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Karim HT, Lee S, Gerlach A, Stinley M, Berta R, Mahbubani R, Tudorascu DL, Butters MA, Gross JJ, Andreescu C. Hippocampal subfield volume in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment: Effects of worry and cognitive reappraisal. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:55-65. [PMID: 38823204 PMCID: PMC11246796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed that anxiety, especially worry and rumination, are associated with increased risk for cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Hippocampal atrophy is a hallmark of ADRD. We investigated the association between hippocampus and its subfield volumes and late-life global anxiety, worry, and rumination, and emotion regulation strategies. We recruited 110 participants with varying worry severity who underwent magnetic resonance imaging and clinical interviews. We conducted cross-sectional regression analysis between each subfield and anxiety, worry, rumination, reappraisal, and suppression while adjusting for age, sex, race, education, cumulative illness burden, stress, neuroticism, and intracranial volume. We imputed missing data and corrected for multiple comparisons across regions. Greater worry was associated with smaller subiculum volume, whereas greater use of reappraisal was associated with larger subiculum and CA1 volume. Greater worry may be detrimental to the hippocampus and to subfields involved in early ADRD pathology. Use of reappraisal appears protective of hippocampal structure. Worry and reappraisal may be modifiable targets for ADRD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Gerlach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark Stinley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Mahbubani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dana L Tudorascu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meryl A Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Carmen Andreescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Ren Z, Xiao L, Xie Y, Huang Z, Lin S, Si L, Wang G. Effects of testosterone dose on depression-like behavior among castrated adult male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 165:107046. [PMID: 38626557 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has shown a decrease in serum testosterone levels in male patients with depression. In recent years, the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) to improve depression have been mixed. Using the classic CUMS model, we induced depressive-like behaviors in rats and observed a decrease in their serum testosterone levels along with an increase in androgen receptor expression in the hippocampus. We then performed castration and sham surgery on male rats and found that testosterone deprivation led to the manifestation of depressive-like behavior that could be ameliorated by TRT. Through a repeated measures experiment consisting of five blocks over a period of 25 days, we discovered that the reduction in depressive-like behavior in testosterone-deprived rats began 22 days after drug administration (0.5 and 0.25 mg/rat). Furthermore, rats in 0.5mgT group showed the most significant improvements. Subsequently, this dose was used in CUMS rats and reduced the occurrence of depressive-like behaviors. Our study has demonstrated the complex interplay between depression and testosterone, as well as the intricate dose-response relationship between TRT and reduction in depression. Our research supports the use of TRT to alleviate depression, but dosage and duration of treatment are critical factors in determining efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujia Si
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China; Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China; Taikang center for life and medical sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yan H, Yu H, Zhang D, Mattay VS, Tan HY, Yue W. Childhood urbanicity is associated with emotional episodic memory-related striatal function and common variation in NTRK2. BMC Med 2024; 22:146. [PMID: 38561734 PMCID: PMC10986069 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhoods in urban or rural environments may differentially affect the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, possibly through memory processing and neural response to emotional stimuli. Genetic factors may not only influence individuals' choices of residence but also modulate how the living environment affects responses to episodic memory. METHODS We investigated the effects of childhood urbanicity on episodic memory in 410 adults (discovery sample) and 72 adults (replication sample) with comparable socioeconomic statuses in Beijing, China, distinguishing between those with rural backgrounds (resided in rural areas before age 12 and relocated to urban areas at or after age 12) and urban backgrounds (resided in cities before age 12). We examined the effect of childhood urbanicity on brain function across encoding and retrieval sessions using an fMRI episodic memory paradigm involving the processing of neutral or aversive pictures. Moreover, genetic association analyses were conducted to understand the potential genetic underpinnings that might contribute to memory processing and neural mechanisms influenced by early-life urban or rural environments. RESULTS Episodic memory retrieval accuracy for more difficult neutral stimuli was similar between those with urban and rural childhoods, whereas aversive stimuli elicited higher retrieval accuracy in the urban group (P = 0.023). For aversive stimuli, subjects with urban childhood had relatively decreased engagement of the striatum at encoding and decreased engagement of the hippocampus at retrieval. This more efficient striatal encoding of aversive stimuli in those with urban childhoods was associated with common variation in neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (NTRK2) (right striatum: P = 1.58×10-6). These findings were confirmed in the replication sample. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that this differential striatal processing of aversive stimuli observed in individuals with urban or rural childhoods may represent mechanisms by which childhood urbanicity may affect brain circuits, heightening behavioral responses to negative stressors associated with urban environments. NTRK2-associated neural processes in the striatum may play a role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, 51 Huayuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yuyanan Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, 51 Huayuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, 51 Huayuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, 51 Huayuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Yang Tan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, 51 Huayuanbei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research of Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Ji Y, Pearlson G, Bustillo J, Kochunov P, Turner JA, Jiang R, Shao W, Zhang X, Fu Z, Li K, Liu Z, Xu X, Zhang D, Qi S, Calhoun VD. Identifying psychosis subtypes use individualized covariance structural differential networks and multi-site clustering. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:130-139. [PMID: 38128344 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarities among schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SAD) and bipolar disorder (BP) including clinical phenotypes, brain alterations and risk genes, make it challenging to perform reliable separation among them. However, previous subtype identification that transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries were based on group-level neuroimaging features, ignoring individual-level inferences. METHODS 455 psychoses (178 SZs, 134 SADs and 143 BPs), their first-degree relatives (N = 453) and healthy controls (HCs, N = 220) were collected from Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP I) consortium. Individualized covariance structural differential networks (ICSDNs) were constructed for each patient and multi-site clustering was used to identify psychosis subtypes. Group differences between subtypes in clinical phenotypes and voxel-wise fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) were calculated, as well as between the corresponding relatives. RESULTS Two psychosis subtypes were identified with increased whole brain structural covariance, with decreased connectivity between amygdala-hippocampus and temporal-occipital cortex in subtype I (S-I) compared to subtype II (S-II), which was replicated under different clustering methods, number of edges and across datasets (B-SNIP II) and different brain atlases. S-I had higher emotional-related symptoms than S-II and showed significant fALFF decrease in temporal and occipital cortex, while S-II was more similar to HC. This pattern was consistently validated on relatives of S-I and S-II in both fALFF and clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings reconcile categorical and dimensional perspectives of psychosis neurobiological heterogeneity, indicating that relatives of S-I might have greater predisposition in developing psychosis, while relatives of S-II are more likely to be healthy. This study contributes to the development of neuroimaging informed diagnostic classifications within psychosis spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ji
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rongtao Jiang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zening Fu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaicheng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Liu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xijia Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daoqiang Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shile Qi
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lv S, Zhang G, Huang Y, Zhong X, Yi Y, Lu Y, Li J, Ma Y, Teng J. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: pharmacological mechanisms of antidepressant active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1307746. [PMID: 38152691 PMCID: PMC10751940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is characterized by prominent indicators and manifestations, such as anhedonia, which refers to the inability to experience pleasure, and persistent feelings of hopelessness. In clinical practice, the primary treatment approach involves the utilization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that these agents are associated with significant adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adopts a multifaceted approach, targeting diverse components, multiple targets, and various channels of action. TCM has potential antidepressant effects. Anomalies in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) constitute a pivotal factor in the pathology of depression, with the regulation of AHN emerging as a potential key measure to intervene in the pathogenesis and progression of this condition. This comprehensive review presented an overview of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of active ingredients found in TCM. Through examination of recent studies, we explored how these ingredients modulated AHN. Furthermore, we critically assessed the current limitations of research in this domain and proposed novel strategies for preclinical investigation and clinical applications in the treatment of depression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunhao Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Pronier É, Morici JF, Girardeau G. The role of the hippocampus in the consolidation of emotional memories during sleep. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:912-925. [PMID: 37714808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus, a heterogeneous brain region with distinct functions. Spatial representations in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) are crucial for contextual memory, while the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) is more involved in emotional processing. Here, we review the literature in rodents highlighting the anatomical and functional properties of the hippocampus along its dorsoventral axis that underlie its role in contextual and emotional memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. We propose that the coordination between the dorsal and vHPC through theta oscillations during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and through sharp-wave ripples during non-REM (NREM) sleep, might facilitate the transfer of contextual information for integration with valence-related processing in other structures of the network. Further investigation into the physiology of the vHPC and its connections with other brain areas is needed to deepen the current understanding of emotional memory consolidation during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éléonore Pronier
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Inserm U1270, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Schoenfeld TJ, Rhee D, Smith JA, Padmanaban V, Brockett AT, Jacobs HN, Cameron HA. Rewarded Maze Training Increases Approach Behavior in Rats Through Neurogenesis-Dependent Growth of Ventral Hippocampus-Prelimbic Circuits. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:725-733. [PMID: 37881563 PMCID: PMC10593943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Learning complex navigation routes increases hippocampal volume in humans, but it is not clear whether this growth impacts behaviors outside the learning situation or what cellular mechanisms are involved. Methods We trained rats with pharmacogenetic suppression of adult neurogenesis and littermate controls in 3 mazes over 3 weeks and tested novelty approach behavior several days after maze exposure. We then measured hippocampus and prelimbic cortex volumes using magnetic resonance imaging and assessed neuronal and astrocyte morphology. Finally, we investigated the activation and behavioral role of the ventral CA1 (vCA1)-to-prelimbic pathway using immediate-early genes and DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). Results Maze training led to volume increase of both the vCA1 region of the hippocampus and the prelimbic region of the neocortex compared with rats that followed fixed paths. Growth was also apparent in individual neurons and astrocytes in these 2 regions, and behavioral testing showed increased novelty approach in maze-trained rats in 2 different tests. Suppressing adult neurogenesis prevented the effects on structure and approach behavior after maze training without affecting maze learning itself. The vCA1 neurons projecting to the prelimbic area were more activated by novelty in maze-trained animals, and suppression of this pathway decreased approach behavior. Conclusions Rewarded navigational learning experiences induce volumetric and morphologic growth in the vCA1 and prelimbic cortex and enhance activation of the circuit connecting these 2 regions. Both the structural and behavioral effects of maze training require ongoing adult neurogenesis, suggesting a role for new neurons in experience-driven increases in novelty exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Schoenfeld
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Psychological Science and Neuroscience, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Diane Rhee
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jesse A. Smith
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Varun Padmanaban
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam T. Brockett
- Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Hannah N. Jacobs
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather A. Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Lim SC, Fusi S, Hen R. Ventral CA1 Population Codes for Anxiety. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559358. [PMID: 37808689 PMCID: PMC10557595 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The ventral hippocampus is a critical node in the distributed brain network that controls anxiety. Using miniature microscopy and calcium imaging, we recorded ventral CA1 (vCA1) neurons in freely moving mice as they explored variants of classic behavioral assays for anxiety. Unsupervised behavioral segmentation revealed clusters of behavioral motifs that corresponded to exploratory and vigilance-like states. We discovered multiple vCA1 population codes that represented the anxiogenic features of the environment, such as bright light and openness, as well as the moment-to-moment anxiety state of the animals. These population codes possessed distinct generalization properties: neural representations of anxiogenic features were different for open field and elevated plus/zero maze tasks, while neural representations of moment-to-moment anxiety state were similar across both experimental contexts. Our results suggest that anxiety is not tied to the aversive compartments of these mazes but is rather defined by a behavioral state and its corresponding population code that generalizes across environments.
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Penn C, Mayilsamy K, Zhu XX, Bauer MA, Mohapatra SS, Frisina RD, Mohapatra S. A mouse model of repeated traumatic brain injury-induced hearing impairment: Early cochlear neurodegeneration in the absence of hair cell loss. Hear Res 2023; 436:108832. [PMID: 37364367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that even mild TBI injuries, which comprise >75% of all TBIs, can cause chronic post-concussive neurological symptoms, especially when experienced repetitively (rTBI). The most common post-concussive symptoms include auditory dysfunction in the form of hearing loss, tinnitus, or impaired auditory processing, which can occur even in the absence of direct damage to the auditory system at the time of injury. The mechanism by which indirect damage causes loss of auditory function is poorly understood, and treatment is currently limited to symptom management rather than preventative care. We reasoned that secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, may lead to damage of the inner ear and parts of the brain used for hearing after rTBI. Herein, we established a model of indirect damage to the auditory system induced by rTBI and characterized the pathology of hearing loss. METHODS We established a mouse model of rTBI in order to determine a timeline of auditory pathology following multiple mild injuries. Mice were subject to controlled cortical impact at the skull midline once every 48 h, for a total of 5 hits. Auditory function was assessed via the auditory brainstem response (ABR) at various timepoints post injury. Brain and cochleae were collected to establish a timeline of cellular pathology. RESULTS We observed increased ABR thresholds and decreased (ABR) P1 amplitudes in rTBI vs sham animals at 14 days post-impact (dpi). This effect persisted for up to 60 days (dpi). Auditory temporal processing was impaired beginning at 30 dpi. Spiral ganglion degeneration was evident at 14 dpi. No loss of hair cells was detected at this time, suggesting that neuronal loss is one of the earliest notable events in hearing loss caused by this type of rTBI. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that rTBI results in chronic auditory dysfunction via damage to the spiral ganglion which occurs in the absence of any reduction in hair cell number. This suggests early neuronal damage that may be caused by systemic mechanisms similar to those leading to the spread of neuronal death in the brain following TBI. This TBI-hearing loss model provides an important first step towards identifying therapeutic targets to attenuate damage to the auditory system following head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Penn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiao Xia Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mark A Bauer
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert D Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Kimm S, Kim JJ, Choi JS. The central amygdala modulates distinctive conflict-like behaviors in a naturalistic foraging task. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1212884. [PMID: 37600757 PMCID: PMC10433198 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1212884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflict situations elicit a diverse range of behaviors that extend beyond the simplistic approach or avoidance dichotomy. However, many conflict-related studies have primarily focused on approach suppression, neglecting the complexity of these behaviors. In our study, we exposed rats to a semi-naturalistic foraging task, presenting them with a trade-off between a food reward and a predatory threat posed by a robotic agent. We observed that rats displayed two conflict-like behaviors (CLBs)-diagonal approach and stretched posture-when facing a robotic predator guarding a food pellet. After electrolytic lesions to the central amygdala (CeA), both conflict behaviors were significantly reduced, accompanied by a decrease in avoidance behavior (hiding) and an increase in approach behavior (frequency of interactions with the robot). A significant negative correlation between avoidance and approach behaviors emerged after the CeA lesion; however, our data suggest that CLBs are not tightly coupled with either approach or avoidance behaviors, showing no significant correlation to those behaviors. Our findings indicate that the CeA plays a crucial role in modulating conflict behaviors, competing with approach suppression in risky situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwhi Kimm
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeansok J. Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - June-Seek Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cai H, Chen M, Gao Y, Ruan J, He C, Zuo Z. Transgenerational Effects and Mechanisms of Tributyltin Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the Male Offspring of Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37406193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the transgenerational effects of tributyltin exposure on rat neurodevelopment in male offspring and the potential mechanisms. Neonatal female rats were exposed to the environmental level of tributyltin and then mated with nonexposed males after sexual maturity to produce the F1 generation. The F1 generation (with primordial germ cell exposure) was mated with nonexposed males to produce nonexposed offspring (the F2 and F3 generations). Neurodevelopmental indicators and behavior were observed for the F1, F2, and F3 generations during postnatal days 1-25 and 35-56, respectively. We found premature eye-opening and delayed visual positioning in newborn F1 rats and anxiety and cognitive deficits in prepubertal F1 male rats. These neurodevelopmental impacts were also observed in F2 and F3 males. Additionally, F1-F3 males exhibited increased serotonin and dopamine levels and a loose arrangement of neurons in the hippocampus. We also observed a reduction in the expression of genes involved in intercellular adhesion and increased DNA methylation of the Dsc3 promoter in F1-F3 males. We concluded that tributyltin exposure led to transgenerational effects on neurodevelopment via epigenetic reprogramming in male offspring. These findings provide insights into the risks of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring from parents exposed to tributyltin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Jinpeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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12
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McFadyen J, Liu Y, Dolan RJ. Differential replay of reward and punishment paths predicts approach and avoidance. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:627-637. [PMID: 37020116 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural replay is implicated in planning, where states relevant to a task goal are rapidly reactivated in sequence. It remains unclear whether, during planning, replay relates to an actual prospective choice. Here, using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we studied replay in human participants while they planned to either approach or avoid an uncertain environment containing paths leading to reward or punishment. We find evidence for forward sequential replay during planning, with rapid state-to-state transitions from 20 to 90 ms. Replay of rewarding paths was boosted, relative to aversive paths, before a decision to avoid and attenuated before a decision to approach. A trial-by-trial bias toward replaying prospective punishing paths predicted irrational decisions to approach riskier environments, an effect more pronounced in participants with higher trait anxiety. The findings indicate a coupling of replay with planned behavior, where replay prioritizes an online representation of a worst-case scenario for approaching or avoiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McFadyen
- The UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yunzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- The UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Inactivation of the dorsal CA1 hippocampus impairs the consolidation of discriminative avoidance memory by modulating the intrinsic and extrinsic hippocampal circuitry. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102209. [PMID: 36496001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the role of the dorsal hippocampus in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of episodic-like memory, plastic changes within the intra- and extrahippocampal circuits for aversive memory formation and anxiety-like behaviours must still be identified since both processes contribute to multiple aspects of flexible decision-making. Here, we investigated the effect of reversible inactivation induced by a muscimol microinfusion into the dorsal CA1 subfield (dCA1) either prior to acquisition or to retrieval testing of a discriminative avoidance task performed in a plus-maze apparatus (PM-DAT). Differential cAMP-response-element-binding protein 1 (CREB-1) expression in the dorsal and ventral CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus (dCA1, dCA3, vCA1, and vCA3), dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), and infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PrL) regions of the medial prefrontal cortex was also assessed to investigate the molecular changes associated with the consolidation or retrieval of episodic-like memory and anxiety. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to two control groups, learning (no surgery/no microinfusion, n = 7) and sham-operated (sham surgery/no microinfusion, n = 6) groups, or four experimental groups, in which the vehicle (0.5 µl per side, n = 8/per group) or a GABAA receptor agonist (0.5 µg/0.5 µl muscimol/per side) was bilaterally microinfused in the dCA1 30 min prior to training (n = 9) or prior to testing sessions (n = 6) with a 24 h intertrial interval. Memory was evaluated using the percentage of time spent in the nonaversive enclosed arms, whereas anxiety was measured by calculating the percentages of time spent and entries into open arms and the percentage of time spent self-grooming. Our findings corroborated previous data showing that the dCA1 is required for discriminative avoidance consolidation. Furthermore, additional information indicated that impaired long-term memory was associated with downregulated CREB-1 expression in the dDG and vCA3. Moreover, memory retrieval was not impaired by dCA1 inactivation prior to the testing session, which was associated with the upregulation of CREB-1 in the dCA3 and vCA1 and downregulation in the dCA1 and vCA3. Differential expression of CREB was not identified in the IL or PrL areas. These results improve our understanding of how the hippocampal circuitry mediates the acquisition and retrieval of aversive memory and anxiety.
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14
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Fredriksson I, Tsai PJ, Shekara A, Duan Y, Applebey SV, Minier-Toribio A, Batista A, Chow JJ, Altidor L, Barbier E, Cifani C, Li X, Reiner DJ, Rubio FJ, Hope BT, Yang Y, Bossert JM, Shaham Y. Role of ventral subiculum neuronal ensembles in incubation of oxycodone craving after electric barrier-induced voluntary abstinence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8687. [PMID: 36630511 PMCID: PMC9833671 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High relapse rate is a key feature of opioid addiction. In humans, abstinence is often voluntary due to negative consequences of opioid seeking. To mimic this human condition, we recently introduced a rat model of incubation of oxycodone craving after electric barrier-induced voluntary abstinence. Incubation of drug craving refers to time-dependent increases in drug seeking after cessation of drug self-administration. Here, we used the activity marker Fos, muscimol-baclofen (GABAa + GABAb receptor agonists) global inactivation, Daun02-selective inactivation of putative relapse-associated neuronal ensembles, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting of Fos-positive cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate a key role of vSub neuronal ensembles in incubation of oxycodone craving after voluntary abstinence, but not homecage forced abstinence. We also used a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging method and showed that functional connectivity changes in vSub-related circuits predict opioid relapse after abstinence induced by adverse consequences of opioid seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Fredriksson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pei-Jung Tsai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ying Duan
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Batista
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Chow
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Altidor
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Estelle Barbier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David J. Reiner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F. Javier Rubio
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce T. Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Rusconi F, Rossetti MG, Forastieri C, Tritto V, Bellani M, Battaglioli E. Preclinical and clinical evidence on the approach-avoidance conflict evaluation as an integrative tool for psychopathology. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e90. [PMID: 36510831 PMCID: PMC9762142 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The approach-avoidance conflict (AAC), i.e. the competing tendencies to undertake goal-directed actions or to withdraw from everyday life challenges, stands at the basis of humans' existence defining behavioural and personality domains. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory posits that a stable bias toward approach or avoidance represents a psychopathological trait associated with excessive sensitivity to reward or punishment. Optogenetic studies in rodents and imaging studies in humans associated with cross-species AAC paradigms granted new emphasis to the hippocampus as a hub of behavioural inhibition. For instance, recent functional neuroimaging studies show that functional brain activity in the human hippocampus correlates with threat perception and seems to underlie passive avoidance. Therefore, our commentary aims to (i) discuss the inhibitory role of the hippocampus in approach-related behaviours and (ii) promote the integration of functional neuroimaging with cross-species AAC paradigms as a means of diagnostic, therapeutic, follow up and prognosis refinement in psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Rusconi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M. G. Rossetti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Forastieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - V. Tritto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M. Bellani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - E. Battaglioli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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16
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A circuit from the ventral subiculum to anterior hypothalamic nucleus GABAergic neurons essential for anxiety-like behavioral avoidance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7464. [PMID: 36463200 PMCID: PMC9719513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral observations suggest a connection between anxiety and predator defense, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here we examine the role of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN), a node in the predator defense network, in anxiety-like behaviors. By in vivo recordings in male mice, we find that activity of AHN GABAergic (AHNVgat+) neurons shows individually stable increases when animals approach unfamiliar objects in an open field (OF) or when they explore the open-arm of an elevated plus-maze (EPM). Moreover, object-evoked AHN activity overlap with predator cue responses and correlate with the object and open-arm avoidance. Crucially, exploration-triggered optogenetic inhibition of AHNVgat+ neurons reduces object and open-arm avoidance. Furthermore, retrograde viral tracing identifies the ventral subiculum (vSub) of the hippocampal formation as a significant input to AHNVgat+ neurons in driving avoidance behaviors in anxiogenic situations. Thus, convergent activation of AHNVgat+ neurons serves as a shared mechanism between anxiety and predator defense to promote behavioral avoidance.
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17
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Hashimoto M, Brito SI, Venner A, Pasqualini AL, Yang TL, Allen D, Fuller PM, Anthony TE. Lateral septum modulates cortical state to tune responsivity to threat stimuli. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111521. [PMID: 36288710 PMCID: PMC9645245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden unexpected environmental changes capture attention and, when perceived as potentially dangerous, evoke defensive behavioral states. Perturbations of the lateral septum (LS) can produce extreme hyperdefensiveness even to innocuous stimuli, but how this structure influences stimulus-evoked defensive responses and threat perception remains unclear. Here, we show that Crhr2-expressing neurons in mouse LS exhibit phasic activation upon detection of threatening but not rewarding stimuli. Threat-stimulus-driven activity predicts the probability but not vigor or type of defensive behavior evoked. Although necessary for and sufficient to potentiate stimulus-triggered defensive responses, LSCrhr2 neurons do not promote specific behaviors. Rather, their stimulation elicits negative valence and physiological arousal. Moreover, LSCrhr2 activity tracks brain state fluctuations and drives cortical activation and rapid awakening in the absence of threat. Together, our findings suggest that LS directs bottom-up modulation of cortical function to evoke preparatory defensive internal states and selectively enhance responsivity to threat-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hashimoto
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador Ignacio Brito
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda Loren Pasqualini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracy Lulu Yang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Allen
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Michael Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Erryl Anthony
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Experiences Shape Hippocampal Neuron Morphology and the Local Levels of CRHR1 and OTR. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01292-7. [PMID: 36239833 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal hippocampus is involved in behavioral avoidance regulation. It is unclear how experiences such as the neonatal stress of maternal deprivation (MD) and post-weaning environmental enrichment (EE) affect avoidance behavior and the dorsal hippocampal parameters, including neuronal morphology, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling, and oxytocin receptor (OTR) level. In male BALB/c mice, we found that MD impaired avoidance behavior in the step-on test compared to non-MD and EE rearing conditions could alleviate that partially. MD increased neuronal branches in the CA1 but decreased synaptic connection levels in the CA2, CA3, and DG. Meanwhile, MD increased the CA1's OTR levels, which negatively correlated with nucleus densities. MD also increased the CA1's and CA2's CRH levels, which positively correlated with CRHR1 levels. However, MD statistically elevated the CA3's CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) levels, which negatively correlated with nucleus densities and, probably, synaptic connection levels in the CA3. The additive effects of MD and EE maintained similar CRH levels and CRHR1 levels as well as OTR levels in the hippocampal areas as the additive of non-MD and non-EE. However, the presence of MD and EE still decreased the CA1's neuronal branches and the CA2's and DG's synaptic connection levels. The study illustrates how MD and EE affect avoidance behaviors, hippocampal neuron morphology, and CRH and OTR levels. The results indicate that the late-life environmental improvement partially restores the alterations in dorsal hippocampal areas induced by early life stress.
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19
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Maddern XJ, Walker LC, Campbell EJ, Arunogiri S, Haber PS, Morley K, Manning V, Millan EZ, McNally GP, Lubman DI, Lawrence AJ. Can we enhance the clinical efficacy of cognitive and psychological approaches to treat substance use disorders through understanding their neurobiological mechanisms? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104899. [PMID: 36183863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research in the field of addiction, relapse rates for substance use disorders remain high. Consequently, there has been growing focus on providing evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders, resulting in the increased development and use of cognitive and psychological interventions. Such treatment approaches, including contingency management, community-reinforcement approach, and cognitive bias modification, have shown promising clinical efficacy in reducing substance use and promoting abstinence during treatment. However, these interventions are still somewhat limited in achieving sustained periods of abstinence post-treatment. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these treatment approaches remain largely unknown and under-studied, in part, due to a lack of translational animal models. The adoption of a reverse translational approach may assist in development of more representative models that can facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms behind these clinically relevant interventions. This review examines our current understanding of addiction neurobiology from clinical, preclinical research and existing animal models, and considers how the efficacy of such behavioral-oriented interventions alone, or in combination with pharmacotherapy, may be enhanced to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J Maddern
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Brain Neuromodulation Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Shalini Arunogiri
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- Edith Collins Centre, Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsten Morley
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria Manning
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Dan I Lubman
- Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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20
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Hong I, Kaang B. The complexity of ventral CA1 and its multiple functionalities. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12826. [PMID: 35815710 PMCID: PMC9744572 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most widely investigated brain regions with its massive contributions to multiple behaviours. Especially, the hippocampus is subdivided into the dorsal and ventral parts playing distinct roles. In this review, we will focus on the ventral hippocampus, especially the ventral CA1 (vCA1), whose role is being actively discovered. vCA1 is well known to be associated with emotion-like behaviour, in both positive (reward) and negative (aversive) stimuli. How can this small region in volume mediate such variety of responses? This question will be answered with technologies up to date that have allowed us to study in-depth the specific neural circuit and to map the complex connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgang Hong
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Bong‐Kiun Kaang
- School of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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21
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Yeates DCM, Leavitt D, Sujanthan S, Khan N, Alushaj D, Lee ACH, Ito R. Parallel ventral hippocampus-lateral septum pathways differentially regulate approach-avoidance conflict. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3349. [PMID: 35688838 PMCID: PMC9187740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to resolve an approach-avoidance conflict is critical to adaptive behavior. The ventral CA3 (vCA3) and CA1 (vCA1) subfields of the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) have been shown to facilitate avoidance and approach behavior, respectively, in the face of motivational conflict, but the neural circuits by which this subfield-specific regulation is implemented is unknown. We demonstrate that two distinct pathways from these subfields to lateral septum (LS) contribute to this divergent control. In Long-Evans rats, chemogenetic inhibition of the vCA3- LS caudodorsal (cd) pathway potentiated approach towards a learned conflict-eliciting stimulus, while inhibition of the vCA1-LS rostroventral (rv) pathway potentiated approach non-specifically. Additionally, vCA3-LScd inhibited animals were less hesitant to explore food during environmental uncertainty, while the vCA1- LSrv inhibited animals took longer to initiate food exploration. These findings suggest that the vHPC influences multiple behavioral systems via differential projections to the LS, which in turn send inhibitory projections to motivational centres of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C M Yeates
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dallas Leavitt
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sajeevan Sujanthan
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Nisma Khan
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Denada Alushaj
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada. .,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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22
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Tartt AN, Mariani MB, Hen R, Mann JJ, Boldrini M. Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depression: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2689-2699. [PMID: 35354926 PMCID: PMC9167750 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) was previously hypothesized to be a disease of monoamine deficiency in which low levels of monoamines in the synaptic cleft were believed to underlie depressive symptoms. More recently, however, there has been a paradigm shift toward a neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression in which downstream effects of antidepressants, such as increased neurogenesis, contribute to improvements in cognition and mood. This review takes a top-down approach to assess how changes in behavior and hippocampal-dependent circuits may be attributed to abnormalities at the molecular, structural, and synaptic level. We conclude with a discussion of how antidepressant treatments share a common effect in modulating neuroplasticity and consider outstanding questions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Integrative Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maura Boldrini
- Departments of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Margolis AE, Liu R, Conceição VA, Ramphal B, Pagliaccio D, DeSerisy ML, Koe E, Selmanovic E, Raudales A, Emanet N, Quinn AE, Beebe B, Pearson BL, Herbstman JB, Rauh VA, Fifer WP, Fox NA, Champagne FA. Convergent neural correlates of prenatal exposure to air pollution and behavioral phenotypes of risk for internalizing and externalizing problems: Potential biological and cognitive pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104645. [PMID: 35367513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Humans are ubiquitously exposed to neurotoxicants in air pollution, causing increased risk for psychiatric outcomes. Effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution on early emerging behavioral phenotypes that increase risk of psychopathology remain understudied. We review animal models that represent analogues of human behavioral phenotypes that are risk markers for internalizing and externalizing problems (behavioral inhibition, behavioral exuberance, irritability), and identify commonalities among the neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral phenotypes and the neural targets of three types of air pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, traffic-related air pollutants, fine particulate matter < 2.5 µm). We conclude that prenatal exposure to air pollutants increases risk for behavioral inhibition and irritability through distinct mechanisms, including altered dopaminergic signaling and hippocampal morphology, neuroinflammation, and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Future studies should investigate these effects in human longitudinal studies incorporating complex exposure measurement methods, neuroimaging, and behavioral characterization of temperament phenotypes and neurocognitive processing to facilitate efforts aimed at improving long-lasting developmental benefits for children, particularly those living in areas with high levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Margolis
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ran Liu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasco A Conceição
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruce Ramphal
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariah L DeSerisy
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Koe
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ena Selmanovic
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amarelis Raudales
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nur Emanet
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurabelle E Quinn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice Beebe
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon L Pearson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia A Rauh
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William P Fifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Jakobi B, Arias-Vasquez A, Hermans E, Vlaming P, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Hoogman M, van Rooij D. Neural Correlates of Reactive Aggression in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:840095. [PMID: 35664483 PMCID: PMC9160326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite not being part of the core diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emotion dysregulation is a highly prevalent and clinically important component of (adult) ADHD. Emotionally dysregulated behaviors such as reactive aggression have a significant impact on the functional outcome in ADHD. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying reactive aggression in ADHD. In this study, we aimed to identify the neural correlates of reactive aggression as a measure of emotionally dysregulated behavior in adults with persistent ADHD during implicit emotion regulation processes. We analyzed associations of magnetic resonance imaging-based whole-brain activity during a dynamic facial expression task with levels of reactive aggression in 78 adults with and 78 adults without ADHD, and also investigated relationships of reactive aggression with symptoms and impairments. While participants with ADHD had higher reactive aggression scores than controls, the neural activation patterns of both groups to processing of emotional faces were similar. However, investigating the brain activities associated with reactive aggression in individuals with and without ADHD showed an interaction of diagnosis and reactive aggression scores. We found high levels of activity in the right insula, the hippocampus, and middle and superior frontal areas to be particularly associated with high reactive aggression scores within the ADHD group. Furthermore, the limbic activity was associated with more hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. These results suggest a partly differential mechanism associated with reactive aggression in ADHD as compared to controls. Emotional hyper-reactivity in the salience network as well as more effortful top-down regulation from the self-regulation network might contribute to emotionally dysregulated behavior as measured by reactive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Jakobi
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erno Hermans
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Vlaming
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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25
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Hamel L, Cavdaroglu B, Yeates D, Nguyen D, Riaz S, Patterson D, Khan N, Kirolos N, Roper K, Ha QA, Ito R. Cortico-Striatal Control over Adaptive Goal-Directed Responding Elicited by Cues Signaling Sucrose Reward or Punishment. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3811-3822. [PMID: 35351827 PMCID: PMC9087743 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2175-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been associated with the expression of adaptive and maladaptive behavior elicited by fear-related and drug-associated cues. However, reported effects of mPFC manipulations on cue-elicited natural reward-seeking and inhibition thereof have been varied, with few studies examining cortico-striatal contributions in tasks that require adaptive responding to cues signaling reward and punishment within the same session. The current study aimed to better elucidate the role of mPFC and NAc subdivisions, and their functional connectivity in cue-elicited adaptive responding using a novel discriminative cue responding task. Male Long-Evans rats learned to lever-press on a VR5 schedule for a discriminative cue signaling reward, and to avoid pressing the same lever in the presence of another cue signaling punishment. Postacquisition, prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas of the mPFC, NAc core, shell, PL-core, or IL-shell circuits were pharmacologically or chemogenetically inhibited while animals performed under (1) nonreinforced (extinction) conditions, where the appetitive and aversive cues were presented in alternating trials alone or as a compound stimulus; and (2) reinforced conditions, whereby cued responding was accompanied by associated outcomes. PL and IL inactivation attenuated nonreinforced and reinforced goal-directed cue responding, whereas NAc core and shell inactivation impaired nonreinforced responding for the appetitive, but not aversive cue. Furthermore, PL-core and IL-shell inhibition disinhibited nonreinforced but not reinforced cue responding. Our findings implicate the mPFC as a site of confluence of motivationally significant cues and outcomes, and in the regulation of nonreinforced cue responding via downstream NAc targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to discriminate and respond appropriately to environmental cues that signal availability of reward or punishment is essential for survival. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in adaptive and maladaptive behavior elicited by fear-related and drug-associated cues. However, less is known about the role they play in orchestrating adaptive responses to natural reward and punishment cues within the same behavioral task. Here, using a novel discriminative cue responding task combined with pharmacological or chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC, NAc and mPFC-NAc circuits, we report that mPFC is critically involved in responding to changing cued response-outcomes, both when the responses are reinforced, and nonreinforced. Furthermore, the mPFC coordinates nonreinforced discriminative cue responding by suppressing inappropriate responding via downstream NAc targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Hamel
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bilgehan Cavdaroglu
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dylan Yeates
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - David Nguyen
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sadia Riaz
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dylan Patterson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Nisma Khan
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Nardin Kirolos
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katherine Roper
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Quynh An Ha
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada
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26
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Wong AH, Wirth FM, Pittig A. Avoidance of learnt fear: Models, potential mechanisms, and future directions. Behav Res Ther 2022; 151:104056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Xu Y, Ning Y, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Luo F, Zhou Y, Li P. Caffeine Functions by Inhibiting Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampal Adenosine 2A Receptors to Modulate Memory and Anxiety, Respectively. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:807330. [PMID: 35185566 PMCID: PMC8847668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.807330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a nonspecific antagonist of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), caffeine enhances learning and improves memory impairment. Simultaneously, the consumption of caffeine correlates with a feeling of anxiety. The hippocampus is functionally differentiated along its dorsal/ventral axis and plays a crucial role both in memory and anxiety. Whether caffeine exerts its regulation by inhibiting A2ARs in different subregions of the hippocampus is still unknown. In the present study, we found that after chronic intake of drinking water containing caffeine (1 g/L, 3 weeks), mice exhibited aggravated anxiety-like behavior and enhanced memory function. Tissue-specific, functional disruption of dorsal hippocampal A2ARs by the CRE-LoxP system prevented the memory-enhancing effect of caffeine, while selective disruption of ventral hippocampal A2ARs blocked the impact of caffeine on anxiety. These results, together with the enhanced memory of dorsal hippocampus A2AR knockout mice and greater anxiety-like behavior of ventral hippocampus A2AR knockout mice without caffeine, indicates a dissociation between the roles of ventral and dorsal hippocampal A2A receptors in caffeine’s effects on anxiety-like and memory-related behavioral measures, respectively. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of dorsal or ventral hippocampal A2ARs reversed the behavioral alterations caused by drinking caffeine, leading to impaired memory or decreased anxiety-like behaviors, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that the memory- and anxiety-enhancing effects of caffeine are related to the differential effects of inhibiting A2ARs in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yalei Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanguo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Department of Army Occupational Disease, The Molecular Biology Center, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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28
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Sánchez-Bellot C, AlSubaie R, Mishchanchuk K, Wee RWS, MacAskill AF. Two opposing hippocampus to prefrontal cortex pathways for the control of approach and avoidance behaviour. Nat Commun 2022; 13:339. [PMID: 35039510 PMCID: PMC8763938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to either approach or avoid a potentially threatening environment is thought to rely upon the coordinated activity of heterogeneous neural populations in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, how this circuitry is organized to flexibly promote both approach or avoidance at different times has remained elusive. Here, we show that the hippocampal projection to PFC is composed of two parallel circuits located in the superficial or deep pyramidal layers of the CA1/subiculum border. These circuits have unique upstream and downstream connectivity, and are differentially active during approach and avoidance behaviour. The superficial population is preferentially connected to widespread PFC inhibitory interneurons, and its activation promotes exploration; while the deep circuit is connected to PFC pyramidal neurons and fast spiking interneurons, and its activation promotes avoidance. Together this provides a mechanism for regulation of behaviour during approach avoidance conflict: through two specialized, parallel circuits that allow bidirectional hippocampal control of PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Sánchez-Bellot
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rawan AlSubaie
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karyna Mishchanchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ryan W S Wee
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew F MacAskill
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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29
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Cross-species anxiety tests in psychiatry: pitfalls and promises. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:154-163. [PMID: 34561614 PMCID: PMC8960405 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural anxiety tests in non-human animals are used for anxiolytic drug discovery, and to investigate the neurobiology of threat avoidance. Over the past decade, several of them were translated to humans with three clinically relevant goals: to assess potential efficacy of candidate treatments in healthy humans; to develop diagnostic tests or biomarkers; and to elucidate the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. In this review, we scrutinise these promises and compare seven anxiety tests that are validated across species: five approach-avoidance conflict tests, unpredictable shock anticipation, and the social intrusion test in children. Regarding the first goal, three tests appear suitable for anxiolytic drug screening in humans. However, they have not become part of the drug development pipeline and achieving this may require independent confirmation of predictive validity and cost-effectiveness. Secondly, two tests have shown potential to measure clinically relevant individual differences, but their psychometric properties, predictive value, and clinical applicability need to be clarified. Finally, cross-species research has not yet revealed new evidence that the physiology of healthy human behaviour in anxiety tests relates to the physiology of anxiety symptoms in patients. To summarise, cross-species anxiety tests could be rendered useful for drug screening and for development of diagnostic instruments. Using these tests for aetiology research in healthy humans or animals needs to be queried and may turn out to be unrealistic.
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30
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Vo BN, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Rose TR, Oberle H, Luo H, Hopkins CR, Wickman K. Bidirectional Influence of Limbic GIRK Channel Activation on Innate Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5809-5821. [PMID: 34039657 PMCID: PMC8265807 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2787-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of ML297, a selective activator of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels, decreases innate avoidance behavior in male C57BL/6J mice. The cellular mechanisms mediating the ML297-induced suppression of avoidance behavior are unknown. Here, we show that systemic ML297 administration suppresses elevated plus maze (EPM)-induced neuronal activation in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) and that ML297 activates GIRK1-containing GIRK channels in these limbic structures. While intracranial infusion of ML297 into the vHPC suppressed avoidance behavior in the EPM test, mirroring the effect of systemic ML297, intra-BLA administration of ML297 provoked the opposite effect. Using neuron-specific viral genetic and chemogenetic approaches, we found that the combined inhibition of excitatory neurons in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the vHPC was sufficient to decrease innate avoidance behavior in the EPM, open-field, and light-dark tests in male C57BL/6J mice, while performance in the marble-burying test was not impacted. Furthermore, genetic ablation of GIRK channels in CA3/DG excitatory neurons precluded the suppression of avoidance behavior evoked by systemic ML297 in the EPM test. Thus, acute inhibition of excitatory neurons in the ventral CA3 and DG subregions of the vHPC is necessary for the apparent anxiolytic efficacy of systemic ML297 and is sufficient to decrease innate avoidance behavior in male C57BL/6J mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We interrogated the cellular mechanisms underlying the apparent anxiolytic efficacy of ML297, a selective activator of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels and promising lead compound. Intracranial infusion of ML297 into the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex exerted opposing influence on innate avoidance behavior in male C57BL/6J mice, the former recapitulating the suppression of avoidance behavior evoked by systemic ML297. Using viral genetic and chemogenetic approaches, we showed that combined inhibition of excitatory neurons in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the vHPC is sufficient to decrease innate avoidance behavior in male mice and mediates the decrease in avoidance behavior evoked by systemic ML297. These findings establish a foundation for future investigations into the therapeutic potential of GIRK channel modulation in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baovi N Vo
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - Timothy R Rose
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Hannah Oberle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Haichang Luo
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Kevin Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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31
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Illescas-Huerta E, Ramirez-Lugo L, Sierra RO, Quillfeldt JA, Sotres-Bayon F. Conflict Test Battery for Studying the Act of Facing Threats in Pursuit of Rewards. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645769. [PMID: 34017234 PMCID: PMC8129192 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival depends on the ability of animals to avoid threats and approach rewards. Traditionally, these two opposing motivational systems have been studied separately. In nature, however, they regularly compete for the control of behavior. When threat- and reward-eliciting stimuli (learned or unlearned) occur simultaneously, a motivational conflict emerges that challenges individuals to weigh available options and execute a single behavioral response (avoid or approach). Most previous animal models using approach/avoidance conflicts have often focused on the ability to avoid threats by forgoing or delaying the opportunity to obtain rewards. In contrast, behavioral tasks designed to capitalize on the ability to actively choose to execute approach behaviors despite threats are scarce. Thus, we developed a behavioral test battery composed of three conflict tasks to directly study rats confronting threats to obtain rewards guided by innate and conditioned cues. One conflict task involves crossing a potentially electrified grid to obtain food on the opposite end of a straight alley, the second task is based on the step-down threat avoidance paradigm, and the third one is a modified version of the open field test. We used diazepam to pharmacologically validate conflict behaviors in our tasks. We found that, regardless of whether competing stimuli were conditioned or innate, a low diazepam dose decreased risk assessment and facilitated taking action to obtain rewards in the face of threats during conflict, without affecting choice behavior when there was no conflict involved. Using this pharmacologically validated test battery of ethologically designed innate/learned conflict tasks could help understand the fundamental brain mechanisms underlying the ability to confront threats to achieve goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Illescas-Huerta
- Cell Physiology Institute-Neuroscience, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Ramirez-Lugo
- Cell Physiology Institute-Neuroscience, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge A Quillfeldt
- Department of Biophysics, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco Sotres-Bayon
- Cell Physiology Institute-Neuroscience, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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32
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Villard J, Bennett JL, Bliss-Moreau E, Capitanio JP, Fox NA, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Structural differences in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited macaque monkeys. Hippocampus 2021; 31:858-868. [PMID: 33844366 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental disposition to react warily when confronted by unfamiliar people, objects, or events. Behaviorally inhibited children are at greater risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. Previous studies reported that individuals with a history of childhood behavioral inhibition exhibit abnormal activity in the hippocampus and amygdala. However, few studies have investigated the structural differences that may underlie these functional abnormalities. In this exploratory study, we evaluated rhesus monkeys exhibiting a phenotype consistent with human behavioral inhibition. We performed quantitative neuroanatomical analyses that cannot be performed in humans including estimates of the volume and neuron number of distinct hippocampal regions and amygdala nuclei in behaviorally inhibited and control rhesus monkeys. Behaviorally inhibited monkeys had larger volumes of the rostral third of the hippocampal field CA3, smaller volumes of the rostral third of CA2, and smaller volumes of the accessory basal nucleus of the amygdala. Furthermore, behaviorally inhibited monkeys had fewer neurons in the rostral third of CA2. These structural differences may contribute to the functional abnormalities in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited individuals. These structural findings in monkeys are consistent with a reduced modulation of amygdala activity via prefrontal cortex projections to the accessory basal nucleus. Given the putative roles of the amygdala in affective processing, CA3 in associative learning and CA2 in social memory, increased amygdala and CA3 activity, and diminished CA2 structure and function, may be associated with increased social anxiety and the heritability of behavioral inhibition. The findings from this exploratory study compel follow-up investigations with larger sample sizes and additional analyses to provide greater insight and more definitive answers regarding the neurobiological bases of behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Villard
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Chu S, Margerison M, Thavabalasingam S, O'Neil EB, Zhao YF, Ito R, Lee ACH. Perirhinal Cortex is Involved in the Resolution of Learned Approach-Avoidance Conflict Associated with Discrete Objects. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2701-2719. [PMID: 33429427 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent ventral and primate anterior hippocampus have been implicated in approach-avoidance (AA) conflict processing. It is unclear, however, whether this structure contributes to AA conflict detection and/or resolution, and if its involvement extends to conditions of AA conflict devoid of spatial/contextual information. To investigate this, neurologically healthy human participants first learned to approach or avoid single novel visual objects with the goal of maximizing earned points. Approaching led to point gain and loss for positive and negative objects, respectively, whereas avoidance had no impact on score. Pairs of these objects, each possessing nonconflicting (positive-positive/negative-negative) or conflicting (positive-negative) valences, were then presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants either made an AA decision to score points (Decision task), indicated whether the objects had identical or differing valences (Memory task), or followed a visual instruction to approach or avoid (Action task). Converging multivariate and univariate results revealed that within the medial temporal lobe, perirhinal cortex, rather than the anterior hippocampus, was predominantly associated with object-based AA conflict resolution. We suggest the anterior hippocampus may not contribute equally to all learned AA conflict scenarios and that stimulus information type may be a critical and overlooked determinant of the neural mechanisms underlying AA conflict behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Chu
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Margerison
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Edward B O'Neil
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhao
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Bravo-Rivera H, Rubio Arzola P, Caban-Murillo A, Vélez-Avilés AN, Ayala-Rosario SN, Quirk GJ. Characterizing Different Strategies for Resolving Approach-Avoidance Conflict. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:608922. [PMID: 33716644 PMCID: PMC7947632 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.608922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to maximize benefits and minimize costs during approach-avoidance conflicts is an important evolutionary tool, but little is known about the emergence of specific strategies for conflict resolution. Accordingly, we developed a simple approach-avoidance conflict task in rats that pits the motivation to press a lever for sucrose against the motivation to step onto a distant platform to avoid a footshock delivered at the end of a 30 s tone (sucrose is available only during the tone). Rats received conflict training for 16 days to give them a chance to optimize their strategy by learning to properly time the expression of both behaviors across the tone. Rats unexpectedly separated into three distinct subgroups: those pressing early in the tone and avoiding later (Timers, 49%); those avoiding throughout the tone (Avoidance-preferring, 32%); and those pressing throughout the tone (Approach-preferring, 19%). The immediate early gene cFos revealed that Timers showed increased activity in the ventral striatum and midline thalamus relative to the other two subgroups, Avoidance-preferring rats showed increased activity in the amygdala, and Approach-preferring rats showed decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. This pattern is consistent with low fear and high behavioral flexibility in Timers, suggesting the potential of this task to reveal the neural mechanisms of conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Bravo-Rivera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Patricia Rubio Arzola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Albit Caban-Murillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Adriana N. Vélez-Avilés
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Shantée N. Ayala-Rosario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gregory J. Quirk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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35
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Plekanchuk VS, Ryazanova MA. Expression of Glutamate Receptor Genes
in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex in GC Rat Strain with Genetic
Catatonia. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Çavdaroğlu B, Riaz S, Yeung EHL, Lee ACH, Ito R. The ventral hippocampus is necessary for cue-elicited, but not outcome driven approach-avoidance conflict decisions: a novel operant choice decision-making task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:632-642. [PMID: 33154580 PMCID: PMC8027851 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approach-avoidance conflict is induced when an organism encounters a stimulus that carries both positive and negative attributes. Accumulating evidence implicates the ventral hippocampus (VH) in the detection and resolution of approach-avoidance conflict, largely on the basis of maze-based tasks assaying innate and conditioned responses to situations of conflict. However, its role in discrete trial approach-avoidance decision-making has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we designed a novel cued operant conflict decision-making task in which rats were required to choose and respond for a low reward option or high reward option paired with varying shock intensities on a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding schedule. Post training, the VH was chemogenetically inhibited while animals performed the task with the usual outcomes delivered, and with the presentation of cues associated with the reward vs. conflict options only (extinction condition). We found that VH inhibition led to an avoidance of the conflict option and longer latency to choose this option when decision-making was being made on the basis of cues alone with no outcomes. Consistent with these findings, VH-inhibited animals spent more time in the central component of the elevated plus maze (EPM), indicating a potential deficit in decision-making under innate forms of approach-avoidance conflict. Taken together, these findings implicate the VH in cue-driven approach-avoidance decisions in the face of motivational conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgehan Çavdaroğlu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sadia Riaz
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Elton H. L. Yeung
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Andy C. H. Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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37
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Çavdaroğlu B, Riaz S, Shi Y, Balcı F, Ito R. The ventral hippocampus CA3 is critical in regulating timing uncertainty in temporal decision-making. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108694. [PMID: 33535032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Timing uncertainty is a critical component of temporal decision-making, as it determines the decision strategies that maximize reward rate. However, little is known about the biological substrates of timing uncertainty. In this study, we report that the CA3 subregion of the ventral hippocampus (vCA3), a relatively unexplored area in timing, is critical in regulating timing uncertainty that informs temporal decision making. Using a variant of the differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task that incorporates differential levels of approach-avoidance conflict, rats were trained to wait a minimum of 6 s to earn a reward that was paired with varying durations of foot shock. Post-training chemogenetic inhibition of the vCA3 reduced timing uncertainty without affecting mean wait times, irrespective of the level of conflict experienced. Simulations based on the information-processing variant of scalar expectancy theory (SET) revealed that the vCA3 may be important in modulating decision threshold or switch closure latency variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgehan Çavdaroğlu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadia Riaz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuqing Shi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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38
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Nath M, Wong TP, Srivastava LK. Neurodevelopmental insights into circuit dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110047. [PMID: 32721441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is increasingly being recognized as a disorder of brain circuits of developmental origin. Animal models, however, have been technically limited in exploring the effects of early developmental circuit abnormalities on the maturation of the brain and associated behavioural outputs. This review discusses evidence of the developmental emergence of circuit abnormalities in schizophrenia, followed by a critical assessment on how animal models need to be adapted through optimized tools in order to spatially and temporally manipulate early developmental events, thereby providing insight into the causal contribution of developmental perturbations to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Nath
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada.
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada
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39
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Clasen MM, Riley AL, Davidson TL. Hippocampal-Dependent Inhibitory Learning and Memory Processes in the Control of Eating and Drug Taking. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2334-2352. [PMID: 32026771 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200206091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As manifestations of excessive and uncontrolled intake, obesity and drug addiction have generated much research aimed at identifying common neuroadaptations that could underlie both disorders. Much work has focused on changes in brain reward and motivational circuitry that can overexcite eating and drug-taking behaviors. We suggest that the regulation of both behaviors depends on balancing excitation produced by stimuli associated with food and drug rewards with the behavioral inhibition produced by physiological "satiety" and other stimuli that signal when those rewards are unavailable. Our main hypothesis is that dysregulated eating and drug use are consequences of diet- and drug-induced degradations in this inhibitory power. We first outline a learning and memory mechanism that could underlie the inhibition of both food and drug-intake, and we describe data that identifies the hippocampus as a brain substrate for this mechanism. We then present evidence that obesitypromoting western diets (WD) impair the operation of this process and generate pathophysiologies that disrupt hippocampal functioning. Next, we present parallel evidence that drugs of abuse also impair this same learning and memory process and generate similar hippocampal pathophysiologies. We also describe recent findings that prior WD intake elevates drug self-administration, and the implications of using drugs (i.e., glucagon-like peptide- 1 agonists) that enhance hippocampal functioning to treat both obesity and addiction are also considered. We conclude with a description of how both WD and drugs of abuse could initiate a "vicious-cycle" of hippocampal pathophysiology and impaired hippocampal-dependent behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Clasen
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, United States
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, United States
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40
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Bryant KG, Barker JM. Arbitration of Approach-Avoidance Conflict by Ventral Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:615337. [PMID: 33390895 PMCID: PMC7773818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.615337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When environmental cues or stimuli that represent both rewarding and aversive outcomes are presented, complex computations must be made in order to determine whether approach or avoidance is the better behavioral strategy. In many neuropsychiatric illnesses these computations can be skewed. In some instances, circumstances that may normally warrant avoidance instead promote approach, thus producing compulsive-like behavioral strategies that are inflexible in response to new or conflicting information. Alternatively, high sensitivity to aversion or low sensitivity to reward can result in the failure to achieve goals and loss of resilience that characterizes depressive disorders. Increases in compulsive-like behavior have been found to be associated with disrupted signaling in regions that regulate response to conflicting stimuli, including the hippocampus. Classic behavioral inhibition theories of hippocampus function in anxiety suggest that the hippocampus blocks aberrant behavior in response to anxiety related cues or stimuli. The hippocampus may act to block approach in the face of conflicting stimuli. Dysregulations of hippocampal function, as may be present in neuropsychiatric disorders, may therefore promote aberrant approach behavior. The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) subregion is key for coordinating this approach/avoidance conflict resolution, likely through its participation with cortico-striatal and mesolimbic circuits. We revisit Gray's behavioral inhibition theory of HPC function, first posited in the 1980s, and interpret in the context of new knowledge on vHPC function gained through modern technology. Taken together with the extant, classical literature on hippocampal function, we propose that these new findings suggest that vHPC circuits balance behavioral response to conflicting stimuli in a manner that is both state- and context-dependent and, further, that disruption of specific vHPC circuits tips the balance in favor of biased approach or avoidance behavioral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Barker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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41
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Kosugi K, Yoshida K, Suzuki T, Kobayashi K, Yoshida K, Mimura M, Tanaka KF. Activation of ventral CA1 hippocampal neurons projecting to the lateral septum during feeding. Hippocampus 2020; 31:294-304. [PMID: 33296119 PMCID: PMC7984357 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported the involvement of the ventral hippocampus (vHip) and the lateral septum (LS) in negative emotional responses. Besides these well‐documented functions, they are also thought to control feeding behavior. In particular, optogenetic and pharmacogenetic interventions to LS‐projecting vHip neurons have demonstrated that the vHip→LS neural circuit exerts an inhibition on feeding behavior. However, there have been no reports of vHip neuronal activity during feeding. Here, we focused on LS‐projecting vCA1 neurons (vCA1→LS) and monitored their activity during feeding behaviors in mice. vCA1→LS neurons were retrogradely labeled with adeno‐associated virus carrying a ratiometric Ca2+ indicator and measured compound Ca2+ dynamics by fiber photometry. We first examined vCA1→LS activity in random food‐exploring behavior and found that vCA1→LS activation seemed to coincide with food intake; however, our ability to visually confirm this during freely moving behaviors was not sufficiently reliable. We next examined vCA1→LS activity in a goal‐directed, food‐seeking lever‐press task which temporally divided the mouse state into preparatory, effort, and consummatory phases. We observed vCA1→LS activation in the postprandial period during the consummatory phase. Such timing‐ and pathway‐specific activation was not observed from pan‐vCA1 neurons. In contrast, reward omission eliminated this activity, indicating that vCA1→LS activation is contingent on the food reward. Sated mice pressed the lever significantly fewer times but still ate food; however, vCA1→LS neurons were not activated, suggesting that vCA1→LS neurons did not respond to habitual behavior. Combined, these results suggest that gastrointestinal interoception rather than food‐intake motions or external sensations are likely to coincide with vCA1→LS activity. Accordingly, we propose that vCA1→LS neurons discriminate between matched or unmatched predictive bodily states in which incoming food will satisfy an appetite. We also demonstrate that vCA1→LS neurons are activated in aversive/anxious situations in an elevated plus maze and tail suspension test. Future behavioral tests utilizing anxious conflict and food intake may reconcile the multiple functions of vCA1→LS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Kosugi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Wallis CU, Cockcroft GJ, Cardinal RN, Roberts AC, Clarke HF. Hippocampal Interaction With Area 25, but not Area 32, Regulates Marmoset Approach-Avoidance Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4818-4830. [PMID: 30796800 PMCID: PMC6917514 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders are associated with increased sensitivity to negative feedback that influences approach-avoidance decision making. Although neuroimaging studies of these disorders reveal dysregulation in primate cingulate areas 25 and 32 and the anterior hippocampus (aHipp), the causal involvement of these structures and their interaction in the primate brain is unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of localized pharmacological manipulations of areas 25 and 32 and/or the aHipp of the marmoset monkey on performance of an anxiolytic-sensitive instrumental decision-making task in which an approach-avoidance conflict is created by pairing a response with reward and punishment. During control infusions animals avoided punishment, but this bias was reduced by increasing glutamate release within the aHipp or area 32, and inactivation or 5-HT1a antagonism within area 25. Conversely, increasing glutamate release in area 25 enhanced punishment avoidance but, in contrast to previous reports, area 32 and aHipp inactivations had no effect. Simultaneous inactivation or 5-HT1a antagonism within area 25, but not area 32, abolished the reduced punishment avoidance seen after increasing aHipp glutamate. Besides providing causal evidence that these primate areas differentially regulate negative feedback sensitivity, this study links the decision-making deficits in affective disorders to aberrant aHipp-area 25 circuit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe U Wallis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Gemma J Cockcroft
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Department of Psychiatry, Box 189, Level E4, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.,Liaison Psychiatry Service, Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Box 190, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hannah F Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
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43
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Premachandran H, Zhao M, Arruda-Carvalho M. Sex Differences in the Development of the Rodent Corticolimbic System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583477. [PMID: 33100964 PMCID: PMC7554619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related disorders, all of which show high incidence rates in early life. This has highlighted the importance of including female subjects in animal studies, as well as delineating sex differences in neural processing across development. Of particular interest is the corticolimbic system, comprising the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex. In rodents, these corticolimbic regions undergo dynamic changes in early life, and disruption to their normative development is believed to underlie the age and sex-dependent effects of stress on affective processing. In this review, we consolidate research on sex differences in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex across early development. First, we briefly introduce current principles on sexual differentiation of the rodent brain. We then showcase corticolimbic regional sex differences in volume, morphology, synaptic organization, cell proliferation, microglia, and GABAergic signaling, and explain how these differences are influenced by perinatal and pubertal gonadal hormones. In compiling this research, we outline evidence of what and when sex differences emerge in the developing corticolimbic system, and illustrate how temporal dynamics of its maturational trajectory may differ in male and female rodents. This will help provide insight into potential neural mechanisms underlying sex-specific critical windows for stress susceptibility and behavioral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mudi Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maithe Arruda-Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Piantadosi PT, Yeates DCM, Floresco SB. Prefrontal cortical and nucleus accumbens contributions to discriminative conditioned suppression of reward-seeking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:429-440. [PMID: 32934096 PMCID: PMC7497111 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051912.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear can potently inhibit ongoing behavior, including reward-seeking, yet the neural circuits that underlie such suppression remain to be clarified. Prior studies have demonstrated that distinct subregions of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) differentially affect fear behavior, whereby fear expression is promoted by the more dorsal prelimbic cortex (PL) and inhibited by the more ventral infralimbic cortex (IL). These mPFC regions project to subregions of the nucleus accumbens, the core (NAcC) and shell (NAcS), that differentially contribute to reward-seeking as well as affective processes that may be relevant to fear expression. Here, we investigated how these mPFC and NAc subregions contribute to discriminative fear conditioning, assessed by conditioned suppression of reward-seeking. Bilateral inactivation of the NAcS or PL reduced the expression of conditioned suppression to a shock-associated CS+, whereas NAcC inactivation reduced reward-seeking without affecting suppression. IL inactivation caused a general reduction in conditioned suppression following discriminative conditioning, but not when using a single-stimulus design. Pharmacological disconnection of the PL → NAcS pathway revealed that this projection mediates conditioned suppression. These data add to a growing literature implicating discrete cortico-striatal pathways in the suppression of reward-seeking in response to aversive stimuli. Dysfunction within related structures may contribute to aberrant patterns of behavior in psychiatric illnesses including substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Piantadosi
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dylan C M Yeates
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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45
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Abivardi A, Khemka S, Bach DR. Hippocampal Representation of Threat Features and Behavior in a Human Approach-Avoidance Conflict Anxiety Task. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6748-6758. [PMID: 32719163 PMCID: PMC7455211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2732-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions under threat are crucial to survival and require integration of distinct situational features, such as threat probability and magnitude. Recent evidence from human lesion and neuroimaging studies implicated anterior hippocampus (aHC) and amygdala in approach-avoidance decisions under threat, and linked their integrity to cautious behavior. Here we sought to elucidate how threat dimensions and behavior are represented in these structures. Twenty human participants (11 female) completed an approach-avoidance conflict task during high-resolution fMRI. Participants could gather tokens under threat of capture by a virtual predator, which would lead to token loss. Threat probability (predator wake-up rate) and magnitude (amount of token loss) varied on each trial. To disentangle effects of threat features, and ensuing behavior, we performed a multifold parametric analysis. We found that high threat probability and magnitude related to BOLD signal in left aHC/entorhinal cortex. However, BOLD signal in this region was better explained by avoidance behavior than by these threat features. A priori ROI analysis confirmed the relation of aHC BOLD response with avoidance. Exploratory subfield analysis revealed that this relation was specific to anterior CA2/3 but not CA1. Left lateral amygdala responded to low and high, but not intermediate, threat probability. Our results suggest that aHC BOLD signal is better explained by avoidance behavior than by threat features in approach-avoidance conflict. Rather than representing threat features in a monotonic manner, it appears that aHC may compute approach-avoidance decisions based on integration of situational threat features represented in other neural structures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An effective threat anticipation system is crucial to survival across species. Natural threats, however, are diverse and have distinct features. To be able to adapt to different modes of danger, the brain needs to recognize these features, integrate them, and use them to modify behavior. Our results disclose the human anterior hippocampus as a likely arbiter of approach-avoidance decisions harnessing compound environmental information while partially replicating previous findings and blending into recent efforts to illuminate the neural basis of approach-avoidance conflict in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslan Abivardi
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
- Zurich, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Saurabh Khemka
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
- Zurich, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
- Zurich, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Reduced hippocampal recruitment during response conflict resolution in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116723. [PMID: 32173408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the human hippocampus (HC) is not only involved in the processing of motivationally relevant approach-avoidance conflicts but is also engaged in the resolution of more general response conflicts as measured in the Stroop paradigm. Here we investigated whether neural activity in the HC is necessary for successful response conflict resolution. We compared hippocampal recruitment during an auditory Stroop paradigm in 20 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis and 20 age-matched healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We analyzed hippocampal activation and behavioral performance in conflict trials relative to non-conflict trials. Moreover, functional connectivity (FC) analyses with left and right HCs as seeds were performed. Subjects' regional gray matter volumes were analyzed based on high-resolution T2-weighted MRI scans. The current study replicated previous results showing increased activation in left HC during the processing of conflict trials in healthy subjects. By contrast, MTLE patients showed higher behavioral costs of response conflict resolution and reduced conflict-related HC activation. In patients with left MTLE, left HC activation was predictive of faster conflict-related response times (RTs). By contrast, right HC activation was related to RT slowing, suggestive of a maladaptive compensation attempt in MTLE patients. Our results provide evidence that left hippocampal activation is required for the successful resolution of response conflicts.
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Bravo-Rivera C, Sotres-Bayon F. From Isolated Emotional Memories to Their Competition During Conflict. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:36. [PMID: 32226364 PMCID: PMC7080848 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aversive or rewarding experiences are remembered better than those of lesser survival significance. These emotional memories, whether negative or positive, leave traces in the brain which can later be retrieved and strongly influence how we perceive, how we form associations with environmental stimuli and, ultimately, guide our decision-making. In this review aticle, we outline what constitutes an emotional memory by focusing on threat- and reward-related memories and describe how they are formed in the brain during learning and reformed during retrieval. Finally, we discuss how the field is moving from understanding emotional memory brain circuits separately, towards studying how these two opposing brain systems interact to guide choices during conflict. Here, we outline two novel tasks in rodents that model opposing binary choices (approach or avoid) guided by competing emotional memories. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a major integration hub of emotional information which is also known to be critical for decision-making. Consequently, brain circuits that involve this brain region may be key for understanding how the retrieval of emotional memories flexibly orchestrates adaptive choice behavior. Because several mental disorders (e.g., drug addiction and depression) are characterized by deficits in decision-making in the face of conflicting emotional memories (maladaptively giving more weight to one memory over the other), the development of choice-based animal models for emotional regulation could give rise to new approaches for the treatment of these disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Sotres-Bayon
- Institute of Cell Physiology-Neuroscience, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Çavdaroğlu B, Toy J, Schumacher A, Carvalho G, Patel M, Ito R. Ventral hippocampus inactivation enhances the extinction of active avoidance responses in the presence of safety signals but leaves discrete trial operant active avoidance performance intact. Hippocampus 2020; 30:913-925. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilgehan Çavdaroğlu
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jeffrey Toy
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anett Schumacher
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gabriel Carvalho
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mihilkumar Patel
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Chu S, Thavabalasingam S, Hamel L, Aashat S, Tay J, Ito R, Lee ACH. Exploring the interaction between approach-avoidance conflict and memory processing. Memory 2019; 28:141-156. [PMID: 31795819 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1696827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been implicated in approach-avoidance (AA) conflict processing, which arises when a stimulus is imbued with both positive and negative valences. Notably, since the MTL has been traditionally viewed as a mnemonic brain region, a pertinent question is how AA conflict and memory processing interact with each other behaviourally. We conducted two behavioural experiments to examine whether increased AA conflict processing has a significant impact on incidental mnemonic encoding and inferential reasoning. In Experiment 1, participants first completed a reward and punishment AA task and were subsequently administered a surprise recognition memory test for stimuli that were presented during high and no AA conflict trials. In Experiment 2, participants completed a reward and punishment task in which they learned the valences of objects presented in pairs (AB, BC pairs). Next, we assessed their ability to integrate information across these pairs (infer A-C relationships) and examined whether inferential reasoning was more challenging across objects with conflicting compared to non-conflicting incentive values. We observed that increased motivational conflict did not significantly impact encoding or inferential reasoning. Potential explanations for these findings are considered, including the possibility that AA conflict and memory processing are not necessarily intertwined behaviourally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Chu
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Laurie Hamel
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Supreet Aashat
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tay
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
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Yeates DCM, Ussling A, Lee ACH, Ito R. Double dissociation of learned approach–avoidance conflict processing and spatial pattern separation along the dorsoventral axis of the dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 2019; 30:596-609. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C. M. Yeates
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Alicia Ussling
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Andy C. H. Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrest Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough)University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Canada
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