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Stansak KL, Baum LD, Ghosh S, Thapa P, Vanga V, Walters BJ. PCP auto count: a novel Fiji/ImageJ plug-in for automated quantification of planar cell polarity and cell counting. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1394031. [PMID: 38827526 PMCID: PMC11140036 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1394031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introdution: During development, planes of cells give rise to complex tissues and organs. The proper functioning of these tissues is critically dependent on proper inter- and intra-cellular spatial orientation, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). To study the genetic and environmental factors affecting planar cell polarity, investigators must often manually measure cell orientations, which is a time-consuming endeavor. To automate cell counting and planar cell polarity data collection we developed a Fiji/ImageJ plug-in called PCP Auto Count (PCPA). Methods: PCPA analyzes binary images and identifies "chunks" of white pixels that contain "caves" of infiltrated black pixels. For validation, inner ear sensory epithelia including cochleae and utricles from mice were immunostained for βII-spectrin and imaged with a confocal microscope. Images were preprocessed using existing Fiji functionality to enhance contrast, make binary, and reduce noise. An investigator rated PCPA cochlear hair cell angle measurements for accuracy using a one to five agreement scale. For utricle samples, PCPA derived measurements were directly compared against manually derived angle measurements and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were calculated. PCPA was also tested against previously published images examining PCP in various tissues and across various species suggesting fairly broad utility. Results: PCPA was able to recognize and count 99.81% of cochlear hair cells, and was able to obtain ideally accurate planar cell polarity measurements for at least 96% of hair cells. When allowing for a <10° deviation from "perfect" measurements, PCPA's accuracy increased to 98%-100% for all users and across all samples. When PCPA's measurements were compared with manual angle measurements for E17.5 utricles there was negligible bias (<0.5°), and a CCC of 0.999. Qualitative examination of example images of Drosophila ommatidia, mouse ependymal cells, and mouse radial progenitors revealed a high level of accuracy for PCPA across a variety of stains, tissue types, and species. Discussion: Altogether, the data suggest that the PCPA plug-in suite is a robust and accurate tool for the automated collection of cell counts and PCP angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bradley J. Walters
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Jackson, MS, United States
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2
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Goodrich EJ, Deans MR. Emx2 lineage tracing reveals antecedent patterns of planar polarity in the mouse inner ear. Development 2024; 151:dev202425. [PMID: 38682291 PMCID: PMC11165714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The planar polarized organization of hair cells in the vestibular maculae is unique because these sensory organs contain two groups of cells with oppositely oriented stereociliary bundles that meet at a line of polarity reversal (LPR). EMX2 is a transcription factor expressed by one hair cell group that reverses the orientation of their bundles, thereby forming the LPR. We generated Emx2-CreERt2 transgenic mice for genetic lineage tracing and demonstrate Emx2 expression before hair cell specification when the nascent utricle and saccule constitute a continuous prosensory domain. Precursors labeled by Emx2-CreERt2 at this stage give rise to hair cells located along one side of the LPR in the mature utricle or saccule, indicating that this boundary is first established in the prosensory domain. Consistent with this, Emx2-CreERt2 lineage tracing in Dreher mutants, where the utricle and saccule fail to segregate, labels a continuous field of cells along one side of a fused utriculo-saccular-cochlear organ. These observations reveal that LPR positioning is pre-determined in the developing prosensory domain, and that EMX2 expression defines lineages of hair cells with oppositely oriented stereociliary bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellison J. Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael R. Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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3
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Stansak KL, Baum LD, Ghosh S, Thapa P, Vanga V, Walters BJ. PCP Auto Count: A Novel Fiji/ImageJ plug-in for automated quantification of planar cell polarity and cell counting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.578047. [PMID: 38352473 PMCID: PMC10862842 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.578047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background During development, planes of cells give rise to complex tissues and organs. The proper functioning of these tissues is critically dependent on proper inter- and intra-cellular spatial orientation, a feature known as planar cell polarity (PCP). To study the genetic and environmental factors affecting planar cell polarity investigators must often manually measure cell orientations, which is a time-consuming endeavor. Methodology To automate cell counting and planar cell polarity data collection we developed a Fiji/ImageJ plug-in called PCP Auto Count (PCPA). PCPA analyzes binary images and identifies "chunks" of white pixels that contain "caves" of infiltrated black pixels. Inner ear sensory epithelia including cochleae (P4) and utricles (E17.5) from mice were immunostained for βII-spectrin and imaged on a confocal microscope. Images were preprocessed using existing Fiji functionality to enhance contrast, make binary, and reduce noise. An investigator rated PCPA cochlear angle measurements for accuracy using a 1-5 agreement scale. For utricle samples, we directly compared PCPA derived measurements against manually derived angle measurements using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Finally, PCPA was tested against a variety of images copied from publications examining PCP in various tissues and across various species. Results PCPA was able to recognize and count 99.81% of cochlear hair cells (n = 1,1541 hair cells) in a sample set, and was able to obtain ideally accurate planar cell polarity measurements for over 96% of hair cells. When allowing for a <10° deviation from "perfect" measurements, PCPA's accuracy increased to >98%. When manual angle measurements for E17.5 utricles were compared, PCPA's measurements fell within -9 to +10 degrees of manually obtained mean angle measures with a CCC of 0.999. Qualitative examination of example images of Drosophila ommatidia, mouse ependymal cells, and mouse radial progenitors revealed a high level of accuracy for PCPA across a variety of stains, tissue types, and species. Altogether, the data suggest that the PCPA plug-in suite is a robust and accurate tool for the automated collection of cell counts and PCP angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Stansak
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Luke D. Baum
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Sumana Ghosh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Punam Thapa
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Vineel Vanga
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Walters
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
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Cetera M, Sharan R, Hayward-Lara G, Phillips B, Biswas A, Halley M, Beall E, vonHoldt B, Devenport D. Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the rosette fancy mouse. Development 2023; 150:dev202078. [PMID: 37622728 PMCID: PMC10499026 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients cells with respect to a body axis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment across the skin. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that rosette hair follicles emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6, which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation, inhibiting its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, the Fzd6 trafficking defect does not block asymmetric localization of the other PCP proteins. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry rotates where the PCP-directed cell movements that orient follicles are reversed, suggesting the PCP axis rotates 180°. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce posterior whorls in the rosette fancy mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Cetera
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rishabh Sharan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - Brooke Phillips
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Madalene Halley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Evalyn Beall
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bridgett vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Cetera M, Sharan R, Hayward-Lara G, Phillips B, Biswas A, Halley M, Beall E, vonHoldt B, Devenport D. Region-specific reversal of epidermal planar polarity in the fancy rosette mouse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550849. [PMID: 37546950 PMCID: PMC10402159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients thousands of cells with respect to a body axis to direct cellular behaviors that are essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment along the entire skin surface. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that embryonic hair follicles of rosette mutants emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6 , which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation and inhibits its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, this defect in Fzd6 trafficking, observed across the entire dorsal epidermis, does not interfere with the ability of other core PCP proteins to localize asymmetrically. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry is disrupted and rotated in the posterior region such that polarity is reflected on either side of a transition zone. The result is a reversal of polarized cell movements that orient nascent follicles, specifically in the posterior of the embryo. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce the unique posterior whorls of the fancy rosette mouse. Summary Region-specific rotation of the Planar Cell Polarity axis reverses posterior hair follicles in the fancy rosette mouse.
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Jia S, Ratzan EM, Goodrich EJ, Abrar R, Heiland L, Tarchini B, Deans MR. The dark kinase STK32A regulates hair cell planar polarity opposite of EMX2 in the developing mouse inner ear. eLife 2023; 12:e84910. [PMID: 37144879 PMCID: PMC10202454 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vestibular maculae of the inner ear contain sensory receptor hair cells that detect linear acceleration and contribute to equilibrioception to coordinate posture and ambulatory movements. These hair cells are divided between two groups, separated by a line of polarity reversal (LPR), with oppositely oriented planar-polarized stereociliary bundles that detect motion in opposite directions. The transcription factor EMX2 is known to establish this planar polarized organization in mouse by regulating the distribution of the transmembrane receptor GPR156 at hair cell boundaries in one group of cells. However, the genes regulated by EMX2 in this context were previously not known. Using mouse as a model, we have identified the serine threonine kinase STK32A as a downstream effector negatively regulated by EMX2. Stk32a is expressed in hair cells on one side of the LPR in a pattern complementary to Emx2 expression in hair cells on the opposite side. Stk32a is necessary to align the intrinsic polarity of the bundle with the core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins in EMX2-negative regions, and is sufficient to reorient bundles when ectopically expressed in neighboring EMX2-positive regions. We demonstrate that STK32A reinforces LPR formation by regulating the apical localization of GPR156. These observations support a model in which bundle orientation is determined through separate mechanisms in hair cells on opposite sides of the maculae, with EMX2-mediated repression of Stk32a determining the final position of the LPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Jia
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Evan M Ratzan
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ellison J Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Raisa Abrar
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Luke Heiland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson LaboratoryBar HarborUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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7
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Dullweber T, Erzberger A. Mechanochemical feedback loops in contact-dependent fate patterning. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2023; 32-33:None. [PMID: 37090955 PMCID: PMC10112234 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2023.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To reliably form and maintain structures with specific functions, many multicellular systems evolved to leverage the interplay between biochemical signaling, mechanics, and morphology. We review mechanochemical feedback loops in cases where cell-cell contact-based Notch signaling drives fate decisions, and the corresponding differentiation process leads to contact remodeling. We compare different mechanisms for initial symmetry breaking and subsequent pattern refinement, as well as discuss how patterning outcomes depend on the relationship between biochemical and mechanical timescales. We conclude with an overview of new approaches, including the study of synthetic circuits, and give an outlook on future experimental and theoretical developments toward dissecting and harnessing mechanochemical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Dullweber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - A. Erzberger
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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Shi T, Beaulieu MO, Saunders LM, Fabian P, Trapnell C, Segil N, Crump JG, Raible DW. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the zebrafish inner ear reveals molecularly distinct hair cell and supporting cell subtypes. eLife 2023; 12:82978. [PMID: 36598134 PMCID: PMC9851615 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of human deafness and vestibular dysfunction is permanent loss of the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear. In non-mammalian vertebrates such as zebrafish, regeneration of missing hair cells can occur throughout life. While a comparative approach has the potential to reveal the basis of such differential regenerative ability, the degree to which the inner ears of fish and mammals share common hair cells and supporting cell types remains unresolved. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of the zebrafish inner ear at embryonic through adult stages to catalog the diversity of hair cells and non-sensory supporting cells. We identify a putative progenitor population for hair cells and supporting cells, as well as distinct hair and supporting cell types in the maculae versus cristae. The hair cell and supporting cell types differ from those described for the lateral line system, a distributed mechanosensory organ in zebrafish in which most studies of hair cell regeneration have been conducted. In the maculae, we identify two subtypes of hair cells that share gene expression with mammalian striolar or extrastriolar hair cells. In situ hybridization reveals that these hair cell subtypes occupy distinct spatial domains within the three macular organs, the utricle, saccule, and lagena, consistent with the reported distinct electrophysiological properties of hair cells within these domains. These findings suggest that primitive specialization of spatially distinct striolar and extrastriolar hair cells likely arose in the last common ancestor of fish and mammals. The similarities of inner ear cell type composition between fish and mammals validate zebrafish as a relevant model for understanding inner ear-specific hair cell function and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Marielle O Beaulieu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Peter Fabian
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - David W Raible
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Ji YR, Tona Y, Wafa T, Christman ME, Tourney ED, Jiang T, Ohta S, Cheng H, Fitzgerald T, Fritzsch B, Jones SM, Cullen KE, Wu DK. Function of bidirectional sensitivity in the otolith organs established by transcription factor Emx2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6330. [PMID: 36280667 PMCID: PMC9592604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Otolith organs of the inner ear are innervated by two parallel afferent projections to the brainstem and cerebellum. These innervations were proposed to segregate across the line of polarity reversal (LPR) within each otolith organ, which divides the organ into two regions of hair cells (HC) with opposite stereociliary orientation. The relationship and functional significance of these anatomical features are not known. Here, we show regional expression of Emx2 in otolith organs, which establishes LPR, mediates the neuronal segregation across LPR and constitutes the bidirectional sensitivity function. Conditional knockout (cKO) of Emx2 in HCs lacks LPR. Tmie cKO, in which mechanotransduction was abolished selectively in HCs within the Emx2 expression domain also lacks bidirectional sensitivity. Analyses of both mutants indicate that LPR is specifically required for mice to swim comfortably and to traverse a balance beam efficiently, but LPR is not required for mice to stay on a rotating rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Rae Ji
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Sensory & Motor Systems Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosuke Tona
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Talah Wafa
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew E Christman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Edward D Tourney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Sho Ohta
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Collaboration Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy Fitzgerald
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology & Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sherri M Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, 301 Barkley Memorial Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Doris K Wu
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Qian F, Wei G, Gao Y, Wang X, Gong J, Guo C, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhao J, Wang C, Xu M, Hu Y, Yin G, Kang J, Chai R, Xie G, Liu D. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of zebrafish hair cells reveals novel genes potentially involved in hearing loss. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:385. [PMID: 35753015 PMCID: PMC11072488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hair cells play key roles in hearing and balance, and hair cell loss would result in hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction. Cellular and molecular research in hair cell biology provides us a better understanding of hearing and deafness. Zebrafish, owing to their hair cell-enriched organs, have been widely applied in hair cell-related research worldwide. Similar to mammals, zebrafish have inner ear hair cells. In addition, they also have lateral line neuromast hair cells. These different types of hair cells vary in morphology and function. However, systematic analysis of their molecular characteristics remains lacking. In this study, we analyzed the GFP+ cells isolated from Tg(Brn3c:mGFP) larvae with GFP expression in all hair cells using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Three subtypes of hair cells, namely macula hair cell (MHC), crista hair cell (CHC), and neuromast hair cell (NHC), were characterized and validated by whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis of marker genes. The hair cell scRNA-seq data revealed hair cell-specific genes, including hearing loss genes that have been identified in humans and novel genes potentially involved in hair cell formation and function. Two novel genes were discovered to specifically function in NHCs and MHCs, corresponding to their specific expression in NHCs and MHCs. This study allows us to understand the specific genes in hair cell subpopulations of zebrafish, which will shed light on the genetics of both human vestibular and cochlear hair cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Yajing Gao
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Chao Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Yuebo Hu
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Guoli Yin
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China
| | - Jiahui Kang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100864, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Life SciencesKey Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
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11
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Bello-Rojas S, Bagnall MW. Clonally related, Notch-differentiated spinal neurons integrate into distinct circuits. eLife 2022; 11:83680. [PMID: 36580075 PMCID: PMC9799969 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shared lineage has diverse effects on patterns of neuronal connectivity. In mammalian cortex, excitatory sister neurons assemble into shared microcircuits. In Drosophila, in contrast, sister neurons with different levels of Notch expression (NotchON/NotchOFF) develop distinct identities and diverge into separate circuits. Notch-differentiated sister neurons have been observed in vertebrate spinal cord and cerebellum, but whether they integrate into shared or distinct circuits remains unknown. Here, we evaluate how sister V2a (NotchOFF)/V2b (NotchON) neurons in the zebrafish integrate into spinal circuits. Using an in vivo labeling approach, we identified pairs of sister V2a/b neurons born from individual Vsx1+ progenitors and observed that they have somata in close proximity to each other and similar axonal trajectories. However, paired whole-cell electrophysiology and optogenetics revealed that sister V2a/b neurons receive input from distinct presynaptic sources, do not communicate with each other, and connect to largely distinct targets. These results resemble the divergent connectivity in Drosophila and represent the first evidence of Notch-differentiated circuit integration in a vertebrate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Bello-Rojas
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Martha W Bagnall
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
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12
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Deans MR. Conserved and Divergent Principles of Planar Polarity Revealed by Hair Cell Development and Function. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:742391. [PMID: 34733133 PMCID: PMC8558554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity describes the organization and orientation of polarized cells or cellular structures within the plane of an epithelium. The sensory receptor hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear have been recognized as a preeminent vertebrate model system for studying planar polarity and its development. This is principally because planar polarity in the inner ear is structurally and molecularly apparent and therefore easy to visualize. Inner ear planar polarity is also functionally significant because hair cells are mechanosensors stimulated by sound or motion and planar polarity underlies the mechanosensory mechanism, thereby facilitating the auditory and vestibular functions of the ear. Structurally, hair cell planar polarity is evident in the organization of a polarized bundle of actin-based protrusions from the apical surface called stereocilia that is necessary for mechanosensation and when stereociliary bundle is disrupted auditory and vestibular behavioral deficits emerge. Hair cells are distributed between six sensory epithelia within the inner ear that have evolved unique patterns of planar polarity that facilitate auditory or vestibular function. Thus, specialized adaptations of planar polarity have occurred that distinguish auditory and vestibular hair cells and will be described throughout this review. There are also three levels of planar polarity organization that can be visualized within the vertebrate inner ear. These are the intrinsic polarity of individual hair cells, the planar cell polarity or coordinated orientation of cells within the epithelia, and planar bipolarity; an organization unique to a subset of vestibular hair cells in which the stereociliary bundles are oriented in opposite directions but remain aligned along a common polarity axis. The inner ear with its complement of auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia allows these levels, and the inter-relationships between them, to be studied using a single model organism. The purpose of this review is to introduce the functional significance of planar polarity in the auditory and vestibular systems and our contemporary understanding of the developmental mechanisms associated with organizing planar polarity at these three cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Deans
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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13
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Tarchini B. A Reversal in Hair Cell Orientation Organizes Both the Auditory and Vestibular Organs. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695914. [PMID: 34646115 PMCID: PMC8502876 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells detect mechanical stimuli with their hair bundle, an asymmetrical brush of actin-based membrane protrusions, or stereocilia. At the single cell level, stereocilia are organized in rows of graded heights that confer the hair bundle with intrinsic directional sensitivity. At the organ level, each hair cell is precisely oriented so that its intrinsic directional sensitivity matches the direction of mechanical stimuli reaching the sensory epithelium. Coordinated orientation among neighboring hair cells usually ensures the delivery of a coherent local group response. Accordingly, hair cell orientation is locally uniform in the auditory and vestibular cristae epithelia in birds and mammals. However, an exception to this rule is found in the vestibular macular organs, and in fish lateral line neuromasts, where two hair cell populations show opposing orientations. This mirror-image hair cell organization confers bidirectional sensitivity at the organ level. Here I review our current understanding of the molecular machinery that produces mirror-image organization through a regional reversal of hair cell orientation. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that auditory hair cells adopt their normal uniform orientation through a global reversal mechanism similar to the one at work regionally in macular and neuromast organs. Macular and auditory organs thus appear to be patterned more similarly than previously appreciated during inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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14
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An Integrated Perspective of Evolution and Development: From Genes to Function to Ear, Lateral Line and Electroreception. DIVERSITY 2021; 13. [PMID: 35505776 PMCID: PMC9060560 DOI: 10.3390/d13080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four sensory systems (vestibular, lateral line, electroreception, auditory) are unique and project exclusively to the brainstem of vertebrates. All sensory neurons depend on a common set of genes (Eya1, Sox2, Neurog1, Neurod1) that project to a dorsal nucleus and an intermediate nucleus, which differentiate into the vestibular ear, lateral line and electroreception in vertebrates. In tetrapods, a loss of two sensory systems (lateral line, electroreception) leads to the development of a unique ear and auditory system in amniotes. Lmx1a/b, Gdf7, Wnt1/3a, BMP4/7 and Atoh1 define the lateral line, electroreception and auditory nuclei. In contrast, vestibular nuclei depend on Neurog1/2, Ascl1, Ptf1a and Olig3, among others, to develop an independent origin of the vestibular nuclei. A common origin of hair cells depends on Eya1, Sox2 and Atoh1, which generate the mechanosensory cells. Several proteins define the polarity of hair cells in the ear and lateral line. A unique connection of stereocilia requires CDH23 and PCDH15 for connections and TMC1/2 proteins to perceive mechanosensory input. Electroreception has no polarity, and a different system is used to drive electroreceptors. All hair cells function by excitation via ribbons to activate neurons that innervate the distinct target areas. An integrated perspective is presented to understand the gain and loss of different sensory systems.
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15
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Dinh HQ, Lin X, Abbasi F, Nameki R, Haro M, Olingy CE, Chang H, Hernandez L, Gayther SA, Wright KN, Aspuria PJ, Karlan BY, Corona RI, Li A, Rimel BJ, Siedhoff MT, Medeiros F, Lawrenson K. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies gene expression networks driving differentiation and tumorigenesis in the human fallopian tube. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108978. [PMID: 33852846 PMCID: PMC10108902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fallopian tube harbors the cell of origin for the majority of high-grade serous "ovarian" cancers (HGSCs), but its cellular composition, particularly the epithelial component, is poorly characterized. We perform single-cell transcriptomic profiling of around 53,000 individual cells from 12 primary fallopian specimens to map their major cell types. We identify 10 epithelial subpopulations with diverse transcriptional programs. Based on transcriptional signatures, we reconstruct a trajectory whereby secretory cells differentiate into ciliated cells via a RUNX3high intermediate. Computational deconvolution of advanced HGSCs identifies the "early secretory" population as a likely precursor state for the majority of HGSCs. Its signature comprises both epithelial and mesenchymal features and is enriched in mesenchymal-type HGSCs (p = 6.7 × 10-27), a group known to have particularly poor prognoses. This cellular and molecular compendium of the human fallopian tube in cancer-free women is expected to advance our understanding of the earliest stages of fallopian epithelial neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q Dinh
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhi Lin
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Forough Abbasi
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbin Nameki
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcela Haro
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claire E Olingy
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Chang
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes Hernandez
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly N Wright
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul-Joseph Aspuria
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosario I Corona
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B J Rimel
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Siedhoff
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabiola Medeiros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Ohta S, Ji YR, Martin D, Wu DK. Emx2 regulates hair cell rearrangement but not positional identity within neuromasts. eLife 2020; 9:e60432. [PMID: 33377867 PMCID: PMC7806267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each hair cell (HC) precursor of zebrafish neuromasts divides to form two daughter HCs of opposite hair bundle orientations. Previously, we showed that transcription factor Emx2, expressed in only one of the daughter HCs, generates this bidirectional HC pattern (Jiang et al., 2017). Here, we asked whether Emx2 mediates this effect by changing location of hair bundle establishment or positions of HCs since daughter HCs are known to switch positions with each other. We showed this HC rearrangement, redefined as two processes named Rock and Roll, is required for positional acquisition of HCs. Apical protrusion formation of nascent HCs and planar polarity signaling are both important for the Rock and Roll. Emx2 facilitates Rock and Roll by delaying apical protrusion of its nascent HCs but it does not determine HCs' ultimate positions, indicating that Emx2 mediates bidirectional HC pattern by changing the location where hair bundle is established in HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ohta
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Young Rae Ji
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Daniel Martin
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Doris K Wu
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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17
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Erzberger A, Jacobo A, Dasgupta A, Hudspeth AJ. Mechanochemical symmetry breaking during morphogenesis of lateral-line sensory organs. NATURE PHYSICS 2020; 16:949-957. [PMID: 33790985 PMCID: PMC8009062 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Actively regulated symmetry breaking, which is ubiquitous in biological cells, underlies phenomena such as directed cellular movement and morphological polarization. Here we investigate how an organ-level polarity pattern emerges through symmetry breaking at the cellular level during the formation of a mechanosensory organ. Combining theory, genetic perturbations, and in vivo imaging, we study the development and regeneration of the fluid-motion sensors in the zebrafish's lateral line. We find that two interacting symmetry-breaking events - one mediated by biochemical signaling and the other by cellular mechanics - give rise to precise rotations of cell pairs, which produce a mirror-symmetric polarity pattern in the receptor organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Erzberger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- These authors contributed equally
- ;
| | - A. Jacobo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - A. Dasgupta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - A. J. Hudspeth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- ;
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