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Moreira D, Kaur D, Fourbert-Mendes S, Showalter AM, Coimbra S, Pereira AM. Eight hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases play essential roles in female reproductive development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 348:112231. [PMID: 39154893 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
In angiosperms, ovules give rise to seeds upon fertilization. Thus, seed formation is dependent on both successful ovule development and tightly controlled communication between female and male gametophytes. During establishment of these interactions, cell walls play a pivotal role, especially arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). AGPs are highly glycosylated proteins decorated by arabinogalactan side chains, representing 90 % of the AGP molecule. AGP glycosylation is initiated by a reaction catalysed by hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs), specifically eight of them (GALT2-9), which add the first galactose to Hyp residues. Five Hyp-GALTs (GALT2, 5, 7, 8 and 9) were previously described as essential for AGP functions in pollen and ovule development, pollen-pistil interactions, and seed morphology. In the present work, a higher order Hyp-GALT mutant (23456789) was studied, with a high degree of under-glycosylated AGPs, to gain deeper insight into the crucial roles of these eight enzymes in female reproductive tissues. Notably, the 23456789 mutant demonstrated a high quantity of unfertilized ovules, displaying abnormal callose accumulation both at the micropylar region and, sometimes, throughout the entire embryo sac. Additionally, this mutant displayed ovules with abnormal embryo sacs, had a disrupted spatiotemporal distribution of AGPs in female reproductive tissues, and showed abnormal seed and embryo development, concomitant with a reduction in AGP-GlcA levels. This study revealed that at least three more enzymes exhibit Hyp-O-GALT activity in Arabidopsis (GALT3, 4 and 6), and reinforces the crucial importance of AGP carbohydrates in carrying out the biological functions of AGPs during plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Dasmeet Kaur
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
| | - Sara Fourbert-Mendes
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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2
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Figueiredo R, Costa M, Moreira D, Moreira M, Noble J, Pereira LG, Melo P, Palanivelu R, Coimbra S, Pereira AM. JAGGER localization and function are dependent on GPI anchor addition. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024; 37:341-353. [PMID: 38294499 PMCID: PMC11377618 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-024-00495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE GPI anchor addition is important for JAGGER localization and in vivo function. Loss of correct GPI anchor addition in JAGGER, negatively affects its localization and function. In flowering plants, successful double fertilization requires the correct delivery of two sperm cells to the female gametophyte inside the ovule. The delivery of a single pair of sperm cells is achieved by the entrance of a single pollen tube into one female gametophyte. To prevent polyspermy, Arabidopsis ovules avoid the attraction of multiple pollen tubes to one ovule-polytubey block. In Arabidopsis jagger mutants, a significant number of ovules attract more than one pollen tube to an ovule due to an impairment in synergid degeneration. JAGGER encodes a putative arabinogalactan protein which is predicted to be anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, we show that JAGGER fused to citrine yellow fluorescent protein (JAGGER-cYFP) is functional and localizes mostly to the periphery of ovule integuments and transmitting tract cells. We further investigated the importance of GPI-anchor addition domains for JAGGER localization and function. Different JAGGER proteins with deletions in predicted ω-site regions and GPI attachment signal domain, expected to compromise the addition of the GPI anchor, led to disruption of JAGGER localization in the cell periphery. All JAGGER proteins with disrupted localization were also not able to rescue the polytubey phenotype, pointing to the importance of GPI-anchor addition to in vivo function of the JAGGER protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Costa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Melo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Xu YJ, Luo T, Zhou PM, Wang WQ, Yang WC, Li HJ. Pollen-expressed RLCKs control pollen tube burst. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100934. [PMID: 38689493 PMCID: PMC11369774 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the pollen tube enters the receptive synergid cell, where it ruptures to release its cytoplasm along with two sperm cells. This interaction is complex, and the exact signal transducers that trigger the bursting of pollen tubes are not well understood. In this study, we identify three homologous receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) expressed in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis, Delayed Burst 1/2/3 (DEB1/2/3), which play a crucial role in this process. These genes produce proteins localized on the plasma membrane, and their knockout causes delayed pollen tube burst and entrance of additional pollen tubes into the embryo sac due to fertilization recovery. We show that DEBs interact with the Ca2+ pump ACA9, influencing the dynamics of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in pollen tubes through phosphorylation. These results highlight the importance of DEBs as key signal transducers and the critical function of the DEB-ACA9 axis in timely pollen tube burst in synergids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jiao Xu
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng-Min Zhou
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Qi Wang
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- Center for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Mizukami AG, Kusano S, Matsuura-Tokita K, Hagihara S, Higashiyama T. Cluster effect through the oligomerisation of bioactive disaccharide AMOR on pollen tube capacitation in Torenia fournieri. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:745-750. [PMID: 39092441 PMCID: PMC11289873 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant-specific glycoproteins involved in cellular mechanics and signal transduction. There has been major progress in understanding the structure, synthesis, and molecular functions of their carbohydrate chains; however, the mechanisms by which they function as signalling molecules remain unclear. Here, methyl-glucuronosyl arabinogalactan (AMOR; Me-GlcA-β(1,6)-Gal), a disaccharide structure at the end of AGP carbohydrate chains, was oligomerised via chemical synthesis. The biological activity of AMOR oligomers was enhanced via clustering of the carbohydrate chains. Furthermore, AMOR oligomers yielded a pollen tube morphology (i.e., callose plug formation) similar to that when cultured with native AMOR, suggesting it may be functionally similar to native AMOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane G Mizukami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shuhei Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kumi Matsuura-Tokita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shinya Hagihara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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5
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Baraniecka P, Seibt W, Groten K, Kessler D, McGale E, Gase K, Baldwin IT, Pannell JR. Prezygotic mate selection is only partially correlated with the expression of NaS-like RNases and affects offspring phenotypes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2832-2844. [PMID: 38581189 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata styles preferentially select pollen from among accessions with corresponding expression patterns of NaS-like-RNases (SLRs), and the postpollination ethylene burst (PPEB) is an accurate predictor of seed siring success. However, the ecological consequences of mate selection, its effect on the progeny, and the role of SLRs in the control of ethylene signaling remain unknown. We explored the link between the magnitude of the ethylene burst and expression of the SLRs in a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs), dissected the genetic underpinnings of mate selection through genome-wide association study (GWAS), and examined its outcome for phenotypes in the next generation. We found that high levels of PPEB are associated with the absence of SLR2 in most of the tested RILs. We identified candidate genes potentially involved in the control of mate selection and showed that pollination of maternal genotypes with their favored pollen donors produces offspring with longer roots. When the maternal genotypes are only able to select against nonfavored pollen donors, the selection for such positive traits is abolished. We conclude that plants' ability of mate choice contributes to measurable changes in progeny phenotypes and is thus likely a target of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wibke Seibt
- MPI for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Karin Groten
- MPI for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- MPI for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Gase
- MPI for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- MPI for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - John R Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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6
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Gawande ND, Sankaranarayanan S. Genome wide characterization and expression analysis of CrRLK1L gene family in wheat unravels their roles in development and stress-specific responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1345774. [PMID: 38595759 PMCID: PMC11002176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1345774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) genes encode a subfamily of receptor-like kinases (RLK) that regulate diverse processes during plant growth, development, and stress responses. The first CrRLK1L was identified from the Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Madagascar periwinkle. Subsequently, CrRLK1L gene families have been characterized in many plants. The genome of T. aestivum encodes 15 CrRLK1L genes with 43 paralogous copies, with three homeologs each, except for -2-D and -7-A, which are absent. Chromosomal localization analysis revealed a markedly uneven distribution of CrRLK1L genes across seven different chromosomes, with chromosome 4 housing the highest number of genes, while chromosome 6 lacked any CrRLK1L genes. Tissue-specific gene expression analysis revealed distinct expression patterns among the gene family members, with certain members exhibiting increased expression in reproductive tissues. Gene expression analysis in response to various abiotic and biotic stress conditions unveiled differential regulation of gene family members. Cold stress induces CrRLK1Ls -4-B and -15-A while downregulating -3-A and -7B. Drought stress upregulates -9D, contrasting with the downregulation of -7D. CrRLK1L-15-B and -15-D were highly induced in response to 1 hr of heat, and combined drought and heat stress, whereas -10-B is downregulated. Similarly, in response to NaCl stress, only CrRLK1L1 homeologs were induced. Fusarium graminearum and Claviceps purpurea inoculation induces homeologs of CrRLK1L-6 and -7. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions identified elements crucial for plant growth and developmental processes. This comprehensive genome-wide analysis and expression study provides valuable insights into the essential functions of CrRLK1L members in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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7
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Baillie AL, Sloan J, Qu LJ, Smith LM. Signalling between the sexes during pollen tube reception. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:343-354. [PMID: 37640641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant reproduction is a complex, highly-coordinated process in which a single, male germ cell grows through the maternal reproductive tissues to reach and fertilise the egg cell. Focussing on Arabidopsis thaliana, we review signalling between male and female partners which is important throughout the pollen tube journey, especially during pollen tube reception at the ovule. Numerous receptor kinases and their coreceptors are implicated in signal perception in both the pollen tube and synergid cells at the ovule entrance, and several specific peptide and carbohydrate ligands for these receptors have recently been identified. Clarifying the interplay between these signals and the downstream responses they instigate presents a challenge for future research and may help to illuminate broader principles of plant cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Baillie
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil Research Cluster, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jen Sloan
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil Research Cluster, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lisa M Smith
- Plants, Photosynthesis, and Soil Research Cluster, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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8
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Li H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li C, Du P, Bi M, Chen T, Qian D, Niu Y, Ren H, An L, Xiang Y. The Arabidopsis GPI-anchored protein COBL11 is necessary for regulating pollen tube integrity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113353. [PMID: 38007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube integrity is required for achieving double fertilization in angiosperms. The rapid alkalinization factor4/19-ANXUR1/2-Buddha's paper seal 1/2 (RALF4/19-ANX1/2-BUPS1/2)-complex-mediated signaling pathway is critical to maintain pollen tube integrity, but the underlying mechanisms regulating the polar localization and distribution of these complex members at the pollen tube tip remain unclear. Here, we find that COBRA-like protein 11 (COBL11) loss-of-function mutants display a low pollen germination ratio, premature pollen tube burst, and seed abortion in Arabidopsis. COBL11 could interact with RALF4/19, ANX1/2, and BUPS1/2, and COBL11 functional deficiency could result in the disrupted distribution of RALF4 and ANX1, altered cell wall composition, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in pollen tubes. In conclusion, COBL11 is a regulator of pollen tube integrity during polar growth, which is conducted by a direct interaction that ensures the correct localization and polar distribution of RALF4 and ANX1 at the pollen tube tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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9
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Moreira D, Kaur D, Pereira AM, Held MA, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Type II arabinogalactans initiated by hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases play important roles in pollen-pistil interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:371-389. [PMID: 36775989 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins containing a high sugar content and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. AGPs have long been suggested to play important roles in sexual plant reproduction. The synthesis of their complex carbohydrates is initiated by a family of hydroxyproline galactosyltransferase (Hyp-GALT) enzymes which add the first galactose to Hyp residues in the protein backbone. Eight Hyp-GALT enzymes have been identified so far, and in the present work a mutant affecting five of these enzymes (galt2galt5galt7galt8galt9) was analyzed regarding the reproductive process. The galt25789 mutant presented a low seed set, and reciprocal crosses indicated a significant female gametophytic contribution to this mutant phenotype. Mutant ovules revealed abnormal callose accumulation inside the embryo sac and integument defects at the micropylar region culminating in defects in pollen tube reception. In addition, immunolocalization and biochemical analyses allowed the detection of a reduction in the amount of glucuronic acid in mutant ovary AGPs. Dramatically low amounts of high-molecular-weight Hyp-O-glycosides obtained following size exclusion chromatography of base-hydrolyzed mutant AGPs compared to the wild type indicated the presence of underglycosylated AGPs in the galt25789 mutant, while the monosaccharide composition of these Hyp-O-glycosides displayed no significant changes compared to the wild-type Hyp-O-glycosides. The present work demonstrates the functional importance of the carbohydrate moieties of AGPs in ovule development and pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dasmeet Kaur
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701-2979, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701-2979, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Chang Y, Gong W, Xu J, Gong H, Song Q, Xiao S, Yuan D. Integration of semi- in vivo assays and multi-omics data reveals the effect of galloylated catechins on self-pollen tube inhibition in Camellia oleifera. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac248. [PMID: 36643738 PMCID: PMC9832949 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oil extracted from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel. is a popular and high-quality edible oil, but its yield is limited by seed setting, which is mainly caused by self-incompatibility (SI). One of the obvious biological features of SI plants is the inhibition of self-pollen tubes; however, the underlying mechanism of this inhibition in C. oleifera is poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a semi-in vivo pollen tube growth test (SIV-PGT) system that can screen for substances that inhibit self-pollen tubes without interference from the genetic background. Combined with multi-omics analysis, the results revealed the important role of galloylated catechins in self-pollen tube inhibition, and a possible molecular regulatory network mediated by UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) and serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) was proposed. In summary, galloylation of catechins and high levels of galloylated catechins are specifically involved in pollen tube inhibition under self-pollination rather than cross-pollination, which provides a new understanding of SI in C. oleifera. These results will contribute to sexual reproduction research on C. oleifera and provide theoretical support for improving Camellia oil yield in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Wenfang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Han Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Shixin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
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Moreira D, Lopes AL, Silva J, Ferreira MJ, Pinto SC, Mendes S, Pereira LG, Coimbra S, Pereira AM. New insights on the expression patterns of specific Arabinogalactan proteins in reproductive tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083098. [PMID: 36531351 PMCID: PMC9755587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins containing a high proportion of carbohydrates, widely distributed in the plant kingdom and ubiquitously present in land plants. AGPs have long been suggested to play important roles in plant reproduction and there is already evidence that specific glycoproteins are essential for male and female gametophyte development, pollen tube growth and guidance, and successful fertilization. However, the functions of many of these proteins have yet to be uncovered, mainly due to the difficulty to study individual AGPs. In this work, we generated molecular tools to analyze the expression patterns of a subgroup of individual AGPs in different Arabidopsis tissues, focusing on reproductive processes. This study focused on six AGPs: four classical AGPs (AGP7, AGP25, AGP26, AGP27), one AG peptide (AGP24) and one chimeric AGP (AGP31). These AGPs were first selected based on their predicted expression patterns along the reproductive tissues from available RNA-seq data. Promoter analysis using β-glucuronidase fusions and qPCR in different Arabidopsis tissues allowed to confirm these predictions. AGP7 was mainly expressed in female reproductive tissues, more precisely in the style, funiculus, and integuments near the micropyle region. AGP25 was found to be expressed in the style, septum and ovules with higher expression in the chalaza and funiculus tissues. AGP26 was present in the ovules and pistil valves. AGP27 was expressed in the transmitting tissue, septum and funiculus during seed development. AGP24 was expressed in pollen grains, in mature embryo sacs, with highest expression at the chalazal pole and in the micropyle. AGP31 was expressed in the mature embryo sac with highest expression at the chalaza and, occasionally, in the micropyle. For all these AGPs a co-expression analysis was performed providing new hints on its possible functions. This work confirmed the detection in Arabidopsis male and female tissues of six AGPs never studied before regarding the reproductive process. These results provide novel evidence on the possible involvement of specific AGPs in plant reproduction, as strong candidates to participate in pollen-pistil interactions in an active way, which is significant for this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute – BioISI, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Mendes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV) Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Xu Z, Gao Y, Gao C, Mei J, Wang S, Ma J, Yang H, Cao S, Wang Y, Zhang F, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor lipid remodeling directs proteins to the plasma membrane and governs cell wall mechanics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4778-4794. [PMID: 35976113 PMCID: PMC9709986 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring is a common protein modification that targets proteins to the plasma membrane (PM). Knowledge about the GPI lipid tail, which guides the secretion of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), is limited in plants. Here, we report that rice (Oryza sativa) BRITTLE CULM16 (BC16), a membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) remodels GPI lipid tails and governs cell wall biomechanics. The bc16 mutant exhibits fragile internodes, resulting from reduced cell wall thickness and cellulose content. BC16 is the only MBOAT in rice and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Yeast gup1Δ mutant restoring assay and GPI lipid composition analysis demonstrated BC16 as a GPI lipid remodelase. Loss of BC16 alters GPI lipid structure and disturbs the targeting of BC1, a GPI-AP for cellulose biosynthesis, to the PM lipid nanodomains. Atomic force microscopy revealed compromised deposition of cellulosic nanofibers in bc16, leading to an increased Young's modulus and abnormal mechanical properties. Therefore, BC16-mediated lipid remodeling directs the GPI-APs, such as BC1, to the cell surface to fulfill multiple functions, including cellulose organization. Our work unravels a mechanism by which GPI lipids are remodeled in plants and provides insights into the control of cell wall biomechanics, offering a tool for breeding elite crops with improved support strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiasong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Noble JA, Bielski NV, Liu MCJ, DeFalco TA, Stegmann M, Nelson ADL, McNamara K, Sullivan B, Dinh KK, Khuu N, Hancock S, Shiu SH, Zipfel C, Cheung AY, Beilstein MA, Palanivelu R. Evolutionary analysis of the LORELEI gene family in plants reveals regulatory subfunctionalization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2539-2556. [PMID: 36156105 PMCID: PMC9706458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A signaling complex comprising members of the LORELEI (LRE)-LIKE GPI-anchored protein (LLG) and Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) families perceive RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides and regulate growth, reproduction, immunity, and stress responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genes encoding these proteins are members of multigene families in most angiosperms and could generate thousands of signaling complex variants. However, the links between expansion of these gene families and the functional diversification of this critical signaling complex as well as the evolutionary factors underlying the maintenance of gene duplicates remain unknown. Here, we investigated LLG gene family evolution by sampling land plant genomes and explored the function and expression of angiosperm LLGs. We found that LLG diversity within major land plant lineages is primarily due to lineage-specific duplication events, and that these duplications occurred both early in the history of these lineages and more recently. Our complementation and expression analyses showed that expression divergence (i.e. regulatory subfunctionalization), rather than functional divergence, explains the retention of LLG paralogs. Interestingly, all but one monocot and all eudicot species examined had an LLG copy with preferential expression in male reproductive tissues, while the other duplicate copies showed highest levels of expression in female or vegetative tissues. The single LLG copy in Amborella trichopoda is expressed vastly higher in male compared to in female reproductive or vegetative tissues. We propose that expression divergence plays an important role in retention of LLG duplicates in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Nicholas V Bielski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Ming-Che James Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrew D L Nelson
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kara McNamara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Brooke Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Khanhlinh K Dinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Hancock
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Mark A Beilstein
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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14
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Wang P, Clark NM, Nolan TM, Song G, Bartz PM, Liao CY, Montes-Serey C, Katz E, Polko JK, Kieber JJ, Kliebenstein DJ, Bassham DC, Walley JW, Yin Y, Guo H. Integrated omics reveal novel functions and underlying mechanisms of the receptor kinase FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2594-2614. [PMID: 35435236 PMCID: PMC9252503 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is a versatile regulator of plant growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and reproduction. To gain new insights into the molecular interplay of these processes and to identify new FER functions, we carried out quantitative transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome profiling of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wild-type and fer-4 loss-of-function mutant plants. Gene ontology terms for phytohormone signaling, abiotic stress, and biotic stress were significantly enriched among differentially expressed transcripts, differentially abundant proteins, and/or misphosphorylated proteins, in agreement with the known roles for FER in these processes. Analysis of multiomics data and subsequent experimental evidence revealed previously unknown functions for FER in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) body formation and glucosinolate biosynthesis. FER functions through the transcription factor NAI1 to mediate ER body formation. FER also negatively regulates indole glucosinolate biosynthesis, partially through NAI1. Furthermore, we found that a group of abscisic acid (ABA)-induced transcription factors is hypophosphorylated in the fer-4 mutant and demonstrated that FER acts through the transcription factor ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) to negatively regulate the ABA response during cotyledon greening. Our integrated omics study, therefore, reveals novel functions for FER and provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of FER function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | - Gaoyuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Parker M Bartz
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Christian Montes-Serey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ella Katz
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Plant Sciences Institutes, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Author for correspondence: (H.G.); (Y.Y)
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15
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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16
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GhENODL6 Isoforms from the Phytocyanin Gene Family Regulated Verticillium Wilt Resistance in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062913. [PMID: 35328334 PMCID: PMC8955391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt (VW), a fungal disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, currently devastates cotton fiber yield and quality seriously, yet few resistance germplasm resources have been discovered in Gossypium hirsutum. The cotton variety Nongda601 with suitable VW resistance and high yield was developed in our lab, which supplied elite resources for discovering resistant genes. Early nodulin-like protein (ENODL) is mainly related to nodule formation, and its role in regulating defense response has been seldom studied. Here, 41 conserved ENODLs in G. hirsutum were identified and characterized, which could divide into four subgroups. We found that GhENODL6 was upregulated under V. dahliae stress and hormonal signal and displayed higher transcript levels in resistant cottons than the susceptible. The GhENODL6 was proved to positively regulate VW resistance via overexpression and gene silencing experiments. Overexpression of GhENODL6 significantly enhanced the expressions of salicylic acid (SA) hormone-related transcription factors and pathogenicity-related (PR) protein genes, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SA contents, resulting in improved VW resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Correspondingly, in the GhENODL6 silenced cotton, the expression levels of both phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) genes significantly decreased, leading to the reduced SA content mediating by the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway. Taken together, GhENODL6 played a crucial role in VW resistance by inducing SA signaling pathway and regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings broaden our understanding of the biological roles of GhENODL and the molecular mechanisms underlying cotton disease resistance.
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17
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Noble JA, Seddon A, Uygun S, Bright A, Smith SE, Shiu SH, Palanivelu R. The SEEL motif and members of the MYB-related REVEILLE transcription factor family are important for the expression of LORELEI in the synergid cells of the Arabidopsis female gametophyte. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:61-76. [PMID: 34716496 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergid cells in the micropylar end of the female gametophyte are required for critical cell-cell signaling interactions between the pollen tube and the ovule that precede double fertilization and seed formation in flowering plants. LORELEI (LRE) encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein that is expressed primarily in the synergid cells, and together with FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase, it controls pollen tube reception by the receptive synergid cell. Still, how LRE expression is controlled in synergid cells remains poorly characterized. We identified candidate cis-regulatory elements enriched in LRE and other synergid cell-expressed genes. One of the candidate motifs ('TAATATCT') in the LRE promoter was an uncharacterized variant of the Evening Element motif that we named as the Short Evening Element-like (SEEL) motif. Deletion or point mutations in the SEEL motif of the LRE promoter resulted in decreased reporter expression in synergid cells, demonstrating that the SEEL motif is important for expression of LRE in synergid cells. Additionally, we found that LRE expression is decreased in the loss of function mutants of REVEILLE (RVE) transcription factors, which are clock genes known to bind the SEEL and other closely related motifs. We propose that RVE transcription factors regulate LRE expression in synergid cells by binding to the SEEL motif in the LRE promoter. Identification of cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors involved in the expression of LRE will serve as a foundation to characterize the gene regulatory networks in synergid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alex Seddon
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Ashley Bright
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Steven E Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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18
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Cainelli N, Forestan C, Angeli D, Villegas TR, Costa F, Botton A, Rasori A, Bonghi C, Ruperti B. Transcriptomic Insights on the Preventive Action of Apple (cv Granny Smith) Skin Wounding on Superficial Scald Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413425. [PMID: 34948219 PMCID: PMC8705499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial scald is a post-harvest chilling storage injury leading to browning of the surface of the susceptible cv Granny Smith apples. Wounding of skins has been reported to play a preventive role on scald development however its underlying molecular factors are unknown. We have artificially wounded the epidermal and sub-epidermal layers of apple skins consistently obtaining the prevention of superficial scald in the surroundings of the wounds during two independent vintages. Time course RNA-Seq analyses of the transcriptional changes in wounded versus unwounded skins revealed that two transcriptional waves occurred. An early wave included genes up-regulated by wounding already after 6 h, highlighting a specific transcriptional rearrangement of genes connected to the biosynthesis and signalling of JA, ethylene and ABA. A later transcriptional wave, occurring after three months of cold storage, included genes up-regulated exclusively in unwounded skins and was prevented from its occurrence in wounded skins. A significant portion of these genes was related to decay of tissues and to the senescence hormones ABA, JA and ethylene. Such changes suggest a wound-inducible reversed hormonal balance during post-harvest storage which may explain the local inhibition of scald in wounded tissues, an aspect that will need further studies for its mechanistic explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cainelli
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, 35122 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (N.C.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, BO, Italy;
| | - Dario Angeli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro di Trasferimento Tecnologico, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy; (D.A.); (T.R.V.)
| | - Tomas Roman Villegas
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro di Trasferimento Tecnologico, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy; (D.A.); (T.R.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Centro Agricoltura Alimenti Ambiente, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, 35122 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (N.C.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Angela Rasori
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, 35122 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (N.C.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, 35122 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (N.C.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università di Padova, 35122 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (N.C.); (A.B.); (A.R.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Yang H, Wang D, Guo L, Pan H, Yvon R, Garman S, Wu HM, Cheung AY. Malectin/Malectin-like domain-containing proteins: A repertoire of cell surface molecules with broad functional potential. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100056. [PMID: 34308005 PMCID: PMC8287233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell walls are at the front line of interactions between walled-organisms and their environment. They support cell expansion, ensure cell integrity and, for multicellular organisms such as plants, they provide cell adherence, support cell shape morphogenesis and mediate cell-cell communication. Wall-sensing, detecting perturbations in the wall and signaling the cell to respond accordingly, is crucial for growth and survival. In recent years, plant signaling research has suggested that a large family of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) could function as wall sensors partly because their extracellular domains show homology with malectin, a diglucose binding protein from the endoplasmic reticulum of animal cells. Studies of several malectin/malectin-like (M/ML) domain-containing RLKs (M/MLD-RLKs) from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed an impressive array of biological roles, controlling growth, reproduction and stress responses, processes that in various ways rely on or affect the cell wall. Malectin homologous sequences are widespread across biological kingdoms, but plants have uniquely evolved a highly expanded family of proteins with ML domains embedded within various protein contexts. Here, we present an overview on proteins with malectin homologous sequences in different kingdoms, discuss the chromosomal organization of Arabidopsis M/MLD-RLKs and the phylogenetic relationship between these proteins from several model and crop species. We also discuss briefly the molecular networks that enable the diverse biological roles served by M/MLD-RLKs studied thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Li Guo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Huairong Pan
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Robert Yvon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Garman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alice Y. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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20
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Identification and Analysis of Genes Involved in Double Fertilization in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312850. [PMID: 34884656 PMCID: PMC8657449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Double fertilization is a key determinant of grain yield, and the failure of fertilization during hybridization is one important reason for reproductive isolation. Therefore, fertilization has a very important role in the production of high-yield and well-quality hybrid of rice. Here, we used RNA sequencing technology to study the change of the transcriptome during double fertilization with the help of the mutant fertilization barrier (feb) that failed to finish fertilization process and led to seed abortion. The results showed that 1669 genes were related to the guided growth of pollen tubes, 332 genes were involved in the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes, and 430 genes were associated with zygote formation and early free endosperm nuclear division. Among them, the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism; signal transduction pathways were enriched in the guided growth of pollen tubes, the genes involved in the photosynthesis; fatty acid synthesis pathways were activated by the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes; and the cell cycle-related genes might play an essential role in zygote formation and early endosperm nuclear division. Furthermore, among the 1669 pollen tube-related genes, it was found that 7 arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), 1 cysteine-rich peptide (CRP), and 15 receptor-like kinases (RLKs) were specifically expressed in anther, while 2 AGPs, 7 CRPs, and 5 RLKs in pistil, showing obvious unequal distribution which implied they might play different roles in anther and pistil during fertilization. These studies laid a solid foundation for revealing double fertilization mechanism of rice and for the follow-up investigation.
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Adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism creates hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2004901118. [PMID: 34789571 PMCID: PMC8617494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004901118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New species originate as populations become reproductively isolated from one another. Despite recent progress in uncovering the genetic basis of reproductive isolation, it remains unclear whether intrinsic reproductive barriers, such as hybrid sterility, can evolve as a by-product of local adaptation to contrasting environments. Here, we show that differences in a plant’s response to the pull of gravity have repeatedly evolved amongst coastal populations of an Australian wildflower, thus implicating a role of natural selection in their evolution. We found a strong genetic association between variation in this adaptive trait and hybrid sterility, suggesting that intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute to the origin of new species as populations adapt to heterogeneous environments. Natural selection is responsible for much of the diversity we see in nature. Just as it drives the evolution of new traits, it can also lead to new species. However, it is unclear whether natural selection conferring adaptation to local environments can drive speciation through the evolution of hybrid sterility between populations. Here, we show that adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism, the ability of a plant’s shoot to bend upwards in response to the downward pull of gravity, contributes to the evolution of hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus. We find that shoot gravitropism has evolved multiple times in association with plant height between adjacent populations inhabiting contrasting environments, suggesting that these traits have evolved by natural selection. We directly tested this prediction using a hybrid population subjected to eight rounds of recombination and three rounds of selection in the field. Our experiments revealed that shoot gravitropism responds to natural selection in the expected direction of the locally adapted population. Using the advanced hybrid population, we discovered that individuals with extreme differences in gravitropism had more sterile crosses than individuals with similar gravitropic responses, which were largely fertile, indicating that this adaptive trait is genetically correlated with hybrid sterility. Our results suggest that natural selection can drive the evolution of locally adaptive traits that also create hybrid sterility, thus revealing an evolutionary connection between local adaptation and the origin of new species.
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22
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Laggoun F, Ali N, Tourneur S, Prudent G, Gügi B, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Mareck A, Cruz F, Yvin JC, Nguema-Ona E, Mollet JC, Jamois F, Lehner A. Two Carbohydrate-Based Natural Extracts Stimulate in vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Tomato Under Cold Temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:552515. [PMID: 34691089 PMCID: PMC8529017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.552515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, it is widely accepted by the scientific community that many agricultural regions will experience more extreme temperature fluctuations. These stresses will undoubtedly impact crop production, particularly fruit and seed yields. In fact, pollination is considered as one of the most temperature-sensitive phases of plant development and until now, except for the time-consuming and costly processes of genetic breeding, there is no immediate alternative to address this issue. In this work, we used a multidisciplinary approach using physiological, biochemical, and molecular techniques for studying the effects of two carbohydrate-based natural activators on in vitro tomato pollen germination and pollen tube growth cultured in vitro under cold conditions. Under mild and strong cold temperatures, these two carbohydrate-based compounds significantly enhanced pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The two biostimulants did not induce significant changes in the classical molecular markers implicated in pollen tube growth. Neither the number of callose plugs nor the CALLOSE SYNTHASE genes expression were significantly different between the control and the biostimulated pollen tubes when pollens were cultivated under cold conditions. PECTIN METHYLESTERASE (PME) activities were also similar but a basic PME isoform was not produced or inactive in pollen grown at 8°C. Nevertheless, NADPH oxidase (RBOH) gene expression was correlated with a higher number of viable pollen tubes in biostimulated pollen tubes compared to the control. Our results showed that the two carbohydrate-based products were able to reduce in vitro the effect of cold temperatures on tomato pollen tube growth and at least for one of them to modulate reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdousse Laggoun
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Sanofi Pasteur, Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Nusrat Ali
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Sabine Tourneur
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Grégoire Prudent
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Alain Mareck
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Cruz
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Frank Jamois
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Laboratoire Nutrition Végétale, Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, Carnot I2C, IRIB, Rouen, France
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Solis-Miranda J, Quinto C. The CrRLK1L subfamily: One of the keys to versatility in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:88-102. [PMID: 34091211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseous kinase 1L receptors (CrRLK1Ls) are a subfamily of membrane receptors unique to plant cells that perceive internal and external signals, integrate metabolic, physiological, and molecular processes, and regulate plant development. Recent genomic studies have suggested that this receptor subfamily arose during the emergence of terrestrial plants and has since diversified, preserving its essential functions. Participation of some of these CrRLK1Ls in different processes is presented and discussed herein, as well as the increasing number of interactors necessary for their function. At least five different responses have been detected after activating these receptors, such as physiological changes, formation or disassembly of protein complexes, metabolic responses, modification of gene expression, and modulation of phytohormone activity. To date, a common response mechanism for all processes involving CrRLK1Ls has not been described. In this review, the information available on the different functions of CrRLK1Ls was compiled. Additionally, the physiological and/or molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling processes triggered by these receptors are also discussed. In this review, we propose a possible common signaling mechanism for all processes regulated by CrRLK1Ls and pose questions to be answered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Solis-Miranda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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Hu H, Li H, Hao M, Ren Y, Zhang M, Liu R, Zhang Y, Li G, Chen J, Ning T, Kuzyakov Y. Nitrogen fixation and crop productivity enhancements co‐driven by intercrop root exudates and key rhizosphere bacteria. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng‐Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant and Soil Interactions Ministry of Education Beijing China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Min‐Min Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Ya‐Nan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Meng‐Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Ru‐Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Jian‐Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
| | - Tang‐Yuan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University Taian China
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems University of Gottingen Gottingen Germany
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Agricultural Soil Science Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems University of Gottingen Gottingen Germany
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
- Agro‐Technological InstituteRUDN University Moscow Russia
- College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
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25
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Lara-Mondragón CM, MacAlister CA. Arabinogalactan glycoprotein dynamics during the progamic phase in the tomato pistil. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:131-148. [PMID: 33860833 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pistil AGPs display dynamic localization patterns in response to fertilization in tomato. SlyFLA9 (Solyc07g065540.1) is a chimeric Fasciclin-like AGP with enriched expression in the ovary, suggesting a potential function during pollen-pistil interaction. During fertilization, the male gametes are delivered by pollen tubes to receptive ovules, deeply embedded in the sporophytic tissues of the pistil. Arabinogalactan glycoproteins (AGPs) are a diverse family of highly glycosylated, secreted proteins which have been widely implicated in plant reproduction, particularly within the pistil. Though tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop requiring successful fertilization for production, the molecular basis of this event remains understudied. Here we explore the spatiotemporal localization of AGPs in the mature tomato pistil before and after fertilization. Using histological techniques to detect AGP sugar moieties, we found that accumulation of AGPs correlated with the maturation of the stigma and we identified an AGP subpopulation restricted to the micropyle that was no longer visible upon fertilization. To identify candidate pistil AGP genes, we used an RNA-sequencing approach to catalog gene expression in functionally distinct subsections of the mature tomato pistil (the stigma, apical and basal style and ovary) as well as pollen and pollen tubes. Of 161 predicted AGP and AGP-like proteins encoded in the tomato genome, we identified four genes with specifically enriched expression in reproductive tissues. We further validated expression of two of these, a Fasciclin-like AGP (SlyFLA9, Solyc07g065540.1) and a novel hybrid AGP (SlyHAE, Solyc09g075580.1). Using in situ hybridization, we also found SlyFLA9 was expressed in the integuments of the ovule and the pericarp. Additionally, differential expression analyses of the pistil transcriptome revealed previously unreported genes with enriched expression in each subsection of the mature pistil, setting the foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cora A MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Yu CY, Zhang HK, Wang N, Gao XQ. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins mediate the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. PLANTA 2021; 253:19. [PMID: 33394122 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth in pistil tissues are critical for sexual plant reproduction, which are involved in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located on the external surface of the plasma membrane and function in various processes of sexual plant reproduction. The evidences suggest that GPI-APs participate in endosome machinery, Ca2+ oscillations, the development of the transmitting tract, the maintenance of the integrity of pollen tube, the enhancement of interactions of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and ligand, and guidance of the growth of pollen tube, and so on. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the roles of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues during pollination, such as pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, pollen tube guidance to the ovule, and pollen tube reception in the embryo sac. We will also discuss the future outlook of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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Desnoyer N, Palanivelu R. Bridging the GAPs in plant reproduction: a comparison of plant and animal GPI-anchored proteins. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:129-142. [PMID: 32945906 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GAPs) are a unique type of membrane-associated proteins in eukaryotes. GPI and GAP biogenesis and function have been well studied in non-plant models and play an important role in the fertility of mouse sperm and egg. Although GPI and GAP biogenesis and function in plants are less known, they are critical for flowering plant reproduction because of their essential roles in the fertility of the male and female gametophytes. In Eukaryotes, GPI, a glycolipid molecule, can be post-translationally attached to proteins to serve as an anchor in the plasma membrane. GPI-anchoring, compared to other modes of membrane attachment and lipidation processes, localizes proteins to the extracellular portion of the plasma membrane and confers several unique attributes including specialized sorting during secretion, molecular painting onto membranes, and enzyme-mediated release of protein through anchor cleavage. While the biosynthesis, structure, and role of GPI are mostly studied in mammals, yeast and protists, the function of GPI and GAPs in plants is being discovered, particularly in gametophyte development and function. Here, we review GPI biosynthesis, protein attachment, and remodeling in plants with insights about this process in mammals. Additionally, we summarize the reproductive phenotypes of all loss of function mutations in Arabidopsis GPI biosynthesis and GAP genes and compare these to the reproductive phenotypes seen in mice to serve as a framework to identify gaps in our understanding of plant GPI and GAPs. In addition, we present an analysis on the gametophyte expression of all Arabidopsis GAPs to assist in further research on the role of GPI and GAPs in all aspects of the gametophyte generation in the life cycle of a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Desnoyer
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Desnoyer N, Howard G, Jong E, Palanivelu R. AtPIG-S, a predicted Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase subunit, is critical for pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:380. [PMID: 32811442 PMCID: PMC7437025 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) addition is one of the several post-translational modifications to proteins that increase their affinity for membranes. In eukaryotes, the GPI transamidase complex (GPI-T) catalyzes the attachment of pre-assembled GPI anchors to GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) through a transamidation reaction. A mutation in AtGPI8 (gpi8-2), the putative catalytic subunit of GPI-T in Arabidopsis, is transmitted normally through the female gametophyte (FG), indicating the FG tolerates loss of GPI transamidation. In contrast, gpi8-2 almost completely abolishes male gametophyte (MG) function. Still, the unexpected finding that gpi8-2 FGs function normally requires further investigation. Additionally, specific developmental defects in the MG caused by loss of GPI transamidation remain poorly characterized. RESULTS Here we investigated the effect of loss of AtPIG-S, another GPI-T subunit, in both gametophytes. Like gpi8-2, we showed that a mutation in AtPIG-S (pigs-1) disrupted synergid localization of LORELEI (LRE), a putative GAP critical for pollen tube reception by the FG. Still, pigs-1 is transmitted normally through the FG. Conversely, pigs-1 severely impaired male gametophyte (MG) function during pollen tube emergence and growth in the pistil. A pPIGS:GFP-PIGS transgene complemented these MG defects and enabled generation of pigs-1/pigs-1 seedlings. However, the pPIGS:GFP-PIGS transgene seemingly failed to rescue the function of AtPIG-S in the sporophyte, as pigs-1/pigs-1, pPIGS:GFP-PIGS seedlings died soon after germination. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of pigs-1 provided further evidence that the FG tolerates loss of GPI transamidation more than the MG and that the MG compared to the FG may be a better haploid system to study the role of GPI-anchoring. Pigs-1 pollen develops normally and thus represent a tool in which GPI anchor biosynthesis and transamidation of GAPs have been uncoupled, offering a potential way to study free GPI in plant development. While previously reported male fertility defects of GPI biosynthesis mutants could have been due either to loss of GPI or GAPs lacking the GPI anchor, our results clarified that the loss of mature GAPs underlie male fertility defects of GPI-deficient pollen grains, as pigs-1 is defective only in the downstream transamidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Desnoyer
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Present Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Howard
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Emma Jong
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Liang R, You L, Dong F, Zhao X, Zhao J. Identification of Hydroxyproline-Containing Proteins and Hydroxylation of Proline Residues in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1207. [PMID: 32849749 PMCID: PMC7427127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyproline-containing proteins (HCPs) among secretory and vacuolar proteins play important roles in growth and development of higher plants. Many hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), including Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline-rich proteins (PRPs), are identified as HCPs by bioinformatics approaches. The experimental evidence for validation of novel proline hydroxylation sites is vital for understanding their functional roles. In this study, the 62 HCPs containing 114 hydroxyproline (O, Hyp) residues were identified, and it was found that hydroxylation of proline residues in the HCPs could either constitute attachment sites for glycans or have other biological function in rice. The glycomodules of AO, OA, OG, VO, LO, and OE were abundant in the 62 HCPs. Further analysis showed that the 22 of 62 HCPs contained both signal peptides and transmembrane domains, and the 19 HCPs only contained transmembrane domains, while 21 HCPs contained neither. This study indicated the feasibility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics combined with bioinformatics approaches for the large-scale characterization of Hyp sites from complex protein digest mixtures. Furthermore, the expression of AGPs in rice was detected by using β-GlcY reagent and JIM13 antibody. The results displayed that the AGPs were widely distributed in different tissues and organs of rice, especially expressed highly in lateral root, pollen and embryo. In conclusion, our study revealed that the HCPs and Hyp residues in rice were ubiquitous and that these Hyps could be candidates for linking to glycans, which laid the foundation for further studying the functions of HCPs and hydroxylation of proline residues in rice.
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Galindo‐Trigo S, Blanco‐Touriñán N, DeFalco TA, Wells ES, Gray JE, Zipfel C, Smith LM. CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases HERK1 and ANJEA are female determinants of pollen tube reception. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48466. [PMID: 31867824 PMCID: PMC7001495 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between the gametophytes is vital for angiosperm fertilisation. Multiple CrRLK1L-type receptor kinases prevent premature pollen tube burst, while another CrRLK1L protein, FERONIA (FER), is required for pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. We report here the identification of two additional CrRLK1L homologues, HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (HERK1) and ANJEA (ANJ), which act redundantly to promote pollen tube growth arrest at the synergid cells. HERK1 and ANJ localise to the filiform apparatus of the synergid cells in unfertilised ovules, and in herk1 anj mutants, a majority of ovules remain unfertilised due to pollen tube overgrowth, together indicating that HERK1 and ANJ act as female determinants for fertilisation. As in fer mutants, the synergid cell-specific, endomembrane protein NORTIA (NTA) is not relocalised after pollen tube reception; however, unlike fer mutants, reactive oxygen species levels are unaffected in herk1 anj double mutants. Both ANJ and HERK1 associate with FER and its proposed co-receptor LORELEI (LRE) in planta. Together, our data indicate that HERK1 and ANJ act with FER to mediate female-male gametophyte interactions during plant fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo‐Trigo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Plant PhysiologyZurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Eloise S Wells
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Plant PhysiologyZurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisa M Smith
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences and the Plant Production and Protection CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Moreira D, Pereira AM, Lopes AL, Coimbra S. The best CRISPR/Cas9 versus RNA interference approaches for Arabinogalactan proteins' study. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2315-2325. [PMID: 31950325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan Proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich proteins containing a high proportion of carbohydrates, widely spread in the plant kingdom. AGPs have been suggested to play important roles in plant development processes, especially in sexual plant reproduction. Nevertheless, the functions of a large number of these molecules, remains to be discovered. In this review, we discuss two revolutionary genetic techniques that are able to decode the roles of these glycoproteins in an easy and efficient way. The RNA interference is a frequently technique used in plant biology that promotes genes silencing. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), emerged a few years ago as a revolutionary genome-editing technique that has allowed null mutants to be obtained in a wide variety of organisms, including plants. The two techniques have some differences between them and depending on the research objective, these may work as advantage or disadvantage. In the present work, we propose the use of the two techniques to obtain AGP mutants easily and quickly, helping to unravel the role of AGPs, surely a great asset for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde - Requimte, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BioISI, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde - Requimte, Porto, Portugal.
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32
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Zhang MJ, Zhang XS, Gao XQ. ROS in the Male-Female Interactions During Pollination: Function and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32180782 PMCID: PMC7059789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The male-female interactions in pollination mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth and fertilization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from both male and female tissues play regulatory roles for the communication between the pollen/pollen tube and female tissues at various stages, such as pollen hydration and germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the pistil and pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. In this minireview, we primarily summarize the recent progress on the roles of ROS signaling in male-female interactions during pollination and discuss several ROS-regulated downstream signaling pathways for these interactions. Furthermore, several ROS-involved downstream pathways are outlined, such as Ca2+ signaling, cell wall cytomechanics, the redox modification of CRP, and cell PCD. At the end, we address the roles of ROS in pollen tube guidance and fertilization as future questions that merit study.
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33
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Zhong S, Wang Z, Qu LJ. Obtaining Mutant Pollen for Phenotypic Analysis and Pollen Tube Dual Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2160:181-190. [PMID: 32529436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0672-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutant phenotype observation is the most useful and important method to study which biological process a gene-of-interest is involved in. In flowering plants, excessive pollen grains land and germinate on the stigma, then pollen tubes grow through the transmitting tract to reach the ovules, eventually enter the micropyle to complete double fertilization. First, for mutants whose homozygotes could not be obtained due to pollen tube defects, it is difficult to observe the defect phenotype since the pollen grains of different genotypes are mixed together. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to pick out mutant pollen grains from the heterozygous mutant plants in Arabidopsis thaliana. By using this method, we could obtain sufficient mutant pollen grains for phenotypic analysis. Second, it is difficult to compare the pollen/pollen tube behavior of two different genotypes/species in vivo in a same pistil. Here, we develop a new dual staining method which combines GUS staining with aniline blue staining. By using this method, we can analyze the competence of the two different pollen tubes in the same pistil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,National Plant Gene Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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35
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Zhang Y, Showalter AM. CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology: A Valuable Tool for Understanding Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589517. [PMID: 33329650 PMCID: PMC7714752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For the past 5 years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has appeared in the molecular biology research spotlight. As a game-changing player in genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized animal research, including medical research and human gene therapy as well as plant science research, particularly for crop improvement. One of the most common applications of CRISPR/Cas9 is to generate genetic knock-out mutants. Recently, several multiplex genome editing approaches utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 were developed and applied in various aspects of plant research. Here we summarize these approaches as they relate to plants, particularly with respect to understanding the biosynthesis and function of the plant cell wall. The plant cell wall is a polysaccharide-rich cell structure that is vital to plant cell formation, growth, and development. Humans are heavily dependent on the byproducts of the plant cell wall such as shelter, food, clothes, and fuel. Genes involved in the assembly of the plant cell wall are often highly redundant. To identify these redundant genes, higher-order knock-out mutants need to be generated, which is conventionally done by genetic crossing. Compared with genetic crossing, CRISPR/Cas9 multi-gene targeting can greatly shorten the process of higher-order mutant generation and screening, which is especially useful to characterize cell wall related genes in plant species that require longer growth time. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 makes it possible to knock out genes when null T-DNA mutants are not available or are genetically linked. Because of these advantages, CRISPR/Cas9 is becoming an ideal and indispensable tool to perform functional studies in plant cell wall research. In this review, we provide perspectives on how to design CRISPR/Cas9 to achieve efficient gene editing and multi-gene targeting in plants. We also discuss the recent development of the virus-based CRISPR/Cas9 system and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to knock in genes. Lastly, we summarized current progress on using CRISPR/Cas9 for the characterization of plant cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Allan M. Showalter,
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36
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The Temperature-Dependent Retention of Introns in GPI8 Transcripts Contributes to a Drooping and Fragile Shoot Phenotype in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010299. [PMID: 31906256 PMCID: PMC6982220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) to the C-termini of proteins is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. GPI8/PIG-K is the catalytic subunit of the GPI transamidase complex catalyzing the transfer en bloc GPI to proteins. In this study, a T-DNA insertional mutant of rice with temperature-dependent drooping and fragile (df) shoots phenotype was isolated. The insertion site of the T-DNA fragment was 879 bp downstream of the stop codon of the OsGPI8 gene, which caused introns retention in the gene transcripts, especially at higher temperatures. A complementation test confirmed that this change in the OsGPI8 transcripts was responsible for the mutant phenotype. Compared to control plants, internodes of the df mutant showed a thinner shell with a reduced cell number in the transverse direction, and an inhomogeneous secondary wall layer in bundle sheath cells, while many sclerenchyma cells at the tops of the main veins of df leaves were shrunken and their walls were thinner. The df plants also displayed a major reduction in cellulose and lignin content in both culms and leaves. Our data indicate that GPI anchor proteins play important roles in biosynthesis and accumulation of cell wall material, cell shape, and cell division in rice.
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37
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Zhong S, Liu M, Wang Z, Huang Q, Hou S, Xu YC, Ge Z, Song Z, Huang J, Qiu X, Shi Y, Xiao J, Liu P, Guo YL, Dong J, Dresselhaus T, Gu H, Qu LJ. Cysteine-rich peptides promote interspecific genetic isolation in Arabidopsis. Science 2019; 364:364/6443/eaau9564. [PMID: 31147494 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau9564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation is a prerequisite for speciation. Failure of communication between female tissues of the pistil and paternal pollen tubes imposes hybridization barriers in flowering plants. Arabidopsis thaliana LURE1 (AtLURE1) peptides and their male receptor PRK6 aid attraction of the growing pollen tube to the ovule. Here, we report that the knockout of the entire AtLURE1 gene family did not affect fertility, indicating that AtLURE1-PRK6-mediated signaling is not required for successful fertilization within one Arabidopsis species. AtLURE1s instead function as pollen tube emergence accelerators that favor conspecific pollen over pollen from other species and thus promote reproductive isolation. We also identified maternal peptides XIUQIU1 to -4, which attract pollen tubes regardless of species. Cooperation between ovule attraction and pollen tube growth acceleration favors conspecific fertilization and promotes reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China. .,The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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38
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Vogler H, Santos-Fernandez G, Mecchia MA, Grossniklaus U. To preserve or to destroy, that is the question: the role of the cell wall integrity pathway in pollen tube growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:131-139. [PMID: 31648148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell-shape is defined by the cell wall, a complex network of polymers located outside the plasma membrane. During cell growth, cell wall properties have to be adjusted, assuring cell expansion without compromising cell integrity. Plasma membrane-located receptors sense cell wall properties, transducing extracellular signals into intracellular cascades through the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway that, in turn, leads to adjustments in the regulation and composition of the cell wall. Using pollen tube growth as a single celled model system, we describe the importance of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides as sensors of cell wall integrity. RALF peptides can mediate the communication between cell wall components and plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) of the CrRLK1L family. The subsequent activation of intracellular pathways regulates H+, Ca2+, and ROS levels in the cell and apoplast, thereby modulating cell wall integrity. Interestingly, the RALF-CrRLK1L module and some of the components working up- and downstream of the RLK is conserved in many other developmental and physiological signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Santos-Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Mecchia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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39
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Ge Z, Zhao Y, Liu MC, Zhou LZ, Wang L, Zhong S, Hou S, Jiang J, Liu T, Huang Q, Xiao J, Gu H, Wu HM, Dong J, Dresselhaus T, Cheung AY, Qu LJ. LLG2/3 Are Co-receptors in BUPS/ANX-RALF Signaling to Regulate Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Integrity. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3256-3265.e5. [PMID: 31564495 PMCID: PMC7179479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, two sperm cells are transported and delivered by the pollen tube to the ovule to achieve double fertilization. Extensive communication takes place between the pollen tube and the female tissues until the sperm cell cargo is ultimately released. During this process, a pollen tube surface-located receptor complex composed of ANXUR1/2 (ANX1/2) and Buddha's Paper Seal 1/2 (BUPS1/2) was reported to control the maintenance of pollen tube integrity by perceiving the autocrine peptide ligands rapid alkalinization factor 4 and 19 (RALF4/19). It was further hypothesized that pollen-tube rupture to release sperm is caused by the paracrine RALF34 peptide from the ovule interfering with this signaling pathway. In this study, we identified two Arabidopsis pollen-tube-expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), LORELEI-like-GPI-anchored protein 2 (LLG2) and LLG3, as co-receptors in the BUPS-ANX receptor complex. llg2 llg3 double mutants exhibit severe fertility defects. Mutant pollen tubes rupture early during the pollination process. Furthermore, LLG2 and LLG3 interact with ectodomains of both BUPSs and ANXURs, and this interaction is remarkably enhanced by the presence of RALF4/19 peptides. We further demonstrate that the N terminus (including a YISY motif) of the RALF4 peptide ligand interacts strongly with BUPS-ANX receptors but weakly with LLGs and is essential for its biological function, and its C-terminal region is sufficient for LLG binding. In conclusion, we propose that LLG2/3 serve as co-receptors during BUPS/ANX-RALF signaling and thereby further establish the importance of GPI-APs as key regulators in plant reproduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
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40
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Zhong S, Qu LJ. Peptide/receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling involved in male-female interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:7-14. [PMID: 30999163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, extensive male-female interactions during pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth and guidance in the transmitting tract, and pollen tube reception by the female gametophyte are required for successful double fertilization in which various signaling cascades are involved. Peptide/receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling has been found playing important roles in these male-female interactions. Here, we mainly summarized the progress made on the regulatory roles of peptide/receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling pathways in four critical stages during reproduction in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Ma T, Dong F, Luan D, Hu H, Zhao J. Gene expression and localization of arabinogalactan proteins during the development of anther, ovule, and embryo in rice. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:909-922. [PMID: 30675653 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hyperglycosylated members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily and are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. In Oryza sativa (rice), the gene expression and biological function of AGPs only have received minimal research attention. Here, we used qRT-PCR to detect the expression patterns of OsAGP genes in various organs, and found that six genes were preferentially expressed in panicles, three genes were specifically expressed in anthers, and one gene in the stigma. Furthermore, using four specific monoclonal antibodies (JIM8, JIM13, LM2, MAC207), we observed the distribution of AGPs in rice anthers, ovules, and embryos. In anthers, the strong fluorescence signals of AGPs were present in tapetum cells, pollen mother cells, and mature pollens, suggesting that AGPs might be related to the development of anther and pollen. In ovules, signals of AGPs were specifically distributed in the three micropylar megaspores of the tetrad, and with intense signals in the egg cell and synergid cells in the mature embryo sac. This suggests that AGPs may be involved in megaspore determination and double fertilization. In embryos, the immunological signals of AGPs appeared in peripheral and inner cells at the early stage, and in the scutellum, plumule, and radicle at the late stage, indicating that AGPs may be associated with organ differentiation and maturation of embryos. In this study, we revealed that AGPs were widely distributed in rice anthers, ovules, and embryos, which lays a foundation for the functional investigation of AGPs in various processes of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Die Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hengjin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Lopes AL, Moreira D, Ferreira MJ, Pereira AM, Coimbra S. Insights into secrets along the pollen tube pathway in need to be discovered. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2979-2992. [PMID: 30820535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant fertilization provides an outstanding example of refined control of gene expression. During this elegant process, subtle communication occurs between neighboring cells, based on chemical signals, that induces cellular mechanisms of patterning and growth. Having faced an immediate issue of self-incompatibility responses, the pathway to fertilization starts once the stigmatic cells recognize a compatible pollen grain, and it continues with numerous players interacting to affect pollen tube growth and the puzzling process of navigation along the transmitting tract. The pollen tube goes through a guidance process that begins with a preovular stage (i.e. prior to the influence of the target ovule), with interactions with factors from the transmitting tissue. In the subsequent ovular-guidance stage a specific relationship develops between the pollen tube and its target ovule. This stage is divided into the funicular and micropylar guidance steps, with numerous receptors working in signalling cascades. Finally, just after the pollen tube has passed beyond the synergids, fusion of the gametes occurs and the developing seed-the ultimate aim of the process-will start to mature. In this paper, we review the existing knowledge of the crucial biological processes involved in pollen-pistil interactions that give rise to the new seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute - BioISI, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre - GreenUPorto, Vairão, Portugal
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Johnson MA, Harper JF, Palanivelu R. A Fruitful Journey: Pollen Tube Navigation from Germination to Fertilization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:809-837. [PMID: 30822112 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo tip growth to deliver two nonmotile sperm to the ovule where they fuse with an egg and central cell to achieve double fertilization. This extended journey involves rapid growth and changes in gene activity that manage compatible interactions with at least seven different cell types. Nearly half of the genome is expressed in haploid pollen, which facilitates genetic analysis, even of essential genes. These unique attributes make pollen an ideal system with which to study plant cell-cell interactions, tip growth, cell migration, the modulation of cell wall integrity, and gene expression networks. We highlight the signaling systems required for pollen tube navigation and the potential roles of Ca2+ signals. The dynamics of pollen development make sexual reproduction highly sensitive to heat stress. Understanding this vulnerability may generate strategies to improve seed crop yields that are under threat from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA;
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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Ge Z, Cheung AY, Qu LJ. Pollen tube integrity regulation in flowering plants: insights from molecular assemblies on the pollen tube surface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:687-693. [PMID: 30556141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 687 I. Introduction 687 II. Pollen tube membrane-localized receptors coordinate cell integrity and sperm release 689 III. RALF peptides mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling 689 IV. ROS and ion channel signaling mediate intracellular response 690 V. Involvements from pollen tube cell wall components 690 VI. Concluding remarks 691 Acknowledgements 692 Author contributions 692 References 692 SUMMARY: Unlike in animals, sperm in flowering plants are immotile and they are embraced as passive cargoes by a pollen tube which embarks on a long journey in the pistil to deliver them to the female gametophyte for fertilization. How the pollen tube switches from a rapid polarized growth towards its target to an abrupt disintegration for sperm cell release inside the female gametophyte is puzzling. Recent studies have shown that members of the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor kinase family and their ligands, 5-kDa cysteine-rich peptide rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs), engage in an intricate balancing act involving autocrine and paracrine signaling to maintain pollen tube growth and induce timely tube rupture at the spatially confined pollen tube-female gametophyte interface. Here, we review recent progress related to pollen tube integrity control, mainly focusing on the molecular understanding of signaling as well as intracellular signaling nodes in Arabidopsis. Some missing links and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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Zhou LZ, Dresselhaus T. Friend or foe: Signaling mechanisms during double fertilization in flowering seed plants. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 131:453-496. [PMID: 30612627 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of double fertilization 120 years ago, the processes of pollen tube growth and guidance, sperm cell release inside the receptive synergid cell, as well as fusion of two sperm cells to the female gametes (egg and central cell) have been well documented in many flowering plants. Especially microscopic techniques, including live cell imaging, were used to visualize these processes. Molecular as well as genetic methods were applied to identify key players involved. However, compared to the first 11 decades since its discovery, the past decade has seen a tremendous advancement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating angiosperm fertilization. Whole signaling networks were elucidated including secreted ligands, corresponding receptors, intracellular interaction partners, and further downstream signaling events involved in the cross-talk between pollen tubes and their cargo with female reproductive cells. Biochemical and structural biological approaches are now increasingly contributing to our understanding of the different signaling processes required to distinguish between compatible and incompatible interaction partners. Here, we review the current knowledge about signaling mechanisms during above processes with a focus on the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays (maize). The analogy that many of the identified "reproductive signaling mechanisms" also act partly or fully in defense responses and/or cell death is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Zheng YY, Lin XJ, Liang HM, Wang FF, Chen LY. The Long Journey of Pollen Tube in the Pistil. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3529. [PMID: 30423936 PMCID: PMC6275014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-cleistogamous plants, the male gametophyte, the pollen grain is immotile and exploits various agents, such as pollinators, wind, and even water, to arrive to a receptive stigma. The complex process of pollination involves a tubular structure, i.e., the pollen tube, which delivers the two sperm cells to the female gametophyte to enable double fertilization. The pollen tube has to penetrate the stigma, grow in the style tissues, pass through the septum, grow along the funiculus, and navigate to the micropyle of the ovule. It is a long journey for the pollen tube and its two sperm cells before they meet the female gametophyte, and it requires very accurate regulation to perform successful fertilization. In this review, we update the knowledge of molecular dialogues of pollen-pistil interaction, especially the progress of pollen tube activation and guidance, and give perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xian-Ju Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hui-Min Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Fang-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Yeats TH, Bacic A, Johnson KL. Plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins at the plasma membrane-cell wall nexus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:649-669. [PMID: 29667761 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1% of plant proteins are predicted to be post-translationally modified with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that tethers the polypeptide to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Whereas the synthesis and structure of GPI anchors is largely conserved across eukaryotes, the repertoire of functional domains present in the GPI-anchored proteome has diverged substantially. In plants, this includes a large fraction of the GPI-anchored proteome being further modified with plant-specific arabinogalactan (AG) O-glycans. The importance of the GPI-anchored proteome to plant development is underscored by the fact that GPI biosynthetic null mutants exhibit embryo lethality. Mutations in genes encoding specific GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) further supports their contribution to diverse biological processes, occurring at the interface of the plasma membrane and cell wall, including signaling, cell wall metabolism, cell wall polymer cross-linking, and plasmodesmatal transport. Here, we review the literature concerning plant GPI-anchored proteins, in the context of their potential to act as molecular hubs that mediate interactions between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, and their potential to transduce the signal into the protoplast and, thereby, activate signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Yeats
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Luo S, Hu W, Wang Y, Liu B, Yan H, Xiang Y. Genome-wide identification, classification, and expression of phytocyanins in Populus trichocarpa. PLANTA 2018; 247:1133-1148. [PMID: 29383450 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
74 phytocyanin genes were identified in the Populus trichocarpa genome. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the PC proteins into four subfamilies (UCs, PLCs, SCs, and ENODLs). Closely related PC proteins share similar motifs, implying similar functions. Expression profiles of PtPC genes were analyzed in response to drought and salt-stress. Phytocyanins (PCs) are blue copper proteins associated with electron carrier activity that have a large influence on plant growth and resistance. The majority of PCs are chimeric arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). In this work, we identified 74 PC genes in Populus trichocarpa and analyzed them comprehensively. Based on the ligands composition of copper-binding sites, glycosylation state, the domain structure and spectral characteristics of PC genes, PCs were divided into four subfamilies [uclacyanins (UCs), plantacyanins (PLCs), stellacyanins (SCs) and early nodulin-like proteins (ENODLs)], and phylogenetic relationship analysis classified them into seven groups. All PtPCs are randomly distributed on 17 of the 19 poplar chromosomes, and they appear to have undergone expansion via segmental duplication. Eight PtPCs do not contain introns, and each group has a similar conserved motif structure. Promoter analysis revealed cis-elements related to growth, development and stress responses, and established orthology relationships of PCs between Arabidopsis and poplar by synteny analysis. Expression profile analysis and qRT-PCR analysis showed that PtPCs were expressed widely in various tissues. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of PC genes expression in response to salt and drought stress revealed their stress-responses profiles. This work provides a theoretical basis for a further study of stress resistance mechanisms and the function of PC genes in poplar growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenfang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Yan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Franck CM, Westermann J, Boisson-Dernier A. Plant Malectin-Like Receptor Kinases: From Cell Wall Integrity to Immunity and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:301-328. [PMID: 29539271 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls protecting them from a myriad of environmental challenges. For successful habitat adaptation, extracellular cues are perceived at the cell wall and relayed to downstream signaling constituents to mediate dynamic cell wall remodeling and adapted intracellular responses. Plant malectin-like receptor kinases, also known as Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like proteins (CrRLK1Ls), take part in these perception and relay processes. CrRLK1Ls are involved in many different plant functions. Their ligands, interactors, and downstream signaling partners are being unraveled, and studies about CrRLK1Ls' roles in plant species other than the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana are beginning to flourish. This review focuses on recent CrRLK1L-related advances in cell growth, reproduction, hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, and, particularly, immunity. We also give an overview of the comparative genomics and evolution of CrRLK1Ls, and present a brief outlook for future research.
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