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Zorzi F, Bonfadini S, Aloisio L, Moschetta M, Storti F, Simoni F, Lanzani G, Criante L. Optofluidic Flow Cytometer with In-Plane Spherical Mirror for Signal Enhancement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9191. [PMID: 38005576 PMCID: PMC10675696 DOI: 10.3390/s23229191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Statistical analysis of the properties of single microparticles, such as cells, bacteria or plastic slivers, has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In this regard, field flow cytometry is considered the gold standard technique, but commercially available instruments are bulky, expensive, and not suitable for use in point-of-care (PoC) testing. Microfluidic flow cytometers, on the other hand, are small, cheap and can be used for on-site analyses. However, in order to detect small particles, they require complex geometries and the aid of external optical components. To overcome these limitations, here, we present an opto-fluidic flow cytometer with an integrated 3D in-plane spherical mirror for enhanced optical signal collection. As a result, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by a factor of six, enabling the detection of particle sizes down to 1.5 µm. The proposed optofluidic detection scheme enables the simultaneous collection of particle fluorescence and scattering using a single optical fiber, which is crucial to easily distinguishing particle populations with different optical properties. The devices have been fully characterized using fluorescent polystyrene beads of different sizes. As a proof of concept for potential real-world applications, signals from fluorescent HEK cells and Escherichia coli bacteria were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zorzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Ludovico Aloisio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Filippo Storti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Francesco Simoni
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy; (F.Z.); (S.B.); (L.A.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (G.L.)
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2
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Wang J, Wei X, Wu CX, Zhang X, Wei YJ, Liu JH, Wang Y, Chen ML, Wang JH. Interaction of Cellular Uptake of Nanosilver and Metallothionein Stress Expression Elucidated by 2D Single-Cell Analyses Based on LIF and ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16176-16184. [PMID: 37879040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of cytology mechanisms of nanosilver uptake, toxicity, and detoxification has become an important issue due to its widespread applications. Previous studies have shown differences in the toxic response of mammalian cells to nanosilver. However, the analysis results based on cell populations ignore the impact of cell uptake heterogeneity on the expression of associated stress proteins and cellular physiological activities. In this respect, this work investigated the interaction between silver uptake and metallothionein (MT) expression in individual cells. In addition, we have also preliminarily elucidated the sensitivity variation to AgNPs by using five cell lines, e.g., LX-2, HepG-2, SK-HEP-1, Huh-7, and MDA-MB-231, by adopting a two-dimensional (2D) high-throughput single-cell analysis platform coupling laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We developed a 2D data analysis method for one-to-one unification of fluorescence-mass spectrometry signals corresponding to a specific single cell. It indicated that there is no obvious correlation between cellular silver uptake and cell size, and the low MT expression of cells is more sensitive to silver nanoparticles. For each cell line, significant heterogeneity in MT expression was observed. This provides important information for understanding the potential heterogeneous effects of nanosilver on mammalian biological systems. Overall, detoxified cells are more tolerant to nanosilver and normal cells are more tolerant than cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jin-Hui Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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3
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Priyadarsini M, Kushwaha J, Pandey KP, Rani J, Dhoble AS. Application of flow cytometry for rapid, high-throughput, multiparametric analysis of environmental microbiomes. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 214:106841. [PMID: 37832922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the abundance and understanding of the dynamics of the microbial communities is essential to establish a basis for microbiome characterization. The conventional techniques used for the quantification of microbes are complicated and time-consuming. With scientific advancement, many techniques evolved and came into account. Among them, flow cytometry is a robust, high-throughput technique through which microbial dynamics, morphology, microbial distribution, physiological characteristics, and many more attributes can be studied in a high-throughput manner with comparatively less time and resources. Flow cytometry, when combined with other omics-based methods, offers a rapid and efficient platform to analyze and understand the composition of microbiome at the cellular level. The microbial diversity observed through flow cytometry will not be equivalent to that obtained by sequencing methods, but this integrated approach holds great potential for high throughput characterization of microbiomes. Flow cytometry is regarded as an established characterization tool in haematology, oncology, immunology, and medical microbiology research; however, its application in environmental microbiology is yet to be explored. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the diverse environmental applications of flow cytometry across various domains, including but not limited to bioremediation, landfills, anaerobic digestion, industrial bioprocesses, water quality regulation, and soil quality regulation. By conducting an in-depth analysis, this article seeks to shed light on the potential benefits and challenges associated with the utilization of flow cytometry in addressing environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Priyadarsini
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeetesh Kushwaha
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kailash Pati Pandey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Rani
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek S Dhoble
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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El-Hajjar L, Ali Ahmad F, Nasr R. A Guide to Flow Cytometry: Components, Basic Principles, Experimental Design, and Cancer Research Applications. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e721. [PMID: 36946745 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a state-of-the-art technique for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cells and other particles' physical and biological properties. These cells are suspended within a high-velocity fluid stream and pass through a laser beam in single file. The main principle of the FCM instrument is the light scattering and fluorescence emission upon the interaction of the fluorescent particle with the laser beam. It also allows for the physical sorting of particles depending on different parameters. A flow cytometer comprises different components, including fluidic, optics, and electronics systems. This article briefly explains the mechanism of all components of a flow cytometer to clarify the FCM technique's general principles, provides some useful guidelines for the proper design of FCM panels, and highlights some general applications and important applications in cancer research. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal El-Hajjar
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Ali Ahmad
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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5
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Fan W, Ren W, Liu C. Advances in optical counting and imaging of micro/nano single-entity reactors for biomolecular analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:97-117. [PMID: 36322160 PMCID: PMC9628437 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers is of paramount importance in various fields. Superior to the conventional ensemble measurement-based assays, single-entity assays, especially single-entity detection-based digital assays, not only can reach ultrahigh sensitivity, but also possess the potential to examine the heterogeneities among the individual target molecules within a population. In this review, we summarized the current biomolecular analysis methods that based on optical counting and imaging of the micro/nano-sized single entities that act as the individual reactors (e.g., micro-/nanoparticles, microemulsions, and microwells). We categorize the corresponding techniques as analog and digital single-entity assays and provide detailed information such as the design principles, the analytical performance, and their implementation in biomarker analysis in this work. We have also set critical comments on each technique from these aspects. At last, we reflect on the advantages and limitations of the optical single-entity counting and imaging methods for biomolecular assay and highlight future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
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Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Lu Y, Jurchuk S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:2827-2863. [PMID: 35880114 PMCID: PMC9128385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles endogenously secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a specific molecular cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids derived from cells of origin and play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Upon release, they may be found in different body fluids that can be easily accessed via noninvasive methodologies. Due to the unique information encoded in their molecular cargo, they may reflect the state of the parent cell and therefore EVs are recognized as a rich source of biomarkers for early diagnostics involving liquid biopsy. However, body fluids contain a mixture of EVs released by different types of healthy and diseased cells, making the detection of the EVs of interest very challenging. Recent research efforts have been focused on the detection and characterization of diagnostically relevant subpopulations of EVs, with emphasis on label-free methods that simplify sample preparation and are free of interfering signals. Therefore, in this paper, we review the recent progress of the label-free optical methods employed for the detection, counting, and morphological and chemical characterization of EVs. We will first briefly discuss the biology and functions of EVs, and then introduce different optical label-free techniques for rapid, precise, and nondestructive characterization of EVs such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy. In the end, we will discuss their applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and provide an outlook on the future impact and challenges of these technologies to the field of liquid biopsy via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yao Lu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, 1006, Montreal, QC, H3C6W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jurchuk
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, Rm#350, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 University St., MC362, Montreal, H3A 0E9l, Canada
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7
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Svitek N, Taracha ELN, Saya R, Awino E, Nene V, Steinaa L. Analysis of the Cellular Immune Responses to Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:283-301. [PMID: 35118627 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot), and cellular cytotoxicity assays are powerful tools for studying the cellular immune response toward intracellular pathogens and vaccines in livestock species. Lymphocytes from immunized animals can be purified using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and evaluated for their antigen specificity or reactivity toward a vaccine. Here, we describe staining of bovine lymphocytes with peptide (p)-MHC class I tetramers and antibodies specific toward cellular activation markers for evaluation by multiparametric flow cytometry, as well as interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot and cytotoxicity using chromium (51Cr) release assays. A small component on the use of immunoinformatics for fine-tuning the identification of a minimal CTL epitope is included, and a newly developed and simple assay to measure TCR avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vish Nene
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Knebel A, Kämpe A, Carlson R, Rohn K, Tipold A. Measurement of canine Th17 cells by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110366. [PMID: 34896773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are T helper cells which play an important role during inflammation and autoimmune disease. To investigate the role of these cells in diseases in dogs in a clinical setting, methods for fast identification had to be established. Th17 cells are a rare cell population, for their measurement stimulation is recommended. To examine more samples simultaneously and to receive a relatively high purity of cell population of CD3 + CD4+ cells, different methods on various levels of preselection of cells as well as the possibility of storing blood overnight for measuring Th17 cells by flow cytometry were investigated. Firstly, to receive a high number of mononuclear cells, two different density gradients were compared and analysed. Furthermore, the enrichment of CD3 + CD4+ cells via depletion of CD8alpha+, CD11b + and CD21+ cells by cell sorting (autoMACS Pro Separator) was tested. It was also investigated whether stimulation processes led to better interpretation of results and whether there was a significant difference in measurement of directly processed blood samples and samples that had been stored overnight. In conclusion, the use of the density gradient (Lymph24+ Spin Medium) resulted in a purer cell population through a significant decrease in polymorphonuclear cells (*p = 0.01). After cell sorting, a significant difference in cell population purity was detected. Within the target fraction (containing mainly CD3 + CD4+ cells), CD8alpha+, CD21+, CD11b + cell percentages were significantly lower (***p < 0.001, *p < 0.02, ***p < .0001, respectively), and CD3 + CD4+ cell percentage was significantly higher (***p < .0001). There was a significant difference in Th17 cell percentage between unstimulated and stimulated cell populations (***p < .0001), but no significant difference in the percentage of unstimulated Th17 cells (p = 0.29) or stimulated Th17 cells (p = 0.71) in stored blood in comparison to directly processed EDTA blood samples. Finally, a modified protocol that offers an efficient way to investigate samples that were stored overnight by means of flow cytometry was evolved to research the role of Th17 cells in dogs with different diseases or in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Knebel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Kämpe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Idalan N, Zeitz JO, Weber CN, Müller E, Giger U. Comparative study of immunohematological tests with canine blood samples submitted for a direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 34645506 PMCID: PMC8515749 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 2019 ACVIM consensus statement on diagnostics for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs made testing recommendations. As data on the performance of immunohematological tests was lacking, we undertook a comparative analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Anticoagulated blood samples from 126 dogs suspected of having IMHA submitted to a diagnostic veterinary laboratory for a routine direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and from 28 healthy control dogs were evaluated for spherocytosis and autoagglutination before and after three saline washes. Samples were also subjected to different DATs: a gel minitube and an immunochromatographic strip kit used in clinics; neutral gel column cards, microtiter plates (at 4°, 22°, and 37°C), capillary tubes, and flow cytometry used in laboratories. RESULTS Samples from healthy dogs yielded negative results with all immunodiagnostic tests. Among the 126 samples submitted for DAT 67 were positive by a DAT utilizing microtiter plates with goat anti-dog antiglobulin DAT at 22°C. Notably, DAT results were comparable and consistent across all evaluated methods regardless of antiglobulin and temperature used. DAT+ dogs were more severely anemic and more likely to have erythroid regeneration compared to DAT- dogs. Macroscopic agglutination in tubes or on slides was observed in 48 samples after 1:1 and 1:4 blood to saline dilution, but only persisted in four samples after washing. Among the DAT+ samples, 57% had agglutination, 87% had spherocytosis, and 45% had both. There was good correlation between spherocytosis and DAT results from the six DAT techniques, but the correlation with autoagglutination was only fair. Clinical follow-up was available for 42 dogs. Of the sample from 12 DAT+ dogs collected during treatment, 10 remained DAT+ when tested 1-24 weeks after initial assessment. CONCLUSIONS Based upon this comparative prospective survey, all in-clinic and laboratory DAT techniques produced similar results when performed by trained personnel and can therefore be recommended for detection of antibody-coated erythrocytes and immunohematological diagnosis. In addition, use of these tests for monitoring response of IMHA dogs to treatment might be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Idalan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Johanna O Zeitz
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Corinna N Weber
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Urs Giger
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Cell cycle involves a series of changes that lead to cell growth and division. Cell cycle analysis is crucial to understand cellular responses to changing environmental conditions. Since its inception, flow cytometry has been particularly useful for cell cycle analysis at single cell level due to its speed and precision. Previously, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis relied solely on the measurement of cellular DNA content. Later, methods were developed for multiparametric analysis. This review explains the journey of flow cytometry to understand different molecular and cellular events underlying cell cycle using various protocols. Recent advances in the field that overcome the shortcomings of traditional flow cytometry and expand its scope for cell cycle studies are also discussed.
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11
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Park HS, Price H, Ceballos S, Chi JT, Wax A. Single Cell Analysis of Stored Red Blood Cells Using Ultra-High Throughput Holographic Cytometry. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092455. [PMID: 34572104 PMCID: PMC8465484 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Holographic cytometry is introduced as an ultra-high throughput implementation of quantitative phase imaging of single cells flowing through parallel microfluidic channels. Here, the approach was applied for characterizing the morphology of individual red blood cells during storage under regular blood bank conditions. Samples from five blood donors were examined, over 100,000 cells examined for each, at three time points. The approach allows high-throughput phase imaging of a large number of cells, greatly extending our ability to study cellular phenotypes using individual cell images. Holographic cytology images can provide measurements of multiple physical traits of the cells, including optical volume and area, which are observed to consistently change over the storage time. In addition, the large volume of cell imaging data can serve as training data for machine-learning algorithms. For the study here, logistic regression was used to classify the cells according to the storage time points. The analysis showed that at least 5000 cells are needed to ensure accuracy of the classifiers. Overall, results showed the potential of holographic cytometry as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sang Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Hillel Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Ceballos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (H.-S.P.); (H.P.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Wu C, Wei X, Men X, Zhang X, Yu YL, Xu ZR, Chen ML, Wang JH. Two-Dimensional Cytometry Platform for Single-Particle/Cell Analysis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence and ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8203-8209. [PMID: 34077198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional cytometry platform (CytoLM) with high sensitivity and high temporal resolution is developed for single-particle and single-cell sampling and analysis. First, a Dean flow-assisted vortex capillary cell sampling (VCCS) unit confines the sample stream in curved flow and drives to focus and align the particles or cells in a small probe volume. By coupling VCCS to a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector with data acquisition and processing capability, a high-throughput single-particle/cell analysis system (VCCS-LIF) was established. The particle analysis throughput of 119.42/s and a detection recovery of 78.20 ± 1.75% were achieved at a density of 9.16 × 104/mL for fluorescent particles, and the cell analysis throughput is 48.20/s at a density of 1.5 × 105/mL. Second, the CytoLM platform is constructed by hyphenating VCCS-LIF with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the analysis of HepG2 cells by Ag+ incubation and AO staining, 10,760 fluorescence bursts and 3068 MS events were observed in 240 s. Invalid signals due to undispersed cells were controlled at 3.80% for LIF and 1.01% for MS, with a proportion of effective signal of >96.20%. After peak identification and integral processing of the original data, the statistical results including peak area, height, width, and spacing are obtained concurrently and the information on concentration and elemental quantification of single cells is evaluated. CytoLM facilitates high-throughput, multi-dimensional, and multi-parameter characterization of particles and cells, and it may provide vast potential in life science analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xue Men
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhang-Run Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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13
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Liu H, Xue R, Wang Y, Stirling E, Ye S, Xu J, Ma B. FACS-iChip: a high-efficiency iChip system for microbial 'dark matter' mining. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:162-168. [PMID: 37073346 PMCID: PMC10077213 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The isolation chip method (iChip) provides a novel approach for culturing previously uncultivable microorganisms; this method is currently limited by the user being unable to ensure single-cell loading within individual wells. To address this limitation, we integrated flow cytometry-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting with a modified iChip (FACS-iChip) to effectively mine microbial dark matter in soils. This method was used for paddy soils with the aim of mining uncultivable microorganisms and making preliminary comparisons between the cultured microorganisms and the bulk soil via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that the FACS-iChip achieved a culture recovery rate of almost 40% and a culture retrieval rate of 25%. Although nearly 500 strains were cultured from 19 genera with 8 FACS-iChip plates, only six genera could be identified via 16S rRNA gene amplification. This result suggests that the FACS-iChip is capable of detecting strains in the currently dead spaces of PCR-based sequencing technology. We, therefore, conclude that the FACS-iChip system provides a highly efficient and readily available approach for microbial 'dark matter' mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoze Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ran Xue
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Erinne Stirling
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shudi Ye
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Bin Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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14
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Sarkar A, Saha S, Paul A, Maji A, Roy P, Maity TK. Understanding stem cells and its pivotal role in regenerative medicine. Life Sci 2021; 273:119270. [PMID: 33640402 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are clonogenic cells that develop into the specialized cells which later responsible for making up various types of tissue in the human body. SCs are not only the appropriate source of information for cell division, molecular and cellular processes, and tissue homeostasis but also one of the major putative biological aids to diagnose and cure various degenerative diseases. This study emphasises on various research outputs that occurred in the past two decades. This will give brief information on classification, differentiation, detection, and various isolation techniques of SCs. Here, the various signalling pathways which includes WNT, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, BMI1 and C-met pathways and how does it effect on the regeneration of various classes of SCs and factors that regulates the potency of the SCs are also been discussed. We also focused on the application of SCs in the area of regenerative medicine along with the cellular markers that are useful as salient diagnostic or curative tools or in both, by the process of reprogramming, which includes diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders. The biomarkers that are mentioned in various literatures and experiments include PDX1, FOXA2, HNF6, and NKX6-1 (for diabetes); CD33, CD24, CD133 (for cancer); c-Kit, SCA-1, Wilm's tumor 1 (for cardiovascular disorders); and OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, EN1, DAT and VMAT2 (for neurological disorders). In this review, we come to know the advancements and scopes of potential SC-based therapies, its diverse applications in clinical fields that can be helpful in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanjukta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Puspita Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata 700032, India.
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15
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Fan W, Liu D, Ren W, Liu C. Trends of Bead Counting-Based Technologies Toward the Detection of Disease-Related Biomarkers. Front Chem 2021; 8:600317. [PMID: 33409266 PMCID: PMC7779676 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.600317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the biomolecular assay platforms built-up based on bead counting technologies have emerged to be powerful tools for the sensitive and high-throughput detection of disease biomarkers. In this mini-review, we classified the bead counting technologies into statistical counting platforms and digital counting platforms. The design principles, the readout strategies, as well as the pros and cons of these platforms are introduced in detail. Finally, we point out that the digital bead counting technologies will lead the future trend for the absolute quantification of critical biomarkers, and the integration of new signal amplification approaches and routine optical/clinical instruments may provide new opportunities in building-up easily accessible digital assay platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Evaluation of the antileukemic effects of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, aprepitant, and L-733,060, in chronic and acute myeloid leukemic cells. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:e0769. [PMID: 31306152 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonists are known for their anxiolytic, antiemetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Aprepitant is used in vomiting and nausea, which are the most common side-effects of patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. L-733,060 has been shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in animal studies and anticancer effect in in-vitro studies. Previous anticancer activity studies with NK1R antagonists have reported that NK-1 antagonists have an antitumoral activity on gastric carcinoma, larynx carcinoma, retinoblastoma, hepatocarcinoma, glioma, neuroblastoma, and osteoblastoma cells. In this study, we have aimed to show and compare the antileukemic effects of aprepitant and L-733,060 on acute and chronic myeloid leukemic cells by using in-vitro experiments, such as WST-1, cell imaging, annexin-V binding, soft agar colony formation, and Hoescht staining. As a result, we have determined that both aprepitant and L-733,060 had strong antiproliferative effects on K562 and HL-60 cells. Moreover, the two drugs caused significant apoptosis and decreased colony forming depending on concentration increase. These findings suggested that NK1R antagonists exhibited antileukemic activities and may be considered to have a novel therapeutic potential for acute and chronic myeloid leukemia.
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17
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On-bead enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification for the high-sensitive detection of disease biomarkers. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 31931985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The high-sensitive and rapid detection of critical biomarkers, e.g., disease-related nucleic acids and proteins, is always desired. Compared with the routine homogenous detection strategies, the on-bead flow cytometry (FCM)-based assays have drawn a lot of interests owing to their unique advantages. On one hand, microbeads (MBs) are employed for the enrichment of fluorescent signals, allowing the size encoding for multiplexed detection of biomarkers. On the other hand, FCM enables the fast read-out of the total fluorescent signals enriched on the MBs and the decoding of MBs' size information. For an improved sensitivity and versatile application scenarios, the signal amplification on MBs is required. However, the enzyme-catalyzed on-bead reactions remain challenging owing to the critical reaction conditions on the MBs/solution interface. Toward the high-sensitive detection of target biomolecules in real-samples, a series of on-bead enzyme-catalyzed signal amplification strategies have been developed. After careful optimization of the reaction conditions, the proposed sensors are proven to have ultra-high sensitivities to fulfill the requirement of real-sample detection.
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18
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Disease diagnostics using hydrodynamic flow focusing in microfluidic devices: Beyond flow cytometry. Biomed Eng Lett 2020; 10:241-257. [PMID: 32431954 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-019-00144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-disciplinary field of microfluidics has the potential to provide solutions to a diverse set of problems. It offers the advantages of high-throughput, continuous, rapid and expeditious analysis requiring minute quantities of sample. However, even as this field has yielded many mass-manufacturable and cost-efficient point-of-care devices, its direct and practical applications into the field of disease diagnostics still remain limited and largely overlooked by the industry. This review focuses on the phenomenon of hydrodynamic focusing and its potential to materialize solutions for appropriate diagnosis and prognosis. The study aims to look beyond its intended cytometric applications and focus on unambiguous disease detection, monitoring, drug delivery, studies conducted on DNA and highlight the instances in the scientific literature that have proposed such approach.
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19
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Cho K, Seo JH, Heo G, Choe SW. An Alternative Approach to Detecting Cancer Cells by Multi-Directional Fluorescence Detection System Using Cost-Effective LED and Photodiode. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102301. [PMID: 31109061 PMCID: PMC6566952 DOI: 10.3390/s19102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enumeration of cellular proliferation by covering from hemocytometer to flow cytometer is an important procedure in the study of cancer development. For example, hemocytometer has been popularly employed to perform manual cell counting. It is easily achieved at a low-cost, however, manual cell counting is labor-intensive and prone to error for a large number of cells. On the other hand, flow cytometer is a highly sophisticated instrument in biomedical and clinical research fields. It provides detailed physical parameters of fluorescently labeled single cells or micro-sized particles depending on the fluorescence characteristics of the target sample. Generally, optical setup to detect fluorescence uses a laser, dichroic filter, and photomultiplier tube as a light source, optical filter, and photodetector, respectively. These components are assembled to set up an instrument to measure the amount of scattering light from the target particle; however, these components are costly, bulky, and have limitations in selecting diverse fluorescence dyes. Moreover, they require multiple refined and expensive modules such as cooling or pumping systems. Thus, alternative cost-effective components have been intensively developed. In this study, a low-cost and miniaturized fluorescence detection system is proposed, i.e., costing less than 100 US dollars, which is customizable by a 3D printer and light source/filter/sensor operating at a specific wavelength using a light-emitting diode with a photodiode, which can be freely replaceable. The fluorescence detection system can quantify multi-directional scattering lights simultaneously from the fluorescently labeled cervical cancer cells. Linear regression was applied to the acquired fluorescence intensities, and excellent linear correlations (R2 > 0.9) were observed. In addition, the enumeration of the cells using hemocytometer to determine its performance accuracy was analyzed by Student’s t-test, and no statistically significant difference was found. Therefore, different cell concentrations are reversely calculated, and the system can provide a rapid and cost-effective alternative to commercial hemocytometer for live cell or microparticle counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Cho
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hyeok Seo
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea.
| | - Gyeongyong Heo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - Se-Woon Choe
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea.
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20
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Shinde P, Mohan L, Kumar A, Dey K, Maddi A, Patananan AN, Tseng FG, Chang HY, Nagai M, Santra TS. Current Trends of Microfluidic Single-Cell Technologies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3143. [PMID: 30322072 PMCID: PMC6213733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of human disease mechanisms is difficult due to the heterogeneity in gene expression and the physiological state of cells in a given population. In comparison to bulk cell measurements, single-cell measurement technologies can provide a better understanding of the interactions among molecules, organelles, cells, and the microenvironment, which can aid in the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. In recent years, single-cell technologies have become increasingly robust and accessible, although limitations exist. In this review, we describe the recent advances in single-cell technologies and their applications in single-cell manipulation, diagnosis, and therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Shinde
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Loganathan Mohan
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Amogh Kumar
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Koyel Dey
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Anjali Maddi
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan.
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30071, Taiwan.
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India.
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21
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Shropshire S, Dow S, Lappin M. Validation of a clinically applicable flow cytometric assay for the detection of immunoglobulin associated platelets in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:109-114. [PMID: 30078583 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is commonly encountered in veterinary practice when evaluating canine patients. It can occur in infectious, neoplastic, inflammatory, toxic, and immune-mediated conditions. Elucidating the underlying cause for thrombocytopenia can therefore represent a challenge to veterinary practitioners. Additionally, determination of whether an immune process could be contributing to a patient's thrombocytopenia is important for refining differentials and enhancing understanding of a particular disease process. A possible candidate test for the development of a clinically applicable assay in dogs is flow cytometry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a clinically applicable direct and indirect flow cytometric assay for the detection of canine immunoglobulin associated platelets. Direct and indirect flow cytometry was performed in nine healthy beagles and twelve client-owned thrombocytopenic dogs at four time points: fresh and after 24, 48, and 72 h of storage at 4 °C. For healthy dogs, there was no significant difference between fresh and 24 and 48 h samples but there was a significant difference between fresh and 72 h samples. There was no significant difference between fresh and 24, 48, or 72 h samples in the thrombocytopenic dogs. A cut-off value of ≤ 10% antibody binding was defined to differentiate negative and positive classifications and was determined by serial direct flow evaluations in a healthy dog. Based on this cut-off value, healthy and thrombocytopenic dogs were consistently categorized at every time point. The average intra-assay coefficient of variation for the thrombocytopenic dogs was 4.32%. The indirect flow cytometric methods evaluated herein did not provide reliable or repeatable results in healthy or thrombocytopenic dogs. Direct flow cytometry represents a potentially clinically useful test for the detection of immunoglobulin associated platelets in dogs that can be processed and evaluated within a realistic amount of time which would allow for testing in a larger number of patients. Based on the findings from this study using our protocols, indirect flow cytometry was not clinically applicable in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shropshire
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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22
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Miniscalco B, Poggi A, Martini V, Morello E, Sulce M, Melega M, Borrelli A, Tarducci A, Riondato F. Flow Cytometric Characterization of S-phase Fraction and Ploidy in Lymph Node Aspirates from Dogs with Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2018; 161:34-42. [PMID: 30173856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine lymphoma is a multifaceted disease encompassing numerous entities with different prognosis. Objective assessment of the proliferation rate is of importance from the pathological and clinical perspectives. Different methods have been described in the literature to assess proliferation rate, including evaluation of Ki67 expression in fresh lymph node (LN) aspirates measured by flow cytometry (FC). This test has a high accuracy in discriminating between low- and high-grade lymphomas, and provides prognostic information among high-grade B-cell lymphomas. DNA content analysis is less expensive and suitable for well-preserved samples. We describe DNA-content analysis using LN aspirates from 112 dogs with lymphoma. S-phase fraction (SPF) accurately discriminated between low- and high-grade lymphomas, with 3.15% being the best discriminating cut-off value. SPF values strongly correlated with Ki67 expression as assessed by FC. Survival analyses were restricted to 33 dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma receiving standardized multi-agent chemotherapy, but no significant result was obtained for SPF. We also describe a subset of aneuploid cases and their respective follow-up. We conclude that DNA content analysis may be combined with morphological examination of LN aspirates to improve the objectivity in lymphoma subtype classification in dogs. Further studies are needed to assess the possible prognostic role of SPF and ploidy status within specific lymphoma subtypes in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy
| | - E Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - M Sulce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - M Melega
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Tarducci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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23
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Rout ED, Avery PR. Lymphoid Neoplasia: Correlations Between Morphology and Flow Cytometry. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 47:53-70. [PMID: 27542692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytology is commonly used to diagnose lymphoma and leukemia. Frequently, a diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease can be obtained via cytology, and some of the common subtypes of canine lymphoma and leukemia can have characteristic cytologic features. Flow cytometry is a critical tool in the objective diagnosis and further characterization of lymphoma and leukemia. Features of the immunophenotype, such as expression of certain cell surface proteins or cell size, can provide important prognostic information. This review describes the cytologic features, flow cytometry immunophenotype, and immunophenotypic prognostic information for 6 major types of canine lymphoma and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 314-4 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 309 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA.
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24
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Li YY, Zhang S, Li YG, Wang Y. Isolation, culture, purification and ultrastructural investigation of cardiac telocytes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1194-200. [PMID: 27314536 PMCID: PMC4940097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel type of stromal cells, are crucial to cardiac renovation and regeneration. To dissect the pathophysiological effects of cardiac TCs in heart disease, it is essential to develop an effective method to isolate, culture, purify and characterize these cells. In the present study, cardiac TCs were isolated from the hearts of rats by enzymatic digestion. Histology and CD34/PDGFRα expression by flow cytometric assay were used to characterize the cultured cardiac TCs, which were purified by flow cytometric sorting and confirmed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Typical TCs were observed in primary culture, with these exhibiting typical fusiform cell bodies with long moniliform telopodes. Based on flow cytometric sorting with antibodies to CD34 and PDGFRα, there was a substantial increase in the purity of cardiac TCs. Furthermore, immunofluorescence demonstrated that almost all the sorted TCs expressed vimentin, a marker of TCs. Moreover, electron micrographs showed typical TCs based on their ultrastructural features. Using this method, we developed a reproducible protocol for the isolation and purification of cardiac TCs from rat hearts, which yielded TCs with typical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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25
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Adan A, Alizada G, Kiraz Y, Baran Y, Nalbant A. Flow cytometry: basic principles and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:163-176. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1128876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Adan
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey and
| | - Günel Alizada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Kiraz
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayten Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
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26
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Svitek N, Taracha ELN, Saya R, Awino E, Nene V, Steinaa L. Analysis of the Cellular Immune Responses to Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1349:247-262. [PMID: 26458841 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3008-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and cellular cytotoxicity assays are powerful tools for studying the cellular immune response towards intracellular pathogens and vaccines in livestock species. Lymphocytes from immunized animals can be purified using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and evaluated for their antigen specificity or reactivity towards a vaccine. Here, we describe staining of bovine lymphocytes with peptide (p)-MHC class I tetramers and antibodies specific towards cellular activation markers for evaluation by multiparametric flow cytometry, as well as interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot and cytotoxicity using chromium ((51)Cr) release assays. A small component on the use of immunoinformatics for fine-tuning the identification of a minimal CTL epitope is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans L N Taracha
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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27
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Bachman DE, Forman MA, Hostutler RA, Corn S, Lin J, Kociba GJ. Prospective diagnostic accuracy evaluation and clinical utilization of a modified assay for platelet-associated immunoglobulin in thrombocytopenic and nonthrombocytopenic dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:355-68. [PMID: 26302235 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No diagnostic tests reliably distinguish primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (pIMT) from other causes of thrombocytopenia. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity using modified direct and indirect platelet-associated immunoglobulin (PAIg) assays and reticulated platelets (RP) by flow cytometry for the classification of thrombocytopenic dogs and differentiating pIMT. METHODS Platelets were isolated from plasma samples of thrombocytopenic dogs and nonthrombocytopenic healthy and ill dogs. For direct PAIg, they were analyzed by flow cytometry after incubation with anti-human amylase fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, negative control), anti-canine IgG-FITC, anti-canine IgM-FITC, and anti-human CD61-conjugated fluorochrome (AF647). For indirect PAIg, platelets from normothrombocytic dogs were incubated with thrombocytopenic dog plasma and analyzed similar to direct PAIg. RP percentages were determined based on forward light scatter vs thiazole orange fluorescence. RESULTS Seventy-five thrombocytopenic dogs, 16 nonthrombocytopenic ill dogs, and 24 healthy dogs were evaluated. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity utilizing direct IgG was 29.4% and 75.9%, respectively; when combining direct/indirect assays (IgG/IgM), it was 76.5% and 65.5%, respectively, for distinguishing pIMT. For RP, no significant difference between pIMT and sIMT was noted. RP > 8% with positive PAIg had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 27.6% for distinguishing pIMT. There was a significant difference in platelet concentration and CD61% staining between control and pIMT. CONCLUSIONS The combined modified assays resulted in fair diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pIMT. The modification of the immunoglobulin assays improved diagnostic accuracy; however, a single panel to accurately classify thrombocytopenia remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Bachman
- MedVet, Medical and Cancer Center for Pets, Worthington, OH, USA
| | - Marnin A Forman
- MedVet, Medical and Cancer Center for Pets, Worthington, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary J Kociba
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories Inc., Worthington, OH, USA
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28
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Roode SC, Rotroff D, Avery AC, Suter SE, Bienzle D, Schiffman JD, Motsinger-Reif A, Breen M. Genome-wide assessment of recurrent genomic imbalances in canine leukemia identifies evolutionarily conserved regions for subtype differentiation. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:681-708. [PMID: 26037708 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia in dogs is a heterogeneous disease with survival ranging from days to years, depending on the subtype. Strides have been made in both human and canine leukemia to improve classification and understanding of pathogenesis through immunophenotyping, yet classification and choosing appropriate therapy remains challenging. In this study, we assessed 123 cases of canine leukemia (28 ALLs, 24 AMLs, 25 B-CLLs, and 46 T-CLLs) using high-resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (oaCGH) to detect DNA copy number alterations (CNAs). For the first time, such data were used to identify recurrent CNAs and inclusive genes that may be potential drivers of subtype-specific pathogenesis. We performed predictive modeling to identify CNAs that could reliably differentiate acute subtypes (ALL vs. AML) and chronic subtypes (B-CLL vs. T-CLL) and used this model to differentiate cases with up to 83.3 and 95.8 % precision, respectively, based on CNAs at only one to three genomic regions. In addition, CGH datasets for canine and human leukemia were compared to reveal evolutionarily conserved copy number changes between species, including the shared gain of HSA 21q in ALL and ∼25 Mb of shared gain of HSA 12 and loss of HSA 13q14 in CLL. These findings support the use of canine leukemia as a relevant in vivo model for human leukemia and justify the need to further explore the conserved genomic regions of interest for their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Roode
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Daniel Rotroff
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Cancer Genetics Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Children's Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Cancer Genetics Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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29
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Abstract
A ten-year-old neutered female mixed breed dog was referred for pale mucous membrane and acute onset of right prosencephalic clinical signs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive for right middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. Based on cell blood count, serum biochemistry and serologic tests and flow cytometric detection of anti-platelets and anti-red blood cells antibodies, a diagnosis of immunomediated haemolytic anemia associated with thrombocytopenia of suspected immunomediated origin was done. Immunosuppresive therapy with prednisone was started and the dog clinically recovered. Two months later complete normalization of CBC and serum biochemistry was documented. The dog remained stable for 7 months without therapy; then she relapsed. CBC revealed mild regenerative anemia with spherocytosis and thrombocytopenia. A conclusive Evans’ syndrome diagnosis was done and prednisone and cyclosporine treatment led to normalization of physical and CBC parameters. The dog is still alive at the time the paper submitted. Possible thrombotic etiopathogenetic mechanisms are illustrated in the paper and the authors suggest introducing Evans’ syndrome in the differential diagnosis list for brain ischemic stroke in dogs.
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30
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Current diagnostic trends in coagulation disorders among dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:1349-72, vii. [PMID: 24144095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic workup to differentiate hemorrhage caused by vascular injury from a systemic hemostatic imbalance typically involves a combination of broad screening tests and specific assays. The characterization of 3 overlapping phases of primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, and fibrinolysis provides a simple diagnostic framework for evaluating patients with clinical signs of hemorrhage. New techniques such as flow cytometry, thrombin-generation assays, thrombelastography, and anticoagulant drug monitoring are under investigation for veterinary patients; however, their ability to improve diagnosis or treatment requires further study in clinical trials.
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31
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Banos G, Wall E, Coffey MP, Bagnall A, Gillespie S, Russell GC, McNeilly TN. Identification of immune traits correlated with dairy cow health, reproduction and productivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65766. [PMID: 23776543 PMCID: PMC3680463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed biological analyses (e.g. epidemiological, genetic) of animal health and fitness in the field are limited by the lack of large-scale recording of individual animals. An alternative approach is to identify immune traits that are associated with these important functions and can be subsequently used in more detailed studies. We have used an experimental dairy herd with uniquely dense phenotypic data to identify a range of potentially useful immune traits correlated with enhanced (or depressed) health and fitness. Blood samples from 248 dairy cows were collected at two-monthly intervals over a 10-month period and analysed for a number of immune traits, including levels of serum proteins associated with the innate immune response and circulating leukocyte populations. Immune measures were matched to individual cow records related to productivity, fertility and disease. Correlations between traits were calculated using bivariate analyses based on animal repeatability and random regression models with a Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing. A number of significant correlations were found between immune traits and other recorded traits including: CD4+:CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio and subclinical mastitis; % CD8+ lymphocytes and fertility; % CD335+ natural killer cells and lameness episodes; and serum haptoglobin levels and clinical mastitis. Importantly these traits were not associated with reduced productivity and, in the case of cellular immune traits, were highly repeatable. Moreover these immune traits displayed significant between-animal variation suggesting that they may be altered by genetic selection. This study represents the largest simultaneous analysis of multiple immune traits in dairy cattle to-date and demonstrates that a number of immune traits are associated with health events. These traits represent useful selection markers for future programmes aimed at improving animal health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Banos
- SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eileen Wall
- SRUC, Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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