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Matthews TJ, Triantis KA, Wayman JP, Martin TE, Hume JP, Cardoso P, Faurby S, Mendenhall CD, Dufour P, Rigal F, Cooke R, Whittaker RJ, Pigot AL, Thébaud C, Jørgensen MW, Benavides E, Soares FC, Ulrich W, Kubota Y, Sadler JP, Tobias JA, Sayol F. The global loss of avian functional and phylogenetic diversity from anthropogenic extinctions. Science 2024; 386:55-60. [PMID: 39361743 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Humans have been driving a global erosion of species richness for millennia, but the consequences of past extinctions for other dimensions of biodiversity-functional and phylogenetic diversity-are poorly understood. In this work, we show that, since the Late Pleistocene, the extinction of 610 bird species has caused a disproportionate loss of the global avian functional space along with ~3 billion years of unique evolutionary history. For island endemics, proportional losses have been even greater. Projected future extinctions of more than 1000 species over the next two centuries will incur further substantial reductions in functional and phylogenetic diversity. These results highlight the severe consequences of the ongoing biodiversity crisis and the urgent need to identify the ecological functions being lost through extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - Kostas A Triantis
- Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens GR-15784, Greece
| | - Joseph P Wayman
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas E Martin
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Julian P Hume
- Bird Group, Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- CE3C, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chase D Mendenhall
- Physician Assistant Studies, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA
| | - Paul Dufour
- Center for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France
| | - François Rigal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
- CNRS - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - E2S UPPA, Institut Des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254, Pau, France
| | - Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR 5300 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Maria Wagner Jørgensen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva Benavides
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filipa C Soares
- CE3C, Departamento de Biologia Animal, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jon P Sadler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (GEES) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, UK
| | - Ferran Sayol
- CREAF, Edifici C Campus UAB, E08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Wayman JP, Sadler JP, Martin TE, Graham LJ, White HJ, Tobias JA, Matthews TJ. Unravelling the complexities of biotic homogenization and heterogenization in the British avifauna. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 39120041 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Biotic homogenization is a process whereby species assemblages become more similar through time. The standard way of identifying the process of biotic homogenization is to look for decreases in spatial beta-diversity. However, using a single assemblage-level metric to assess homogenization can mask important changes in the occupancy patterns of individual species. Here, we analysed changes in the spatial beta-diversity patterns (i.e. biotic heterogenization or homogenization) of British bird assemblages within 30 km × 30 km regions between two periods (1988-1991 and 2008-2011). We partitioned the change in spatial beta-diversity into extirpation and colonization-resultant change (i.e. change in spatial beta-diversity within each region resulting from both extirpation and colonization). We used measures of abiotic change in combination with Bayesian modelling to disentangle the drivers of biotic heterogenization and homogenization. We detected both heterogenization and homogenization across the two time periods and three measures of diversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional). In addition, both extirpation and colonization contributed to the observed changes, with heterogenization mainly driven by extirpation and homogenization by colonization. These assemblage-level changes were primarily due to shifting occupancy patterns of generalist species. Compared to habitat generalists, habitat specialists had significantly (i) higher average contributions to colonization-resultant change (indicating heterogenization within a region due to colonization) and (ii) lower average contributions to extirpation-resultant change (indicating homogenization from extirpation). Generalists showed the opposite pattern. Increased extirpation-resultant homogenization within regions was associated with increased urban land cover and decreased habitat diversity, precipitation, and temperature. Changes in extirpation-resultant heterogenization and colonization-resultant heterogenization were associated with differences in elevation between regions and changes in temperature and land cover. Many of the 'winners' (i.e. species that increased in occupancy) were species that had benefitted from conservation action (e.g. buzzard (Buteo buteo)). The 'losers' (i.e. those that decreased in occupancy) consisted primarily of previously common species, such as cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Our results show that focusing purely on changes in spatial beta-diversity over time may obscure important information about how changes in the occupancy patterns of individual species contribute to homogenization and heterogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Wayman
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, UK
| | - Jonathan P Sadler
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas E Martin
- Operation Wallacea, Spilsby, UK
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Laura J Graham
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Biodiversity Ecology & Conservation Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hannah J White
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- GEES (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences) and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores-Depto de Ciências Agráriase Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
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Pearman PB, Broennimann O, Aavik T, Albayrak T, Alves PC, Aravanopoulos FA, Bertola LD, Biedrzycka A, Buzan E, Cubric-Curik V, Djan M, Fedorca A, Fuentes-Pardo AP, Fussi B, Godoy JA, Gugerli F, Hoban S, Holderegger R, Hvilsom C, Iacolina L, Kalamujic Stroil B, Klinga P, Konopiński MK, Kopatz A, Laikre L, Lopes-Fernandes M, McMahon BJ, Mergeay J, Neophytou C, Pálsson S, Paz-Vinas I, Posledovich D, Primmer CR, Raeymaekers JAM, Rinkevich B, Rolečková B, Ruņģis D, Schuerz L, Segelbacher G, Kavčič Sonnenschein K, Stefanovic M, Thurfjell H, Träger S, Tsvetkov IN, Velickovic N, Vergeer P, Vernesi C, Vilà C, Westergren M, Zachos FE, Guisan A, Bruford M. Monitoring of species' genetic diversity in Europe varies greatly and overlooks potential climate change impacts. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:267-281. [PMID: 38225425 PMCID: PMC10857941 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Genetic monitoring of populations currently attracts interest in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity but needs long-term planning and investments. However, genetic diversity has been largely neglected in biodiversity monitoring, and when addressed, it is treated separately, detached from other conservation issues, such as habitat alteration due to climate change. We report an accounting of efforts to monitor population genetic diversity in Europe (genetic monitoring effort, GME), the evaluation of which can help guide future capacity building and collaboration towards areas most in need of expanded monitoring. Overlaying GME with areas where the ranges of selected species of conservation interest approach current and future climate niche limits helps identify whether GME coincides with anticipated climate change effects on biodiversity. Our analysis suggests that country area, financial resources and conservation policy influence GME, high values of which only partially match species' joint patterns of limits to suitable climatic conditions. Populations at trailing climatic niche margins probably hold genetic diversity that is important for adaptation to changing climate. Our results illuminate the need in Europe for expanded investment in genetic monitoring across climate gradients occupied by focal species, a need arguably greatest in southeastern European countries. This need could be met in part by expanding the European Union's Birds and Habitats Directives to fully address the conservation and monitoring of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Pearman
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- BC3 Basque Center for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Olivier Broennimann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tsipe Aavik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tamer Albayrak
- Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, Lab of Ornithology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Paulo C Alves
- CIBIO-InBIO Laboratório Associado & Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- EBM, Estação Biológica de Mértola, Mértola, Portugal
| | - F A Aravanopoulos
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forest Science and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura D Bertola
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elena Buzan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Velenje, Slovenia
| | | | - Mihajla Djan
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ancuta Fedorca
- Department of Wildlife, National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry 'Marin Dracea', Brasov, Romania
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Angela P Fuentes-Pardo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Fussi
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Teisendorf, Germany
| | - José A Godoy
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Felix Gugerli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sean Hoban
- Center for Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Rolf Holderegger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Iacolina
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Department of Biodiversity, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Belma Kalamujic Stroil
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Peter Klinga
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej K Konopiński
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarida Lopes-Fernandes
- Centre for Research in Anthropology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barry John McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charalambos Neophytou
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Snæbjörn Pálsson
- Department of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ivan Paz-Vinas
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diana Posledovich
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Barbora Rolečková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dainis Ruņģis
- Genetic Resource Centre, Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Laura Schuerz
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Milomir Stefanovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Henrik Thurfjell
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivaylo N Tsvetkov
- Department of Forest Genetics, Physiology and Plantations, Forest Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Velickovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Philippine Vergeer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Forest Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carles Vilà
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Frank E Zachos
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Geopolis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bruford
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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