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Du L, Hou YN, Fu DD, Li J, Ao J, Ma AX, Wan QQ, Wang ZG, Liu SL, Zhang LJ, Pang DW. Revealing Different Pathways for Influenza A Virus To Reach Microtubules after Endocytosis by Quantum Dot-Based Single-Virus Tracking. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39143650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Actin- and microtubule (MT)-based transport systems are essential for intracellular transport. During influenza A virus (IAV) infection, MTs provide long tracks for virus trafficking toward the nucleus. However, the role of the actin cytoskeleton in IAV entry and especially the transit process is still ambiguous. Here, by using quantum dot-based single-virus tracking, it was revealed that the actin cytoskeleton was crucial for the virus entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). After entry via CME, the virus reached MTs through three different pathways: the virus (1) was driven by myosin VI to move along actin filaments to reach MTs (AF); (2) was propelled by actin tails assembled by an Arp2/3-dependent mechanism to reach MTs (AT); and (3) directly reached MTs without experiencing actin-related movement (NA). Therefore, the NA pathway was the main one and the fastest for the virus to reach MTs. The AT pathway was activated only when plenty of viruses entered the cell. The viruses transported by the AF and AT pathways shared similar moving velocities, durations, and displacements. This study comprehensively visualized the role of the actin cytoskeleton in IAV entry and transport, revealing different pathways for IAV to reach MTs after entry. The results are of great significance for globally understanding IAV infection and the cellular endocytic transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ning Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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2
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Palmer NJ, Barrie KR, Dominguez R. Mechanisms of actin filament severing and elongation by formins. Nature 2024; 632:437-442. [PMID: 38843827 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Humans express 15 formins that play crucial roles in actin-based processes, including cytokinesis, cell motility and mechanotransduction1,2. However, the lack of structures bound to the actin filament (F-actin) has been a major impediment to understanding formin function. Whereas formins are known for their ability to nucleate and elongate F-actin3-7, some formins can additionally depolymerize, sever or bundle F-actin. Two mammalian formins, inverted formin 2 (INF2) and diaphanous 1 (DIA1, encoded by DIAPH1), exemplify this diversity. INF2 shows potent severing activity but elongates weakly8-11 whereas DIA1 has potent elongation activity but does not sever4,8. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) we show five structural states of INF2 and two of DIA1 bound to the middle and barbed end of F-actin. INF2 and DIA1 bind differently to these sites, consistent with their distinct activities. The formin-homology 2 and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-homology 2 (FH2 and WH2, respectively) domains of INF2 are positioned to sever F-actin, whereas DIA1 appears unsuited for severing. These structures also show how profilin-actin is delivered to the fast-growing barbed end, and how this is followed by a transition of the incoming monomer into the F-actin conformation and the release of profilin. Combined, the seven structures presented here provide step-by-step visualization of the mechanisms of F-actin severing and elongation by formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Palmer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle R Barrie
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Guo W, Zhang Z, Kang J, Gao Y, Qian P, Xie G. Single-cell transcriptome profiling highlights the importance of telocyte, kallikrein genes, and alternative splicing in mouse testes aging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14795. [PMID: 38926537 PMCID: PMC11208613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancing healthcare for elderly men requires a deeper understanding of testicular aging processes. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of 43,323 testicular single cells from young and old mice, shedding light on 1032 telocytes-an underexplored testicular cell type in previous research. Our study unveiled 916 age-related differentially expressed genes (age-DEGs), with telocytes emerging as the cell type harboring the highest count of age-DEGs. Of particular interest, four genes (Klk1b21, Klk1b22, Klk1b24, Klk1b27) from the Kallikrein family, specifically expressed in Leydig cells, displayed down-regulation in aged testes. Moreover, cell-type-level splicing analyses unveiled 1838 age-related alternative splicing (AS) events. While we confirmed the presence of more age-DEGs in somatic cells compared to germ cells, unexpectedly, more age-related AS events were identified in germ cells. Further experimental validation highlighted 4930555F03Rik, a non-coding RNA gene exhibiting significant age-related AS changes. Our study represents the first age-related single-cell transcriptomic investigation of testicular telocytes and Kallikrein genes in Leydig cells, as well as the first delineation of cell-type-level AS dynamics during testicular aging in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyier Guo
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jiahui Kang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yajing Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong, 226001, China.
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4
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Shah R, Panagiotou TC, Cole GB, Moraes TF, Lavoie BD, McCulloch CA, Wilde A. The DIAPH3 linker specifies a β-actin network that maintains RhoA and Myosin-II at the cytokinetic furrow. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5250. [PMID: 38897998 PMCID: PMC11187180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell division cycle that leads to the formation of two new cells. Successful cytokinesis requires significant remodelling of the plasma membrane by spatially distinct β- and γ-actin networks. These networks are generated by the formin family of actin nucleators, DIAPH3 and DIAPH1 respectively. Here we show that β- and γ-actin perform specialized and non-redundant roles in cytokinesis and cannot substitute for one another. Expression of hybrid DIAPH1 and DIAPH3 proteins with altered actin isoform specificity relocalized cytokinetic actin isoform networks within the cell, causing cytokinetic failure. Consistent with this we show that β-actin networks, but not γ-actin networks, are required for the maintenance of non-muscle myosin II and RhoA at the cytokinetic furrow. These data suggest that independent and spatially distinct actin isoform networks form scaffolds of unique interactors that facilitate localized biochemical activities to ensure successful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Thomas C Panagiotou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Gregory B Cole
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Trevor F Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Brigitte D Lavoie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Wilde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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Kumar S, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Dehydration-responsive cytoskeleton proteome of rice reveals reprograming of key molecular pathways to mediate metabolic adaptation and cell survival. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108359. [PMID: 38237420 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeletal proteins play a key role that control cytoskeleton dynamics, contributing to crucial biological processes such as cell wall morphogenesis, stomatal conductance and abscisic acid accumulation in repercussion to water-deficit stress or dehydration. Yet, it is still completely unknown which specific biochemical processes and regulatory mechanisms the cytoskeleton uses to drive dehydration tolerance. To better understand the role of cytoskeleton, we developed the dehydration-responsive cytoskeletal proteome map of a resilient rice cultivar. Initially, four-week-old rice plants were exposed to progressive dehydration, and the magnitude of dehydration-induced compensatory physiological responses was monitored in terms of physicochemical indices. The organelle fractionation in conjunction with label-free quantitative proteome analysis led to the identification of 955 dehydration-responsive cytoskeletal proteins (DRCPs). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a stress-responsive plant cytoskeletal proteome, representing the largest inventory of cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-associated proteins. The DRCPs were apparently involved in a wide array of intra-cellular molecules transportation, organelles positioning, cytoskeleton organization followed by different metabolic processes including amino acid metabolism. These findings presented open a unique view on global regulation of plant cytoskeletal proteome is intimately linked to cellular metabolic rewiring of adaptive responses, and potentially confer dehydration tolerance, especially in rice, and other crop species, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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6
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Zhang Y, Shen Y, Jin P, Zhu B, Lin Y, Jiang T, Huang X, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Li S. A trade-off in evolution: the adaptive landscape of spiders without venom glands. Gigascience 2024; 13:giae048. [PMID: 39101784 PMCID: PMC11299198 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venom glands play a key role in the predation and defense strategies of almost all spider groups. However, the spider family Uloboridae lacks venom glands and has evolved an adaptive strategy: they excessively wrap their prey directly with spider silk instead of paralyzing it first with toxins. This shift in survival strategy is very fascinating, but the genetic underpinnings behind it are poorly understood. RESULTS Spanning multiple spider groups, we conducted multiomics analyses on Octonoba sinensis and described the adaptive evolution of the Uloboridae family at the genome level. We observed the coding genes of myosin and twitchin in muscles are under positive selection, energy metabolism functions are enhanced, and gene families related to tracheal development and tissue mechanical strength are expanded or emerged, all of which are related to the unique anatomical structure and predatory behavior of spiders in the family Uloboridae. In addition, we also scanned the elements that are absent or under relaxed purifying selection, as well as toxin gene homologs in the genomes of 2 species in this family. The results show that the absence of regions and regions under relaxed selection in these spiders' genomes are concentrated in areas related to development and neurosystem. The search for toxin homologs reveals possible gene function shift between toxins and nontoxins and confirms that there are no reliable toxin genes in the genome of this group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the trade-off between different predation strategies in spiders, using either chemical or physical strategy, and provides insights into the possible mechanism underlying this trade-off. Venomless spiders need to mobilize multiple developmental and metabolic pathways related to motor function and limb mechanical strength to cover the decline in adaptability caused by the absence of venom glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yunxiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bingyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yejie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Tongyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xianting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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7
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Bremer KV, Wu C, Patel AA, He KL, Grunfeld AM, Chanfreau GF, Quinlan ME. Formin tails act as a switch, inhibiting or enhancing processive actin elongation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105557. [PMID: 38097186 PMCID: PMC10797183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Formins are large, multidomain proteins that nucleate new actin filaments and accelerate elongation through a processive interaction with the barbed ends of filaments. Their actin assembly activity is generally attributed to their eponymous formin homology (FH) 1 and 2 domains; however, evidence is mounting that regions outside of the FH1FH2 stretch also tune actin assembly. Here, we explore the underlying contributions of the tail domain, which spans the sequence between the FH2 domain and the C terminus of formins. Tails vary in length from ∼0 to >200 residues and contain a number of recognizable motifs. The most common and well-studied motif is the ∼15-residue-long diaphanous autoregulatory domain. This domain mediates all or nothing regulation of actin assembly through an intramolecular interaction with the diaphanous inhibitory domain in the N-terminal half of the protein. Multiple reports demonstrate that the tail can enhance both nucleation and processivity. In this study, we provide a high-resolution view of the alternative splicing encompassing the tail in the formin homology domain (Fhod) family of formins during development. While four distinct tails are predicted, we found significant levels of only two of these. We characterized the biochemical effects of the different tails. Surprisingly, the two highly expressed Fhod-tails inhibit processive elongation and diminish nucleation, while a third supports activity. These findings demonstrate a new mechanism of modulating actin assembly by formins and support a model in which splice variants are specialized to build distinct actin structures during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V Bremer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aanand A Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin L He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex M Grunfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guillaume F Chanfreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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8
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Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Innocenti M. Investigating Mammalian Formins with SMIFH2 Fifteen Years in: Novel Targets and Unexpected Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109058. [PMID: 37240404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian formin family comprises fifteen multi-domain proteins that regulate actin dynamics and microtubules in vitro and in cells. Evolutionarily conserved formin homology (FH) 1 and 2 domains allow formins to locally modulate the cell cytoskeleton. Formins are involved in several developmental and homeostatic processes, as well as human diseases. However, functional redundancy has long hampered studies of individual formins with genetic loss-of-function approaches and prevents the rapid inhibition of formin activities in cells. The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) in 2009 was a disruptive change that provided a powerful chemical tool to explore formins' functions across biological scales. Here, I critically discuss the characterization of SMIFH2 as a pan-formin inhibitor, as well as growing evidence of unexpected off-target effects. By collating the literature and information hidden in public repositories, outstanding controversies and fundamental open questions about the substrates and mechanism of action of SMIFH2 emerge. Whenever possible, I propose explanations for these discrepancies and roadmaps to address the paramount open questions. Furthermore, I suggest that SMIFH2 be reclassified as a multi-target inhibitor for its appealing activities on proteins involved in pathological formin-dependent processes. Notwithstanding all drawbacks and limitations, SMIFH2 will continue to prove useful in studying formins in health and disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metello Innocenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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10
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Antoku S, Schwartz TU, Gundersen GG. FHODs: Nuclear tethered formins for nuclear mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1160219. [PMID: 37215084 PMCID: PMC10192571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1160219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss FHOD formins with a focus on recent studies that reveal a new role for them as critical links for nuclear mechanotransduction. The FHOD family in vertebrates comprises two structurally related proteins, FHOD1 and FHOD3. Their similar biochemical properties suggest overlapping and redundant functions. FHOD1 is widely expressed, FHOD3 less so, with highest expression in skeletal (FHOD1) and cardiac (FHOD3) muscle where specific splice isoforms are expressed. Unlike other formins, FHODs have strong F-actin bundling activity and relatively weak actin polymerization activity. These activities are regulated by phosphorylation by ROCK and Src kinases; bundling is additionally regulated by ERK1/2 kinases. FHODs are unique among formins in their association with the nuclear envelope through direct, high affinity binding to the outer nuclear membrane proteins nesprin-1G and nesprin-2G. Recent crystallographic structures reveal an interaction between a conserved motif in one of the spectrin repeats (SRs) of nesprin-1G/2G and a site adjacent to the regulatory domain in the amino terminus of FHODs. Nesprins are components of the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex that spans both nuclear membranes and mediates bidirectional transmission of mechanical forces between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. FHODs interact near the actin-binding calponin homology (CH) domains of nesprin-1G/2G enabling a branched connection to actin filaments that presumably strengthens the interaction. At the cellular level, the tethering of FHODs to the outer nuclear membrane mechanically couples perinuclear actin arrays to the nucleus to move and position it in fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and potentially other cells. FHODs also function in adhesion maturation during cell migration and in the generation of sarcomeres, activities distant from the nucleus but that are still influenced by it. Human genetic studies have identified multiple FHOD3 variants linked to dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, with many mutations mapping to "hot spots" in FHOD3 domains. We discuss how FHOD1/3's role in reinforcing the LINC complex and connecting to perinuclear actin contributes to functions of mechanically active tissues such as striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Antoku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas U. Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Haarer BK, Pimm ML, de Jong EP, Amberg DC, Henty-Ridilla JL. Purification of human β- and γ-actin from budding yeast. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260540. [PMID: 37070275 PMCID: PMC10184827 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical studies of human actin and its binding partners rely heavily on abundant and easily purified α-actin from skeletal muscle. Therefore, muscle actin has been used to evaluate and determine the activities of most actin regulatory proteins but there is an underlying concern that these proteins perform differently from actin present in non-muscle cells. To provide easily accessible and relatively abundant sources of human β- or γ-actin (i.e. cytoplasmic actins), we developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that express each as their sole source of actin. Both β- or γ-actin purified in this system polymerize and interact with various binding partners, including profilin, mDia1 (formin), fascin and thymosin-β4 (Tβ4). Notably, Tβ4 and profilin bind to β- or γ-actin with higher affinity than to α-actin, emphasizing the value of testing actin ligands with specific actin isoforms. These reagents will make specific isoforms of actin more accessible for future studies on actin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Haarer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Morgan L. Pimm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - David C. Amberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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12
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He G, Li W, Zhao W, Men H, Chen Q, Hu J, Zhang J, Zhu H, Wang W, Deng M, Xu Z, Wang G, Zhou L, Qian X, Liang L. Formin-like 2 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating the EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK axis. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:2014-2028. [PMID: 36715549 PMCID: PMC10154862 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression. Formin-like 2 (FMNL2) is well-known for promoting metastasis; however, the molecular mechanisms by which FMNL2 promotes angiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we found that FMNL2 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis of CRC in vitro and in vivo. The GDB/FH3 domain of FMNL2 directly interacts with epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 (EGFL6). Formin-like 2 promotes EGFL6 paracrine signaling by exosomes to regulate angiogenesis in CRC. Cytoskeleton associated protein 4 (CKAP4) is a downstream target of EGFL6 and is involved in CRC angiogenesis. Epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 binds to the N-terminus of CKAP4 to promote the migration of HUVECs by activating the ERK/MMP pathway. These findings suggest that FMNL2 promotes the migration of HUVECs and enhances angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in CRC by regulating the EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK axis. Therefore, the EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK axis could be a candidate therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang He
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hui Men
- Department of Pathology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huifang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meijing Deng
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zishan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinlai Qian
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Meenakshi S I, Rao M, Mayor S, Sowdhamini R. A census of actin-associated proteins in humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1168050. [PMID: 37187613 PMCID: PMC10175787 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1168050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments help in maintaining the cell structure and coordinating cellular movements and cargo transport within the cell. Actin participates in the interaction with several proteins and also with itself to form the helical filamentous actin (F-actin). Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and actin-associated proteins (AAPs) coordinate the actin filament assembly and processing, regulate the flux between globular G-actin and F-actin in the cell, and help maintain the cellular structure and integrity. We have used protein-protein interaction data available through multiple sources (STRING, BioGRID, mentha, and a few others), functional annotation, and classical actin-binding domains to identify actin-binding and actin-associated proteins in the human proteome. Here, we report 2482 AAPs and present an analysis of their structural and sequential domains, functions, evolutionary conservation, cellular localization, abundance, and tissue-specific expression patterns. This analysis provides a base for the characterization of proteins involved in actin dynamics and turnover in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madan Rao
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Ramanathan Sowdhamini,
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14
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Li Y, Wang D, Ge H, Güngör C, Gong X, Chen Y. Cytoskeletal and Cytoskeleton-Associated Proteins: Key Regulators of Cancer Stem Cell Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1369. [PMID: 36355541 PMCID: PMC9698833 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells possessing stemness characteristics that are closely associated with tumor proliferation, recurrence and resistance to therapy. Recent studies have shown that different cytoskeletal components and remodeling processes have a profound impact on the behavior of CSCs. In this review, we outline the different cytoskeletal components regulating the properties of CSCs and discuss current and ongoing therapeutic strategies targeting the cytoskeleton. Given the many challenges currently faced in targeted cancer therapy, a deeper comprehension of the molecular events involved in the interaction of the cytoskeleton and CSCs will help us identify more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate CSCs and ultimately improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heming Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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15
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Sherrard KM, Cetera M, Horne-Badovinac S. DAAM mediates the assembly of long-lived, treadmilling stress fibers in collectively migrating epithelial cells in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:e72881. [PMID: 34812144 PMCID: PMC8610420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress fibers (SFs) are actomyosin bundles commonly found in individually migrating cells in culture. However, whether and how cells use SFs to migrate in vivo or collectively is largely unknown. Studying the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila, we found that the SFs in these cells show a novel treadmilling behavior that allows them to persist as the cells migrate over multiple cell lengths. Treadmilling SFs grow at their fronts by adding new integrin-based adhesions and actomyosin segments over time. This causes the SFs to have many internal adhesions along their lengths, instead of adhesions only at the ends. The front-forming adhesions remain stationary relative to the substrate and typically disassemble as the cell rear approaches. By contrast, a different type of adhesion forms at the SF's terminus that slides with the cell's trailing edge as the actomyosin ahead of it shortens. We further show that SF treadmilling depends on cell movement and identify a developmental switch in the formins that mediate SF assembly, with Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis acting during migratory stages and Diaphanous acting during postmigratory stages. We propose that treadmilling SFs keep each cell on a linear trajectory, thereby promoting the collective motility required for epithelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Sherrard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Maureen Cetera
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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16
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Abstract
Robert Insall introduces the cytoskeleton special issue and summarises some recent changes in our view of actin function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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