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Light prevents pathogen-induced aqueous microenvironments via potentiation of salicylic acid signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:713. [PMID: 36759607 PMCID: PMC9911384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogens induce water-soaked lesions in infected tissues. In the case of Pseudomonas syringae (Pst), water-soaking effectors stimulate abscisic acid (ABA) production and signaling, resulting in stomatal closure. This reduces transpiration, increases water accumulation, and induces an apoplastic microenvironment favorable for bacterial growth. Stomata are sensitive to environmental conditions, including light. Here, we show that a period of darkness is required for water-soaking, and that a constant light regime abrogates stomatal closure by Pst. We find that constant light induces resistance to Pst, and that this effect requires salicylic acid (SA). Constant light did not alter effector-induced accumulation of ABA, but induced greater SA production, promoting stomatal opening despite the presence of ABA. Furthermore, application of a SA analog was sufficient to prevent pathogen-induced stomatal closure and water-soaking. Our results suggest potential approaches for interfering with a common virulence strategy, as well as providing a physiological mechanism by which SA functions in defense against pathogens.
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2
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Nidhi, Kumar P, Pathania D, Thakur S, Sharma M. Environment-mediated mutagenetic interference on genetic stabilization and circadian rhythm in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:358. [PMID: 35687153 PMCID: PMC11072124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many mortal organisms on this planet have developed the potential to merge all internal as well as external environmental cues to regulate various processes running inside organisms and in turn make them adaptive to the environment through the circadian clock. This moving rotator controls processes like activation of hormonal, metabolic, or defense pathways, initiation of flowering at an accurate period, and developmental processes in plants to ensure their stability in the environment. All these processes that are under the control of this rotating wheel can be changed either by external environmental factors or by an unpredictable phenomenon called mutation that can be generated by either physical mutagens, chemical mutagens, or by internal genetic interruption during metabolic processes, which alters normal functionality of organisms like innate immune responses, entrainment of the clock, biomass reduction, chlorophyll formation, and hormonal signaling, despite its fewer positive roles in plants like changing plant type, loss of vernalization treatment to make them survivable in different latitudes, and defense responses during stress. In addition, with mutation, overexpression of gene components sometimes supresses mutation effect and promote normal circadian genes abundance in the cell, while sometimes it affects circadian functionality by generating arrhythmicity and shows that not only mutation but overexpression also effects normal functional activities of plant. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the role of each circadian clock genes in regulating rhythmicity, and shows that how circadian outputs are controlled by mutations as well as overexpression phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharmshala, India
| | - Diksha Pathania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mamta Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173212, India.
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3
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Rijo-Ferreira F, Takahashi JS. Circadian rhythms in infectious diseases and symbiosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 126:37-44. [PMID: 34625370 PMCID: PMC9183220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Timing is everything. Many organisms across the tree of life have evolved timekeeping mechanisms that regulate numerous of their cellular functions to optimize timing by anticipating changes in the environment. The specific environmental changes that are sensed depends on the organism. For animals, plants, and free-living microbes, environmental cues include light/dark cycles, daily temperature fluctuations, among others. In contrast, for a microbe that is never free-living, its rhythmic environment is its host's rhythmic biology. Here, we describe recent research on the interactions between hosts and microbes, from the perspective both of symbiosis as well as infections. In addition to describing the biology of the microbes, we focus specifically on how circadian clocks modulate these host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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4
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Evaluating the Effects of the Circadian Clock and Time of Day on Plant Gravitropic Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:301-319. [PMID: 34647263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regular oscillations of an organism's physiology with a period of approximately 24 h. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, circadian rhythms regulate a suite of physiological processes, including transcription, photosynthesis, growth, and flowering. The circadian clock and external rhythmic factors have extensive control of the underlying biochemistry and physiology. Therefore, it is critical to consider the time of day when performing gravitropism experiments, even if the circadian clock is not a focus of study. We describe the critical factors and methods to be considered and methods to investigate the possible circadian regulation of gravitropic responses.
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5
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Sorkin ML, Nusinow DA. Time Will Tell: Intercellular Communication in the Plant Clock. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:706-719. [PMID: 33468432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms have evolved local and long-distance signaling mechanisms to synchronize development and response to stimuli among a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs. Biological timekeeping is one such activity that is suggested to be coordinated within an organism to anticipate and respond to daily and seasonal patterns in the environment. New research into the plant clock suggests circadian rhythms are communicated between cells and across long distances. However, further clarity is required on the nature of the signaling molecules and the mechanisms underlying signal translocation. Here we summarize the roles and properties of tissue-specific circadian rhythms, discuss the evidence for local and long-distance clock communication, and evaluate the potential signaling molecules and transport mechanisms involved in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sorkin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Plant Defence Mechanisms Are Modulated by the Circadian System. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120454. [PMID: 33317013 PMCID: PMC7763185 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The circadian clock is an endogenous time keeping mechanism found in living organisms and their respective pathogens. Numerous studies demonstrate that rhythms generated by this internal biological oscillator regulate and modulate most of the physiological, developmental, and biochemical processes of plants. Importantly, plant defence responses have also been shown to be modulated by the host circadian clock and vice versa. In this review we discuss the current understanding of the interactions between plant immunity and the circadian system. We also describe the possibility of pathogens directly or indirectly influencing plants’ circadian rhythms and suggest that these interactions could help us devise better disease management strategies for plants. Our review raises further research questions and we conclude that experimentation should be completed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying interactions between plant defence and the circadian system. Abstract Plant health is an important aspect of food security, with pathogens, pests, and herbivores all contributing to yield losses in crops. Plants’ defence against pathogens is complex and utilises several metabolic processes, including the circadian system, to coordinate their response. In this review, we examine how plants’ circadian rhythms contribute to defence mechanisms, particularly in response to bacterial pathogen attack. Circadian rhythms contribute to many aspects of the plant–pathogen interaction, although significant gaps in our understanding remain to be explored. We conclude that if these relationships are explored further, better disease management strategies could be revealed.
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7
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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8
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de Leone MJ, Hernando CE, Mora-García S, Yanovsky MJ. It's a matter of time: the role of transcriptional regulation in the circadian clock-pathogen crosstalk in plants. Transcription 2020; 11:100-116. [PMID: 32936724 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2020.1820300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most living organisms possess an internal timekeeping mechanism known as the circadian clock, which enhances fitness by synchronizing the internal timing of biological processes with diurnal and seasonal environmental changes. In plants, the pace of these biological rhythms relies on oscillations in the expression level of hundreds of genes tightly controlled by a group of core clock regulators and co-regulators that engage in transcriptional and translational feedback loops. In the last decade, the role of several core clock genes in the control of defense responses has been addressed, and a growing amount of evidence demonstrates that circadian regulation is relevant for plant immunity. A reciprocal connection between these pathways was also established following the observation that in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as in crop species like tomato, plant-pathogen interactions trigger a reconfiguration of the circadian transcriptional network. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction between the circadian clock and biotic stress responses at the transcriptional level, and discuss the relevance of this crosstalk in the plant-pathogen evolutionary arms race. A better understanding of these processes could aid in the development of genetic tools that improve traditional breeding practices, enhancing tolerance to plant diseases that threaten crop yield and food security all around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José de Leone
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Mora-García
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Yanovsky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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MacKinnon KJM, Cole BJ, Yu C, Coomey JH, Hartwick NT, Remigereau MS, Duffy T, Michael TP, Kay SA, Hazen SP. Changes in ambient temperature are the prevailing cue in determining Brachypodium distachyon diurnal gene regulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1709-1724. [PMID: 32112414 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to diurnal fluctuations in light and temperature, and spontaneous changes in their physical or biotic environment. The circadian clock coordinates regulation of gene expression with a 24 h period, enabling the anticipation of these events. We used RNA sequencing to characterize the Brachypodium distachyon transcriptome under light and temperature cycles, as well as under constant conditions. Approximately 3% of the transcriptome was regulated by the circadian clock, a smaller proportion than reported in most other species. For most transcripts that were rhythmic under all conditions, including many known clock genes, the period of gene expression lengthened from 24 to 27 h in the absence of external cues. To functionally characterize the cyclic transcriptome in B. distachyon, we used Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, and found several terms significantly associated with peak expression at particular times of the day. Furthermore, we identified sequence motifs enriched in the promoters of similarly phased genes, some potentially associated with transcription factors. When considering the overlap in rhythmic gene expression and specific pathway behavior, thermocycles was the prevailing cue that controlled diurnal gene regulation. Taken together, our characterization of the rhythmic B. distachyon transcriptome represents a foundational resource with implications in other grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J-M MacKinnon
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin J Cole
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Joshua H Coomey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | | | - Marie-Stanislas Remigereau
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tomás Duffy
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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10
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Coronatine is more potent than jasmonates in regulating Arabidopsis circadian clock. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12862. [PMID: 32732994 PMCID: PMC7393363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies establish a crucial role of the circadian clock in regulating plant defense against pathogens. Whether pathogens modulate host circadian clock as a potential strategy to suppress host innate immunity is not well understood. Coronatine is a toxin produced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae that is known to counteract Arabidopsis defense through mimicking defense signaling molecules, jasmonates (JAs). We report here that COR preferentially suppresses expression of clock-related genes in high throughput gene expression studies, compared with the plant-derived JA molecule methyl jasmonate (MJ). COR treatment dampens the amplitude and lengthens the period of all four reporters tested while MJ and another JA agonist JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) only affect some reporters. COR, MJ, and JA-Ile act through the canonical JA receptor COI1 in clock regulation. These data support a stronger role of the pathogen-derived molecule COR than plant-derived JA molecules in regulating Arabidopsis clock. Further study shall reveal mechanisms underlying COR regulation of host circadian clock.
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11
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Philippou K, Davis AM, Davis SJ, Sánchez-Villarreal A. Chemical Perturbation of Chloroplast-Related Processes Affects Circadian Rhythms of Gene Expression in Arabidopsis: Salicylic Acid Application Can Entrain the Clock. Front Physiol 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 32625102 PMCID: PMC7314985 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant circadian system reciprocally interacts with metabolic processes. To investigate entrainment features in metabolic–circadian interactions, we used a chemical approach to perturb metabolism and monitored the pace of nuclear-driven circadian oscillations. We found that chemicals that alter chloroplast-related functions modified the circadian rhythms. Both vitamin C and paraquat altered the circadian period in a light-quality-dependent manner, whereas rifampicin lengthened the circadian period under darkness. Salicylic acid (SA) increased oscillatory robustness and shortened the period. The latter was attenuated by sucrose addition and was also gated, taking place during the first 3 h of the subjective day. Furthermore, the effect of SA on period length was dependent on light quality and genotype. Period lengthening or shortening by these chemicals was correlated to their inferred impact on photosynthetic electron transport activity and the redox state of plastoquinone (PQ). Based on these data and on previous publications on circadian effects that alter the redox state of PQ, we propose that the photosynthetic electron transport and the redox state of PQ participate in circadian periodicity. Moreover, coupling between chloroplast-derived signals and nuclear oscillations, as observed in our chemical and genetic assays, produces traits that are predicted by previous models. SA signaling or a related process forms a rhythmic input loop to drive robust nuclear oscillations in the context predicted by the zeitnehmer model, which was previously developed for Neurospora. We further discuss the possibility that electron transport chains (ETCs) are part of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koumis Philippou
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amanda M Davis
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Seth J Davis
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Alfredo Sánchez-Villarreal
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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12
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de Leone MJ, Hernando CE, Romanowski A, Careno DA, Soverna AF, Sun H, Bologna NG, Vázquez M, Schneeberger K, Yanovsky MJ. Bacterial Infection Disrupts Clock Gene Expression to Attenuate Immune Responses. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1740-1747.e6. [PMID: 32220315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock modulates immune responses in plants and animals; however, it is unclear how host-pathogen interactions affect the clock. Here we analyzed clock function in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with defective immune responses and found that enhanced disease susceptibility 4 (eds4) displays alterations in several circadian rhythms. Mapping by sequencing revealed that EDS4 encodes the ortholog of NUCLEOPORIN 205, a core component of the inner ring of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Consistent with the idea that the NPC specifically modulates clock function, we found a strong enrichment in core clock genes, as well as an increased nuclear to total mRNA accumulation, among genes that were differentially expressed in eds4 mutants. Interestingly, infection with Pseudomonas syringae in wild-type (WT) plants downregulated the expression of several morning core clock genes as early as 1 h post-infection, including all members of the NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED (LNK) gene family, and this effect was attenuated in eds4. Furthermore, lnk mutants were more susceptible than the WT to P. syringae infection. These results indicate that bacterial infection, acting in part through the NPC, alters core clock gene expression and/or mRNA accumulation in a way that favors bacterial growth and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José de Leone
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Romanowski
- Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Daniel A Careno
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Faigón Soverna
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hequan Sun
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Nicolás G Bologna
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Martín Vázquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), CONICET, S2000EZP Rosario, Argentina
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Marcelo J Yanovsky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Hearn TJ, Webb AAR. Recent advances in understanding regulation of the Arabidopsis circadian clock by local cellular environment. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32047621 PMCID: PMC6993837 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21307.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks have evolved to synchronise an organism’s physiology with the environmental rhythms driven by the Earth’s rotation on its axis. Over the past two decades, many of the genetic components of the
Arabidopsis thaliana circadian oscillator have been identified. The interactions between these components have been formulized into mathematical models that describe the transcriptional translational feedback loops of the oscillator. More recently, focus has turned to the regulation and functions of the circadian clock. These studies have shown that the system dynamically responds to environmental signals and small molecules. We describe advances that have been made in discovering the cellular mechanisms by which signals regulate the circadian oscillator of Arabidopsis in the context of tissue-specific regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hearn
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.,Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Rockefeller Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DE, UK.,Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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14
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Abstract
In the past four decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding how plants respond to microbial colonization and how microbial pathogens and symbionts reprogram plant cellular processes. In contrast, our knowledge of how environmental conditions impact plant-microbe interactions is less understood at the mechanistic level, as most molecular studies are performed under simple and static laboratory conditions. In this review, we highlight research that begins to shed light on the mechanisms by which environmental conditions influence diverse plant-pathogen, plant-symbiont, and plant-microbiota interactions. There is a great need to increase efforts in this important area of research in order to reach a systems-level understanding of plant-microbe interactions that are more reflective of what occurs in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ti Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Li Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilient Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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15
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Timmermann T, Poupin MJ, Vega A, Urrutia C, Ruz GA, González B. Gene networks underlying the early regulation of Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221358. [PMID: 31437216 PMCID: PMC6705864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense responses to biotic stresses are complex biological processes, all governed by sophisticated molecular regulations. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is one of these defense mechanisms where beneficial bacteria or fungi prime plants to resist pathogens or pest attacks. In ISR, the defense arsenal in plants remains dormant and it is only triggered by an infection, allowing a better allocation of plant resources. Our group recently described that the well-known beneficial bacterium Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is able to induce Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 through ISR, and that ethylene, jasmonate and salicylic acid are involved in this protection. Nevertheless, the molecular networks governing this beneficial interaction remain unknown. To tackle this issue, we analyzed the temporal changes in the transcriptome of PsJN-inoculated plants before and after being infected with Pst DC3000. These data were used to perform a gene network analysis to identify highly connected transcription factors. Before the pathogen challenge, the strain PsJN regulated 405 genes (corresponding to 1.8% of the analyzed genome). PsJN-inoculated plants presented a faster and stronger transcriptional response at 1-hour post infection (hpi) compared with the non-inoculated plants, which presented the highest transcriptional changes at 24 hpi. A principal component analysis showed that PsJN-induced plant responses to the pathogen could be differentiated from those induced by the pathogen itself. Forty-eight transcription factors were regulated by PsJN at 1 hpi, and a system biology analysis revealed a network with four clusters. Within these clusters LHY, WRKY28, MYB31 and RRTF1 are highly connected transcription factors, which could act as hub regulators in this interaction. Concordantly with our previous results, these clusters are related to jasmonate, ethylene, salicylic, acid and ROS pathways. These results indicate that a rapid and specific response of PsJN-inoculated plants to the virulent DC3000 strain could be the pivotal element in the protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Timmermann
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Josefina Poupin
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vega
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Ruz
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardo González
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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16
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Dutton C, Hõrak H, Hepworth C, Mitchell A, Ton J, Hunt L, Gray JE. Bacterial infection systemically suppresses stomatal density. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2411-2421. [PMID: 31042812 PMCID: PMC6771828 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens gain entry to their host via stomata. On sensing attack, plants close these pores to restrict pathogen entry. Here, we show that plants exhibit a second longer term stomatal response to pathogens. Following infection, the subsequent development of leaves is altered via a systemic signal. This reduces the density of stomata formed, thus providing fewer entry points for pathogens on new leaves. Arabidopsis thaliana leaves produced after infection by a bacterial pathogen that infects through the stomata (Pseudomonas syringae) developed larger epidermal pavement cells and stomata and consequently had up to 20% reductions in stomatal density. The bacterial peptide flg22 or the phytohormone salicylic acid induced similar systemic reductions in stomatal density suggesting that they might mediate this effect. In addition, flagellin receptors, salicylic acid accumulation, and the lipid transfer protein AZI1 were all required for this developmental response. Furthermore, manipulation of stomatal density affected the level of bacterial colonization, and plants with reduced stomatal density showed slower disease progression. We propose that following infection, development of new leaves is altered by a signalling pathway with some commonalities to systemic acquired resistance. This acts to reduce the potential for future infection by providing fewer stomatal openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dutton
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable FuturesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Alice Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Lee Hunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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17
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Host circadian rhythms are disrupted during malaria infection in parasite genotype-specific manners. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10905. [PMID: 31358780 PMCID: PMC6662749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection can dramatically alter behavioural and physiological traits as hosts become sick and subsequently return to health. Such “sickness behaviours” include disrupted circadian rhythms in both locomotor activity and body temperature. Host sickness behaviours vary in pathogen species-specific manners but the influence of pathogen intraspecific variation is rarely studied. We examine how infection with the murine malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi, shapes sickness in terms of parasite genotype-specific effects on host circadian rhythms. We reveal that circadian rhythms in host locomotor activity patterns and body temperature become differentially disrupted and in parasite genotype-specific manners. Locomotor activity and body temperature in combination provide more sensitive measures of health than commonly used virulence metrics for malaria (e.g. anaemia). Moreover, patterns of host disruption cannot be explained simply by variation in replication rate across parasite genotypes or the severity of anaemia each parasite genotype causes. It is well known that disruption to circadian rhythms is associated with non-infectious diseases, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Our results reveal that disruption of host circadian rhythms is a genetically variable virulence trait of pathogens with implications for host health and disease tolerance.
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18
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Zhang C, Gao M, Seitz NC, Angel W, Hallworth A, Wiratan L, Darwish O, Alkharouf N, Dawit T, Lin D, Egoshi R, Wang X, McClung CR, Lu H. LUX ARRHYTHMO mediates crosstalk between the circadian clock and defense in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 31186426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10485-10486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is known to regulate plant innate immunity but the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains largely unclear. We show here that mutations in the core clock component LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) disrupt circadian regulation of stomata under free running and Pseudomonas syringae challenge conditions as well as defense signaling mediated by SA and JA, leading to compromised disease resistance. RNA-seq analysis reveals that both clock- and defense-related genes are regulated by LUX. LUX binds to clock gene promoters that have not been shown before, expanding the clock gene networks that require LUX function. LUX also binds to the promoters of EDS1 and JAZ5, likely acting through these genes to affect SA- and JA-signaling. We further show that JA signaling reciprocally affects clock activity. Thus, our data support crosstalk between the circadian clock and plant innate immunity and imply an important role of LUX in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Nicholas C Seitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - William Angel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Amelia Hallworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Linda Wiratan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Omar Darwish
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Nadim Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Teklu Dawit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Daniela Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Riki Egoshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - C Robertson McClung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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19
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Zhang C, Gao M, Seitz NC, Angel W, Hallworth A, Wiratan L, Darwish O, Alkharouf N, Dawit T, Lin D, Egoshi R, Wang X, McClung CR, Lu H. LUX ARRHYTHMO mediates crosstalk between the circadian clock and defense in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2543. [PMID: 31186426 PMCID: PMC6560066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is known to regulate plant innate immunity but the underlying mechanism of this regulation remains largely unclear. We show here that mutations in the core clock component LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) disrupt circadian regulation of stomata under free running and Pseudomonassyringae challenge conditions as well as defense signaling mediated by SA and JA, leading to compromised disease resistance. RNA-seq analysis reveals that both clock- and defense-related genes are regulated by LUX. LUX binds to clock gene promoters that have not been shown before, expanding the clock gene networks that require LUX function. LUX also binds to the promoters of EDS1 and JAZ5, likely acting through these genes to affect SA- and JA-signaling. We further show that JA signaling reciprocally affects clock activity. Thus, our data support crosstalk between the circadian clock and plant innate immunity and imply an important role of LUX in this process. Circadian control of plant defence likely reflects plants’ ability to coordinate development and defense. Here, Zhang et al. show that LUX regulates stomatal defense and SA/JA signaling, leading to broad-spectrum disease resistance, and that JA signaling can, in turn, regulate clock activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.,Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Nicholas C Seitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - William Angel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Amelia Hallworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Linda Wiratan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Omar Darwish
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Nadim Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Teklu Dawit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Daniela Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Riki Egoshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - C Robertson McClung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms in transcription ultimately result in oscillations of key biological processes. Understanding how transcriptional rhythms are generated in plants provides an opportunity for fine-tuning growth, development, and responses to the environment. Here, we present a succinct description of the plant circadian clock, briefly reviewing a number of recent studies but mostly emphasizing the components and mechanisms connecting chromatin remodeling with transcriptional regulation by the clock. The possibility that intergenomic interactions govern hybrid vigor through epigenetic changes at clock loci and the function of epialleles controlling clock output traits during crop domestication are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Paloma Mas
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consortium CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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NPR1 and Redox Rhythmx: Connections, between Circadian Clock and Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051211. [PMID: 30857376 PMCID: PMC6429127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock in plants synchronizes biological processes that display cyclic 24-h oscillation based on metabolic and physiological reactions. This clock is a precise timekeeping system, that helps anticipate diurnal changes; e.g., expression levels of clock-related genes move in synchrony with changes in pathogen infection and help prepare appropriate defense responses in advance. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone and immune signal involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-mediated defense responses. SA signaling induces cellular redox changes, and degradation and rhythmic nuclear translocation of the non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) protein. Recent studies demonstrate the ability of the circadian clock to predict various potential attackers, and of redox signaling to determine appropriate defense against pathogen infection. Interaction of the circadian clock with redox rhythm promotes the balance between immunity and growth. We review here a variety of recent evidence for the intricate relationship between circadian clock and plant immune response, with a focus on the roles of redox rhythm and NPR1 in the circadian clock and plant immunity.
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Schwachtje J, Whitcomb SJ, Firmino AAP, Zuther E, Hincha DK, Kopka J. Induced, Imprinted, and Primed Responses to Changing Environments: Does Metabolism Store and Process Information? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:106. [PMID: 30815006 PMCID: PMC6381073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is the system layer that determines growth by the rate of matter uptake and conversion into biomass. The scaffold of enzymatic reaction rates drives the metabolic network in a given physico-chemical environment. In response to the diverse environmental stresses, plants have evolved the capability of integrating macro- and micro-environmental events to be prepared, i.e., to be primed for upcoming environmental challenges. The hierarchical view on stress signaling, where metabolites are seen as final downstream products, has recently been complemented by findings that metabolites themselves function as stress signals. We present a systematic concept of metabolic responses that are induced by environmental stresses and persist in the plant system. Such metabolic imprints may prime metabolic responses of plants for subsequent environmental stresses. We describe response types with examples of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses and suggest that plants use metabolic imprints, the metabolic changes that last beyond recovery from stress events, and priming, the imprints that function to prepare for upcoming stresses, to integrate diverse environmental stress histories. As a consequence, even genetically identical plants should be studied and understood as phenotypically plastic organisms that continuously adjust their metabolic state in response to their individually experienced local environment. To explore the occurrence and to unravel functions of metabolic imprints, we encourage researchers to extend stress studies by including detailed metabolic and stress response monitoring into extended recovery phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schwachtje
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Applied Metabolome Analysis, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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23
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SNF1-Related Protein Kinases SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 Modulate ROS Homeostasis in Plant Response to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010143. [PMID: 30609769 PMCID: PMC6337402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to salinity and various other environmental stresses, plants accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS produced at very early stages of the stress response act as signaling molecules activating defense mechanisms, whereas those produced at later stages in an uncontrolled way are detrimental to plant cells by damaging lipids, DNA, and proteins. Multiple systems are involved in ROS generation and also in ROS scavenging. Their level and activity are tightly controlled to ensure ROS homeostasis and protect the plant against the negative effects of the environment. The signaling pathways responsible for maintaining ROS homeostasis in abiotic stress conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, two abscisic acid- (ABA)-non-activated SNF1-releted protein kinases 2 (SnRK2) kinases, SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, are involved in the regulation of ROS homeostasis in response to salinity. They regulate the expression of several genes responsible for ROS generation at early stages of the stress response as well as those responsible for their removal. Moreover, the SnRK2.4 regulate catalase levels and its activity and the level of ascorbate in seedlings exposed to salt stress.
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24
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VanHook AM. Infection alters circadian rhythm. Sci Signal 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The response to bacterial infection alters the circadian rhythm of
Arabidopsis thaliana
.
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