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Hayashi S, Abe T, Igawa T, Katsura Y, Kazama Y, Nozawa M. Sex chromosome cycle as a mechanism of stable sex determination. J Biochem 2024; 176:81-95. [PMID: 38982631 PMCID: PMC11289310 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have enabled the precise decoding of genomes in non-model organisms, providing a basis for unraveling the patterns and mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution. Studies of different species have yielded conflicting results regarding the traditional theory that sex chromosomes evolve from autosomes via the accumulation of deleterious mutations and degeneration of the Y (or W) chromosome. The concept of the 'sex chromosome cycle,' emerging from this context, posits that at any stage of the cycle (i.e., differentiation, degeneration, or loss), sex chromosome turnover can occur while maintaining stable sex determination. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that drive both the persistence and turnover of sex chromosomes at each stage of the cycle is crucial. In this review, we integrate recent findings on the mechanisms underlying maintenance and turnover, with a special focus on several organisms having unique sex chromosomes. Our review suggests that the diversity of sex chromosomes in the maintenance of stable sex determination is underappreciated and emphasizes the need for more research on the sex chromosome cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takuya Abe
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yukako Katsura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nozawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Wang Y, Gong GN, Wang Y, Zhang RG, Hörandl E, Zhang ZX, Charlesworth D, He L. Gap-free X and Y chromosome assemblies of Salix arbutifolia reveal an evolutionary change from male to female heterogamety in willows, without a change in the position of the sex-determining locus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2872-2887. [PMID: 38581199 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In the Vetrix clade of Salix, a genus of woody flowering plants, sex determination involves chromosome 15, but an XY system has changed to a ZW system. We studied the detailed genetic changes involved. We used genome sequencing, with chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and PacBio HiFi reads to assemble chromosome level gap-free X and Y of Salix arbutifolia, and distinguished the haplotypes in the 15X- and 15Y-linked regions, to study the evolutionary history of the sex-linked regions (SLRs). Our sequencing revealed heteromorphism of the X and Y haplotypes of the SLR, with the X-linked region being considerably larger than the corresponding Y region, mainly due to accumulated repetitive sequences and gene duplications. The phylogenies of single-copy orthogroups within the SLRs indicate that S. arbutifolia and Salix purpurea share an ancestral SLR within a repeat-rich region near the chromosome 15 centromere. During the change in heterogamety, the X-linked region changed to a W-linked one, while the Z was derived from the Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guang-Nan Gong
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ren-Gang Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Li He
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
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Charlesworth D, Harkess A. Why should we study plant sex chromosomes? THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1242-1256. [PMID: 38163640 PMCID: PMC11062472 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding plant sex chromosomes involves studying interactions between developmental and physiological genetics, genome evolution, and evolutionary ecology. We focus on areas of overlap between these. Ideas about how species with separate sexes (dioecious species, in plant terminology) can evolve are even more relevant to plants than to most animal taxa because dioecy has evolved many times from ancestral functionally hermaphroditic populations, often recently. One aim of studying plant sex chromosomes is to discover how separate males and females evolved from ancestors with no such genetic sex-determining polymorphism, and the diversity in the genetic control of maleness vs femaleness. Different systems share some interesting features, and their differences help to understand why completely sex-linked regions may evolve. In some dioecious plants, the sex-determining genome regions are physically small. In others, regions without crossing over have evolved sometimes extensive regions with properties very similar to those of the familiar animal sex chromosomes. The differences also affect the evolutionary changes possible when the environment (or pollination environment, for angiosperms) changes, as dioecy is an ecologically risky strategy for sessile organisms. Dioecious plants have repeatedly reverted to cosexuality, and hermaphroditic strains of fruit crops such as papaya and grapes are desired by plant breeders. Sex-linked regions are predicted to become enriched in genes with sex differences in expression, especially when higher expression benefits one sex function but harms the other. Such trade-offs may be important for understanding other plant developmental and physiological processes and have direct applications in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Alex Harkess
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
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Marcel H, Javier MGJ, Emilio C, Roman H, Jose Luis RL. Seed shape and size of Silene latifolia, differences between sexes, and influence of the parental genome in hybrids with Silene dioica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1297676. [PMID: 38529065 PMCID: PMC10961389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1297676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants undergo various natural changes that dramatically modify their genomes. One is polyploidization and the second is hybridization. Both are regarded as key factors in plant evolution and result in phenotypic differences in different plant organs. In Silene, we can find both examples in nature, and this genus has a seed shape diversity that has long been recognized as a valuable source of information for infrageneric classification. Methods Morphometric analysis is a statistical study of shape and size and their covariations with other variables. Traditionally, seed shape description was limited to an approximate comparison with geometric figures (rounded, globular, reniform, or heart-shaped). Seed shape quantification has been based on direct measurements, such as area, perimeter, length, and width, narrowing statistical analysis. We used seed images and processed them to obtain silhouettes. We performed geometric morphometric analyses, such as similarity to geometric models and elliptic Fourier analysis, to study the hybrid offspring of S. latifolia and S. dioica. Results We generated synthetic tetraploids of Silene latifolia and performed controlled crosses between diploid S. latifolia and Silene dioica to analyze seed morphology. After imaging capture and post-processing, statistical analysis revealed differences in seed size, but not in shape, between S. latifolia diploids and tetraploids, as well as some differences in shape among the parentals and hybrids. A detailed inspection using fluorescence microscopy allowed for the identification of shape differences in the cells of the seed coat. In the case of hybrids, differences were found in circularity and solidity. Overal seed shape is maternally regulated for both species, whereas cell shape cannot be associated with any of the sexes. Discussion Our results provide additional tools useful for the combination of morphology with genetics, ecology or taxonomy. Seed shape is a robust indicator that can be used as a complementary tool for the genetic and phylogenetic analyses of Silene hybrid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubinský Marcel
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research (NCBR), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Cervantes Emilio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA)-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hobza Roman
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Rodríguez Lorenzo Jose Luis
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Filatov DA. Evolution of a plant sex chromosome driven by expanding pericentromeric recombination suppression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1373. [PMID: 38228625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombination suppression around sex-determining gene(s) is a key step in evolution of sex chromosomes, but it is not well understood how it evolves. Recently evolved sex-linked regions offer an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of recombination cessation. This paper analyses such a region on Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae) sex chromosomes, where recombination was suppressed in the last 120 thousand years ("stratum 3"). Locating the boundaries of the stratum 3 in S. latifolia genome sequence revealed that this region is far larger than assumed previously-it is about 14 Mb long and includes 202 annotated genes. A gradient of X:Y divergence detected in the stratum 3, with divergence increasing proximally, indicates gradual recombination cessation, possibly caused by expansion of pericentromeric recombination suppression (PRS) into the pseudoautosomal region. Expansion of PRS was also the likely cause for the formation of the older stratum 2 on S. latifolia sex chromosomes. The role of PRS in sex chromosome evolution has been underappreciated, but it may be a significant factor, especially in the species with large chromosomes where PRS is often extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Filatov
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Wong ELY, Filatov DA. Pericentromeric recombination suppression and the 'large X effect' in plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21682. [PMID: 38066067 PMCID: PMC10709461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
X chromosome was reported to be a major contributor to isolation between closely related species-the 'large X' effect (LXE). The causes of LXE are not clear, but the leading theory is that it is caused by recessive species incompatibilities exposed in the phenotype due to the hemizygosity of X-linked genes in the heterogametic sex. However, the LXE was also reported in species with relatively recently evolved sex chromosomes where Y chromosome is not completely degenerate and X-linked genes are not hemizygous, such as the plant Silene latifolia. Recent genome sequencing and detailed genetic mapping in this species revealed a massive (> 330 Mb) non- or rarely-recombining pericentromeric region on the X chromosome (Xpr) that comprises ~ 90% of the chromosome and over 13% of the entire genome. If any of the Xpr genes are involved in species incompatibilities, this would oppose interspecific gene flow for other genes tightly linked in the Xpr. Here we test the hypothesis that the previously reported LXE in S. latifolia is caused by the lack of recombination on most of the X chromosome. Based on genome-wide analysis of DNA polymorphism and gene expression in S. latifolia and its close cross-compatible relative S. dioica, we report that the rarely-recombining regions represent a significant barrier for interspecific gene flow. We found little evidence for any additional factors contributing to the LXE, suggesting that extensive pericentromeric recombination suppression on the X-chromosome is the major if not the only cause of the LXE in S. latifolia and S. dioica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar L Y Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Saul F, Scharmann M, Wakatake T, Rajaraman S, Marques A, Freund M, Bringmann G, Channon L, Becker D, Carroll E, Low YW, Lindqvist C, Gilbert KJ, Renner T, Masuda S, Richter M, Vogg G, Shirasu K, Michael TP, Hedrich R, Albert VA, Fukushima K. Subgenome dominance shapes novel gene evolution in the decaploid pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2000-2015. [PMID: 37996654 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Subgenome dominance after whole-genome duplication generates distinction in gene number and expression at the level of chromosome sets, but it remains unclear how this process may be involved in evolutionary novelty. Here we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Asian pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis to analyse how its novel traits (dioecy and carnivorous pitcher leaves) are linked to genomic evolution. We found a decaploid karyotype and a clear indication of subgenome dominance. A male-linked and pericentromerically located region on the putative sex chromosome was identified in a recessive subgenome and was found to harbour three transcription factors involved in flower and pollen development, including a likely neofunctionalized LEAFY duplicate. Transcriptomic and syntenic analyses of carnivory-related genes suggested that the paleopolyploidization events seeded genes that subsequently formed tandem clusters in recessive subgenomes with specific expression in the digestive zone of the pitcher, where specialized cells digest prey and absorb derived nutrients. A genome-scale analysis suggested that subgenome dominance likely contributed to evolutionary innovation by permitting recessive subgenomes to diversify functions of novel tissue-specific duplicates. Our results provide insight into how polyploidy can give rise to novel traits in divergent and successful high-ploidy lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Saul
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Scharmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology (IBB), University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takanori Wakatake
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sitaram Rajaraman
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André Marques
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Freund
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louisa Channon
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yee Wen Low
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology & W.K. Kellogg Biological Station & Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sachiko Masuda
- Riken Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michaela Richter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gerd Vogg
- Botanical Garden, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Riken Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Kazama Y, Kobayashi T, Filatov DA. Evolution of sex-determination in dioecious plants: From active Y to X/A balance? Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300111. [PMID: 37694687 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in plants have been known for a century, but only recently have we begun to understand the mechanisms behind sex determination in dioecious plants. Here, we discuss evolution of sex determination, focusing on Silene latifolia, where evolution of separate sexes is consistent with the classic "two mutations" model-a loss of function male sterility mutation and a gain of function gynoecium suppression mutation, which turned an ancestral hermaphroditic population into separate males and females. Interestingly, the gynoecium suppression function in S. latifolia evolved via loss of function in at least two sex-linked genes and works via gene dosage balance between sex-linked, and autosomal genes. This system resembles X/A-ratio-based sex determination systems in Drosophila and Rumex, and could represent a steppingstone in the evolution of X/A-ratio-based sex determination from an active Y system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kazama
- Graduate school of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taiki Kobayashi
- Graduate school of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan
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Fields PD, Weber MM, Waneka G, Broz AK, Sloan DB. Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly for the Angiosperm Silene conica. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad192. [PMID: 37862134 PMCID: PMC10630074 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiosperm genus Silene has been the subject of extensive study in the field of ecology and evolution, but the availability of high-quality reference genome sequences has been limited for this group. Here, we report a chromosome-level assembly for the genome of Silene conica based on Pacific Bioscience HiFi, Hi-C, and Bionano technologies. The assembly produced 10 scaffolds (1 per chromosome) with a total length of 862 Mb and only ∼1% gap content. These results confirm previous observations that S. conica and its relatives have a reduced base chromosome number relative to the genus's ancestral state of 12. Silene conica has an exceptionally large mitochondrial genome (>11 Mb), predominantly consisting of sequence of unknown origins. Analysis of shared sequence content suggests that it is unlikely that transfer of nuclear DNA is the primary driver of this mitochondrial genome expansion. More generally, this assembly should provide a valuable resource for future genomic studies in Silene, including comparative analyses with related species that recently evolved sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fields
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Mammalian Genetics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Melody M Weber
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gus Waneka
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Li N, Zhou J, Zhang W, Liu W, Wang B, She H, Mirbahar AA, Li S, Zhang Y, Gao W, Qian W, Deng C. A rapid method for assembly of single chromosome and identification of sex determination region based on single-chromosome sequencing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:892-903. [PMID: 37533136 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The sex-determining-region (SDR) may offer the best prospects for studying sex-determining gene, recombination suppression, and chromosome heteromorphism. However, current progress of SDR identification and cloning showed following shortcomings: large near-isogenic lines need to be constructed, and a relatively large population is needed; the cost of whole-genome sequencing and assembly is high. Herein, the X/Y chromosomes of Spinacia oleracea L. subsp. turkestanica were successfully microdissected and assembled using single-chromosome sequencing. The assembly length of X and Y chromosome is c. 192.1 and 195.2 Mb, respectively. Three large inversions existed between X and Y chromosome. The SDR size of X and Y chromosome is c. 13.2 and 24.1 Mb, respectively. MSY region and six male-biased genes were identified. A Y-chromosome-specific marker in SDR was constructed and used to verify the chromosome assembly quality at cytological level via fluorescence in situ hybridization. Meanwhile, it was observed that the SDR located on long arm of Y chromosome and near the centromere. Overall, a technical system was successfully established for rapid cloning the SDR and it is also applicable to rapid assembly of specific chromosome in other plants. Furthermore, this study laid a foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of sex chromosome evolution in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wanqing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hongbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar
- Date Palm Research Institute, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, 66020, Pakistan
| | - Shufen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wujun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chuanliang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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