensively studied, little is reported regarding infectious processes. We study this phenomenon with the extraintestinal Escherichia coli pathogen UTI89. We show that UTI89 takes advantage, via its CNF1 toxin, of integrin mechanoactivation to trigger its invasion into cells. We identify the HACE1 E3 ligase-interacting protein Optineurin (OPTN) as a protein regulated by ECM stiffness. Functional analysis establishes a role of OPTN in bacterial invasion and integrin mechanical coupling and for stimulation of HACE1 E3 ligase activity towards the Rac1 GTPase. Consistent with a role of OPTN in cell mechanics, OPTN knockdown cells display defective integrin-mediated traction force buildup, associated with limited cellular invasion by UTI89. Nevertheless, OPTN knockdown cells display strong mechanochemical adhesion signalling, enhanced Rac1 activation and increased cyclin D1 translation, together with enhanced cell proliferation independent of ECM stiffness. Together, our data ascribe a new function to OPTN in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Petracchini
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hamaoui
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Anne Doye
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- grid.463714.3Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Florian Fage
- grid.463714.3Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Elisa Vitiello
- grid.462689.70000 0000 9272 9931Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Balland
- grid.462689.70000 0000 9272 9931Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Janel
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mukund Gupta
- grid.461913.80000 0001 0676 2143Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- grid.461913.80000 0001 0676 2143Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Gilleron
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France
| | - Teresa M. Maia
- grid.511525.7VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- grid.511525.7VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gagnoux-Palacios
- grid.461605.0Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), 06108 Nice, France
| | - Mads Daugaard
- grid.412541.70000 0001 0684 7796Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France ,grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France ,grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
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9
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Phuyal S, Djaerff E, Le Roux A, Baker MJ, Fankhauser D, Mahdizadeh SJ, Reiterer V, Parizadeh A, Felder E, Kahlhofer JC, Teis D, Kazanietz MG, Geley S, Eriksson L, Roca‐Cusachs P, Farhan H. Mechanical strain stimulates COPII-dependent secretory trafficking via Rac1. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110596. [PMID: 35938214 PMCID: PMC9475550 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to various chemical and physical stimuli. While much has been learned about the biochemical factors that regulate secretory trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), much less is known about whether and how this trafficking is subject to regulation by mechanical signals. Here, we show that subjecting cells to mechanical strain both induces the formation of ER exit sites (ERES) and accelerates ER-to-Golgi trafficking. We found that cells with impaired ERES function were less capable of expanding their surface area when placed under mechanical stress and were more prone to develop plasma membrane defects when subjected to stretching. Thus, coupling of ERES function to mechanotransduction appears to confer resistance of cells to mechanical stress. Furthermore, we show that the coupling of mechanotransduction to ERES formation was mediated via a previously unappreciated ER-localized pool of the small GTPase Rac1. Mechanistically, we show that Rac1 interacts with the small GTPase Sar1 to drive budding of COPII carriers and stimulates ER-to-Golgi transport. This interaction therefore represents an unprecedented link between mechanical strain and export from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Elena Djaerff
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anabel‐Lise Le Roux
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Daniela Fankhauser
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Veronika Reiterer
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Edward Felder
- Institute of General PhysiologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - David Teis
- Institute of Cell BiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leif Eriksson
- Department of chemistry and molecular biologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Pere Roca‐Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Institute of PathophysiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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10
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Kann AP, Hung M, Wang W, Nguyen J, Gilbert PM, Wu Z, Krauss RS. An injury-responsive Rac-to-Rho GTPase switch drives activation of muscle stem cells through rapid cytoskeletal remodeling. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:933-947.e6. [PMID: 35597234 PMCID: PMC9177759 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many tissues harbor quiescent stem cells that are activated upon injury, subsequently proliferating and differentiating to repair tissue damage. Mechanisms by which stem cells sense injury and transition from quiescence to activation, however, remain largely unknown. Resident skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential orchestrators of muscle regeneration and repair. Here, with a combination of in vivo and ex vivo approaches, we show that quiescent MuSCs have elaborate, Rac GTPase-promoted cytoplasmic projections that respond to injury via the upregulation of Rho/ROCK signaling, facilitating projection retraction and driving downstream activation events. These early events involve rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements and occur independently of exogenous growth factors. This mechanism is conserved across a broad range of MuSC activation models, including injury, disease, and genetic loss of quiescence. Our results redefine MuSC activation and present a central mechanism by which quiescent stem cells initiate responses to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison P Kann
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margaret Hung
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jo Nguyen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G5, Canada
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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11
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Flow-Mediated Factors in the Pathogenesis of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050154. [PMID: 35621865 PMCID: PMC9144087 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a life-threatening congenital heart disease that is characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures. Currently, there is no cure, and affected individuals require surgical palliation or cardiac transplantation to survive. Despite these resource-intensive measures, only about half of individuals reach adulthood, often with significant comorbidities such as liver disease and neurodevelopmental disorders. A major barrier in developing effective treatments is that the etiology of HLHS is largely unknown. Here, we discuss how intracardiac blood flow disturbances are an important causal factor in the pathogenesis of impaired left heart growth. Specifically, we highlight results from a recently developed mouse model in which surgically reducing blood flow through the mitral valve after cardiogenesis led to the development of HLHS. In addition, we discuss the role of interventional procedures that are based on improving blood flow through the left heart, such as fetal aortic valvuloplasty. Lastly, using the surgically-induced mouse model, we suggest investigations that can be undertaken to identify the currently unknown biological pathways in left heart growth failure and their associated therapeutic targets.
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12
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Moore KS, Moore R, Fulmer DB, Guo L, Gensemer C, Stairley R, Glover J, Beck TC, Morningstar JE, Biggs R, Muhkerjee R, Awgulewitsch A, Norris RA. DCHS1, Lix1L, and the Septin Cytoskeleton: Molecular and Developmental Etiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:62. [PMID: 35200715 PMCID: PMC8874669 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiac valve disease that often progresses to serious secondary complications requiring surgery. MVP manifests as extracellular matrix disorganization and biomechanically incompetent tissues in the adult setting. However, MVP has recently been shown to have a developmental basis, as multiple causal genes expressed during embryonic development have been identified. Disease phenotypes have been observed in mouse models with human MVP mutations as early as birth. This study focuses on the developmental function of DCHS1, one of the first genes to be shown as causal in multiple families with non-syndromic MVP. By using various biochemical techniques as well as mouse and cell culture models, we demonstrate a unique link between DCHS1-based cell adhesions and the septin-actin cytoskeleton through interactions with cytoplasmic protein Lix1-Like (LIX1L). This DCHS1-LIX1L-SEPT9 axis interacts with and promotes filamentous actin organization to direct cell-ECM alignment and valve tissue shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S. Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Reece Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Diana B. Fulmer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Janiece Glover
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Tyler C. Beck
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rachel Biggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Rupak Muhkerjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.S.M.); (R.M.); (L.G.); (C.G.); (R.S.); (J.G.); (T.C.B.); (J.E.M.); (R.B.); (A.A.)
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13
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Sivaraj D, Padmanabhan J, Chen K, Henn D, Noishiki C, Trotsyuk AA, Kussie HC, Leeolou MC, Magbual NJ, Andrikopoulos S, Perrault DP, Barrera JA, Januszyk M, Gurtner GC. IQGAP1-mediated mechanical signaling promotes the foreign body response to biomedical implants. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22007. [PMID: 35051300 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms that mediate pathologic foreign body response (FBR) to biomedical implants. The longevity of biomedical implants is limited by the FBR, which leads to implant failure and patient morbidity. Since the specific molecular mechanisms underlying fibrotic responses to biomedical implants have yet to be fully described, there are currently no targeted approaches to reduce pathologic FBR. We utilized proteomics analysis of human FBR samples to identify potential molecular targets for therapeutic inhibition of FBR. We then employed a murine model of FBR to further evaluate the role of this potential target. We performed histological and immunohistochemical analysis on the murine FBR capsule tissue, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on cells isolated from the capsules. We identified IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) as the most promising of several targets, serving as a central molecular mediator in human and murine FBR compared to control subcutaneous tissue. IQGAP1-deficient mice displayed a significantly reduced FBR compared to wild-type mice as evidenced by lower levels of collagen deposition and maturity. Our scRNA-seq analysis revealed that decreasing IQGAP1 resulted in diminished transcription of mechanotransduction, inflammation, and fibrosis-related genes, which was confirmed on the protein level with immunofluorescent staining. The deficiency of IQGAP1 significantly attenuates FBR by deactivating downstream mechanotransduction signaling, inflammation, and fibrotic pathways. IQGAP1 may be a promising target for rational therapeutic design to mitigate pathologic FBR around biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharshan Sivaraj
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominic Henn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chikage Noishiki
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Artem A Trotsyuk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hudson C Kussie
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa C Leeolou
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Noah J Magbual
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sophia Andrikopoulos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David P Perrault
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Janos A Barrera
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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14
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Gunawan F, Priya R, Stainier DYR. Sculpting the heart: Cellular mechanisms shaping valves and trabeculae. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:26-34. [PMID: 34147705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex organ requires the orchestration of several morphogenetic processes. Two structures critical for cardiac function, the cardiac valves and the trabecular network, are formed through extensive tissue morphogenesis-endocardial cell migration, deadhesion and differentiation into fibroblast-like cells during valve formation, and cardiomyocyte delamination and apico-basal depolarization during trabeculation. Here, we review current knowledge of how these specialized structures acquire their shape by focusing on the underlying cellular behaviors and molecular mechanisms, highlighting findings from in vivo models and briefly discussing the recent advances in cardiac cell culture and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rashmi Priya
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Bassen D, Wang M, Pham D, Sun S, Rao R, Singh R, Butcher J. Hydrostatic mechanical stress regulates growth and maturation of the atrioventricular valve. Development 2021; 148:270769. [PMID: 34086041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During valvulogenesis, cytoskeletal, secretory and transcriptional events drive endocardial cushion growth and remodeling into thin fibrous leaflets. Genetic disorders play an important role in understanding valve malformations but only account for a minority of clinical cases. Mechanical forces are ever present, but how they coordinate molecular and cellular decisions remains unclear. In this study, we used osmotic pressure to interrogate how compressive and tensile stresses influence valve growth and shape maturation. We found that compressive stress drives a growth phenotype, whereas tensile stress increases compaction. We identified a mechanically activated switch between valve growth and maturation, by which compression induces cushion growth via BMP-pSMAD1/5, while tension induces maturation via pSer-19-mediated MLC2 contractility. The compressive stress acts through BMP signaling to increase cell proliferation and decrease cell contractility, and MEK-ERK is essential for both compressive stress and BMP mediation of compaction. We further showed that the effects of osmotic stress are conserved through the condensation and elongation stages of development. Together, our results demonstrate that compressive/tensile stress regulation of BMP-pSMAD1/5 and MLC2 contractility orchestrates valve growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bassen
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingkun Wang
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Duc Pham
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shuofei Sun
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rashmi Rao
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rishabh Singh
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jonathan Butcher
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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16
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Alser M, Shurbaji S, Yalcin HC. Mechanosensitive Pathways in Heart Development: Findings from Chick Embryo Studies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8040032. [PMID: 33810288 PMCID: PMC8065436 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ that starts to function in a developing embryo. It continues to undergo dramatic morphological changes while pumping blood to the rest of the body. Genetic regulation of heart development is partly governed by hemodynamics. Chick embryo is a major animal model that has been used extensively in cardiogenesis research. To reveal mechanosensitive pathways, a variety of surgical interferences and chemical treatments can be applied to the chick embryo to manipulate the blood flow. Such manipulations alter expressions of mechanosensitive genes which may anticipate induction of morphological changes in the developing heart. This paper aims to present different approaches for generating clinically relevant disturbed hemodynamics conditions using this embryonic chick model and to summarize identified mechanosensitive genes using the model, providing insights into embryonic origins of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alser
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Samar Shurbaji
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-7719
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17
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Howsmon DP, Sacks MS. On Valve Interstitial Cell Signaling: The Link Between Multiscale Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:15-27. [PMID: 33527256 PMCID: PMC11046423 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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18
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Computational Modeling of Blood Flow Hemodynamics for Biomechanical Investigation of Cardiac Development and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8020014. [PMID: 33572675 PMCID: PMC7912127 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first functional organ in a developing embryo. Cardiac development continues throughout developmental stages while the heart goes through a serious of drastic morphological changes. Previous animal experiments as well as clinical observations showed that disturbed hemodynamics interfere with the development of the heart and leads to the formation of a variety of defects in heart valves, heart chambers, and blood vessels, suggesting that hemodynamics is a governing factor for cardiogenesis, and disturbed hemodynamics is an important source of congenital heart defects. Therefore, there is an interest to image and quantify the flowing blood through a developing heart. Flow measurement in embryonic fetal heart can be performed using advanced techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or echocardiography. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is another approach especially useful when the other imaging modalities are not available and in-depth flow assessment is needed. The approach is based on numerically solving relevant physical equations to approximate the flow hemodynamics and tissue behavior. This approach is becoming widely adapted to simulate cardiac flows during the embryonic development. While there are few studies for human fetal cardiac flows, many groups used zebrafish and chicken embryos as useful models for elucidating normal and diseased cardiogenesis. In this paper, we explain the major steps to generate CFD models for simulating cardiac hemodynamics in vivo and summarize the latest findings on chicken and zebrafish embryos as well as human fetal hearts.
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19
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Baker MJ, Cooke M, Kreider-Letterman G, Garcia-Mata R, Janmey PA, Kazanietz MG. Evaluation of active Rac1 levels in cancer cells: A case of misleading conclusions from immunofluorescence analysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13698-13710. [PMID: 32817335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aggressive cancer cell lines display elevated levels of activated Rac1, a small GTPase widely implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell motility, and metastatic dissemination. A commonly accepted methodological approach for detecting Rac1 activation in cancer cells involves the use of a conformation-sensitive antibody that detects the active (GTP-bound) Rac1 without interacting with the GDP-bound inactive form. This antibody has been extensively used in fixed cell immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Taking advantage of prostate and pancreatic cancer cell models known to have high basal Rac1-GTP levels, here we have established that this antibody does not recognize Rac1 but rather detects the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low levels of Rac1 activation still show a high signal with the anti-Rac1-GTP antibody, which is lost upon silencing of vimentin expression. Moreover, this antibody was unable to detect activated Rac1 in membrane ruffles induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation. These results have profound implications for the study of this key GTPase in cancer, particularly because a large number of cancer cell lines with characteristic mesenchymal features show simultaneous up-regulation of vimentin and high basal Rac1-GTP levels when measured biochemically. This misleading correlation can lead to assumptions about the validity of this antibody and inaccurate conclusions that may affect the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches for targeting the Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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20
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Ayoub S, Howsmon DP, Lee CH, Sacks MS. On the role of predicted in vivo mitral valve interstitial cell deformation on its biosynthetic behavior. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:135-144. [PMID: 32761471 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a frequent complication of myocardial infarction, is characterized by regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium. Physical interventions via surgery or less-invasive techniques are the only available therapies for IMR, with valve repair via undersized ring annuloplasty (URA) generally preferred over valve replacement. However, recurrence of IMR after URA occurs frequently and is attributed to continued remodeling of the MV and infarct region of the left ventricle. The mitral valve interstitial cells (MVICs) that maintain the tissue integrity of the MV leaflets are highly mechanosensitive, and altered loading post-URA is thought to lead to aberrant MVIC-directed tissue remodeling. Although studies have investigated aspects of mechanically directed VIC activation and remodeling potential, there remains a substantial disconnect between organ-level biomechanics and cell-level phenomena. Herein, we utilized an extant multiscale computational model of the MV that linked MVIC to organ-level MV biomechanical behaviors to simulate changes in MVIC deformation following URA. A planar biaxial bioreactor system was then used to cyclically stretch explanted MV leaflet tissue, emulating the in vivo changes in loading following URA. This simulation-directed experimental investigation revealed that post-URA deformations resulted in decreased MVIC activation and collagen mass fraction. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that URA failures post-IMR are due, in part, to reduced MVIC-mediated maintenance of the MV leaflet tissue resulting from a reduction in physical stimuli required for leaflet tissue homeostasis. Such information can inform the development of novel URA strategies with improved durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ayoub
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Daniel P Howsmon
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
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21
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Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7020018. [PMID: 32438610 PMCID: PMC7345189 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis.
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22
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Fulmer D, Toomer KA, Glover J, Guo L, Moore K, Moore R, Stairley R, Gensemer C, Abrol S, Rumph MK, Emetu F, Lipschutz JH, McDowell C, Bian J, Wang C, Beck T, Wessels A, Renault MA, Norris RA. Desert hedgehog-primary cilia cross talk shapes mitral valve tissue by organizing smooth muscle actin. Dev Biol 2020; 463:26-38. [PMID: 32151560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-syndromic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common heart valve disease affecting 2.4% of the population. Recent studies have identified genetic defects in primary cilia as causative to MVP, although the mechanism of their action is currently unknown. Using a series of gene inactivation approaches, we define a paracrine mechanism by which endocardially-expressed Desert Hedgehog (DHH) activates primary cilia signaling on neighboring valve interstitial cells. High-resolution imaging and functional assays show that DHH de-represses smoothened at the primary cilia, resulting in kinase activation of RAC1 through the RAC1-GEF, TIAM1. Activation of this non-canonical hedgehog pathway stimulates α-smooth actin organization and ECM remodeling. Genetic or pharmacological perturbation of this pathway results in enlarged valves that progress to a myxomatous phenotype, similar to valves seen in MVP patients. These data identify a potential molecular origin for MVP as well as establish a paracrine DHH-primary cilium cross-talk mechanism that is likely applicable across developmental tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fulmer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katelynn A Toomer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janiece Glover
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Reece Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sameer Abrol
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mary Kate Rumph
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Faith Emetu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Colin McDowell
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Justin Bian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tyler Beck
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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23
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Tugging at the Heart Strings: The Septin Cytoskeleton in Heart Development and Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7010003. [PMID: 31936541 PMCID: PMC7151155 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Septin genes were originally identified in budding yeast in 1971. Since their original discovery, at least 13 mammalian genes have now been found, which give rise to a vast array of alternatively spliced proteins that display unique spatial-temporal function across organs systems. Septin’s are now recognized as the 4th major component of the cytoskeleton. Their role in regulating ciliogenesis, actin and microtubule organization and their involvement in mechanotransduction clearly solidify their place as both a responder and driver of cellular activity. Although work on septin’s has escalated over the past decades, knowledge of septin function in the heart remains rudimentary. Whereas many cardiovascular diseases have been associated with genetic loci that include septin genes, new and additional concerted efforts will likely uncover previously unrecognized mechanisms by which the septin class of proteins contribute to clinical cardiac phenotypes. In this review, we place known function of septin proteins in the context of heart development and disease and provide perspectives on how increased knowledge of these proteins can mechanistically inform cardiac pathologies.
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24
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Induction of aortic valve calcification by celecoxib and its COX-2 independent derivatives is glucocorticoid-dependent. Cardiovasc Pathol 2019; 46:107194. [PMID: 31982687 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.107194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, was recently associated with increased incidence of aortic stenosis and found to produce a valvular calcification risk in vitro. Several cyclooxygenase-2 independent celecoxib derivatives have been developed and identified as possible therapies for inflammatory diseases due to their cadherin-11 inhibitory functions. Potential cardiovascular toxicities associated with these cyclooxygenase-2 independent celecoxib derivatives have not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the mechanism by which celecoxib produces valvular toxicity is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS Celecoxib treatment produces a 2.8-fold increase in calcification in ex vivo porcine aortic valve leaflets and a more than 2-fold increase in calcification in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells cultured in osteogenic media. Its cyclooxygenase-2 independent derivative, 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib, produces a similar 2.5-fold increase in calcification in ex vivo leaflets and a 13-fold increase in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells cultured in osteogenic media. We elucidate that this offtarget effect depends on the presence of either of the two media components: dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid used for osteogenic induction, or cortisol, a natural glucocorticoid present at basal levels in the fetal bovine serum. In the absence of glucocorticoids, these inhibitors effectively reduce calcification. By adding glucocorticoids or hydrocortisone to a serum substitute lacking endogenous glucocorticoids, we show that dimethylcelecoxib conditionally induces a 3.5-fold increase in aortic valve calcification and osteogenic expression. Treatment with the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, rescues the offtarget effect, suggesting that celecoxib and dimethylcelecoxib conditionally augment Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activity in the presence of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION Here we identify glucocorticoids as a possible source of the increased valvular calcification risk associated with celecoxib and its cyclooxygenase-2 independent derivatives. In the absence of glucocorticoids, these inhibitors effectively reduce calcification. Furthermore, the offtarget effects are not due to the drug's intrinsic properties as dual cyclooxygenase-2 and cadherin-11 inhibitors. These findings inform future design and development of celecoxib derivatives for potential clinical therapy.
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25
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Duchemin AL, Vignes H, Vermot J, Chow R. Mechanotransduction in cardiovascular morphogenesis and tissue engineering. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:106-116. [PMID: 31586750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular morphogenesis involves cell behavior and cell identity changes that are activated by mechanical forces associated with heart function. Recently, advances in in vivo imaging, methods to alter blood flow, and computational modelling have greatly advanced our understanding of how forces produced by heart contraction and blood flow impact different morphogenetic processes. Meanwhile, traditional genetic approaches have helped to elucidate how endothelial cells respond to forces at the cellular and molecular level. Here we discuss the principles of endothelial mechanosensitity and their interplay with cellular processes during cardiovascular morphogenesis. We then discuss their implications in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Helene Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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26
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Hsu JJ, Vedula V, Baek KI, Chen C, Chen J, Chou MI, Lam J, Subhedar S, Wang J, Ding Y, Chang CC, Lee J, Demer LL, Tintut Y, Marsden AL, Hsiai TK. Contractile and hemodynamic forces coordinate Notch1b-mediated outflow tract valve formation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:124460. [PMID: 30973827 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical forces and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) are known to mediate valvulogenesis. However, the relative contributions of myocardial contractile and hemodynamic shear forces remain poorly understood. We integrated 4-D light-sheet imaging of transgenic zebrafish models with moving-domain computational fluid dynamics to determine effects of changes in contractile forces and fluid wall shear stress (WSS) on ventriculobulbar (VB) valve development. Augmentation of myocardial contractility with isoproterenol increased both WSS and Notch1b activity in the developing outflow tract (OFT) and resulted in VB valve hyperplasia. Increasing WSS in the OFT, achieved by increasing blood viscosity through EPO mRNA injection, also resulted in VB valve hyperplasia. Conversely, decreasing myocardial contractility by Tnnt2a morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) administration, 2,3-butanedione monoxime treatment, or Plcγ1 inhibition completely blocked VB valve formation, which could not be rescued by increasing WSS or activating Notch. Decreasing WSS in the OFT, achieved by slowing heart rate with metoprolol or reducing viscosity with Gata1a MO, did not affect VB valve formation. Immunofluorescent staining with the mesenchymal marker, DM-GRASP, revealed that biomechanical force-mediated Notch1b activity is implicated in EndoMT to modulate valve morphology. Altogether, increases in WSS result in Notch1b- EndoMT-mediated VB valve hyperplasia, whereas decreases in contractility result in reduced Notch1b activity, absence of EndoMT, and VB valve underdevelopment. Thus, we provide developmental mechanotransduction mechanisms underlying Notch1b-mediated EndoMT in the OFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vijay Vedula
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Man In Chou
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shivani Subhedar
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yichen Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas - Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Linda L Demer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yin Tintut
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alison L Marsden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Toomer K, Sauls K, Fulmer D, Guo L, Moore K, Glover J, Stairley R, Bischoff J, Levine RA, Norris RA. Filamin-A as a Balance between Erk/Smad Activities During Cardiac Valve Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:117-124. [PMID: 30288957 PMCID: PMC6312478 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) affects 2.4% of the population and has poorly understood etiology. Recent genetic studies have begun to unravel the complexities of MVP and through these efforts, mutations in the FLNA (Filamin-A) gene were identified as disease causing. Our in vivo and in vitro studies have validated these genetic findings and have revealed FLNA as a central regulator of valve morphogenesis. The mechanisms by which FLNA mutations result in myxomatous mitral valve disease are currently unknown, but may involve proteins previously associated with mutated regions of the FLNA protein, such as the small GTPase signaling protein, R-Ras. Herein, we report that Filamin-A is required for R-Ras expression and activation of the Ras-Mek-Erk pathway. Loss of the Ras/Erk pathway correlated with hyperactivation of pSmad2/3, increased extracellular matrix (ECM) production and enlarged mitral valves. Analyses of integrin receptors in the mitral valve revealed that Filamin-A was required for β1-integrin expression and provided a potential mechanism for impaired ECM compaction and valve enlargement. Our data support Filamin-A as a protein that regulates the balance between Erk and Smad activation and an inability of Filamin-A deficient valve interstitial cells to effectively remodel the increased ECM production through a β1-integrin mechanism. As a consequence, loss of Filamin-A function results in increased ECM production and generation of a myxomatous phenotype characterized by improperly compacted mitral valve tissue. Anat Rec, 302:117-124, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Toomer
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kimberly Sauls
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Diana Fulmer
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lilong Guo
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Janiece Glover
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Russell A Norris
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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29
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Gottlieb Sen D, Halu A, Razzaque A, Gorham JM, Hartnett J, Seidman JG, Aikawa E, Seidman CE. The Transcriptional Signature of Growth in Human Fetal Aortic Valve Development. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:1834-1840. [PMID: 30071238 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the second trimester of human fetal development, a tenfold increase in fetal size occurs while cardiac valves grow and retain their function. Patterns of transcription in normally growing human aortic valves are unknown. METHODS Discarded human aortic valve samples were collected from the second trimester, 6 from early (14, 15, 17 weeks) and 6 from late (20, 21, 22 weeks) gestation. Network analysis of RNA sequencing data identified subnetworks of significantly increasing and decreasing transcripts. Subsequent cluster analysis identified patterns of transcription through the time course. Pathway enrichment analysis determined the predominant biological processes at each interval. RESULTS We observed phasic transcription over the time course, including an early decrease in cell proliferation and developmental genes (14 to 15 weeks). Pattern specification, shear stress, and adaptive immune genes were induced early. Cell adhesion genes were increased from 14 to 20 weeks. A phase involving cell differentiation and apoptosis (17 to 20 weeks) was followed by downregulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation genes and then by increased extracellular matrix organization and stabilization (20 to 22 weeks). CONCLUSIONS We present a unique data set, comprehensively characterizing human valve development after valve primordia are formed, focusing on key processes displayed by normal aortic valves undergoing significant growth. We build a time course of genes and processes in second trimester fetal valve growth and observe the sequential regulation of gene clusters over time. Critical valve growth genes are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in congenital heart disease and have implications for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gottlieb Sen
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Arda Halu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abdur Razzaque
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joshua M Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Hartnett
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pagnozzi LA, Butcher JT. Mechanotransduction Mechanisms in Mitral Valve Physiology and Disease Pathogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:83. [PMID: 29312958 PMCID: PMC5744129 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitral valve exists in a mechanically demanding environment, with the stress of each cardiac cycle deforming and shearing the native fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cells and their extracellular matrix exhibit a dynamic reciprocity in the growth and formation of tissue through mechanotransduction and continuously adapt to physical cues in their environment through gene, protein, and cytokine expression. Valve disease is the most common congenital heart defect with watchful waiting and valve replacement surgery the only treatment option. Mitral valve disease (MVD) has been linked to a variety of mechano-active genes ranging from extracellular components, mechanotransductive elements, and cytoplasmic and nuclear transcription factors. Specialized cell receptors, such as adherens junctions, cadherins, integrins, primary cilia, ion channels, caveolae, and the glycocalyx, convert mechanical cues into biochemical responses via a complex of mechanoresponsive elements, shared signaling modalities, and integrated frameworks. Understanding mechanosensing and transduction in mitral valve-specific cells may allow us to discover unique signal transduction pathways between cells and their environment, leading to cell or tissue specific mechanically targeted therapeutics for MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Pagnozzi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Yalcin HC, Amindari A, Butcher JT, Althani A, Yacoub M. Heart function and hemodynamic analysis for zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:868-880. [PMID: 28249360 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zebrafish has emerged to become a powerful vertebrate animal model for cardiovascular research in recent years. Its advantages include easy genetic manipulation, transparency, small size, low cost, and the ability to survive without active circulation at early stages of development. Sequencing the whole genome and identifying ortholog genes with human genome made it possible to induce clinically relevant cardiovascular defects via genetic approaches. Heart function and disturbed hemodynamics need to be assessed in a reliable manner for these disease models in order to reveal the mechanobiology of induced defects. This effort requires precise determination of blood flow patterns as well as hemodynamic stress (i.e., wall shear stress and pressure) levels within the developing heart. While traditional approach involves time-lapse brightfield microscopy to track cell and tissue movements, in more recent studies fast light-sheet fluorescent microscopes are utilized for that purpose. Integration of more complicated techniques like particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics modeling for hemodynamic analysis holds a great promise to the advancement of the Zebrafish studies. Here, we discuss the latest developments in heart function and hemodynamic analysis for Zebrafish embryos and conclude with our future perspective on dynamic analysis of the Zebrafish cardiovascular system. Developmental Dynamics 246:868-880, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Amindari
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Asma Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Imperial College, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, Harefield, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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Wu B, Wang Y, Xiao F, Butcher JT, Yutzey KE, Zhou B. Developmental Mechanisms of Aortic Valve Malformation and Disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:21-41. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingruo Wu
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Yidong Wang
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Feng Xiao
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229;
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
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Vander Roest MJ, Merryman WD. A developmental approach to induced pluripotent stem cells-based tissue engineered heart valves. Future Cardiol 2016; 13:1-4. [PMID: 27990847 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Vander Roest
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Hulin A, Moore V, James JM, Yutzey KE. Loss of Axin2 results in impaired heart valve maturation and subsequent myxomatous valve disease. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 113:40-51. [PMID: 28069701 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myxomatous valve disease (MVD) is the most common aetiology of primary mitral regurgitation. Recent studies suggest that defects in heart valve development can lead to heart valve disease in adults. Wnt/β-catenin signalling is active during heart valve development and has been reported in human MVD. The consequences of increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling due to Axin2 deficiency in postnatal valve remodelling and pathogenesis of MVD were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, we analysed heart valves from mice deficient in Axin2 (KO), a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Axin2 KO mice display enlarged mitral and aortic valves (AoV) after birth with increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling and cell proliferation, whereas Sox9 expression and collagen deposition are decreased. At 2 months in Axin2 KO mice, the valve extracellular matrix (ECM) is stratified but distal AoV leaflets remain thickened and develop aortic insufficiency. Progressive myxomatous degeneration is apparent at 4 months with extensive ECM remodelling and focal aggrecan-rich areas, along with increased BMP signalling. Infiltration of inflammatory cells is also observed in Axin2 KO AoV prior to ECM remodelling. Overall, these features are consistent with the progression of human MVD. Finally, Axin2 expression is decreased and Wnt/β-catenin signalling is increased in myxomatous mitral valves in a murine model of Marfan syndrome, supporting the importance of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the development of MVD. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data indicate that Axin2 limits Wnt/β-catenin signalling after birth and allows proper heart valve maturation. Moreover, dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling resulting from loss of Axin2 leads to progressive MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vicky Moore
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne M James
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
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