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Mojarradi A, De Decker S, Van Meervenne S. Once-a-day oral treatment with phenobarbital in cats with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231196806. [PMID: 37747329 PMCID: PMC10812035 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231196806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenobarbital (PB) q12h is the most common treatment recommendation for cats with recurrent epileptic seizures. Medicating cats may be challenging and result in decreased quality of life for both cat and owner. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate treatment with oral PB q24h in cats with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy. METHODS Nine cats with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy, receiving oral PB q24h, were included in a retrospective descriptive study. RESULTS Seizure remission was achieved in 88% (8/9) of the cats and good seizure control in 12% (1/9) of the cats, treated with a mean dose of oral PB of 2.6 mg/kg q24h (range 1.4-3.8 mg/kg). No cats required an increase of their PB frequency at any time during a mean follow-up period of 3.5 years (range 1.1-8.0 years). No cats displayed side effects or issues with compliance at the last recorded follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Once-a-day administration of PB for feline epilepsy was safe and resulted in satisfactory seizure control for the nine cats included in this study. The results of this study justify exploring this topic further in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtin Mojarradi
- IVC Evidensia Referral Hospital in Helsingborg, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Hermans M, Charalambous M, Pakozdy A, Eisl-Glantschnigg U, Neßler J, Van Meervenne SAE, Serrano G, Cornelis I, Van Ham L, Paepe D, Broeckx BJG, Bhatti SFM. Evaluation of the effect of phenobarbital administration on the biochemistry profile, with a focus on serum liver values, in epileptic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:530-538. [PMID: 34387120 PMCID: PMC11104244 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211037431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenobarbital (PB) is the most common antiseizure drug (ASD) used for the management of feline epilepsy. In dogs, PB is known to cause serum liver enzyme induction and hepatotoxicity, especially after administration long term or in high concentrations. In cats, insufficient evidence is available to draw similar conclusions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PB administration on the serum biochemistry profile of epileptic cats. As an additional objective, other adverse effects arising, related to PB treatment, were recorded. METHODS Medical records of four veterinary centres were retrospectively reviewed for epileptic cats receiving PB treatment. Cats were included if they had a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy or structural epilepsy; a normal baseline serum biochemistry profile; at least one follow-up serum biochemistry profile; no concurrent disease or had not received medication that could possibly influence liver function or lead to serum liver enzyme induction. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities, and total bilirubin, bile acids, glucose, albumin, total protein, urea and creatinine concentrations before and during PB administration were recorded. PB serum concentration was also recorded, when available. RESULTS Thirty-three cats (24 males, nine females) with a median age of 3 years (range 2 months to 12 years) met the inclusion criteria. Idiopathic or structural epilepsy was diagnosed in 25 (76%) and eight (24%) cats, respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 9 to 62 months. This study found an increase in ALT in three cats, possibly related to a PB serum concentration >30 µg/ml. No statistically significant increase in serum liver enzymes or other evaluated biochemistry parameters was found by comparing pre- and post-treatment parameters. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PB administration did not result in hepatic enzyme induction or other biochemical abnormalities in cats. This strengthens the safety profile of PB as an ASD in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hermans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Eisl-Glantschnigg
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Neßler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Gonçalo Serrano
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ine Cornelis
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart JG Broeckx
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie FM Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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Yates LM, Aleman M, Knych HK, Knipe MF, Crowe CM, Chigerwe M. Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Phenobarbital Sodium in Healthy Goats. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:86. [PMID: 32154280 PMCID: PMC7046625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital is a common drug used to manage epilepsy in goats. However, the recommended dose and dosing frequency are based on studies in dogs and horses. Studies describing the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital when administered orally and assessing changes in behavior with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG) readings are warranted in goats. The objectives of this study were to determine the bioavailability of orally administered phenobarbital and determine the effect of phenobarbital on brain activity using EEG in healthy goats. A cross-over design with 8 non-pregnant goats was performed. The goats were administered phenobarbital intravenously at 10 mg/kg, followed by a 2 week wash out period, and then administered phenobarbital, orally, at 10 mg/kg. Plasma sample determination of phenobarbital concentrations were collected at 13 time points. Continuous EEG readings with simultaneous video recording for 12 h was performed to determine the state of vigilance using a behavior scoring system prior to and after phenobarbital administration. Bioavailability of phenobarbital was 24.9%. Mean ± SD for half-life was similar between the oral (3.80 ± 0.826 h) and intravenous (4.0 ± 0.619 h) routes. Time to observed maximum concentration (Tmax), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for the oral administration were 1.75 ± 0.46 h and 4,478.7 ± 962.4 ng/mL, respectively. Clearance was 152.5 ± 102.7 ml/h/kg. Area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0→∞) was 155,813 ± 218,448 and 38,763 ± 9,832 h*ng/mL for the intravenous and oral administration routes, respectively. Behavior score at 3 h after phenobarbital administration was different (P = 0.0002) from the score prior to administration for the oral administration route. In contrast, behavior scores before administration of phenobarbital and each time point after administration were not different (P >0.05) for the intravenous administration route or other oral administration route time points. Bioavailability of phenobarbital was poor, and the half-life was very short due to a high clearance. Doses >10 mg/kg should be considered when phenobarbital is administered orally in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana M Yates
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Monica Aleman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marguerite F Knipe
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea M Crowe
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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4
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Andreoni V, Johnstone T, Furneaux R. Hypernatraemia following surgery for a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a Shih Tzu presenting with marked polyuria and polydipsia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Faculty of Veterinary Agricultural SciencesTranslational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS)U‐Vet Animal HospitalUniversity of Melbourne Veterinary Clinic and HospitalWerribeeVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert Furneaux
- Consultant Veterinary SurgeonRobertsonNew South WalesAustralia
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5
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Hazenfratz M, Taylor SM. Recurrent seizures in cats: Diagnostic approach - when is it idiopathic epilepsy? J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:811-823. [PMID: 30139320 PMCID: PMC10816265 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1-3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the first of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 1 outlines the classification and terminology used to describe epilepsy and epileptic seizures in cats, and discusses some of the most common and unique causes of recurrent seizures in cats. The diagnostic approach to cats with recurrent seizures is addressed, as are criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. AUDIENCE This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hazenfratz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
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Hazenfratz M, Taylor SM. Recurrent seizures in cats: Treatment - which antiepileptic drugs are recommended? J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:825-834. [PMID: 30139319 PMCID: PMC10816270 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurological problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1-3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the second of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 2 describes chronic medical treatment options and prognosis for cats with recurrent seizures, and acute treatment of status epilepticus. AUDIENCE This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hazenfratz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
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Meland T, Carrera-Justiz S. A Review: Emergency Management of Dogs With Suspected Epileptic Seizures. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:17-20. [PMID: 29793724 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with seizure disorders are commonly presented to the general practitioner for initial evaluation. The most common diagnosis provided is idiopathic epilepsy. As witnessing seizures is often traumatic for owners, it is important for the practitioner to understand seizure classification, know when to initiate antiepileptic drug therapy and be comfortable with client education regarding seizures. This review briefly discusses the most up-to-date classification of seizures, the necessity to obtain accurate histories and complete examinations, base-line diagnostics to perform, the importance of owner education, and when to start medications. This is not intended to discuss detailed differential lists, in-depth information on antiepileptic drug therapy, long-term management of epileptics or those refractory to their current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Meland
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sheila Carrera-Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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8
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Aldawsari MF, Lau VW, Babu RJ, Arnold RD, Platt SR. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of novel midazolam gel formulations following buccal administration to healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:73-82. [PMID: 29287157 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of 3 midazolam gel formulations following buccal administration to dogs. ANIMALS 5 healthy adult hounds. PROCEDURES In phase 1 of a 2-phase study, 2 gel formulations were developed that contained 1% midazolam in a poloxamer 407 (P1) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (H1) base and underwent rheological and in vitro release analyses. Each formulation was buccally administered to 5 dogs such that 0.3 mg of midazolam/kg was delivered. Each dog also received midazolam hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg, IV). There was a 3-day interval between treatments. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at predetermined times for 8 hours after drug administration for determination of plasma midazolam concentration and pharmacokinetic analysis. During phase 2, a gel containing 2% midazolam in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose base (H2) was developed on the basis of phase 1 results. That gel was buccally administered such that midazolam doses of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg were delivered. Each dog also received midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IV). All posttreatment procedures were the same as those for phase 1. RESULTS The H1 and H2 formulations had lower viscosity, greater bioavailability, and peak plasma midazolam concentrations that were approximately 2-fold as high, compared with those for the P1 formulation. The mean peak plasma midazolam concentration for the H2 formulation was 187.0 and 106.3 ng/mL when the midazolam dose administered was 0.6 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that buccal administration of gel formulations might be a viable alternative for midazolam administration to dogs.
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Raimondi F, Shihab N, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Smith A, Trevail R, Sanchez-Masian D, Smith PM. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in epileptic cats with a normal interictal neurological examination: 188 cases. Vet Rec 2017; 180:610. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Raimondi
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists (SCVS); 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood Hampshire BH24 3JW UK
| | - N. Shihab
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists (SCVS); 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood Hampshire BH24 3JW UK
| | | | - A. Smith
- Langford Small Animal Referral Hospital; Langford Road Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - R. Trevail
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists (SCVS); 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood Hampshire BH24 3JW UK
| | | | - P. M. Smith
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion Hitchin SG5 3HR UK
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10
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Fredsø N, Toft N, Sabers A, Berendt M. A prospective observational longitudinal study of new-onset seizures and newly diagnosed epilepsy in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:54. [PMID: 28209153 PMCID: PMC5314480 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seizures are common in dogs and can be caused by non-epileptic conditions or epilepsy. The clinical course of newly diagnosed epilepsy is sparsely documented. The objective of this study was to prospectively investigate causes for seizures (epileptic and non-epileptic) in a cohort of dogs with new-onset untreated seizures, and for those dogs with newly diagnosed epilepsy to investigate epilepsy type, seizure type and the course of disease over time, including the risk of seizure recurrence. Untreated client-owned dogs experiencing new-onset seizures were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal observational study including clinical investigations and long-term monitoring at the Copenhagen University Hospital for Companion Animals. A baseline clinical assessment was followed by investigator/owner contact every eight weeks from inclusion to death or end of study. Inclusion of dogs was conducted from November 2010 to September 2012, and the study terminated in June 2014. Results One hundred and six dogs were included in the study. Seventy-nine dogs (74.5%) were diagnosed with epilepsy: 61 dogs (77.2%) with idiopathic epilepsy, 13 dogs (16.5%) with structural epilepsy and five dogs (6.3%) with suspected structural epilepsy. A non-epileptic cause for seizures was identified in 13 dogs and suspected in 10 dogs. Four dogs in which no cause for seizures was identified experienced only one seizure during the study. In dogs with idiopathic epilepsy 60% had their second epileptic seizure within three months of seizure onset. Twenty-six dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (43%) completed the study without receiving antiepileptic treatment. The natural course of idiopathic epilepsy (uninfluenced by drugs) was illustrated by highly individual and fluctuating seizure patterns, including long periods of remission. Cluster seizures motivated early treatment. In a few dogs with a high seizure frequency owners declined treatment against the investigators advice. Conclusions Epilepsy is the most likely diagnosis in dogs presenting with new-onset seizures. The course of idiopathic epilepsy is highly individual and might not necessarily require long-term treatment. This must be considered when advising owners about what to expect with regard to treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fredsø
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - N Toft
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Sabers
- The Epilepsy Clinic, Department of Neurology, University State Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Muñana K, Penderis J, Stein VM, Tipold A, Berendt M, Farquhar RG, Fischer A, Long S, Löscher W, Mandigers PJJ, Matiasek K, Pakozdy A, Patterson EE, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Rusbridge C, Volk HA. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:176. [PMID: 26316233 PMCID: PMC4552371 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed for dogs has grown considerably over the last years. Nevertheless, the same questions remain, which include, 1) when to start treatment, 2) which drug is best used initially, 3) which adjunctive AED can be advised if treatment with the initial drug is unsatisfactory, and 4) when treatment changes should be considered. In this consensus proposal, an overview is given on the aim of AED treatment, when to start long-term treatment in canine epilepsy and which veterinary AEDs are currently in use for dogs. The consensus proposal for drug treatment protocols, 1) is based on current published evidence-based literature, 2) considers the current legal framework of the cascade regulation for the prescription of veterinary drugs in Europe, and 3) reflects the authors' experience. With this paper it is aimed to provide a consensus for the management of canine idiopathic epilepsy. Furthermore, for the management of structural epilepsy AEDs are inevitable in addition to treating the underlying cause, if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Robyn G Farquhar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Paul J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3583 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, United Kingdom.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A. Epilepsy in cats: theory and practice. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:255-63. [PMID: 24438024 PMCID: PMC4857998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary literature on epilepsy in cats is less extensive than that for dogs. The present review summarizes the most important human definitions related to epilepsy and discusses the difficulties in applying them in daily veterinary practice. Epileptic seizures can have a wide range of clinical signs and are not necessarily typical in all cases. Whether a seizure event is epileptic can only be suspected based on clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings as electroencephalography diagnostic techniques have not yet been developed to a sufficiently accurate level in veterinary medicine. In addition, the present review aims to describe other diagnoses and nonepileptic conditions that might be mistaken for epileptic seizures. Seizures associated with hippocampal lesions are described and discussed extensively, as they seem to be a special entity only recognized in the past few years. Furthermore, we focus on clinical work‐up and on treatment that can be recommended based on the literature and summarize the limited data available relating to the outcome. Critical commentary is provided as most studies are based on very weak evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Gesell FK, Zoerner AA, Brauer C, Engeli S, Tsikas D, Tipold A. Alterations of endocannabinoids in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with epileptic seizure disorder. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:262. [PMID: 24370333 PMCID: PMC3883475 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs characterized by recurrent seizures. The endocannabinoid (EC) system plays a central role in suppressing pathologic neuronal excitability and in controlling the spread of activity in an epileptic network. Endocannabinoids are released on demand and their dysregulation has been described in several pathological conditions. Recurrent seizures may lead to an adverse reorganization of the EC system and impairment of its protective effect. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2AG) are altered in epileptic dogs. Concentrations of AEA and total AG (sum of 2AG and 1AG) were measured in 40 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and in 16 unaffected, healthy control dogs using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Results AEA and total AG were measured at 4.94 (3.18 – 9.17) pM and 1.43 (0.90 – 1.92) nM in epileptic dogs and at 3.19 (2.04 – 4.28) pM and 1.76 (1.08 – 2.69) nM in the control group, respectively (median, 25 – 75% percentiles in brackets). The AEA difference between epileptic and healthy dogs was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Values correlated with seizure severity and duration of seizure activity. Dogs with cluster seizures and/or status epilepticus and with seizure activity for more than six months displayed the highest EC concentrations. Conclusion In conclusion, we present the first endocannabinoid measurements in canine CSF and confirm the hypothesis that the EC system is altered in canine idiopathic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix K Gesell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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