1
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Imanse SM, Burrell CE, Cannizzo SA, Reilly TS, Rainwater KL, Delaney MA. Neoplasia in an assurance population of Puerto Rican crested toads ( Peltophryne lemur). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:482-487. [PMID: 38018125 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231214029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Disease monitoring of amphibian assurance populations is an important buffer against ongoing global extinctions. This study documents a high incidence of neoplasia in a zoo-managed assurance population of Puerto Rican crested toads (Peltophryne lemur; PRCTs). Over 5 years, neoplasia was diagnosed in 17/49 (35%) submitted adult PRCTs and was the cause of death or euthanasia in 13/17 (72%). Most toads were male (16/17; 94%) and 6 to 11-years-old (average 8.1 years). Notably, seven toads (41%) had multiple neoplasms. Of the 29 neoplasms identified, 17 (59%) were cutaneous or subcutaneous. The most common neoplasms included mast cell tumors (MCTs; 8/29; 28%), histiocytic sarcomas (6/29; 21%), lymphoma/leukemia (4/29; 14%), and squamous cell carcinomas (3/29; 10%). Distant metastases were documented in 6/8 (75%) toads with MCTs. Causes for neoplasia in this population were not determined though may include genetic or environmental factors. Continued investigations of managed endangered amphibians will help elucidate mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M Imanse
- University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL
- Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA
| | - Caitlin E Burrell
- University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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2
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Francois C, Schilliger L, Eberlé O, Delavenne C, Paillusseau C. GROSS AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE COELOMIC ORGANS OF HEALTHY AXOLOTLS ( AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:670-680. [PMID: 38251990 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe the gross anatomy and ultrasonographic appearance of coelomic organs in subadult and adult axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), to describe an ultrasound technique, and to test correlations of ultrasonographic measurement with body length, width, and weight. Necropsies of coelomic organs were conducted on 10 axolotls (females = 5; males = 5) and ultrasound on 11 (males = 5; females = 6). Animals were kept in water and maintained conscious during ultrasound. The heart, caudal vena cava, liver, gallbladder, spleen, esophagus, stomach, colon, kidneys, ovaries, and fat bodies were identified in all study subjects, although testicles were identified in only 6/7 subjects. The pancreas and adrenal glands could not be identified in any animals, either during necropsy or ultrasonography. Coelomic and pericardial effusion was present in all animals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the liver, spleen, myocardial thickness, and right and left kidney length were highly repeatable (correlation value [CV] < 5%) and the esophagus, spleen, caudal vena cava, fat bodies, gallbladder, colon thickness, right kidney height and width, and right testicle diameter were statistically repeatable (CV < 10%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia Eberlé
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Étoile 69280, France
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3
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Chai N. Amphibian Dermatology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:425-442. [PMID: 36965879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are susceptible to a multitude of skin disorders, many of which can appear grossly similar. The most common clinical presentations include hyperemia, discoloration, dermal mass, ulceration, and necrosis. Many amphibian skin diseases are related to captive husbandry. The diagnostic process starts with environmental evaluations, a full history, physical examination and sampling for direct observation, histology, polymerase chain reaction testing, and bacterial and fungal culture. This review emphasizes the main conditions encountered in amphibian dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norin Chai
- Yaboumba, 10 Boulevard de Picpus, Paris 75012, France.
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4
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Vuong KS, Sheley W, Liu M, Carlson AK, Jones MP. Chromatophoromas on the tail of a pet axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) with presumptive metastasis. J Exot Pet Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Beck MR, Berliner A, Mangus LM. Nodular and neoplastic skin lesions in an aquarium-managed group of Sabana Surinam toads Pipa parva. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 152:9-16. [PMID: 36394136 DOI: 10.3354/dao03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although skin disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in amphibians, published reports of integumentary conditions affecting skin-brooding anurans are extremely limited. This case series describes the clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic features of nodular skin lesions in an aquarium-managed population of Sabana Surinam toads Pipa parva, a fully aquatic, skin-brooding species native to South America. The skin lesions represented an ongoing clinical concern in this group, affecting approximately 10-20% of animals throughout the study period, and were observed exclusively in females, suggesting an association with the females' specialized cutaneous reproductive anatomy. Multiple animals died or were euthanized due to skin lesions, which were histologically complex and encompassed a range of hyperplastic, cystic, and neoplastic changes (with internal metastases in one animal). Cultures and special stains showed evidence of mixed polymicrobial infection, including occasional fungal hyphae and acid-fast organisms, but were predominated by Gram-negative bacteria. Lack of a significant response to various environmental modulations and therapeutic interventions indicates that the pathogenesis of the skin lesions is multifactorial. Additional research into the reproductive physiology and ideal environmental conditions (both social and physical) for this species will likely help identify new strategies for prevention and treatment of skin disease.
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Torres-Dimas E, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Cancer in Amphibia, a rare phenomenon? Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1992-1998. [PMID: 35979661 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other animals, the spontaneous occurrence of tumors in wild amphibians is relatively rare, generally limited to specific populations or species. The number of reports of spontaneous tumors in amphibians known up to 1986 was 491 cases in anurans and about 253 cases in urodeles. Similarly, there have been many, unsuccessful attempts to chemically or biologically induce tumors in amphibians. With these considerations, it is inevitable to wonder: do urodeles and anurans have an inherent resistance to cancer? Here, we review the spontaneous and induced occurrence of tumors in amphibians in a timeline, as well as failed attempts to induce tumors in these amphibians. Indeed, recent studies seem to indicate that there is a relationship between regeneration and cancer because regenerating tissues seem to resist tumorigenesis, as opposed to nonregenerative tissues of the same amphibian models. Although the mechanisms that allow regenerating tissues to resist tumorigenesis have not been elucidated, it is worth to note that, in addition to the apparent relationship between regeneration and cancer, amphibians possess characteristics that could contribute to their ability to resist the development of neoplastic events. The implications of these features in cancer susceptibility are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Torres-Dimas
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
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7
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The Amphibian Heart. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:367-382. [PMID: 35422258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are more than 8200 amphibian species described, including the orders Anura (frogs and toads), Caudata (salamanders and newts) and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Amphibians have 3 heart chambers: 2 atria and 1 ventricle. Their heart anatomy, histology, and physiology are reviewed. The basic morphology of the heart is similar in all amphibians with some differences due to their lifestyle. Blood flow, blood mixing, and blood oxygenation show variation due to interindividual and interspecific differences. Finally, different diagnostic methods to investigate the amphibian heart are described and reported amphibian heart diseases are summarized, including genetic, congenital, infectious, and neoplastic heart diseases.
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8
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Kadekaru S, Shimoda H, Kuwabara K, Une Y. Spontaneous multiple cutaneous mixed tumors in Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 146:157-164. [PMID: 34672265 DOI: 10.3354/dao03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We examined 7 cutaneous mixed tumors in 2 wild-captured Japanese giant salamanders Andrias japonicus. The tumors were either already present and/or increased in size, or newly occurred during capativity. We sampled the 7 tumors from these animals and 3 verrucose protrusions from 3 unaffected animals, as controls, and examined them pathologically and virologically. The tumors (5 mm to 4 cm in size) were papillary protrusions or pendulated on the skin surface. The cut surface of the tumors was white, lobulated, partially hard, and contained mucus. All tumors presented similar histological characteristics of a hyaline structure and exhibited biphasic proliferation, with neoplastic epithelial cells partially composing the pseudo-ductal structure and staining positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Vimentin 3B4-positive blast-like mesenchymal cells proliferated to fill the gaps in the epithelial components. Transition from unique mucous gland to neoplastic tissue was observed. The hyaline structure was stained blue by AZAN stain, Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) double stain, and toluidine blue (TB) stain of pH 7.0, but was unstained by TB with pH values of 4.1 and 2.5. The mucus in the neoplastic tissue and in the mucous gland in verrucose protrusions was stained blue by Alcian blue-PAS double stain; TB staining at pH 7.0, 4.1, and 2.5 revealed metachromasy. No virus was detected in the tumors. The 7 tumors were diagnosed as cutaneous mixed tumors, and it was confirmed that the neoplastic cells originated from the mucous gland in the dermis. The biological behavior and pathological development of tumors should be elucidated because the tumors have the potential to negatively affect A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kadekaru
- The Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
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Marquardt S, Pavlopoulou A, Takan I, Dhar P, Pützer BM, Logotheti S. A Systems-Based Key Innovation-Driven Approach Infers Co-option of Jaw Developmental Programs During Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682619. [PMID: 34150777 PMCID: PMC8207138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer acquires metastatic potential and evolves via co-opting gene regulatory networks (GRN) of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Such GRNs are encoded in the genome and frequently conserved among species. Considering that all metazoa have evolved from a common ancestor via major macroevolutionary events which shaped those GRNs and increased morphogenetic complexity, we sought to examine whether there are any key innovations that may be consistently and deterministically linked with metastatic potential across the metazoa clades. To address tumor evolution relative to organismal evolution, we revisited and retrospectively juxtaposed seminal laboratory and field cancer studies across taxa that lie on the evolutionary lineage from cnidaria to humans. We subsequently applied bioinformatics to integrate species-specific cancer phenotypes, multiomics data from up to 42 human cancer types, developmental phenotypes of knockout mice, and molecular phylogenetics. We found that the phenotypic manifestations of metastasis appear to coincide with agnatha-to-gnathostome transition. Genes indispensable for jaw development, a key innovation of gnathostomes, undergo mutations or methylation alterations, are aberrantly transcribed during tumor progression and are causatively associated with invasion and metastasis. There is a preference for deregulation of gnathostome-specific versus pre-gnathostome genes occupying hubs of the jaw development network. According to these data, we propose our systems-based model as an in silico tool the prediction of likely tumor evolutionary trajectories and therapeutic targets for metastasis prevention, on the rationale that the same genes which are essential for key innovations that catalyzed vertebrate evolution, such as jaws, are also important for tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Işıl Takan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Prabir Dhar
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M. Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stella Logotheti
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Mangus LM, França MS, Shivaprasad HL, Wolf JC. Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species. ILAR J 2021; 62:169-202. [PMID: 33782706 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology, toxicology, drug discovery, immunology, toxicology, and infectious disease. As with all animal models, familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and spontaneous diseases of these species is necessary for ensuring animal welfare, as well as accurate interpretation and reporting of study findings. Working with avian and aquatic species can be especially challenging in this respect due to their rich diversity and array of unique adaptations. Here, we provide an overview of the research-relevant anatomic features, non-infectious conditions, and infectious diseases that impact research colonies of birds and aquatic animals, including fish and Xenopus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique S França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
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11
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Womble MA, Lewbart GA, Shive HR. Pathologic Lesions of the Budgett Frog ( Lepidobatrachus laevis), an Emerging Laboratory Animal Model. Comp Med 2020; 70:239-247. [PMID: 32234112 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lepidobatrachus laevis, commonly called the Budgett frog, is a member of the horned frog family (Ceratophryidae), which has become increasingly popular among amphibian hobbyists. L. laevis is also used in biologic research on embryonic development, providing a novel model species for the study of organogenesis, regeneration, evolution, and biologic scaling. However, little scientific literature details disease processes or histologic lesions in this species. Our objective was to describe spontaneous pathologic lesions in L. laevis to identify disease phenotypes. We performed a retrospective analysis of 14 captive L. laevis frogs (wild-caught and captive-bred), necropsied at the NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine between 2008 and 2018. The majority of frogs exhibited renal changes, including varying combinations of tubular epithelial binucleation, karyomegaly, and cytoplasmic vacuolation; polycystic kidney disease; and renal carcinoma. Many of the renal changes are reminiscent of a condition described in Japanese (Bufo japonicus) and Chinese (Bufo raddei) toad hybrids that progresses from tubular epithelial atypia and tubular dilation to polycystic kidney disease to renal carcinoma. A second common finding was variably sized, randomly distributed bile duct clusters (biliary proliferation). Other noteworthy findings included regional or generalized edema, intestinal adenocarcinoma, aspiration pneumonia, and parasitism. This retrospective analysis is the first description of histologic lesions identified in captive L. laevis populations, providing new insight into spontaneous disease processes occurring in this species for use in disease diagnosis and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy A Womble
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Heather R Shive
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;,
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Abstract
Odontomas are variably differentiated, hamartoma-like proliferations of odontogenic epithelium, pulp ectomesenchyme (odontoblasts), and dental matrix. Frogs are polyphyodont and homodont. Their teeth also differ from mammals in that they are restricted to the upper jaw in adults and lack a periodontal ligament and cementum, attaching directly to the underlying bone. Odontomas were identified in an African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), a false tomato frog (Dyscophus guineti), and a tomato frog of unknown species (Dyscophus sp.). All of the examined odontomas were composed of numerous tooth-like structures comprising an arc of dentinal matrix lined on the convex surface by ameloblasts and on the concave surface by odontoblasts. Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry with pan-cytokeratin supported these findings. The pathogenesis of these lesions may be displacement of the dental lamina, which has been shown in research studies to lead to de novo proliferation of dental elements in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Tamukai K, Sugiyama J, Nagata Y, Tsutomu O, Katayama Y, Mizutani T, Kimura M, Une Y. Epidemic nodular facial myxomatous dermatitis in juvenile Cranwell's horned frogs Ceratophrys cranwelli. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:57-64. [PMID: 31020948 DOI: 10.3354/dao03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, approximately 40 out of 100 captive Cranwell's horned frogs Ceratophrys cranwelli from several facilities in Japan exhibited protruding facial lesions. Histopathological examination was performed on 6 specimens with such lesions randomly selected from 2 facilities. Lesions consisted of scattered stellate to spindle-shaped cells without atypia in an abundant myxoid matrix and occasional lymphocytic infiltrates. Maxillary bone was resorbed. No etiological organisms were detected using light microscopy or metagenomic analysis of the lesions. Macroscopic and histological assessments indicate that the lesions are associated with nodular facial myxomatous dermatitis, which has never been reported in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamukai
- Den-en-chofu Animal Hospital, 2-1-3 Denenchofu, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-0071, Japan
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Kishimoto TE, Chambers JK, Miyama K, Son NV, Kok MK, Uneyama M, Miwa Y, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Neuromastoma of the hard palate mucosa in an Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea). J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1511-1514. [PMID: 30111671 PMCID: PMC6207511 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A hard palate mass was surgically removed from an Australian green tree frog
(Litoria caerulea) and examined pathologically. The tumor consisted of
sheets of small cells arranged in a tubular structure and cords or rosettes with
fibrovascular stroma. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for
cytokeratin and neuron-specific enolase and partially positive for S-100 and doublecortin.
These findings indicate that the tumor originated from the neuroectodermal tissue. Based
on these findings, the tumor was classified as a neuromastoma (neuroepithelioma). Sensory
cells located in the hard palate of the frog were considered to be the origin of the
tumor. The frog died after going through 3 surgeries and experiencing difficulties closing
its mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya E Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kouki Miyama
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5, komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0023, Japan
| | - Nguyen V Son
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mun Keong Kok
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mizuho Uneyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Miwa
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5, komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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O'Brien MF, Justice WSM, Beckmann KM, Denk D, Pocknell AM, Stidworthy MF. Four cases of neoplasia in amphibians at two zoological institutions: Alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris
, Red-eyed tree frog Agalychnis callidryas
, Common frog Rana temporaria
and Puerto Rican crested toad Peltophryne lemur. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. O'Brien
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust; Slimbridge Gloucestershire GL2 7BT United Kingdom
| | - W. S. M. Justice
- Marwell Wildlife; Thompson's Lane, Colden Common Winchester Hampshire SO21 1JH United Kingdom
| | - K. M. Beckmann
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust; Slimbridge Gloucestershire GL2 7BT United Kingdom
| | - D. Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group Pathology; c/o NationWide Laboratory Services Gate Way Drive, Yeadon Leeds LS19 7XY United Kingdom
| | - A. M. Pocknell
- Finn Pathologists; Hoxne Road Weybread Suffolk IP21 5TT United Kingdom
| | - M. F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group Pathology; c/o NationWide Laboratory Services Gate Way Drive, Yeadon Leeds LS19 7XY United Kingdom
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HIGH PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN A CAPTIVE POPULATION OF AMAZON MILK FROG (TRACHYCEPHALUS RESINIFICTRIX). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:1061-1068. [PMID: 28080918 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: A series of eight cases of intestinal adenocarcinoma in Amazon milk frog (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) is described. All cases presented with signs of inappetence and weight loss, and evidence of large intestinal distention on gross postmortem, with six of the eight cases showing a grossly visible large intestinal mass. Histologic examination identified the mass as an intestinal adenocarcinoma in all cases. No specific etiologic agent could be identified. This is the first report of neoplasia in the Amazon milk frog, and the first reported series of amphibian gastrointestinal neoplasia.
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Banach M, Robert J. Tumor immunology viewed from alternative animal models-the Xenopus story. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:49-56. [PMID: 28944105 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonmammalian comparative animal models are important not only to gain fundamental evolutionary understanding of the complex interactions of tumors with the immune system, but also to better predict the applicability of novel immunotherapeutic approaches to humans. After reviewing recent advances in developing alternative models, we focus on the amphibian Xenopus laevis and its usefulness in deciphering the perplexing roles of MHC class I-like molecules and innate (i)T cells in tumor immunity. B RECENT FINDINGS Experiments using MHC-defined inbred and cloned animals, tumor cell lines, effective reagents, sequenced genomes, and adapted gene editing techniques in Xenopus, have revealed that the critical involvement of class I-like molecules and iT cells in tumor immunity has been conserved during evolution. C SUMMARY Comparative studies with the X. laevis tumor immunity model can contribute to the development of better and more efficient cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Banach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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18
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NUPTIAL PAD AMPUTATION IN AN AMERICAN BULLFROG (LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS) WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:941-4. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Robert J. Comparative study of tumorigenesis and tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:915-25. [PMID: 20553753 PMCID: PMC2900388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense study in mammals, the different roles played by the immune system in detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia, and perhaps in metastasis are not fully understood. In this review, I will present evidence of neoplasia and invasive malignancy, as well as tumor immunity in invertebrates and nonmammalian vertebrates. I will also present a comparative and evolutionary view of the complex interactions between neoplasia and the host immune system. Overall, I wish to go beyond the too simplistic dichotomy between invertebrates with innate immunity that are only affected with benign neoplasia and vertebrates with adaptive immunity that are affected by metastatic malignancies or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States. jacques
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20
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Pessier AP. Edematous Frogs, Urinary Tract Disease, and Disorders of Fluid Balance in Amphibians. J Exot Pet Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Despite intense study, the role of the immune system in detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia remains elusive. We present here a comparative view of the complex interactions between neoplasia and the host immune system. We provide evidence, in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, consistent with an evolutionarily conserved and crucial role of the immune system in controlling neoplasia, which involves a striking variety of anti-tumoral immune effectors including conventional CTLs, classical MHC class Ia unrestricted CTLs (CCU-CTLs) that interact with nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules, CD8 NKT-like cells and NK cells. We also review the tumors found in X. laevis with an emphasis on thymic lymphoid tumors and a rare ovarian dysgerminoma. Finally, we consider the use of X. laevis for in vivo study of tumorigenesis. Given our current knowledge, the experimental systems already established in X. laevis, and the rapid accumulation of genetic resources for the sister species Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis, it is our conviction that these species provide an ideal alternative to the murine system for studying tumorigenesis and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Goyos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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22
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Fitzgerald SD, Duncan AE, Tabaka C, Garner MM, Dieter A, Kiupel M. Ovarian dysgerminomas in two mountain chicken frogs (Leptodactylus fallax). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:150-3. [PMID: 17469294 DOI: 10.1638/06-015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of ovarian dysgerminomas in two adult female mountain chicken frogs (Leptodactylusfallax) from the same zoological institution. One frog was found dead, and the other frog had been ill for several days with a bloated abdomen and lethargy. On necropsy, large, pale multilobulated masses replaced the left ovary in both frogs, and one frog also had numerous smaller nodules scattered throughout the coelomic viscera. Histologically, these masses were composed of sheets and cords of polyhedral discrete germ cells consistent with the diagnosis of dysgerminoma. Neoplastic cells stained positive with immunohistochemistry for Oct4, which has been reported to detect stem cells including germ cells in a variety of species, including humans. Ovarian tumors are uncommonly encountered in both reptiles and amphibians, and this report is the first report of dysgerminoma in any amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Fitzgerald
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing 48910, USA
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23
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Abstract
General concepts of amphibian emergency medicine are presented, including a review of patient selection, appropriate history, and helpful equipment. Physical examination procedures, general treatment, and diagnostic techniques are discussed. This is followed by a review of conditions commonly observed in amphibians and specific treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Clayton
- Department of Animal Health, National Aquarium in Baltimore, 501 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-3194, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The development and refinement of amphibian medicine comprise an ongoing science that reflects the unique life history of these animals and our growing knowledge of amphibian diseases. Amphibians are notoriously fastidious in terms of captive care requirements, and the majority of diseases of amphibians maintained in captivity will relate directly or indirectly to husbandry and management. Investigators have described many infectious and noninfectious diseases that occur among various species of captive and wild amphibians, and there is considerable overlap in the diseases of captive versus free-ranging populations. In this article, some of the more commonly reported infectious and noninfectious diseases as well as their etiological agents and causative factors are reviewed. Some of the more common amphibian diseases with bacterial etiologies include bacterial dermatosepticemia or "red leg syndrome," flavobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, and chlamydiosis. The most common viral diseases of amphibians are caused by the ranaviruses, which have an impact on many species of anurans and caudates. Mycotic and mycotic-like organisms cause a number of diseases among amphibians, including chytridiomycosis, zygomycoses, chromomycoses, saprolegniasis, and ichthyophoniasis. Protozoan parasites of amphibians include a variety of amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans Common metazoan parasites include various myxozoans, helminths (particularly trematodes and nematodes), and arthropods. Commonly encountered noninfectious disease etiologies for amphibians include neoplasia, absolute or specific nutritional deficiencies or overloads, chemical toxicities, and inadequate husbandry or environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Densmore
- USGS-LSC, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25439, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Cytology is an inexpensive yet powerful diagnostic tool that allows for rapid diagnosis of many common disease conditions in amphibian patients. Although the emphasis of this article is on infectious diseases, there is great potential for application of cytologic diagnosis to variety of medical conditions as the knowledge base in amphibian medicine and pathology continues to grow. Routine methods used that may fall under the umbrella of cytology range from wet mount examination of skin scrapings (or gill biopsies of larvae) to examination of stained impression smears. Routine Romanowsky's-type stains work well for amphibian samples. Preparation of multiple smears is always recommended to allow for use of special staining procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan P Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, PO Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551, USA.
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26
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Vaughan RJ, Vitali SD, Payne KL, Eden PA. A splendid tree frog with edema syndrome and intestinal adenocarcinoma. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2006; 9:583-7. [PMID: 16931378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A splendid tree frog (Pelodryas splendida) presented with subcutaneous edema extending along its dorsum from head to vent, which resolved with improvement of ambient temperature and humidity conditions in its enclosure. Four months later, this same frog presented in a moribund state with intracoelomic fluid accumulation. An intestinal adenocarcinoma, a rarely reported neoplasm in amphibians, was diagnosed post mortem. Neoplasia is one of a number of causes of edema syndrome, which is a nonspecific response to disease and debility in anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Vaughan
- Veterinary Department, Perth Zoo, 20 Labouchere Road, South Perth, Western Australia 6150.
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27
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Hayakawa S. No cancer in cancers: Evolutionary trade-off between successful viviparity and tumor escape from the adaptive immune system. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:888-97. [PMID: 16455204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some invertebrate species including the king crab and king squid enjoy relatively long lives of up to 20 years. Nevertheless, there are few reports of malignancies among invertebrate animals while there are many such reports in lower vertebrates such as in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Viviparity is characteristic of most mammalian species, although it has been observed in both vertebrate and non-vertebrate species. As adaptive immune responses evolved among the cartilaginous fishes by virtue of gene duplication, all viviparous vertebrates cope with specific immune responses to reject the fetal allograft. The escape mechanisms employed by both human and animal malignancies share common properties, which are also employed by feto-placental units, such as the expression of non-classical major histocompatibility antigens (HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G in humans), accumulation of regulatory T cells, Th2-directed immune responses, Fas/FasL- and/or PD-1/PD-L1-induced apoptosis, and the expression of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase which starves the local tryptophan supply that is indispensable for an effective cytotoxic T cells response. In humans, a single cancer cell requires 1-10 years to develop into a clinically remarkable tumor. For cancer cells, the genes encoding the immunoregulatory mechanisms employed by feto-placental units could be of value for escaping the host immune system. Taken together, these observations support the author's hypothesis that the evolution of viviparity resulted in an evolutionary trade-off that may have increased susceptibility to malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Infectious Disease Control and Clinical Immunology, Nihon University Medical Research Institute, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Amphibians by nature have an intimate connection with the aquatic environment at some stage of development and fight an osmotic battle due to the influx of water. Many amphibians have acquired a more terrestrial existence at later stages of development and consequently have physiologic adaptations to conserve moisture. Renal adaptations have allowed amphibians successfully to bridge the gap between aqueous and terrestrial habitats. The kidneys, skin,and, in many amphibian species, the urinary bladder play key roles in fluid homeostasis. Renal impairment may be responsible for the clinical manifestation of disease, morbidity, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Cecil
- Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital, 2317 Hotel Circle South, Suite C, San Diego, CA 92108, USA.
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