1
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Malin J, Rosa-Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, PI3K, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics control pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1593-1608.e6. [PMID: 38640926 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here, we found that manipulations of Pten or PI3-kinase (PI3K) that either decreased or increased PIP3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, PI3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic control of PIP3 by Pten and PI3K governs the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Malin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christian Rosa-Birriel
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Victor Hatini
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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2
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Jackson J, Hoffmann C, Scifo E, Wang H, Wischhof L, Piazzesi A, Mondal M, Shields H, Zhou X, Mondin M, Ryan EB, Döring H, Prehn JHM, Rottner K, Giannone G, Nicotera P, Ehninger D, Milovanovic D, Bano D. Actin-nucleation promoting factor N-WASP influences alpha-synuclein condensates and pathology. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:304. [PMID: 38693139 PMCID: PMC11063037 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal intraneuronal accumulation of soluble and insoluble α-synuclein (α-Syn) is one of the main pathological hallmarks of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been well documented that the reversible liquid-liquid phase separation of α-Syn can modulate synaptic vesicle condensates at the presynaptic terminals. However, α-Syn can also form liquid-like droplets that may convert into amyloid-enriched hydrogels or fibrillar polymorphs under stressful conditions. To advance our understanding on the mechanisms underlying α-Syn phase transition, we employed a series of unbiased proteomic analyses and found that actin and actin regulators are part of the α-Syn interactome. We focused on Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) because of its association with a rare early-onset familial form of PD. In cultured cells, we demonstrate that N-WASP undergoes phase separation and can be recruited to synapsin 1 liquid-like droplets, whereas it is excluded from α-Syn/synapsin 1 condensates. Consistently, we provide evidence that wsp-1/WASL loss of function alters the number and dynamics of α-Syn inclusions in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Together, our findings indicate that N-WASP expression may create permissive conditions that promote α-Syn condensates and their potentially deleterious conversion into toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jackson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enzo Scifo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Han Wang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonia Piazzesi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Shields
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Xuesi Zhou
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Magali Mondin
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BIC, UAR 3420, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eanna B Ryan
- RCSI Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- RCSI Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences; SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gregory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Dan Ehninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dragomir Milovanovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.
- Einstein Center for Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Mariano V, Kanellopoulos AK, Ricci C, Di Marino D, Borrie SC, Dupraz S, Bradke F, Achsel T, Legius E, Odent S, Billuart P, Bienvenu T, Bagni C. Intellectual Disability and Behavioral Deficits Linked to CYFIP1 Missense Variants Disrupting Actin Polymerization. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:161-174. [PMID: 37704042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 15q11.2 deletions and duplications have been linked to autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Recent evidence suggests that dysfunctional CYFIP1 (cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 1) contributes to the clinical phenotypes observed in individuals with 15q11.2 deletion/duplication syndrome. CYFIP1 plays crucial roles in neuronal development and brain connectivity, promoting actin polymerization and regulating local protein synthesis. However, information about the impact of single nucleotide variants in CYFIP1 on neurodevelopmental disorders is limited. METHODS Here, we report a family with 2 probands exhibiting intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, spastic tetraparesis, and brain morphology defects and who carry biallelic missense point mutations in the CYFIP1 gene. We used skin fibroblasts from one of the probands, the parents, and typically developing individuals to investigate the effect of the variants on the functionality of CYFIP1. In addition, we generated Drosophila knockin mutants to address the effect of the variants in vivo and gain insight into the molecular mechanism that underlies the clinical phenotype. RESULTS Our study revealed that the 2 missense variants are in protein domains responsible for maintaining the interaction within the wave regulatory complex. Molecular and cellular analyses in skin fibroblasts from one proband showed deficits in actin polymerization. The fly model for these mutations exhibited abnormal brain morphology and F-actin loss and recapitulated the core behavioral symptoms, such as deficits in social interaction and motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the 2 CYFIP1 variants contribute to the clinical phenotype in the probands that reflects deficits in actin-mediated brain development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Carlotta Ricci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilmann Achsel
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Labellisé pour les Anomalies du Développement Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, ERN-ITHACA, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1266, Université de Paris Cité (UPC), Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1266, Université de Paris Cité (UPC), Paris, France
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Dostál V, Humhalová T, Beránková P, Pácalt O, Libusová L. SWIP mediates retromer-independent membrane recruitment of the WASH complex. Traffic 2023; 24:216-230. [PMID: 36995008 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The pentameric WASH complex facilitates endosomal protein sorting by activating Arp2/3, which in turn leads to the formation of F-actin patches specifically on the endosomal surface. It is generally accepted that WASH complex attaches to the endosomal membrane via the interaction of its subunit FAM21 with the retromer subunit VPS35. However, we observe the WASH complex and F-actin present on endosomes even in the absence of VPS35. We show that the WASH complex binds to the endosomal surface in both a retromer-dependent and a retromer-independent manner. The retromer-independent membrane anchor is directly mediated by the subunit SWIP. Furthermore, SWIP can interact with a number of phosphoinositide species. Of those, our data suggest that the interaction with phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2 ) is crucial to the endosomal binding of SWIP. Overall, this study reveals a new role of the WASH complex subunit SWIP and highlights the WASH complex as an independent, self-sufficient trafficking regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Dostál
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Humhalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Beránková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Pácalt
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Libusová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Malin J, Rosa Birriel C, Hatini V. Pten, Pi3K and PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 dynamics modulate pulsatile actin branching in Drosophila retina morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533017. [PMID: 36993510 PMCID: PMC10055149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling of the Drosophila retina depends on the pulsatile contraction and expansion of apical contacts between the cells that form its hexagonal lattice. Phosphoinositide PI(3,4,5)P 3 (PIP 3 ) accumulates around tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) during contact expansion and dissipates during contraction, but with unknown function. Here we found that manipulations of Pten or Pi3K that either decreased or increased PIP 3 resulted in shortened contacts and a disordered lattice, indicating a requirement for PIP 3 dynamics and turnover. These phenotypes are caused by a loss of protrusive branched actin, resulting from impaired activity of the Rac1 Rho GTPase and the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). We additionally found that during contact expansion, Pi3K moves into tAJs to promote the cyclical increase of PIP 3 in a spatially and temporally precise manner. Thus, dynamic regulation of PIP 3 by Pten and Pi3K controls the protrusive phase of junctional remodeling, which is essential for planar epithelial morphogenesis.
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6
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Nakamura M, Hui J, Stjepić V, Parkhurst SM. Scar/WAVE has Rac GTPase-independent functions during cell wound repair. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4763. [PMID: 36959278 PMCID: PMC10036328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate both linear and branched actin dynamics by activating downstream effectors to facilitate the assembly and function of complex cellular structures such as lamellipodia and contractile actomyosin rings. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) family proteins are downstream effectors of Rho family GTPases that usually function in a one-to-one correspondence to regulate branched actin nucleation. In particular, the WAS protein Scar/WAVE has been shown to exhibit one-to-one correspondence with Rac GTPase. Here we show that Rac and SCAR are recruited to cell wounds in the Drosophila repair model and are required for the proper formation and maintenance of the dynamic actomyosin ring formed at the wound periphery. Interestingly, we find that SCAR is recruited to wounds earlier than Rac and is still recruited to the wound periphery in the presence of a potent Rac inhibitor. We also show that while Rac is important for actin recruitment to the actomyosin ring, SCAR serves to organize the actomyosin ring and facilitate its anchoring to the overlying plasma membrane. These differing spatiotemporal recruitment patterns and wound repair phenotypes highlight the Rac-independent functions of SCAR and provide an exciting new context in which to investigate these newly uncovered SCAR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Justin Hui
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Viktor Stjepić
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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7
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Steffen A, Reusch B, Gruteser N, Mainz D, Roncarati R, Baumann A, Stradal TEB, Knebel-Mörsdorf D. Baculovirus Actin Rearrangement-Inducing Factor 1 Can Remodel the Mammalian Actin Cytoskeleton. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0518922. [PMID: 36779726 PMCID: PMC10100760 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05189-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin rearrangement-inducing factor 1 (Arif-1) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an early viral protein that manipulates the actin cytoskeleton of host insect cells. Arif-1 is conserved among alphabaculoviruses and is responsible for the accumulation of F-actin at the plasma membrane during the early phase of infection. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Arif-1-induced cortical actin accumulation is still open. Recent studies have demonstrated the formation of invadosome-like structures induced by Arif-1, suggesting a function in systemic virus spread. Here, we addressed whether Arif-1 is able to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton of mammalian cells comparably to insect cells. Strikingly, transient overexpression of Arif-1 in B16-F1 mouse melanoma cells revealed pronounced F-actin remodeling. Actin assembly was increased, and intense membrane ruffling occurred at the expense of substrate-associated lamellipodia. Deletion mutagenesis studies of Arif-1 confirmed that the C-terminal cytoplasmic region was not sufficient to induce F-actin remodeling, supporting that the transmembrane region for Arif-1 function is also required in mammalian cells. The similarities between Arif-1-induced actin remodeling in insect and mammalian cells indicate that Arif-1 function relies on conserved cellular interaction partners and signal transduction pathways, thus providing an experimental tool to elucidate the underlying mechanism. IMPORTANCE Virus-induced changes of the host cell cytoskeleton play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of viral infections. The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is known for intervening with the regulation of the host actin cytoskeleton in a wide manner throughout the infection cycle. The actin rearrangement-inducing factor 1 (Arif-1) is a viral protein that causes actin rearrangement during the early phase of AcMNPV infection. Here, we performed overexpression studies of Arif-1 in mammalian cells to establish an experimental tool that allows elucidation of the mechanism underlying the Arif-1-induced remodeling of actin dynamics in a well-characterized and genetically accessible system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Björn Reusch
- Center for Biochemistry, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Gruteser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Daniela Mainz
- Center for Biochemistry, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renza Roncarati
- Center for Biochemistry, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Knebel-Mörsdorf
- Center for Biochemistry, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Bieling P, Rottner K. From WRC to Arp2/3: Collective molecular mechanisms of branched actin network assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102156. [PMID: 36868090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Branched actin networks have emerged as major force-generating structures driving the protrusions in various distinct cell types and processes, ranging from lamellipodia operating in mesenchymal and epithelial cell migration or tails pushing intracellular pathogens and vesicles to developing spine heads on neurons. Many key molecular features are conserved among all those Arp2/3 complex-containing, branched actin networks. Here, we will review recent progress in our molecular understanding of the core biochemical machinery driving branched actin nucleation, from the generation of filament primers to Arp2/3 activator recruitment, regulation and turnover. Due to the wealth of information on distinct, Arp2/3 network-containing structures, we are largely focusing-in an exemplary fashion-on canonical lamellipodia of mesenchymal cells, which are regulated by Rac GTPases, their downstream effector WAVE Regulatory Complex and its target Arp2/3 complex. Novel insight additionally confirms that WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes regulate or are themselves tuned by additional prominent actin regulatory factors, including Ena/VASP family members and heterodimeric capping protein. Finally, we are considering recent insights into effects exerted by mechanical force, both at the branched network and individual actin regulator level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bieling
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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9
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Ena/VASP clustering at microspike tips involves lamellipodin but not I-BAR proteins, and absolutely requires unconventional myosin-X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217437120. [PMID: 36598940 PMCID: PMC9926217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217437120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheet-like membrane protrusions at the leading edge, termed lamellipodia, drive 2D-cell migration using active actin polymerization. Microspikes comprise actin-filament bundles embedded within lamellipodia, but the molecular mechanisms driving their formation and their potential functional relevance have remained elusive. Microspike formation requires the specific activity of clustered Ena/VASP proteins at their tips to enable processive actin assembly in the presence of capping protein, but the factors and mechanisms mediating Ena/VASP clustering are poorly understood. Systematic analyses of B16-F1 melanoma mutants lacking potential candidate proteins revealed that neither inverse BAR-domain proteins, nor lamellipodin or Abi is essential for clustering, although they differentially contribute to lamellipodial VASP accumulation. In contrast, unconventional myosin-X (MyoX) identified here as proximal to VASP was obligatory for Ena/VASP clustering and microspike formation. Interestingly, and despite the invariable distribution of other relevant marker proteins, the width of lamellipodia in MyoX-KO mutants was significantly reduced as compared with B16-F1 control, suggesting that microspikes contribute to lamellipodium stability. Consistently, MyoX removal caused marked defects in protrusion and random 2D-cell migration. Strikingly, Ena/VASP-deficiency also uncoupled MyoX cluster dynamics from actin assembly in lamellipodia, establishing their tight functional association in microspike formation.
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10
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Pokrant T, Hein JI, Körber S, Disanza A, Pich A, Scita G, Rottner K, Faix J. Ena/VASP clustering at microspike tips involves lamellipodin but not I-BAR proteins, and absolutely requires unconventional myosin-X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023. [PMID: 36598940 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.12.491613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheet-like membrane protrusions at the leading edge, termed lamellipodia, drive 2D-cell migration using active actin polymerization. Microspikes comprise actin-filament bundles embedded within lamellipodia, but the molecular mechanisms driving their formation and their potential functional relevance have remained elusive. Microspike formation requires the specific activity of clustered Ena/VASP proteins at their tips to enable processive actin assembly in the presence of capping protein, but the factors and mechanisms mediating Ena/VASP clustering are poorly understood. Systematic analyses of B16-F1 melanoma mutants lacking potential candidate proteins revealed that neither inverse BAR-domain proteins, nor lamellipodin or Abi is essential for clustering, although they differentially contribute to lamellipodial VASP accumulation. In contrast, unconventional myosin-X (MyoX) identified here as proximal to VASP was obligatory for Ena/VASP clustering and microspike formation. Interestingly, and despite the invariable distribution of other relevant marker proteins, the width of lamellipodia in MyoX-KO mutants was significantly reduced as compared with B16-F1 control, suggesting that microspikes contribute to lamellipodium stability. Consistently, MyoX removal caused marked defects in protrusion and random 2D-cell migration. Strikingly, Ena/VASP-deficiency also uncoupled MyoX cluster dynamics from actin assembly in lamellipodia, establishing their tight functional association in microspike formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Ingo Hein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Pich
- Research Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Yang S, Tang Y, Liu Y, Brown AJ, Schaks M, Ding B, Kramer DA, Mietkowska M, Ding L, Alekhina O, Billadeau DD, Chowdhury S, Wang J, Rottner K, Chen B. Arf GTPase activates the WAVE regulatory complex through a distinct binding site. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1412. [PMID: 36516255 PMCID: PMC9750158 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cross-talk between Rho- and Arf-family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) plays an important role in linking the actin cytoskeleton to membrane protrusions, organelle morphology, and vesicle trafficking. The central actin regulator, WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), integrates Rac1 (a Rho-family GTPase) and Arf signaling to promote Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization in many processes, but how WRC senses Arf signaling is unknown. Here, we have reconstituted a direct interaction between Arf and WRC. This interaction is greatly enhanced by Rac1 binding to the D site of WRC. Arf1 binds to a previously unidentified, conserved surface on the Sra1 subunit of WRC, which, in turn, drives WRC activation using a mechanism distinct from that of Rac1. Mutating the Arf binding site abolishes Arf1-WRC interaction, disrupts Arf1-mediated WRC activation, and impairs lamellipodia formation and cell migration. This work uncovers a new mechanism underlying WRC activation and provides a mechanistic foundation for studying how WRC-mediated actin polymerization links Arf and Rac signaling in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yubo Tang
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yijun Liu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Abbigale J. Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bojian Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Olga Alekhina
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN 55905, USA
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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12
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Ding B, Yang S, Schaks M, Liu Y, Brown AJ, Rottner K, Chowdhury S, Chen B. Structures reveal a key mechanism of WAVE regulatory complex activation by Rac1 GTPase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5444. [PMID: 36114192 PMCID: PMC9481577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho-family GTPase Rac1 activates the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization in many essential processes. Rac1 binds to WRC at two distinct sites-the A and D sites. Precisely how Rac1 binds and how the binding triggers WRC activation remain unknown. Here we report WRC structures by itself, and when bound to single or double Rac1 molecules, at ~3 Å resolutions by cryogenic-electron microscopy. The structures reveal that Rac1 binds to the two sites by distinct mechanisms, and binding to the A site, but not the D site, drives WRC activation. Activation involves a series of unique conformational changes leading to the release of sequestered WCA (WH2-central-acidic) polypeptide, which stimulates the Arp2/3 complex to polymerize actin. Together with biochemical and cellular analyses, the structures provide a novel mechanistic understanding of how the Rac1-WRC-Arp2/3-actin signaling axis is regulated in diverse biological processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojian Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sheng Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Target & Protein Sciences, Janssen R&D, Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring house, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Soilytix GmbH, Dammtorwall 7 A, 20354, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yijun Liu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Abbigale J Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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13
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Singh SP, Paschke P, Tweedy L, Insall RH. AKT and SGK kinases regulate cell migration by altering Scar/WAVE complex activation and Arp2/3 complex recruitment. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965921. [PMID: 36106016 PMCID: PMC9466652 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity and cell migration both depend on pseudopodia and lamellipodia formation. These are regulated by coordinated signaling acting through G-protein coupled receptors and kinases such as PKB/AKT and SGK, as well as the actin cytoskeletal machinery. Here we show that both Dictyostelium PKB and SGK kinases (encoded by pkbA and pkgB) are dispensable for chemotaxis towards folate. However, both are involved in the regulation of pseudopod formation and thus cell motility. Cells lacking pkbA and pkgB showed a substantial drop in cell speed. Actin polymerization is perturbed in pkbA- and reduced in pkgB- and pkbA-/pkgB- mutants. The Scar/WAVE complex, key catalyst of pseudopod formation, is recruited normally to the fronts of all mutant cells (pkbA-, pkgB- and pkbA-/pkgB-), but is unexpectedly unable to recruit the Arp2/3 complex in cells lacking SGK. Consequently, loss of SGK causes a near-complete loss of normal actin pseudopodia, though this can be rescued by overexpression of PKB. Hence both PKB and SGK are required for correct assembly of F-actin and recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex by the Scar/WAVE complex during pseudopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Prakash Singh
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shashi Prakash Singh,
| | | | - Luke Tweedy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Biembengut ÍV, Shigunov P, Frota NF, Lourenzoni MR, de Souza TACB. Molecular Dynamics of CYFIP2 Protein and Its R87C Variant Related to Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8708. [PMID: 35955843 PMCID: PMC9368851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYFIP2 protein (cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2) is part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). CYFIP2 was recently correlated to neurological disorders by the association of the R87C variant with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) patients. In this set of syndromes, the epileptic spasms and seizures since early childhood lead to impaired neurological development in children. Inside the WRC, the variant residue is at the CYFIP2 and WAVE1 protein interface. Thus, the hypothesis is that the R87C modification weakens this interaction, allowing the WRC complex's constant activation. This work aimed to investigate the impacts of the mutation on the structure of the WRC complex through molecular dynamics simulation. For that, we constructed WRC models containing WAVE1-NCKAP1 proteins complexed with WT or R87C CYFIP2. Our simulations showed a flexibilization of the loop comprising residues 80-110 due to the loss of contacts between internal residues in the R87C CYFIP2 as well as the key role of residues R/C87, E624, and E689 in structural modification. These data could explain the mechanism by which the mutation impairs the stability and proper regulation of the WRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ísis V. Biembengut
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Shigunov
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Natalia F. Frota
- Campus do Pici (Bloco 873), Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
- Research Group on Protein Engineering and Health Solutions (GEPeSS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ceará (Fiocruz-CE), São José, Precabura, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. Lourenzoni
- Research Group on Protein Engineering and Health Solutions (GEPeSS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ceará (Fiocruz-CE), São José, Precabura, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A. C. B. de Souza
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Paraná (Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba 80320-290, Brazil
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15
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Kage F, Döring H, Mietkowska M, Schaks M, Grüner F, Stahnke S, Steffen A, Müsken M, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Lamellipodia-like actin networks in cells lacking WAVE regulatory complex. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276259. [PMID: 35971979 PMCID: PMC9511706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodia induced by Rac GTPases activating WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to drive Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin assembly. Previous genome editing studies in B16-F1 melanoma cells solidified the view of an essential, linear pathway employing the aforementioned components. Here, disruption of the WRC subunit Nap1 (encoded by Nckap1) and its paralog Hem1 (encoded by Nckap1l) followed by serum and growth factor stimulation, or active GTPase expression, revealed a pathway to formation of Arp2/3 complex-dependent lamellipodia-like structures (LLS) that requires both Rac and Cdc42 GTPases, but not WRC. These phenotypes were independent of the WRC subunit eliminated and coincided with the lack of recruitment of Ena/VASP family actin polymerases. Moreover, aside from Ena/VASP proteins, LLS contained all lamellipodial regulators tested, including cortactin (also known as CTTN), the Ena/VASP ligand lamellipodin (also known as RAPH1) and FMNL subfamily formins. Rac-dependent but WRC-independent actin remodeling could also be triggered in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by growth factor (HGF) treatment or by gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes usurping HGF receptor signaling for host cell invasion. Taken together, our studies thus establish the existence of a signaling axis to Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling at the cell periphery that operates without WRC and Ena/VASP. Summary: Rac-dependent actin remodeling can occur in the absence of WAVE regulatory complex, triggered by active Cdc42. WAVE regulatory complex-independent actin structures harbor Arp2/3 complex but not VASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franziska Grüner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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17
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Jung G, Pan M, Alexander C, Jin T, Hammer JA. Dual regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by CARMIL-GAP. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275754. [PMID: 35583107 PMCID: PMC9270954 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Capping protein Arp2/3 myosin I linker (CARMIL) proteins are multi-domain scaffold proteins that regulate actin dynamics by regulating the activity of capping protein (CP). Here, we characterize CARMIL-GAP (GAP for GTPase-activating protein), a Dictyostelium CARMIL isoform that contains a ∼130 residue insert that, by homology, confers GTPase-activating properties for Rho-related GTPases. Consistent with this idea, this GAP domain binds Dictyostelium Rac1a and accelerates its rate of GTP hydrolysis. CARMIL-GAP concentrates with F-actin in phagocytic cups and at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells, and CARMIL-GAP-null cells exhibit pronounced defects in phagocytosis and chemotactic streaming. Importantly, these defects are fully rescued by expressing GFP-tagged CARMIL-GAP in CARMIL-GAP-null cells. Finally, rescue with versions of CARMIL-GAP that lack either GAP activity or the ability to regulate CP show that, although both activities contribute significantly to CARMIL-GAP function, the GAP activity plays the bigger role. Together, our results add to the growing evidence that CARMIL proteins influence actin dynamics by regulating signaling molecules as well as CP, and that the continuous cycling of the nucleotide state of Rho GTPases is often required to drive Rho-dependent biological processes. Summary:Dictyostelium CARMIL-GAP supports phagocytosis and chemotaxis by regulating both capping protein and Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeh Jung
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Miao Pan
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Chris Alexander
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
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18
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Malin J, Rosa Birriel C, Astigarraga S, Treisman JE, Hatini V. Sidekick dynamically rebalances contractile and protrusive forces to control tissue morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202107035. [PMID: 35258563 PMCID: PMC8908789 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin and protrusive branched F-actin networks interact in a dynamic balance, repeatedly contracting and expanding apical cell contacts to organize the epithelium of the developing fly retina. Previously we showed that the immunoglobulin superfamily protein Sidekick (Sdk) contributes to contraction by recruiting the actin binding protein Polychaetoid (Pyd) to vertices. Here we show that as tension increases during contraction, Sdk progressively accumulates at vertices, where it toggles to recruit the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to promote actin branching and protrusion. Sdk alternately interacts with the WRC and Pyd using the same C-terminal motif. With increasing protrusion, levels of Sdk and the WRC decrease at vertices while levels of Pyd increase paving the way for another round of contraction. Thus, by virtue of dynamic association with vertices and interchangeable associations with contractile and protrusive effectors, Sdk is central to controlling the balance between contraction and expansion that shapes this epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Malin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Rosa Birriel
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jessica E. Treisman
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Victor Hatini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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19
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Fung TS, Chakrabarti R, Kollasser J, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Kage F, Higgs HN. Parallel kinase pathways stimulate actin polymerization at depolarized mitochondria. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1577-1592.e8. [PMID: 35290799 PMCID: PMC9078333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage (MtD) represents a dramatic change in cellular homeostasis, necessitating metabolic changes and stimulating mitophagy. One rapid response to MtD is a rapid peri-mitochondrial actin polymerization termed ADA (acute damage-induced actin). The activation mechanism for ADA is unknown. Here, we use mitochondrial depolarization or the complex I inhibitor metformin to induce ADA. We show that two parallel signaling pathways are required for ADA. In one pathway, increased cytosolic calcium in turn activates PKC-β, Rac, WAVE regulatory complex, and Arp2/3 complex. In the other pathway, a drop in cellular ATP in turn activates AMPK (through LKB1), Cdc42, and FMNL formins. We also identify putative guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rac and Cdc42, Trio and Fgd1, respectively, whose phosphorylation states increase upon mitochondrial depolarization and whose suppression inhibits ADA. The depolarization-induced calcium increase is dependent on the mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger NCLX, suggesting initial mitochondrial calcium efflux. We also show that ADA inhibition results in enhanced mitochondrial shape changes upon mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting that ADA inhibits these shape changes. These depolarization-induced shape changes are not fragmentation but a circularization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is dependent on the inner mitochondrial membrane protease Oma1. ADA inhibition increases the proteolytic processing of an Oma1 substrate, the dynamin GTPase Opa1. These results show that ADA requires the combined action of the Arp2/3 complex and formin proteins to polymerize a network of actin filaments around mitochondria and that the ADA network inhibits the rapid mitochondrial shape changes that occur upon mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jana Kollasser
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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20
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Tu H, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Miao X, Li D, Guo H, Yang Y, Cai H. The PripA-TbcrA complex-centered Rab GAP cascade facilitates macropinosome maturation in Dictyostelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1787. [PMID: 35379834 PMCID: PMC8980073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMacropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating nonspecific bulk uptake of extracellular fluid, has been ascribed diverse functions. How nascent macropinosomes mature after internalization remains largely unknown. By searching for proteins that localize on macropinosomes during the Rab5-to-Rab7 transition stage in Dictyostelium, we uncover a complex composed of two proteins, which we name PripA and TbcrA. We show that the Rab5-to-Rab7 conversion involves fusion of Rab5-marked early macropinosomes with Rab7-marked late macropinosomes. PripA links the two membrane compartments by interacting with PI(3,4)P2 and Rab7. In addition, PripA recruits TbcrA, which acts as a GAP, to turn off Rab5. Thus, the conversion to Rab7 is linked to inactivation of the upstream Rab5. Consistently, disruption of either pripA or tbcrA impairs Rab5 inactivation and macropinocytic cargo processing. Therefore, the PripA-TbcrA complex is the central component of a Rab GAP cascade that facilitates programmed Rab switch and efficient cargo trafficking during macropinosome maturation.
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21
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Kummer D, Steinbacher T, Thölmann S, Schwietzer MF, Hartmann C, Horenkamp S, Demuth S, Peddibhotla SS, Brinkmann F, Kemper B, Schnekenburger J, Brandt M, Betz T, Liashkovich I, Kouzel IU, Shahin V, Corvaia N, Rottner K, Tarbashevich K, Raz E, Greune L, Schmidt MA, Gerke V, Ebnet K. A JAM-A-tetraspanin-αvβ5 integrin complex regulates contact inhibition of locomotion. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213070. [PMID: 35293964 PMCID: PMC8931538 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a process that regulates cell motility upon collision with other cells. Improper regulation of CIL has been implicated in cancer cell dissemination. Here, we identify the cell adhesion molecule JAM-A as a central regulator of CIL in tumor cells. JAM-A is part of a multimolecular signaling complex in which tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 link JAM-A to αvβ5 integrin. JAM-A binds Csk and inhibits the activity of αvβ5 integrin-associated Src. Loss of JAM-A results in increased activities of downstream effectors of Src, including Erk1/2, Abi1, and paxillin, as well as increased activity of Rac1 at cell-cell contact sites. As a consequence, JAM-A-depleted cells show increased motility, have a higher cell-matrix turnover, and fail to halt migration when colliding with other cells. We also find that proper regulation of CIL depends on αvβ5 integrin engagement. Our findings identify a molecular mechanism that regulates CIL in tumor cells and have implications on tumor cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kummer
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Thölmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mariel Flavia Schwietzer
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Horenkamp
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Demuth
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Swetha S.D. Peddibhotla
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Brinkmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Brandt
- Institute-associated Research Group “Mechanics of Cellular Systems”, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute-associated Research Group “Mechanics of Cellular Systems”, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Liashkovich
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan U. Kouzel
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology University of Bergen Thormøhlensgt, Bergen, Norway
| | - Victor Shahin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Corvaia
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Divison of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
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22
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Faix J, Rottner K. Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274697. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The tightly coordinated, spatiotemporal control of actin filament remodeling provides the basis of fundamental cellular processes, such as cell migration and adhesion. Specific protein assemblies, composed of various actin-binding proteins, are thought to operate in these processes to nucleate and elongate new filaments, arrange them into complex three-dimensional (3D) arrays and recycle them to replenish the actin monomer pool. Actin filament assembly is not only necessary to generate pushing forces against the leading edge membrane or to propel pathogens through the cytoplasm, but also coincides with the generation of stress fibers (SFs) and focal adhesions (FAs) that generate, transmit and sense mechanical tension. The only protein families known to date that directly enhance the elongation of actin filaments are formins and the family of Ena/VASP proteins. Their mechanisms of action, however, in enhancing processive filament elongation are distinct. The aim of this Review is to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of Ena/VASP-mediated actin filament assembly, and to discuss recent insights into the cell biological functions of Ena/VASP proteins in cell edge protrusion, migration and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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23
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Singh SP, Insall RH. Under-Agarose Chemotaxis and Migration Assays for Dictyostelium. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2438:467-482. [PMID: 35147958 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis-directional cell movement steered by chemical gradients-involved in many biological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and immune cell function. Eukaryotic cells, in response to external gradients of attractants, use conserved mechanisms to achieve chemotaxis by regulating the actin cytoskeleton at their fronts and myosin II at their rears. Dictyostelium discoideum, an amoeba that is widely used to study chemotaxis, uses chemotaxis to move up gradients of folate to identify and locate its bacterial prey. Similarly, when starved, Dictyostelium cells synthesize and secrete cyclic AMP (cAMP) while simultaneously expressing cAMP receptors. This allows them to chemotax toward their neighbors and aggregate together. The chemotactic behavior of cells can be studied using several techniques. One such, under-agarose chemotaxis, is a robust, easy, and inexpensive assay that allows direct quantification of chemotactic parameters such as speed and directionality. With the use of high-resolution imaging, for example confocal microscopy, detailed examination of the distribution of actin and membrane proteins in migrating wild type and mutant cells can be performed. In this chapter, we describe simple and optimized methods for studying folate and cAMP chemotaxis in Dictyostelium cells under agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK. .,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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24
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Khlebodarova TM. The molecular view of mechanical stress of brain cells, local translation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:92-100. [PMID: 34901706 PMCID: PMC8629365 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The assumption that chronic mechanical stress in brain cells stemming from intracranial hypertension,
arterial hypertension, or mechanical injury is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases was put forward in the
1990s and has since been supported. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the way from cell exposure to mechanical stress to disturbances in synaptic plasticity followed by changes in behavior, cognition, and
memory are still poorly understood. Here we review (1) the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms regulating local translation and the actin cytoskeleton state at an activated synapse, where they play a key role in the
formation of various sorts of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory, and (2) possible pathways of mechanical
stress intervention. The roles of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway; the RNA-binding
FMRP protein; the CYFIP1 protein, interacting with FMRP; the family of small GTPases; and the WAVE regulatory
complex in the regulation of translation initiation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in dendritic spines of the
activated synapse are discussed. Evidence is provided that chronic mechanical stress may result in aberrant activation of mTOR signaling and the WAVE regulatory complex via the YAP/TAZ system, the key sensor of mechanical
signals, and influence the associated pathways regulating the formation of F actin filaments and the dendritic spine
structure. These consequences may be a risk factor for various neurological conditions, including autistic spectrum
disorders and epileptic encephalopathy. In further consideration of the role of the local translation system in the
development of neuropsychic and neurodegenerative diseases, an original hypothesis was put forward that one
of the possible causes of synaptopathies is impaired proteome stability associated with mTOR hyperactivity and
formation of complex dynamic modes of de novo protein synthesis in response to synapse-stimulating factors,
including chronic mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Khlebodarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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25
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Extracellular Signalling Modulates Scar/WAVE Complex Activity through Abi Phosphorylation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123485. [PMID: 34943993 PMCID: PMC8700165 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lamellipodia and pseudopodia of migrating cells are produced and maintained by the Scar/WAVE complex. Thus, actin-based cell migration is largely controlled through regulation of Scar/WAVE. Here, we report that the Abi subunit-but not Scar-is phosphorylated in response to extracellular signalling in Dictyostelium cells. Like Scar, Abi is phosphorylated after the complex has been activated, implying that Abi phosphorylation modulates pseudopodia, rather than causing new ones to be made. Consistent with this, Scar complex mutants that cannot bind Rac are also not phosphorylated. Several environmental cues also affect Abi phosphorylation-cell-substrate adhesion promotes it and increased extracellular osmolarity diminishes it. Both unphosphorylatable and phosphomimetic Abi efficiently rescue the chemotaxis of Abi KO cells and pseudopodia formation, confirming that Abi phosphorylation is not required for activation or inactivation of the Scar/WAVE complex. However, pseudopodia and Scar patches in the cells with unphosphorylatable Abi protrude for longer, altering pseudopod dynamics and cell speed. Dictyostelium, in which Scar and Abi are both unphosphorylatable, can still form pseudopods, but migrate substantially faster. We conclude that extracellular signals and environmental responses modulate cell migration by tuning the behaviour of the Scar/WAVE complex after it has been activated.
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26
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Mehidi A, Kage F, Karatas Z, Cercy M, Schaks M, Polesskaya A, Sainlos M, Gautreau AM, Rossier O, Rottner K, Giannone G. Forces generated by lamellipodial actin filament elongation regulate the WAVE complex during cell migration. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1148-1162. [PMID: 34737443 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments generate mechanical forces that drive membrane movements during trafficking, endocytosis and cell migration. Reciprocally, adaptations of actin networks to forces regulate their assembly and architecture. Yet, a demonstration of forces acting on actin regulators at actin assembly sites in cells is missing. Here we show that local forces arising from actin filament elongation mechanically control WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) dynamics and function, that is, Arp2/3 complex activation in the lamellipodium. Single-protein tracking revealed WRC lateral movements along the lamellipodium tip, driven by elongation of actin filaments and correlating with WRC turnover. The use of optical tweezers to mechanically manipulate functional WRC showed that piconewton forces, as generated by single-filament elongation, dissociated WRC from the lamellipodium tip. WRC activation correlated with its trapping, dwell time and the binding strength at the lamellipodium tip. WRC crosslinking, hindering its mechanical dissociation, increased WRC dwell time and Arp2/3-dependent membrane protrusion. Thus, forces generated by individual actin filaments on their regulators can mechanically tune their turnover and hence activity during cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mehidi
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zeynep Karatas
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maureen Cercy
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Polesskaya
- CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Matthieu Sainlos
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Olivier Rossier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
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27
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STK25 and MST3 Have Overlapping Roles to Regulate Rho GTPases during Cortical Development. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8887-8903. [PMID: 34518307 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0523-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of neuronal migration is required for the laminar organization of the neocortex and critical for brain function. We previously reported that the acute disruption of the Stk25 gene (Stk25 conditional knock-out; cKO) during mouse embryogenesis causes anomalous neuronal migration in the neocortex, but paradoxically the Stk25 cKO did not have a cortical phenotype, suggesting some forms of compensation exist. In this study, we report that MST3, another member of the GCKIII subgroup of the Ste20-like kinase family, compensates for loss of Stk25 and vice versa with sex independent manner. MST3 overexpression rescued neuronal migration deficit and abnormal axonogenesis in Stk25 cKO brains. Mechanistically, STK25 leads to Rac1 activation and reduced RhoA levels in the developing brain, both of which are required to fully restore neuronal migration in the Stk25 cKO brain. Abnormal migration phenotypes are also rescued by overexpression of Bacurd1and Cul3, which target RhoA for degradation, and activate Rac1. This study reveals that MST3 upregulation is capable of rescuing acute Stk25 deficiency and resolves details of signaling downstream STK25 required for corticogenesis both common to and distinct from MST3 signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Proper neuronal migration during cortical development is required for normal neuronal function. Here, we show that STK25 and MST3 kinases regulate neuronal migration and polarization in a mutually compensatory manner. Furthermore, STK25 balances Rac1 activity and RhoA level through forming complexes with α-PIX and β-PIX, GTPase regulatory enzymes, and Cullin3-Bacurd1/Kctd13, a pair of RhoA ubiquitination molecules in a kinase activity-independent manner. Our findings demonstrate the importance of overlapping and unique roles of STK25 and MST3 to regulate Rho GTPase activities in cortical development.
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28
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Bischoff MC, Bogdan S. Collective cell migration driven by filopodia-New insights from the social behavior of myotubes. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100124. [PMID: 34480489 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is a key process that is critical during development, as well as in physiological and pathophysiological processes including tissue repair, wound healing and cancer. Studies in genetic model organisms have made important contributions to our current understanding of the mechanisms that shape cells into different tissues during morphogenesis. Recent advances in high-resolution and live-cell-imaging techniques provided new insights into the social behavior of cells based on careful visual observations within the context of a living tissue. In this review, we will compare Drosophila testis nascent myotube migration with established in vivo model systems, elucidate similarities, new features and principles in collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik C Bischoff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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29
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Biembengut ÍV, Silva ILZ, Souza TDACBD, Shigunov P. Cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein (CYFIP) family members and their function in neural development and disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6131-6143. [PMID: 34327661 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein (CYFIP) family is composed of CYFIP1 and CYFIP2. Despite their high similarity and shared interaction with many partners, CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 act at different points in cellular processes. CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 have different expression levels in human tissues, and knockout animals die at different time points of development. CYFIP1, similar to CYFIP2, acts in the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) and plays a role in actin dynamics through the activation of the Arp2/3 complex and in a posttranscriptional regulatory complex with the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Previous reports have shown that CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 may play roles in posttranscriptional regulation in different ways. While CYFIP1 is involved in translation initiation via the 5'UTR, CYFIP2 may regulate mRNA expression via the 3'UTR. In addition, this CYFIP protein family is involved in neural development and maturation as well as in different neural disorders, such as intellectual disabilities, autistic spectrum disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we map diverse studies regarding the functions, regulation, and implications of CYFIP proteins in a series of molecular pathways. We also highlight mutations and their structural effects both in functional studies and in neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ísis Venturi Biembengut
- Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CIC, Curitiba, Paraná, 81830-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Shigunov
- Carlos Chagas Institute-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CIC, Curitiba, Paraná, 81830-010, Brazil.
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30
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Filić V, Mijanović L, Putar D, Talajić A, Ćetković H, Weber I. Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton via Rho GTPase Signalling in Dictyostelium and Mammalian Cells: A Parallel Slalom. Cells 2021; 10:1592. [PMID: 34202767 PMCID: PMC8305917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Dictyostelium amoebae and mammalian cells are endowed with an elaborate actin cytoskeleton that enables them to perform a multitude of tasks essential for survival. Although these organisms diverged more than a billion years ago, their cells share the capability of chemotactic migration, large-scale endocytosis, binary division effected by actomyosin contraction, and various types of adhesions to other cells and to the extracellular environment. The composition and dynamics of the transient actin-based structures that are engaged in these processes are also astonishingly similar in these evolutionary distant organisms. The question arises whether this remarkable resemblance in the cellular motility hardware is accompanied by a similar correspondence in matching software, the signalling networks that govern the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. Small GTPases from the Rho family play pivotal roles in the control of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Indicatively, Dictyostelium matches mammals in the number of these proteins. We give an overview of the Rho signalling pathways that regulate the actin dynamics in Dictyostelium and compare them with similar signalling networks in mammals. We also provide a phylogeny of Rho GTPases in Amoebozoa, which shows a variability of the Rho inventories across different clades found also in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Filić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.M.); (D.P.); (A.T.); (H.Ć.)
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31
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Stahnke S, Döring H, Kusch C, de Gorter DJJ, Dütting S, Guledani A, Pleines I, Schnoor M, Sixt M, Geffers R, Rohde M, Müsken M, Kage F, Steffen A, Faix J, Nieswandt B, Rottner K, Stradal TEB. Loss of Hem1 disrupts macrophage function and impacts migration, phagocytosis, and integrin-mediated adhesion. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2051-2064.e8. [PMID: 33711252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic-specific protein 1 (Hem1) is an essential subunit of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) in immune cells. WRC is crucial for Arp2/3 complex activation and the protrusion of branched actin filament networks. Moreover, Hem1 loss of function in immune cells causes autoimmune diseases in humans. Here, we show that genetic removal of Hem1 in macrophages diminishes frequency and efficacy of phagocytosis as well as phagocytic cup formation in addition to defects in lamellipodial protrusion and migration. Moreover, Hem1-null macrophages displayed strong defects in cell adhesion despite unaltered podosome formation and concomitant extracellular matrix degradation. Specifically, dynamics of both adhesion and de-adhesion as well as concomitant phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were significantly compromised. Accordingly, disruption of WRC function in non-hematopoietic cells coincided with both defects in adhesion turnover and altered FAK and paxillin phosphorylation. Consistently, platelets exhibited reduced adhesion and diminished integrin αIIbβ3 activation upon WRC removal. Interestingly, adhesion phenotypes, but not lamellipodia formation, were partially rescued by small molecule activation of FAK. A full rescue of the phenotype, including lamellipodia formation, required not only the presence of WRCs but also their binding to and activation by Rac. Collectively, our results uncover that WRC impacts on integrin-dependent processes in a FAK-dependent manner, controlling formation and dismantling of adhesions, relevant for properly grabbing onto extracellular surfaces and particles during cell edge expansion, like in migration or phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David J J de Gorter
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aleks Guledani
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster WWU, Münster, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Centre for Investigation and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School MHH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany.
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Haan N, Westacott LJ, Carter J, Owen MJ, Gray WP, Hall J, Wilkinson LS. Haploinsufficiency of the schizophrenia and autism risk gene Cyfip1 causes abnormal postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis through microglial and Arp2/3 mediated actin dependent mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:313. [PMID: 34031371 PMCID: PMC8144403 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors can significantly increase chances of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biological processes through which this risk is effected remain largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1, a candidate risk gene present in the pathogenic 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion may impact on psychopathology via abnormalities in cell survival and migration of newborn neurons during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 leads to increased numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons due to reduced apoptosis, without altering proliferation. We show this is due to a cell autonomous failure of microglia to induce apoptosis through the secretion of the appropriate factors, a previously undescribed mechanism. Furthermore, we show an abnormal migration of adult-born neurons due to altered Arp2/3 mediated actin dynamics. Together, our findings throw new light on how the genetic risk candidate Cyfip1 may influence the hippocampus, a brain region with strong evidence for involvement in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intercranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff, UK
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33
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Yang Y, Li D, Chao X, Singh SP, Thomason P, Yan Y, Dong M, Li L, Insall RH, Cai H. Leep1 interacts with PIP3 and the Scar/WAVE complex to regulate cell migration and macropinocytosis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212090. [PMID: 33978708 PMCID: PMC8127007 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is essential for diverse functions in many cell types. Establishing polarity requires targeting a network of specific signaling and cytoskeleton molecules to different subregions of the cell, yet the full complement of polarity regulators and how their activities are integrated over space and time to form morphologically and functionally distinct domains remain to be uncovered. Here, by using the model system Dictyostelium and exploiting the characteristic chemoattractant-stimulated translocation of polarly distributed molecules, we developed a proteomic screening approach, through which we identified a leucine-rich repeat domain–containing protein we named Leep1 as a novel polarity regulator. We combined imaging, biochemical, and phenotypic analyses to demonstrate that Leep1 localizes selectively at the leading edge of cells by binding to PIP3, where it modulates pseudopod and macropinocytic cup dynamics by negatively regulating the Scar/WAVE complex. The spatiotemporal coordination of PIP3 signaling, Leep1, and the Scar/WAVE complex provides a cellular mechanism for organizing protrusive structures at the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shashi P Singh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Thomason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yonghong Yan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert H Insall
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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34
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Sousa de Almeida M, Susnik E, Drasler B, Taladriz-Blanco P, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Understanding nanoparticle endocytosis to improve targeting strategies in nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5397-5434. [PMID: 33666625 PMCID: PMC8111542 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01127d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention in various fields, such as cosmetics, the food industry, material design, and nanomedicine. In particular, the fast-moving field of nanomedicine takes advantage of features of NPs for the detection and treatment of different types of cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, arthritis as well as neurodegenerative and gastrointestinal diseases. To this end, a detailed understanding of the NP uptake mechanisms by cells and intracellular localization is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic applications. In the first part of this review, we describe the several endocytic pathways involved in the internalization of NPs and we discuss the impact of the physicochemical properties of NPs on this process. In addition, the potential challenges of using various inhibitors, endocytic markers and genetic approaches to study endocytosis are addressed along with the principal (semi) quantification methods of NP uptake. The second part focuses on synthetic and bio-inspired substances, which can stimulate or decrease the cellular uptake of NPs. This approach could be interesting in nanomedicine where a high accumulation of drugs in the target cells is desirable and clearance by immune cells is to be avoided. This review contributes to an improved understanding of NP endocytic pathways and reveals potential substances, which can be used in nanomedicine to improve NP delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Sousa de Almeida
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700 FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eva Susnik
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700 FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700 FribourgSwitzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 41700 FribourgSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700 FribourgSwitzerland
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35
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Abstract
Dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton drives a myriad of processes in eukaryotic cells, such as cell migration and vesicle trafficking, and its dysregulation is deeply associated with various diseases, including cancer, immune deficiency, and neurological disorders. Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, including WASP, N-WASP, WAVE, WASH, WHAMM, JMY, and the recently identified WHIMP, are ubiquitous regulators of actin dynamics. Although each WASP-family protein uses a different regulatory mechanism and participates in distinct cellular processes, they all act by integrating various upstream signals and transmitting them to their carboxy-terminal WCA (WH2-central-acidic, where WH2 stands for WASP homology 2) domain. This domain stimulates the actin nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex to promote the formation of new filaments from existing ones, creating branched actin networks that are crucial for dynamic deformations of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 3110 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA, USA.
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36
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Yelland T, Le AH, Nikolaou S, Insall R, Machesky L, Ismail S. Structural Basis of CYRI-B Direct Competition with Scar/WAVE Complex for Rac1. Structure 2021; 29:226-237.e4. [PMID: 33217330 PMCID: PMC7955166 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rac1 is a major regulator of actin dynamics, with GTP-bound Rac1 promoting actin assembly via the Scar/WAVE complex. CYRI competes with Scar/WAVE for interaction with Rac1 in a feedback loop regulating actin dynamics. Here, we reveal the nature of the CYRI-Rac1 interaction, through crystal structures of CYRI-B lacking the N-terminal helix (CYRI-BΔN) and the CYRI-BΔN:Rac1Q61L complex, providing the molecular basis for CYRI-B regulation of the Scar/WAVE complex. We reveal CYRI-B as having two subdomains - an N-terminal Rac1 binding subdomain with a unique Rac1-effector interface and a C-terminal Ratchet subdomain that undergoes conformational changes induced by Rac1 binding. Finally, we show that the CYRI protein family, CYRI-A and CYRI-B can produce an autoinhibited hetero- or homodimers, adding an additional layer of regulation to Rac1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert Insall
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura Machesky
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CRUK- Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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37
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Schaks M, Döring H, Kage F, Steffen A, Klünemann T, Blankenfeldt W, Stradal T, Rottner K. RhoG and Cdc42 can contribute to Rac-dependent lamellipodia formation through WAVE regulatory complex-binding. Small GTPases 2021; 12:122-132. [PMID: 31451035 PMCID: PMC7849749 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1657755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration frequently involves the formation of lamellipodial protrusions, the initiation of which requires Rac GTPases signalling to heteropentameric WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). While Rac-related RhoG and Cdc42 can potently stimulate lamellipodium formation, so far presumed to occur by upstream signalling to Rac activation, we show here that the latter can be bypassed by RhoG and Cdc42 given that WRC has been artificially activated. This evidence arises from generation of B16-F1 cells simultaneously lacking both Rac GTPases and WRC, followed by reconstitution of lamellipodia formation with specific Rho-GTPase and differentially active WRC variant combinations. We conclude that formation of canonical lamellipodia requires WRC activation through Rac, but can possibly be tuned, in addition, by WRC interactions with RhoG and Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schaks
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Döring
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia Stradal
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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Mamula D, Korthals M, Hradsky J, Gottfried A, Fischer KD, Tedford K. Arhgef6 (alpha-PIX) cytoskeletal regulator signals to GTPases and Cofilin to couple T cell migration speed and persistence. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:839-852. [PMID: 33527537 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1a1219-719r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is governed by successful T cell migration, optimized to enable a T cell to fully scan its environment without wasted movement by balancing speed and turning. Here we report that the Arhgef6 RhoGEF (aka alpha-PIX; αPIX; Cool-2), an activator of small GTPases, is required to restrain cell migration speed and cell turning during spontaneous migration on 2D surfaces. In Arhgef6-/- T cells, expression of Arhgef7 (beta-PIX; βPIX; Cool-1), a homolog of Arhgef6, was increased and correlated with defective activation and localization of Rac1 and CDC42 GTPases, respectively. Downstream of Arhgef6, PAK2 (p21-activated kinase 2) and LIMK1 phosphorylation was reduced, leading to increased activation of Cofilin, the actin-severing factor. Consistent with defects in these signaling pathways, Arhgef6-/- T cells displayed abnormal bilobed lamellipodia and migrated faster, turned more, and arrested less than wild-type (WT) T cells. Using pharmacologic inhibition of LIMK1 (LIM domain kinase 1) to induce Cofilin activation in WT T cells, we observed increased migration speed but not increased cell turning. In contrast, inhibition of Cdc42 increased cell turning but not speed. These results suggested that the increased speed of the Arhgef6-/- T cells is due to hyperactive Cofilin while the increased turning may be due to abnormal GTPase activation and recruitment. Together, these findings reveal that Arhgef6 acts as a repressor of T cell speed and turning by limiting actin polymerization and lamellipodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Mamula
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Korthals
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hradsky
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Gottfried
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Cellular Imaging and Innovative Disease Models, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Cellular Imaging and Innovative Disease Models, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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39
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Dimchev V, Lahmann I, Koestler SA, Kage F, Dimchev G, Steffen A, Stradal TEB, Vauti F, Arnold HH, Rottner K. Induced Arp2/3 Complex Depletion Increases FMNL2/3 Formin Expression and Filopodia Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634708. [PMID: 33598464 PMCID: PMC7882613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex generates branched actin filament networks operating in cell edge protrusion and vesicle trafficking. Here we employ a conditional knockout mouse model permitting tissue- or cell-type specific deletion of the murine Actr3 gene (encoding Arp3). A functional Actr3 gene appeared essential for fibroblast viability and growth. Thus, we developed cell lines for exploring the consequences of acute, tamoxifen-induced Actr3 deletion causing near-complete loss of functional Arp2/3 complex expression as well as abolished lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffling, as expected. Interestingly, Arp3-depleted cells displayed enhanced rather than reduced cell spreading, employing numerous filopodia, and showed little defects in the rates of random cell migration. However, both exploration of new space by individual cells and collective migration were clearly compromised by the incapability to efficiently maintain directionality of migration, while the principal ability to chemotax was only moderately affected. Examination of actin remodeling at the cell periphery revealed reduced actin turnover rates in Arp2/3-deficient cells, clearly deviating from previous sequestration approaches. Most surprisingly, induced removal of Arp2/3 complexes reproducibly increased FMNL formin expression, which correlated with the explosive induction of filopodia formation. Our results thus highlight both direct and indirect effects of acute Arp2/3 complex removal on actin cytoskeleton regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dimchev
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan A Koestler
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franz Vauti
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Braunschweig, Germany
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40
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Loveless R, Teng Y. Targeting WASF3 Signaling in Metastatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020836. [PMID: 33467681 PMCID: PMC7830529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that cancer metastasis is regulated by specific genetic pathways independent of those controlling tumorigenesis and cancer growth. WASF3, a Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family member, appears to play a major role not only in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics but also in cancer cell invasion/metastasis. Recent studies have highlighted that WASF3 is a master regulator and acts as a pivotal scaffolding protein, bringing the various components of metastatic signaling complexes together both spatially and temporally. Herein, targeting WASF3 at the levels of transcription, protein stability, and phosphorylation holds great promise for metastasis suppression, regardless of the diverse genetic backgrounds associated with tumor development. This review focuses on the critical and distinct contributions of WASF3 in the regulation of signal pathways promoting cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +17064465611; Fax: +17067219415
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41
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Sculpting Dendritic Spines during Initiation and Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2021; 40:7578-7589. [PMID: 32998955 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1664-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has established a firm role for synaptic plasticity in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Recent advances have highlighted the importance of dendritic spine remodeling in driving synaptic plasticity within the CNS. Identifying the molecular players underlying neuropathic pain induced structural and functional maladaptation is therefore critical to understanding its pathophysiology. This process of dynamic reorganization happens in unique phases that have diverse pathologic underpinnings in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Recent evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of specific proteins during distinct phases of neuropathic pain development produces enhanced antinociception. These findings outline a potential new paradigm for targeted treatment and the development of novel therapies for neuropathic pain. We present a concise review of the role of dendritic spines in neuropathic pain and outline the potential for modulation of spine dynamics by targeting two proteins, srGAP3 and Rac1, critically involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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42
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Single-Protein Tracking to Study Protein Interactions During Integrin-Based Migration. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2217:85-113. [PMID: 33215379 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0962-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex biophysical process which involves the coordination of molecular assemblies including integrin-dependent adhesions, signaling networks and force-generating cytoskeletal structures incorporating both actin polymerization and myosin activity. During the last decades, proteomic studies have generated impressive protein-protein interaction maps, although the subcellular location, duration, strength, sequence, and nature of these interactions are still concealed. In this chapter we describe how recent developments in superresolution microscopy (SRM) and single-protein tracking (SPT) start to unravel protein interactions and actions in subcellular molecular assemblies driving cell migration.
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43
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Abstract
The Scar/WAVE complex catalyzes the protrusion of pseudopods and lamellipods, and is therefore a principal regulator of cell migration. However, it is unclear how its activity is regulated, beyond a dependence on Rac. Phosphorylation of the proline-rich region, by kinases such as Erk2, has been suggested as an upstream activator. We have recently reported that phosphorylation is not required for complex activation. Rather, it occurs after Scar/WAVE has been activated, and acts as a modulator. Neither chemoattractant signaling nor Erk2 affects the amount of phosphorylation, though in Dictyostelium it is promoted by cell-substrate adhesion. We now report that cell-substrate adhesion also promotes Scar/WAVE2 phosphorylation in mammalian cells, suggesting that the process is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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44
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McGowan SE, McCoy DM. Neuropilin-1 directs PDGFRα-entry into lung fibroblasts and signaling from very early endosomes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L179-L192. [PMID: 33174445 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) is absolutely required for the development of secondary pulmonary alveolar septa. Our earlier observations indicated that PDGFRα resides intracellularly as well as on the plasma membrane of murine lung fibroblasts (LF). We have examined how neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a surface receptor without kinase activity, regulates the intracellular trafficking of PDGFRα in LF obtained from mice, some bearing a targeted deletion of Nrp1 in myofibroblasts. Using the proximity ligation assay, we observed that PDGFRα and Nrp1 colocalized in both early antigen-1 (EEA1) containing sorting endosomes and with adaptor protein containing a pleckstrin homology domain and a phosphotyrosine-binding domain-1 (APPL1) in very early endosomes (VEE). These findings were confirmed using live-cell imaging, which demonstrated that recently internalized PDGFRα was observed in Rab5-containing vesicles residing within 100 nm of the plasma membrane. Nrp1 deletion reduced the phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B), the major downstream target of PDGFRα, and limited accumulation of inositol-3 phosphates in APPL1-containing endosomes after exposure to PDGFA. PDGFRα co-immunoprecipitated with APPL1, indicating that PDGFRα enters VEE. Targeted deletion of Nrp1 or APPL1-depletion in control LF reduced the activity of an Akt1 biosensor following stimulation with PDGFA. Our findings demonstrate that Nrp1 enhances the entry of PDGFRα into APPL1 containing VEE and that APPL1 enhances PDGFRα signaling. Therefore, Nrp1 promotes endosomal signaling by PDGFRα offering a potential mechanism to explain our prior observation that Nrp1 supports the formation of alveolar ducts and alveoli during secondary septation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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45
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Kaplan E, Stone R, Hume PJ, Greene NP, Koronakis V. Structure of CYRI-B (FAM49B), a key regulator of cellular actin assembly. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:1015-1024. [PMID: 33021503 PMCID: PMC7543656 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, numerous fundamental processes are controlled by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) that regulates cellular actin polymerization, crucial for cell motility, cell-cell adhesion and epithelial differentiation. Actin assembly is triggered by interaction of the small GTPase Rac1 with CYFIP1, a key component of the WRC. Previously known as FAM49B, CYRI-B is a protein that is highly conserved across the Eukaryota and has recently been revealed to be a key regulator of Rac1 activity. Mutation of CYRI-B or alteration of its expression therefore leads to altered actin nucleation dynamics, with impacts on lamellipodia formation, cell migration and infection by intracellular pathogens. In addition, knockdown of CYRI-B expression in cancer cell lines results in accelerated cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here, the structure of Rhincodon typus (whale shark) CYRI-B is presented, which is the first to be reported of any CYRI family member. Solved by X-ray crystallography, the structure reveals that CYRI-B comprises three distinct α-helical subdomains and is highly structurally related to a conserved domain present in CYFIP proteins. The work presented here establishes a template towards a better understanding of CYRI-B biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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46
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Tang Q, Schaks M, Koundinya N, Yang C, Pollard LW, Svitkina TM, Rottner K, Goode BL. WAVE1 and WAVE2 have distinct and overlapping roles in controlling actin assembly at the leading edge. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2168-2178. [PMID: 32697617 PMCID: PMC7550694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SCAR/WAVE proteins and Arp2/3 complex assemble branched actin networks at the leading edge. Two isoforms of SCAR/WAVE, WAVE1 and WAVE2, reside at the leading edge, yet it has remained unclear whether they perform similar or distinct roles. Further, there have been conflicting reports about the Arp2/3-independent biochemical activities of WAVE1 on actin filament elongation. To investigate this in vivo, we knocked out WAVE1 and WAVE2 genes, individually and together, in B16-F1 melanoma cells. We demonstrate that WAVE1 and WAVE2 are redundant for lamellipodia formation and motility. However, there is a significant decrease in the rate of leading edge actin extension in WAVE2 KO cells, and an increase in WAVE1 KO cells. The faster rates of actin extension in WAVE1 KO cells are offset by faster retrograde flow, and therefore do not translate into faster lamellipodium protrusion. Thus, WAVE1 restricts the rate of actin extension at the leading edge, and appears to couple actin networks to the membrane to drive protrusion. Overall, these results suggest that WAVE1 and WAVE2 have redundant roles in promoting Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation and lamellipodia formation, but distinct roles in controlling actin network extension and harnessing network growth to cell protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neha Koundinya
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
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47
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Singh SP, Thomason PA, Lilla S, Schaks M, Tang Q, Goode BL, Machesky LM, Rottner K, Insall RH. Cell-substrate adhesion drives Scar/WAVE activation and phosphorylation by a Ste20-family kinase, which controls pseudopod lifetime. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000774. [PMID: 32745097 PMCID: PMC7425996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scar/WAVE complex is the principal catalyst of pseudopod and lamellipod formation. Here we show that Scar/WAVE's proline-rich domain is polyphosphorylated after the complex is activated. Blocking Scar/WAVE activation stops phosphorylation in both Dictyostelium and mammalian cells, implying that phosphorylation modulates pseudopods after they have been formed, rather than controlling whether they are initiated. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation is not promoted by chemotactic signaling but is greatly stimulated by cell:substrate adhesion and diminished when cells deadhere. Phosphorylation-deficient or phosphomimetic Scar/WAVE mutants are both normally functional and rescue the phenotype of knockout cells, demonstrating that phosphorylation is dispensable for activation and actin regulation. However, pseudopods and patches of phosphorylation-deficient Scar/WAVE last substantially longer in mutants, altering the dynamics and size of pseudopods and lamellipods and thus changing migration speed. Scar/WAVE phosphorylation does not require ERK2 in Dictyostelium or mammalian cells. However, the MAPKKK homologue SepA contributes substantially-sepA mutants have less steady-state phosphorylation, which does not increase in response to adhesion. The mutants also behave similarly to cells expressing phosphorylation-deficient Scar, with longer-lived pseudopods and patches of Scar recruitment. We conclude that pseudopod engagement with substratum is more important than extracellular signals at regulating Scar/WAVE's activity and that phosphorylation acts as a pseudopod timer by promoting Scar/WAVE turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias Schaks
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Qing Tang
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce L. Goode
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany & Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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48
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Salzer E, Zoghi S, Kiss MG, Kage F, Rashkova C, Stahnke S, Haimel M, Platzer R, Caldera M, Ardy RC, Hoeger B, Block J, Medgyesi D, Sin C, Shahkarami S, Kain R, Ziaee V, Hammerl P, Bock C, Menche J, Dupré L, Huppa JB, Sixt M, Lomakin A, Rottner K, Binder CJ, Stradal TEB, Rezaei N, Boztug K. The cytoskeletal regulator HEM1 governs B cell development and prevents autoimmunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/49/eabc3979. [PMID: 32646852 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) is crucial for assembly of the peripheral branched actin network constituting one of the main drivers of eukaryotic cell migration. Here, we uncover an essential role of the hematopoietic-specific WRC component HEM1 for immune cell development. Germline-encoded HEM1 deficiency underlies an inborn error of immunity with systemic autoimmunity, at cellular level marked by WRC destabilization, reduced filamentous actin, and failure to assemble lamellipodia. Hem1-/- mice display systemic autoimmunity, phenocopying the human disease. In the absence of Hem1, B cells become deprived of extracellular stimuli necessary to maintain the strength of B cell receptor signaling at a level permissive for survival of non-autoreactive B cells. This shifts the balance of B cell fate choices toward autoreactive B cells and thus autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Salzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samaneh Zoghi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Máté G Kiss
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christina Rashkova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Stahnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Haimel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Platzer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Caldera
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rico Chandra Ardy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Hoeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Block
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Medgyesi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Celine Sin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sepideh Shahkarami
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vahid Ziaee
- Pediatric Rheumatology Research Group, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Hammerl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Menche
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexis Lomakin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaan Boztug
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Whitelaw JA, Swaminathan K, Kage F, Machesky LM. The WAVE Regulatory Complex Is Required to Balance Protrusion and Adhesion in Migration. Cells 2020; 9:E1635. [PMID: 32646006 PMCID: PMC7407199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells migrating over 2D substrates are required to polymerise actin at the leading edge to form lamellipodia protrusions and nascent adhesions to anchor the protrusion to the substrate. The major actin nucleator in lamellipodia formation is the Arp2/3 complex, which is activated by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). Using inducible Nckap1 floxed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we confirm that the WRC is required for lamellipodia formation, and importantly, for generating the retrograde flow of actin from the leading cell edge. The loss of NCKAP1 also affects cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics. In the absence of lamellipodium, cells can become elongated and move with a single thin pseudopod, which appears devoid of N-WASP. This phenotype was more prevalent on collagen than fibronectin, where we observed an increase in migratory speed. Thus, 2D cell migration on collagen is less dependent on branched actin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1PD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA;
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (K.S.); (L.M.M.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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50
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Molecular Dissection of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Causing Mutations in CYFIP2. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061355. [PMID: 32486060 PMCID: PMC7348743 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin remodeling is frequently regulated by antagonistic activities driving protrusion and contraction downstream of Rac and Rho small GTPases, respectively. WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), which primarily operates downstream of Rac, plays pivotal roles in neuronal morphogenesis. Recently, two independent studies described de novo mutations in the CYFIP2 subunit of WRC, which caused intellectual disability (ID) in humans. Although mutations had been proposed to effect WRC activation, no experimental evidence for this was provided. Here, we made use of CRISPR/Cas9-engineered B16-F1 cell lines that were reconstituted with ID-causing CYFIP variants in different experimental contexts. Almost all CYFIP2-derived mutations (7 out of 8) promoted WRC activation, but to variable extent and with at least two independent mechanisms. The majority of mutations occurs in a conserved WAVE-binding region, required for WRC transinhibition. One mutation is positioned closely adjacent to the Rac-binding A site and appears to ease Rac-mediated WRC activation. As opposed to these gain-of-function mutations, a truncating mutant represented a loss-of-function variant and failed to interact with WRC components. Collectively, our data show that explored CYFIP2 mutations frequently, but not always, coincide with WRC activation and suggest that normal brain development requires a delicate and precisely tuned balance of neuronal WRC activity.
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