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TIR-Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing Interferon-β (TRIF)-Dependent Antiviral Responses Protect Mice against Ross River Virus Disease. mBio 2022; 13:e0336321. [PMID: 35089088 PMCID: PMC8725586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03363-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is the major mosquito-borne virus in the South Pacific region. RRV infections are characterized by arthritic symptoms, which can last from several weeks to months. Type I interferon (IFN), the primary antiviral innate immune response, is able to modulate adaptive immune responses. The relationship between the protective role of type I IFN and the induction of signaling proteins that drive RRV disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, the role of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), an essential signaling adaptor protein downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, a key single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)-sensing receptor, was investigated. We found that TRIF-/- mice were highly susceptible to RRV infection, with severe disease, high viremia, and a low type I IFN response early during disease development, which suggests the TLR3-TRIF axis may engage early in response to RRV infection. The number and the activation level of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells were reduced in TRIF-/- mice compared to those in infected wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the number of germinal center B cells was lower in TRIF-/- mice than WT mice following RRV infection, with lower titers of IgG antibodies detected in infected TRIF-/- mice compared to WT. Interestingly, the requirement for TRIF to promote immunoglobulin class switch recombination was at the level of the local immune microenvironment rather than B cells themselves. The slower resolution of RRV disease in TRIF-/- mice was associated with persistence of the RRV genome in muscle tissue and a continuing IFN response. IMPORTANCE RRV has been prevalent in the South Pacific region for decades and causes substantial economic and social costs. Though RRV is geographically restricted, a number of other alphaviruses have spread globally due to expansion of the mosquito vectors and increased international travel. Since over 30 species of mosquitoes have been implicated as potent vectors for RRV dissemination, RRV has the potential to further expand its distribution. In the pathogenesis of RRV disease, it is still not clear how innate immune responses synergize with adaptive immune responses. Type I IFN is crucial for bridging innate to adaptive immune responses to viral invasion. Hence, key signaling proteins in type I IFN induction pathways, which are important for type I IFN modulation, may also play critical roles in viral pathogenesis. This study provides insight into the role of TRIF in RRV disease development.
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Mondino A, Manzo T. To Remember or to Forget: The Role of Good and Bad Memories in Adoptive T Cell Therapy for Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1915. [PMID: 32973794 PMCID: PMC7481451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity by which the immune system "remembers" a previous encounter with an antigen expressed by pathogens, tumors, or normal tissues; and, upon secondary encounters, mounts faster and more effective recall responses. The establishment of T cell memory is influenced by both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors, including genetic, epigenetic and environmental triggers. Our current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in memory T cell differentiation has instructed new opportunities to engineer T cells with enhanced anti-tumor activity. The development of adoptive T cell therapy has emerged as a powerful approach to cure a subset of patients with advanced cancers. Efficacy of this approach often requires long-term persistence of transferred T cell products, which can vary according to their origin and manufacturing conditions. Host preconditioning and post-transfer supporting strategies have shown to promote their engraftment and survival by limiting the competition with a hostile tumor microenvironment and between pre-existing immune cell subsets. Although in the general view pre-existing memory can confer a selective advantage to adoptive T cell therapy, here we propose that also "bad memories"-in the form of antigen-experienced T cell subsets-co-evolve with consequences on newly transferred lymphocytes. In this review, we will first provide an overview of selected features of memory T cell subsets and, then, discuss their putative implications for adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Manzo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Assar S, Nosratabadi R, Khorramdel Azad H, Masoumi J, Mohamadi M, Hassanshahi G. A Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:1007-1026. [PMID: 32746743 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1797778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Past researches indicate that some types of antibiotics, apart from their antimicrobial effects, have some other important effects which indirectly are exerted by modulating and regulating the immune system's mediators. Among the compounds with antimicrobial effects, fluoroquinolones (FQs) are known as synthetic antibiotics, which exhibit the property of decomposing of DNA and prevent bacterial growth by inactivating the enzymes involved in DNA twisting, including topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and IV. Interestingly, immune responses are indirectly modulated by FQs through suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and super-inducing IL-2, which tend to increase both the growth and activity of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, they affect the development of immune responses by influencing of expression of other cytokines and mediators. This study aims to review past research on the immunomodulatory effects of FQs on the expression of cytokines, especially IL-2 and to discuss controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Assar
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdel Azad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahshad Mohamadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Shah SWA, Ishfaq M, Nasrullah M, Qayum A, Akhtar MU, Jo H, Hussain M, Teng X. Ammonia inhalation-induced inflammation and structural impairment in the bursa of fabricius and thymus of broilers through NF-κB signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11596-11607. [PMID: 31970641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a toxic, environmental pollutant, and irritant gas. Previous studies reported the toxic effects of NH3 which led to inflammation in various organs of chicken. However, the exact mechanism of NH3-induced inflammation in chicken lymphoid organs bursa of fabricius (BF) and thymus is still elusive. Thus, this study was designed to investigate NH3-induced inflammation in chicken BF and thymus. Experimental chickens were divided into low (5.0 mg/m3), middle (10.0-15.0 mg/m3), and high (20.0-45.0 mg/m3) NH3-treated groups. To investigate NH3-induced inflammation in chicken's BF and thymus, histological observation, NO content and iNOS activity, inflammatory cytokine contents, and mRNA levels were performed by light microscopy, microplate spectrophotometer, ELISA assay, and qRT-PCR. The finding of the present study showed that NH3 exposure reduced BF and thymus index, increased nitric oxide (NO) content and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, inflammatory cytokine contents and mRNA levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-1β, IL-18, toll-like receptor 2A (TLR-2A), and iNOS. Histopathological examination revealed signs of inflammation including increased nuclear debris and vacuoles in the cortex and medulla of thymus and bursal follicles. Conclusively, our findings displayed that NH3 exposure affects the normal function of BF and thymus and led inflammation. The data provided a new ground for NH3-induced toxicity and risk assessment in chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Chang Jiang Road, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Nasrullah
- College of Agricultural economics and Management, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Qayum
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman Akhtar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyeonsoo Jo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zhou Y, Liu QX, Li XM, Ma DD, Xing S, Feng JH, Zhang MH. Effects of ammonia exposure on growth performance and cytokines in the serum, trachea, and ileum of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2485-2493. [PMID: 32359584 PMCID: PMC7597540 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of ammonia (NH3) exposure (0, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) on growth performance and cytokines in the serum, trachea, and ileum of broilers. A total of 288 22-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 12 chickens for a 21-D trial period. Growth performance and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) concentrations in the serum, trachea, and ileum were measured in response to 3, 7, 14, or 21 D of exposure to NH3. Correlations between cytokines in the serum, trachea, and ileum and growth performance, and between tracheal and ileal cytokines, were also analyzed. Results showed that exposure to 15 ppm NH3 did not influence the growth performance, but exposure to both 25 ppm and 35 ppm NH3 decreased the growth performance compared to that of the control group. Exposure to 15 ppm NH3 for 3 D increased IL-6 concentrations and induced an inflammatory response in the trachea and ileum, whereas exposure to 15 ppm NH3 for 7 D increased IL-10 concentrations and induced an anti-inflammatory response in the ileum. Exposure to 25 ppm NH3 induced an inflammatory response in the serum, trachea, and ileum after 3 D and induced an anti-inflammatory response in the ileum after 7 D. Exposure to 35 ppm NH3 for 3 D induced both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in the trachea and ileum. Furthermore, increases in cytokines in the serum, trachea, or ileum were accompanied by a decrease in BW, ADFI, ADG, and an increase of feed/gain (F/G) from 7 D to 21 D. In addition, tracheal cytokine, especially IL-1β, was positively correlated with ileal cytokine IL-1β. These results indicated that the low growth performance associated with NH3 exposure may be due in part to an increase in cytokines, and the inflammatory response in the trachea and ileum may be related to cross-talk by cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10, and, in particular, IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Xiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiu Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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A prophylactic α-Gal-based glycovaccine effectively protects against murine acute Chagas disease. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:13. [PMID: 30911415 PMCID: PMC6430786 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (ChD), caused by the hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects six to seven million people in Latin America. Lately, it has become an emerging public health concern in nonendemic regions such as North America and Europe. There is no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine as yet, and current chemotherapy is rather toxic and has limited efficacy in the chronic phase of the disease. The parasite surface is heavily coated by glycoproteins such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucins (tGPI-mucins), which display highly immunogenic terminal nonreducing α-galactopyranosyl (α-Gal)-containing glycotopes that are entirely absent in humans. The immunodominant tGPI-mucin α-Gal glycotope, the trisaccharide Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc (Galα3LN), elicits high levels of protective T. cruzi-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in ChD patients in both the acute and chronic phases. Although glycoconjugates are the major parasite glycocalyx antigens, they remain completely unexplored as potential ChD vaccine candidates. Here we investigate the efficacy of the T. cruzi immunodominant glycotope Galα3LN, covalently linked to a carrier protein (human serum albumin (HSA)), as a prophylactic vaccine candidate in the acute model of ChD, using the α1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout (α1,3GalT-KO) mouse, which mimics the human immunoresponse to α-Gal glycotopes. Animals vaccinated with Galα3LN-HSA were fully protected against lethal T. cruzi challenge by inducing a strong anti-α-Gal antibody-mediated humoral response. Furthermore, Galα3LN-HSA-vaccinated α1,3GalT-KO mice exhibited significant reduction (91.7–99.9%) in parasite load in all tissues analyzed, cardiac inflammation, myocyte necrosis, and T cell infiltration. This is a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the efficacy of a prophylactic α-Gal-based glycovaccine for experimental acute Chagas disease. A vaccine candidate derived from an immunodominant parasitic glycan could offer a much-needed preventive therapy for Chagas disease. The disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic to Latin America and an emergent threat to North America and Europe. Current therapies are few, poorly efficacious, and toxic. Igor Almeida, from the University of Texas at El Paso, United States, and his team created a candidate which presents a host with T. cruzi surface-derived α-galactose-containing (α-Gal) glycan covalently linked to a carrier protein. Parasite-derived α-Gal-containing proteins are known to be highly immune-stimulating to humans but were previously unexplored as prophylactics. In a mouse model designed to mimic the human response to Chagas disease, vaccinated animals had a strong antibody response and were fully protected against lethal exposure to T. cruzi. The results offer a promising candidate for future research and validate the method used in this proof-of-concept study.
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Kim HK, Chung H, Kwon J, Castro E, Johns C, Hawk NV, Hwang S, Park JH, Gress RE. Differential Cytokine Utilization and Tissue Tropism Results in Distinct Repopulation Kinetics of Naïve vs. Memory T Cells in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:355. [PMID: 30886618 PMCID: PMC6409349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naïve and memory T cells co-exist in the peripheral T cell pool, but the cellular mechanisms that maintain the balance and homeostasis of these two populations remain mostly unclear. To address this question, here, we assessed homeostatic proliferation and repopulation kinetics of adoptively transferred naïve and memory T cells in lymphopenic host mice. We identified distinct kinetics of proliferation and tissue-distribution between naïve and memory donor T cells, which resulted in the occupancy of the peripheral T cell pool by mostly naïve-origin T cells in short term (<1 week), but, in a dramatic reversal, by mostly memory-origin T cells in long term (>4 weeks). To explain this finding, we assessed utilization of the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 by naïve and memory T cells. We found different efficiencies of IL-7 signaling between naïve and memory T cells, where memory T cells expressed larger amounts of IL-7Rα but were significantly less potent in activation of STAT5 that is downstream of IL-7 signaling. Nonetheless, memory T cells were superior in long-term repopulation of the peripheral T cell pool, presumably, because they preferentially migrated into non-lymphoid tissues upon adoptive transfer and additionally utilized tissue IL-15 for rapid expansion. Consequently, co-utilization of IL-7 and IL-15 provides memory T cells a long-term survival advantage. We consider this mechanism important, as it permits the memory T cell population to be maintained in face of constant influx of naïve T cells to the peripheral T cell pool and under competing conditions for survival cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher Johns
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nga V Hawk
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - SuJin Hwang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Population mechanics: A mathematical framework to study T cell homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9511. [PMID: 28842645 PMCID: PMC5573381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other cell types, T cells do not form spatially arranged tissues, but move independently throughout the body. Accordingly, the number of T cells in the organism does not depend on physical constraints imposed by the shape or size of specific organs. Instead, it is determined by competition for interleukins. From the perspective of classical population dynamics, competition for resources seems to be at odds with the observed high clone diversity, leading to the so-called diversity paradox. In this work we make use of population mechanics, a non-standard theoretical approach to T cell homeostasis that accounts for clone diversity as arising from competition for interleukins. The proposed models show that carrying capacities of T cell populations naturally emerge from the balance between interleukins production and consumption. These models also suggest remarkable functional differences in the maintenance of diversity in naïve and memory pools. In particular, the distribution of memory clones would be biased towards clones activated more recently, or responding to more aggressive pathogenic threats. In contrast, permanence of naïve T cell clones would be determined by their affinity for cognate antigens. From this viewpoint, positive and negative selection can be understood as mechanisms to maximize naïve T cell diversity.
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9
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Interleukin-7 in the transition of bone marrow progenitors to the thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:916-924. [PMID: 28811625 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential for the development of T cells in humans and mice where deficiencies in IL-7 signaling result in severe immunodeficiency. T cells require IL-7 at multiple points during development; however, it is unclear when IL-7 is first necessary. We observed that mice with impaired IL-7 signaling had a large reduction in the number of early thymic progenitors (ETPs) while mice that overexpress IL-7 had greatly increased numbers of ETPs. These results indicated that the development of ETPs is sensitive to IL-7. Bone marrow progenitors of ETP are present in normal numbers in mice with impaired IL-7 signaling (IL-7Rα449F) and were efficiently recruited to the thymus. Furthermore, ETPs and their progenitors from IL-7Rα449F mice did not undergo increased apoptosis and proliferate normally compared to WT cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that IL-7 signaling has a cell-intrinsic role in ETP development but was not required for development of bone marrow progenitors. We have shown a novel role for IL-7 signaling in the development of ETPs that is distinct from classic mechanisms of IL-7 regulating survival and proliferation.
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Huang S, Shen Y, Pham D, Jiang L, Wang Z, Kaplan MH, Zhang G, Sun J. IRF4 Modulates CD8 + T Cell Sensitivity to IL-2 Family Cytokines. Immunohorizons 2017; 1:92-100. [PMID: 29564420 PMCID: PMC5858712 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a key transcription factor that promotes effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and expansion. The roles of IRF4 in regulating the CD8+ T cell response to cytokines have not been explored. In this article, we show that IL-2 and IL-15 signaling and STAT5 activation regulate IRF4 expression in CD8+ T cells. Gene-expression profile analysis has also revealed that IRF4 is required for expression of the receptors of IL-2 family cytokines CD122 and CD127. We found that IRF4 binds directly to CD122 and CD127 gene loci, indicating that it may directly promote CD122 and CD127 gene transcription. As a consequence, IRF4-deficient CD8+ T cells show diminished sensitivity to IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7 treatment in vitro. Furthermore, we found that IRF4-deficient CD8+ T cells had lower expression of CD122 and CD127 in vivo during influenza virus infection. These data suggest that IRF4 regulates the sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to IL-2 family cytokines, which correlates with the diminished effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses in IRF4-deficient CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Herman B Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Duy Pham
- Herman B Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Li Jiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Zheng Wang
- Herman B Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Guangjun Zhang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Herman B Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Wu Y, Yan F, Hu J, Chen H, Tucker C, Green A, Cheng H. The effect of chronic ammonia exposure on acute-phase proteins, immunoglobulin, and cytokines in laying hens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1524-1530. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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12
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Chen H, Yan F, Hu J, Wu Y, Tucker C, Green A, Cheng H. Immune Response of Laying Hens Exposed to 30 ppm Ammonia
for 25 Weeks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2017.139.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Bevington SL, Cauchy P, Withers DR, Lane PJL, Cockerill PN. T Cell Receptor and Cytokine Signaling Can Function at Different Stages to Establish and Maintain Transcriptional Memory and Enable T Helper Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28316598 PMCID: PMC5334638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Experienced T cells exhibit immunological memory via a rapid recall response, responding to restimulation much faster than naïve T cells. The formation of immunological memory starts during an initial slow response, when naïve T cells become transformed to proliferating T blast cells, and inducible immune response genes are reprogrammed as active chromatin domains. We demonstrated that these active domains are supported by thousands of priming elements which cooperate with inducible transcriptional enhancers to enable efficient responses to stimuli. At the conclusion of this response, a small proportion of these cells return to the quiescent state as long-term memory T cells. We proposed that priming elements can be established in a hit-and-run process dependent on the inducible factor AP-1, but then maintained by the constitutive factors RUNX1 and ETS-1. This priming mechanism may also function to render genes receptive to additional differentiation-inducing factors such as GATA3 and TBX21 that are encountered under polarizing conditions. The proliferation of recently activated T cells and the maintenance of immunological memory in quiescent memory T cells are also dependent on various cytokine signaling pathways upstream of AP-1. We suggest that immunological memory is established by T cell receptor signaling, but maintained by cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Bevington
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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14
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Chapuis AG, Desmarais C, Emerson R, Schmitt TM, Shibuya K, Lai I, Wagener F, Chou J, Roberts IM, Coffey DG, Warren E, Robbins H, Greenberg PD, Yee C. Tracking the Fate and Origin of Clinically Relevant Adoptively Transferred CD8 + T Cells In Vivo. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28367538 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptively transferred tumor-specific cells can mediate tumor regression in cancers refractory to conventional therapy. Autologous polyclonal tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) generated from peripheral blood and infused into patients with metastatic melanoma show enhanced persistence, compared to equivalent numbers of more extensively expanded monoclonal CTL, and are associated with complete remissions (CR) in select patients. We applied high-throughput T cell receptor Vβ sequencing (HTTCS) to identify individual clonotypes within CTL products, track them in vivo post-infusion and then deduce the pre-adoptive transfer (endogenous) frequencies of cells ultimately responsible for tumor regression. The summed in vivo post-transfer frequencies of the top 25 HTTCS-defined clonotypes originally detected in the infused CTL population were comparable to enumeration by binding of antigen peptide-HLA multimers, revealing quantitative HTTCS is a reliable, multimer-independent alternative. Surprisingly, the polyclonal CTL products were composed predominantly of clonotypes that were of very low frequency (VLF) in the endogenous samples, often below the limit of HTTCS detection (0.001%). In patients who achieved durable CRs, the composition of transferred CTLs was dominated (57-90%) by cells derived from a single VLF clonotype. Thus, HTTCS now reveals that tumor-specific CTL enabling long-term tumor control originate from endogenous VLF populations that exhibit proliferative/survival advantages. Along with results indicating that naïve cell populations are most likely to contain cells that exist at VLF within the repertoire, our results provide a strong rationale for favoring T cells arising from VLF populations and with early-differentiation phenotypes when selecting subset populations for adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude G Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Cindy Desmarais
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, 1551 Eastlake Ave N, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98103
| | - Ryan Emerson
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, 1551 Eastlake Ave N, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98103
| | - Thomas M Schmitt
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kendall Shibuya
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ivy Lai
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Felecia Wagener
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jeffrey Chou
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ilana M Roberts
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - David G Coffey
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edus Warren
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Harlan Robbins
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109; Adaptive Biotechnologies, 1551 Eastlake Ave N, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98103
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, South Lake Union, Bldg E, 750 Republican Street, Seattle WA 98109
| | - Cassian Yee
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109
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15
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Interleukins 7 and 15 Maintain Human T Cell Proliferative Capacity through STAT5 Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166280. [PMID: 27855183 PMCID: PMC5113943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signals from self-peptides and cytokines, most notably interleukins 7 and 15 (IL-7, IL-15), for survival. While mouse T cells die rapidly if IL-7 or IL-15 is withdrawn, human T cells can survive prolonged withdrawal of IL-7 and IL-15. Here we show that IL-7 and IL-15 are required to maintain human T cell proliferative capacity through the STAT5 signaling pathway. T cells from humanized mice proliferate better if stimulated in the presence of human IL-7 or IL-15 or if T cells are exposed to human IL-7 or IL-15 in mice. Freshly isolated T cells from human peripheral blood lose proliferative capacity if cultured for 24 hours in the absence of IL-7 or IL-15. We further show that phosphorylation of STAT5 correlates with proliferation and inhibition of STAT5 reduces proliferation. These results reveal a novel role of IL-7 and IL-15 in maintaining human T cell function, provide an explanation for T cell dysfunction in humanized mice, and have significant implications for in vitro studies with human T cells.
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16
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Peptidorhamnomannan negatively modulates the immune response in a scedosporiosis murine model. Med Mycol 2016; 54:846-55. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Yoshimoto N, Ikeda Y, Tatematsu K, Iijima M, Nakai T, Okajima T, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S. Cytokine-dependent activation of JAK-STAT pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1796-804. [PMID: 26853220 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification for intracellular signaling molecules, mostly found in serine and threonine residues. Tyrosine phosphorylations are very few events (less than 0.1% to phosphorylated serine/threonine residues), but capable of governing cell fate decisions involved in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenic transformation. Hence, it is important for drug discovery and system biology to measure the intracellular level of phosphotyrosine. Although mammalian cells have been conventionally utilized for this purpose, accurate determination of phosphotyrosine level often suffers from high background due to the unexpected crosstalk among endogenous signaling molecules. This situation led us firstly to establish the ligand-induced activation of homomeric receptor tyrosine kinase (i.e., epidermal growth factor receptor) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a lower eukaryote possessing organelles similar to higher eukaryote but not showing substantial level of tyrosine kinase activity. In this study, we expressed heteromeric receptor tyrosine kinase (i.e., a complex of interleukin-5 receptor (IL5R) α chain, common β chain, and JAK2 tyrosine kinase) in yeast. When coexpressed with a cell wall-anchored form of IL5, the yeast exerted the autophosphorylation of JAK2, followed by the phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5a and subsequent nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated STAT5a. Taken together, yeast could be an ideal host for sensitive detection of phosphotyrosine generated by a wide variety of tyrosine kinases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1796-1804. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Yoshimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatematsu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masumi Iijima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.
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18
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Regulation of effector and memory CD8(+) T cell function by inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2015; 82:16-23. [PMID: 26688544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells communicate with each other through the production and secretion of cytokines, which are integral to the host response to infection. Once recognized by specific cytokine receptors expressed on the cell surface, these exogenous signals direct the biological function of a cell in order to adapt to their microenvironment. CD8(+) T cells are critical immune cells that play an important role in the control and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Current findings have demonstrated that cytokines influence all aspects of the CD8(+) T cell response to infection or immunization. The cytokine milieu induced at the time of activation impacts the overall magnitude and function of the effector CD8(+) T cell response and the generation of functional memory CD8(+) T cells. This review will focus on the impact of inflammatory cytokines on different aspects of CD8(+) T cell biology.
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19
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Strong RA, Hester PY, Eicher SD, Hu J, Cheng HW. The Effect of Cooled Perches on Immunological Parameters of Caged White Leghorn Hens during the Hot Summer Months. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141215. [PMID: 26495988 PMCID: PMC4619709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if thermally cooled perches improve hen immunity during hot summer. White Leghorn pullets at 16 week of age were randomly assigned to 18 cages of 3 banks at 9 hens per cage. Each bank was assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments up to 32 week of age: 1) thermally cooled perches, 2) perches with ambient air, and 3) cages without perches. Hens were exposed to natural ambient temperatures from June through September 2013 in Indiana with a 4 h acute heat episode at 27.6 week of age. The packed cell volume, heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, plasma concentrations of total IgG, and cytokines of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, plus lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor were measured at both 27.6 and 32 week of age. The mRNA expressions of these cytokines, toll-like receptor-4, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also examined in the spleen of 32 week-old hens. Except for H/L ratio, thermally cooled perches did not significantly improve currently measured immunological indicators. These results indicated that the ambient temperature of 2013 summer in Indiana (24°C, 17.1 to 33.1°C) was not high enough and the 4 h heat episode at 33.3°C (32 to 34.6°C) was insufficient in length to evoke severe heat stress in hens. However, cooled perch hens had a lower H/L ratio than both air perch hens and control hens at 27.6 week of age and it was still lower compared to control hens (P < 0.05, respectively) at 32 week of age. The lowered H/L ratio of cooled perch hens may suggest that they were able to cope with acute heat stress more effectively than control hens. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of thermally cooled perches on hen health under higher ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Strong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia Y. Hester
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susan D. Eicher
- Untied States Department of Agriculture, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiaying Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Heng-Wei Cheng
- Untied States Department of Agriculture, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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20
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Li Causi E, Parikh SC, Chudley L, Layfield DM, Ottensmeier CH, Stevenson FK, Di Genova G. Vaccination Expands Antigen-Specific CD4+ Memory T Cells and Mobilizes Bystander Central Memory T Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136717. [PMID: 26332995 PMCID: PMC4557947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper memory (Thmem) cells influence both natural and vaccine-boosted immunity, but mechanisms for their maintenance remain unclear. Pro-survival signals from the common gamma-chain cytokines, in particular IL-7, appear important. Previously we showed in healthy volunteers that a booster vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT) expanded peripheral blood TT-specific Thmem cells as expected, but was accompanied by parallel increase of Thmem cells specific for two unrelated and non cross-reactive common recall antigens. Here, in a new cohort of healthy human subjects, we compare blood vaccine-specific and bystander Thmem cells in terms of differentiation stage, function, activation and proliferative status. Both responses peaked 1 week post-vaccination. Vaccine-specific cytokine-producing Thmem cells were predominantly effector memory, whereas bystander cells were mainly of central memory phenotype. Importantly, TT-specific Thmem cells were activated (CD38High HLA-DR+), cycling or recently divided (Ki-67+), and apparently vulnerable to death (IL-7RαLow and Bcl-2 Low). In contrast, bystander Thmem cells were resting (CD38Low HLA-DR- Ki-67-) with high expression of IL-7Rα and Bcl-2. These findings allow a clear distinction between vaccine-specific and bystander Thmem cells, suggesting the latter do not derive from recent proliferation but from cells mobilized from as yet undefined reservoirs. Furthermore, they reveal the interdependent dynamics of specific and bystander T-cell responses which will inform assessments of responses to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Li Causi
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suraj C. Parikh
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Chudley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Layfield
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Freda K. Stevenson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfranco Di Genova
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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21
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Wilson KA, Goding SR, Neely HR, Harris KM, Antony PA. Depletion of B220 +NK1.1 + cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma by tumor-specific CD4 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1019196. [PMID: 26405570 PMCID: PMC4570124 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1019196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma are less than 5%. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) has achieved an objective response of 50% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) in this patient population. For ACT to be maximally effective, the host must first be lymphodepleted. It is hypothesized that lymphodepletion may remove regulatory elements and cytokine sinks, or increase the activation and availability of antigen presenting cells (APCs). We use an in vivo model to study the ACT of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD4+ T cells (TRP-1 cells). We have discovered that depletion of NK1.1+ cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma tumors by adoptively transferred TRP-1 CD4+ T cells. NK1.1+ cell depletion increases the number of CD4+ T cells, the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, autoimmune vitiligo, host survival and prevented recurrence after ACT. Because multiple cells express NK1.1, we targeted different NK1.1+ cell populations using antibodies specific for NK cells, pre-mNK cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Our data suggests that NK1.1+B220+ pre-mNK cells (also known as interferon-producing killer dendritic cells; IKDCs) are an important inhibitor of the CD4+ T cell response to melanoma. Understanding this mechanism may help design new immunotherapies to modulate the activity of pre-mNKs in the face of an antitumor immune response and inhibit their suppression of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wilson
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Stephen R Goding
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harold R Neely
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Paul Andrew Antony
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program; University of Maryland Cancer Center ; Baltimore, MD USA
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22
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Albareda MC, Perez-Mazliah D, Natale MA, Castro-Eiro M, Alvarez MG, Viotti R, Bertocchi G, Lococo B, Tarleton RL, Laucella SA. Perturbed T cell IL-7 receptor signaling in chronic Chagas disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3883-9. [PMID: 25769928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that immune responses in subjects with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection display features common to other persistent infections with signs of T cell exhaustion. Alterations in cytokine receptor signal transduction have emerged as one of the cell-intrinsic mechanisms of T cell exhaustion. In this study, we performed an analysis of the expression of IL-7R components (CD127 and CD132) on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and evaluated IL-7-dependent signaling events in patients at different clinical stages of chronic chagasic heart disease. Subjects with no signs of cardiac disease showed a decrease in CD127(+)CD132(+) cells and a reciprocal gain of CD127(-)CD132(+) in CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells compared with either patients exhibiting heart enlargement or uninfected controls. T. cruzi infection, in vitro, was able to stimulate the downregulation of CD127 and the upregulation of CD132 on T cells. IL-7-induced phosphorylation of STAT5 as well as Bcl-2 and CD25 expression were lower in T. cruzi-infected subjects compared with uninfected controls. The serum levels of IL-7 were also increased in chronic chagasic patients. The present study highlights perturbed IL-7/IL-7R T cell signaling through STAT5 as a potential mechanism of T cell exhaustion in chronic T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina; Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Damián Perez-Mazliah
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina
| | - M Ailén Natale
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina
| | - Melisa Castro-Eiro
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina
| | - María G Alvarez
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Rodolfo Viotti
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Graciela Bertocchi
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Bruno Lococo
- Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Susana A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina; Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, 1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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23
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Schumann J, Stanko K, Woertge S, Appelt C, Schumann M, Kühl AA, Panov I, Schliesser U, Vogel S, Ahrlich S, Vaeth M, Berberich-Siebelt F, Waisman A, Sawitzki B. The mitochondrial protein TCAIM regulates activation of T cells and thereby promotes tolerance induction of allogeneic transplants. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2723-35. [PMID: 25363083 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary T cell activation and effector cell differentiation is required for rejection of allogeneic grafts in naïve recipients. It has become evident, that mitochondria play an important role for T cell activation. Expression of several mitochondrial proteins such as TCAIM (T cell activation inhibitor, mitochondrial) is down-regulated upon T cell receptor triggering. Here we report that TCAIM inhibited spontaneous development of memory and effector T cells. CD4(+) T cells from Tcaim knock-in (KI) mice showed reduced activation, cytokine secretion and proliferation in vitro. Tcaim KI T cells tolerated allogeneic skin grafts upon transfer into Rag-1 KO mice. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from these mice did not infiltrate skin grafts and kept a naïve or central memory phenotype, respectively. They were unable to acquire effector phenotype and functions. TCAIM altered T cell activation-induced mitochondrial distribution and reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production. Thus, TCAIM controls T cell activation and promotes tolerance induction probably by regulating TCR-mediated mitochondrial distribution and mROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schumann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Arias CF, Herrero MA, Acosta FJ, Fernandez-Arias C. A mathematical model for a T cell fate decision algorithm during immune response. J Theor Biol 2014; 349:109-20. [PMID: 24512913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We formulate and analyze an algorithm of cell fate decision that describes the way in which division vs. apoptosis choices are made by individual T cells during an infection. Such model involves a minimal number of known biochemical mechanisms: it basically relies on the interplay between cell division and cell death inhibitors on one hand, and membrane receptors on the other. In spite of its simplicity, the proposed decision algorithm is able to account for some significant facts in immune response. At the individual level, the existence of T cells that continue to replicate in the absence of antigen and the possible occurrence of T cell apoptosis in the presence of antigen are predicted by the model. Moreover, the latter is shown to yield an emergent collective behavior, the observed delay in clonal contraction with respect to the end of antigen stimulation, which is shown to arise just from individual T cell decisions made according to the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente F Arias
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Herrero
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 3, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Acosta
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Arias
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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25
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Cytokine mediated immune responses in the Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) administered with heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei spp. paracasei (06TCa22) isolated from the Mongolian dairy product. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Biswas G, Korenaga H, Nagamine R, Takayama H, Kawahara S, Takeda S, Kikuchi Y, Dashnyam B, Kono T, Sakai M. Cytokine responses in the Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) head kidney cells induced with heat-killed probiotics isolated from the Mongolian dairy products. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1170-1177. [PMID: 23422813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine responses in the Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) head kidney (HK) cells to heat-killed lactic acid bacteria probiotics isolated from the Mongolian dairy products were investigated by transcriptomic examination. The HK cells were incubated with two heat-killed bacteria, namely Lactobacillus paracasei spp. paracasei (strain 06TCa22) and L. plantarum (strain 06CC2) and the responses of 16 cytokine genes at 0 (control), 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post-stimulation were assayed by multiplex RT-PCR analysis (GenomeLab Genetic Analysis System, GeXPS; Beckman Coulter, Inc.). The 16 genes included in the assay were pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A/F-3, TNF-α and TNF-N), cell-mediated immune regulators (IL-12p35, IL-12p40 and IL-18), antiviral (I-IFN-1 and IFN-γ) and other regulatory (IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, IL-10 and TGF-β1) cytokines. Despite the differences in the transcriptional profiles, expression of all the cytokines tested here was significantly elevated by both the probiotic bacterial stimulants compared with the unstimulated control. Therefore, this in vitro study has demonstrated the modulation of cytokine defense mechanisms in the HK cells by the two heat-killed probiotics indicating their potentiality as novel immunostimulants to fish. However, strain-dependent varied expression of important cytokines (cell-mediated immune regulators, antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokines) suggests better efficacy of L. paracasei spp. paracasei strain as fish immunostimulant. Further in vivo studies to elucidate the cytokine regulation networks will validate our present observations. A careful evaluation of ant-inflammatory properties may be undertaken using single strain to affirm the immunostimulatory capability. Moreover, application timings and frequency to assess the longevity of immunostimulant effects and to make the application cost-effective need to be evaluated before any practical use in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biswas
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Hunter MR, Prosser ME, Mahadev V, Wang X, Aguilar B, Brown CE, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Chimeric γc cytokine receptors confer cytokine independent engraftment of human T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:1-11. [PMID: 23628622 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic responses following adoptive transfer of T cells correlate to levels of long-term T cell persistence. Lymphodepletion and exogenous γc cytokine administration can improve T cell persistence following adoptive transfer, but their effects are not uniform and toxicities are significant. To overcome these limitations, we designed a chimeric γc cytokine receptor (CγCR) composed of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) tethered to IL-7Rα/CD127 that confers exogenous cytokine independent, cell intrinsic, STAT5 cytokine signals. We additionally show that this design is modular in that the IL-2Rβ/CD122 cytoplasmic chain can be exchanged for that of IL-7Rα/CD127, enhancing Shc activity. When expressed in central memory-derived primary human CD8(+) CTL (T(E/CM)), these CγCRs signal according to their corresponding wild-type counterparts to support exogenous cytokine independent viability and homeostatic proliferation, while retaining full effector function. In vivo studies demonstrate that both CγCR-CD127(+) and CγCR-CD122(+) CD8(+) T((E/CM)) engraft in mice and persist in an absence of exogenous cytokine administration. Engrafted CγCR-CD127(+) CD8(+) T(E/CM) preferentially retain central memory marker expression in vivo demonstrating a dichotomy between CD127 versus CD122 signaling. Together, these results suggest that expression of CγCR in therapeutic T cells may aid in the in vivo persistence of these cells, particularly under conditions of limiting homeostatic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Hunter
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Vallières F, Girard D. IL-21 Enhances Phagocytosis in Mononuclear Phagocyte Cells: Identification of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Molecular Target of IL-21. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2904-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martin CE, Frimpong-Boateng K, Spasova DS, Stone JC, Surh CD. Homeostatic proliferation of mature T cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 979:81-106. [PMID: 23397391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Under normal circumstances, the secondary lymphoid tissues contain a predictable number of T cells with a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Such a T cell pool must be of sufficient size to confer maximum protection of the host from infectious pathogens and cancer, but small enough not to overburden the host. The T cell pool is maintained by a combination of de novo T cell production by the thymus and by the long-term survival and gradual turnover of mature T cells in the periphery. The latter process, termed homeostatic proliferation, has been intensely investigated over the past 20 years, and a few techniques have been developed to facilitate these studies. In this chapter, we describe the experimental procedures that allow conspicuous visualization of homeostatic proliferation, which have been instrumental in facilitating recent advances in the study of T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Martin
- Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sauce D, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, Roux A, Gorochov G, Katlama C, Sidi D, Sibony-Prat J, Appay V. Lymphopenia-driven homeostatic regulation of naive T cells in elderly and thymectomized young adults. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5541-8. [PMID: 23136199 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced thymopoiesis and continuous mobilization of naive T cells into the effector-memory pool can lead to severe alterations of the naive T cell compartment. However, maintenance of the naive T cell population is essential to mount effective immune responses. Evidence of homeostatic regulation of naive T cells is currently debated in animal models. In humans, the situation remains unresolved, in particular with advanced age. In this study, we analyzed the CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive T cell compartments from elderly, young adults thymectomized during early childhood, and HIV-1-infected patients, which are characterized by T lymphocytopenia. We show a direct association between increased turnover and decreased frequency of naive T cells. Moreover, the IL-7-induced pathway was fully functional in naive T cells from elderly and young adults thymectomized during early childhood, who are characterized by elevated IL-7 plasma levels. Our findings support the establishment of homeostatic regulation of naive T cell proliferation in humans. This regulation is particularly active in lymphopenic hosts, such as elderly and thymectomized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sauce
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S 945, Infections and Immunity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
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31
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Bahri R, Bollinger A, Bollinger T, Orinska Z, Bulfone-Paus S. Ectonucleotidase CD38 demarcates regulatory, memory-like CD8+ T cells with IFN-γ-mediated suppressor activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45234. [PMID: 23028866 PMCID: PMC3444472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory CD8(+) T cells are critical for self-tolerance and restricting excessive immune responses. The variety of immune functions they fulfill, the heterogeneity of their phenotype, and the mechanism of action are still poorly understood. Here we describe that regulatory CD8(+) T cells exhibiting immunosuppressive actions in vitro and in vivo are recognized as CD38(high) T cells and present in naive mice. CD38 is a glycosylated membrane protein with ectonucleotidase properties. CD8(+)CD38(high) (CD44(+)CD122(+)CD62L(high)) lymphocytes suppress CD4(+) effector T-cell proliferation in an antigen-non specific manner via IFN-γ. While direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for this suppressor activity, it is independent of membrane-bound TGF-β and granzyme B release. IL-15 potentiates the suppressive activity of CD8(+)CD38(high) T cells and controls their survival and expansion. In humans CD8(+)CD38(high) T cells inhibit CD4(+) effector T cell proliferation. In vivo, CD8(+)CD38(high), but not CD8(+)CD38(-) T cells mitigate murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by reducing the clinical score and delaying disease occurrence. EAE suppression is enhanced by pre-treatment of CD8(+)CD38(high) T cells with IL-15. These findings add evidence that the expression of ectoenzyme receptor family members positively correlates with suppressor functions and identifies CD8(+)CD38(high) T cells as potential inhibitors of excessive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nucleotidases/immunology
- Nucleotidases/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajia Bahri
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Annalena Bollinger
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zane Orinska
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ventre E, Brinza L, Schicklin S, Mafille J, Coupet CA, Marçais A, Djebali S, Jubin V, Walzer T, Marvel J. Negative regulation of NKG2D expression by IL-4 in memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3480-9. [PMID: 22942430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 is one of the main cytokines produced during Th2-inducing pathologies. This cytokine has been shown to affect a number of immune processes such as Th differentiation and innate immune responses. However, the impact of IL-4 on CD8 T cell responses remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the effects of IL-4 on global gene expression profiles of Ag-induced memory CD8 T cells in the mouse. Gene ontology analysis of this signature revealed that IL-4 regulated most importantly genes associated with immune responses. Moreover, this IL-4 signature overlapped with the set of genes preferentially expressed by memory CD8 T cells over naive CD8 T cells. In particular, IL-4 downregulated in vitro and in vivo in a STAT6-dependent manner the memory-specific expression of NKG2D, thereby increasing the activation threshold of memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, IL-4 impaired activation of memory cells as well as their differentiation into effector cells. This phenomenon could have an important clinical relevance as patients affected by Th2 pathologies such as parasitic infections or atopic dermatitis often suffer from viral-induced complications possibly linked to inefficient CD8 T cell responses.
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Van VQ, Baba N, Rubio M, Wakahara K, Panzini B, Richard C, Soucy G, Franchimont D, Fortin G, Torres ACM, Cabon L, Susin S, Sarfati M. CD47(low) status on CD4 effectors is necessary for the contraction/resolution of the immune response in humans and mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41972. [PMID: 22870271 PMCID: PMC3411572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How do effector CD4 T cells escape cell death during the contraction of the immune response (IR) remain largely unknown. CD47, through interactions with thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and SIRP-α, is implicated in cell death and phagocytosis of malignant cells. Here, we reported a reduction in SIRP-α-Fc binding to effector memory T cells (T(EM)) and in vitro TCR-activated human CD4 T cells that was linked to TSP-1/CD47-induced cell death. The reduced SIRP-α-Fc binding (CD47(low) status) was not detected when CD4 T cells were stained with two anti-CD47 mAbs, which recognize distinct epitopes. In contrast, increased SIRP-α-Fc binding (CD47(high) status) marked central memory T cells (T(CM)) as well as activated CD4 T cells exposed to IL-2, and correlated with resistance to TSP-1/CD47-mediated killing. Auto-aggressive CD4 effectors, which accumulated in lymph nodes and at mucosal sites of patients with Crohn's disease, displayed a CD47(high) status despite a high level of TSP-1 release in colonic tissues. In mice, CD47 (CD47(low) status) was required on antigen (Ag)-specific CD4 effectors for the contraction of the IR in vivo, as significantly lower numbers of Ag-specific CD47(+/+)CD4 T cells were recovered when compared to Ag-specific CD47(-/-) CD4 T cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a transient change in the status of CD47, i.e. from CD47(high) to CD47(low), on CD4 effectors regulates the decision-making process that leads to CD47-mediated cell death and contraction of the IR while maintenance of a CD47(high) status on tissue-destructive CD4 effectors prevents the resolution of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Quang Van
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keiko Wakahara
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Panzini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Richard
- Department of Digestive Tract Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Soucy
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Franchimont
- Department de Gastroenterology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Genevieve Fortin
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Martinez Torres
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Cabon
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Santos Susin
- INSERM U872, Mort Cellulaire Programmée et Physiopathologie des Cellules Tumorales, Equipe 19, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, UMRS 872, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marika Sarfati
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dembek CJ, Kutscher S, Allgayer S, Russo C, Bauer T, Hoffmann D, Goebel FD, Bogner JR, Erfle V, Protzer U, Cosma A. Longitudinal changes in HIV-1-specific T-cell quality associated with viral load dynamic. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:114-20. [PMID: 22795599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several correlates of HIV control have been described; however their predictive values remain unclear, since most studies have been performed in cross-sectional settings. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the cause and consequence relationship between quality of HIV-specific T-cell response and viral load dynamic in a temporal perspective. STUDY DESIGN HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were monitored over 7 years in a patient that following treatment interruption maintained a stable/low viral set point for 3.1 years before control of viral replication was lost and antiretroviral therapy restarted. RESULTS We observed that high frequencies of HIV-1-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were unable to prevent loss of viral control. Gradual loss of functionality was observed in these responses, characterized by early loss of IL-2, viral load-dependent decrease of IFN-γ and CD154 expression as well as increase of MIP-1β production. Terminally differentiated HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells expressing CD45RA were lost independently of viral load and preceded the loss-of-control phase of HIV infection. CONCLUSION By describing qualitative changes in HIV-1-specific T-cell responses that coincide with loss of viral control, we identified specific correlates of disease progression and putative markers of viral control. Our findings suggest including the markers IL-2, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, CD154 and CD45RA into monitoring of HIV-specific T-cell-responses to prospectively determine correlates of protection from disease-progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Dembek
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Secombes CJ, Wang T, Bird S. The interleukins of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1336-1345. [PMID: 21605591 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that signal between different leucocyte types, although not exclusively restricted to leucocyte communication. Whilst it is now known that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, nevertheless many are synthesised by CD4(+) T helper cells, macrophages/monocytes and endothelial cells. The nomenclature is relatively straightforward, with interleukin 1 the first discovered and interleukin 2 the second, etc. However, whilst 35 interleukins are currently described in mammals, several are in fact terms referring to subfamilies of more molecules, as with the IL-1 family where 11 members (IL-1F1-IL-1F11) are present, and the IL-17 family where 6 members (IL-17A-IL-17F) are present. So the total is much higher and splice variants and allelic variation increase this diversity further. This review will focus on what is known about interleukins in fish, and will refer to the major subfamilies rather than try to work through 35 descriptions in a row. It is clear that many direct homologues of molecules known in mammals are present in fish, but that not all are present and some novel interleukins exist that may have arisen from fish specific gene duplication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Wang T, Huang W, Costa MM, Secombes CJ. The gamma-chain cytokine/receptor system in fish: more ligands and receptors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:673-687. [PMID: 21664274 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gamma-chain (γC) cytokine family consists of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. They signal through a receptor complex containing the common γC and a private alpha chain, and in the case of IL-2 and IL-15 an additional common IL-2/15Rβ chain. Deficiency of γC signalling in mammals prevents CD4+ T cells from developing effector functions and CD8+ T cells from developing immunological memory. Thus γC cytokines are critical for the generation and peripheral homeostasis of naïve and memory T cells. This review will give an update on the γC ligands and receptor subunits in fish, and also present some new data on the cloning and expression of a second γC and two IL-2Rβ chains in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In recent years, aided by the availability of sequenced fish genomes and expressed sequence tag databases, five of the six mammalian γC cytokines and their cognate receptors have been discovered in fish, with only the IL-9/IL-9R homologues apparently absent. Paralogues have been discovered in diploid fish and all the receptors described in the tetraploid rainbow trout, including γC itself, IL-2Rβ, IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1, IL-13Rα2 and IL-2/15Rα, have duplicates. As a consequence of the teleost and salmonid whole genome duplications, even more paralogues may yet be discovered. Some of the paralogues have changes in domain structures and show differential expression and modulation, suggesting the potential for a change in function. Functional characterisation of fish γC cytokines is beginning but made more difficult by the co-existence of so many paralogues of the ligands and their receptors. Initial functional studies have shown that fish γC cytokines can modulate the expression of key cytokines (e.g. interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-22) of the adaptive immune response, and may thus have promise as adjuvants to improve vaccination efficiency in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB242TZ, UK
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Richards KA, Chaves FA, Sant AJ. The memory phase of the CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus infection maintains its diverse antigen specificity. Immunology 2011; 133:246-56. [PMID: 21517839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major gap in our understanding of the immune response to pathogens and vaccines is how closely the antigen specificity in the memory phase mimics repertoire that is rapidly expanded upon priming. Understanding the diversity of the CD4 T-cell memory compartment after a primary response to pathogens is hampered by the technical challenges of epitope discovery and suitable models to study primary immune responses. Recently, we have used overlapping synthetic peptides to empirically map most of the specificities present in the primary response to live influenza infection. We found that the CD4 T-cell response can be exceptionally diverse, depending on the allele(s) of MHC class II molecules expressed. In the current study, using a mouse model of primary influenza infection and peptide-specific cytokine EliSpots, we have asked how this broad CD4 T-cell immunodominance hierarchy changes as the immune response contracts and memory is established. Our studies revealed that, for the most part, diversity is maintained, and most specificities, including those for relatively minor epitopes, are preserved in the memory CD4 T-cell compartment. A modest, but reproducible shift in specificity toward haemagglutinin-derived epitopes was observed, raising the possibility that protein or peptide persistence might play a role in the evolution of the memory phase of the CD4 T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, AaB Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Eickhoff CS, Vasconcelos JR, Sullivan NL, Blazevic A, Bruna-Romero O, Rodrigues MM, Hoft DF. Co-administration of a plasmid DNA encoding IL-15 improves long-term protection of a genetic vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e983. [PMID: 21408124 PMCID: PMC3050911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization of mice with the Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TS) gene using plasmid DNA, adenoviral vector, and CpG-adjuvanted protein delivery has proven highly immunogenic and provides protection against acute lethal challenge. However, long-term protection induced by TS DNA vaccines has not been reported. The goal of the present work was to test whether the co-administration of a plasmid encoding IL-15 (pIL-15) could improve the duration of protection achieved through genetic vaccination with plasmid encoding TS (pTS) alone. Methodology We immunized BALB/c mice with pTS in the presence or absence of pIL-15 and studied immune responses [with TS-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT, serum IgG ELISAs, intracellular cytokine staining (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), tetramer staining, and CFSE dilution assays] and protection against lethal systemic challenge at 1 to 6 months post vaccination. Mice receiving pTS alone developed robust TS-specific IFN-γ responses and survived a lethal challenge given within the first 3 months following immunization. The addition of pIL-15 to pTS vaccination did not significantly alter T cell responses or protection during this early post-vaccination period. However, mice vaccinated with both pTS and pIL-15 challenged 6 months post-vaccination were significantly more protected against lethal T. cruzi challenges than mice vaccinated with pTS alone (P<0.05). Improved protection correlated with significantly higher numbers of TS-specific IFN-γ producing total and CD8+ T cells detected>6 months post immunization. Also, these TS-specific T cells were better able to expand after in vitro re-stimulation. Conclusion Addition of pIL-15 during genetic vaccination greatly improved long-term T cell survival, memory T cell expansion, and long-term protection against the important human parasite, T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Eickhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Vasconcelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole L. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Oscar Bruna-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M. Rodrigues
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Di Sabatino A, Calarota SA, Vidali F, MacDonald TT, Corazza GR. Role of IL-15 in immune-mediated and infectious diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Karlsson EA, Sheridan PA, Beck MA. Diet-induced obesity in mice reduces the maintenance of influenza-specific CD8+ memory T cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:1691-7. [PMID: 20592105 PMCID: PMC2924599 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes and heart disease, but its influence on the immune response to viral infection is understudied. Memory T cells generated during a primary influenza infection are important for protection against subsequent influenza exposures. Previously, we have demonstrated that diet-induced obese (DIO) mice have increased morbidity and mortality following secondary influenza infection compared with lean mice. To determine whether the problem resided in a failure to maintain functional, influenza-specific CD8(+) memory T cells, male DIO and lean mice were infected with influenza X-31. At 84 d postinfection, DIO mice had a 10% reduction in memory T cell numbers. This reduction may have resulted from significantly reduced memory T cell expression of interleukin 2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta, CD122), but not IL-7 receptor alpha (CD127), which are both required for memory cell maintenance. Peripheral leptin resistance in the DIO mice may be a contributing factor to the impairment. Indeed, leptin receptor mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the lungs of obese mice, whereas suppressor of cytokine signaling (Socs)1 and Socs3 mRNA expression were increased. It is imperative to understand how the obese state alters memory T cells, because impairment in maintenance of functional memory responses has important implications for vaccine efficacy in an obese population.
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