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Fujino H, Sonoda-Fukuda E, Isoda L, Kawabe A, Takarada T, Kasahara N, Kubo S. Retroviral Replicating Vectors Mediated Prodrug Activator Gene Therapy in a Gastric Cancer Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14823. [PMID: 37834271 PMCID: PMC10573151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral replicating vectors (RRVs) selectively replicate and can specifically introduce prodrug-activating genes into tumor cells, whereby subsequent prodrug administration induces the death of the infected tumor cells. We assessed the ability of two distinct RRVs generated from amphotropic murine leukemia virus (AMLV) and gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), which infect cells via type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, PiT-2 and PiT-1, respectively, to infect human gastric cancer (GC) cells. A quantitative RT-PCR showed that all tested GC cell lines had higher expression levels of PiT-2 than PiT-1. Accordingly, AMLV, encoding a green fluorescent protein gene, infected and replicated more efficiently than GALV in most GC cell lines, whereas both RRVs had a low infection rate in human fibroblasts. RRV encoding a cytosine deaminase prodrug activator gene, which converts the prodrug 5-flucytosine (5-FC) to the active drug 5-fluorouracil, showed that AMLV promoted superior 5-FC-induced cytotoxicity compared with GALV, which correlated with the viral receptor expression level and viral spread. In MKN-74 subcutaneous xenograft models, AMLV had significant antitumor effects compared with GALV. Furthermore, in the MKN-74 recurrent tumor model in which 5-FC was discontinued, the resumption of 5-FC administration reduced the tumor volume. Thus, RRV-mediated prodrug activator gene therapy might be beneficial for treating human GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
- Departments of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Emiko Sonoda-Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
| | - Lisa Isoda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
- Departments of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Ayane Kawabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
- Departments of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Toru Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Shuji Kubo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Therapeutics, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan (L.I.); (T.T.)
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Cordeiro PAS, Assone T, Prates G, Tedeschi MRM, Fonseca LAM, Casseb J. The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e64. [PMID: 36197425 PMCID: PMC9528752 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in viral infections by preventing viral replication and in the promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, IFN-gamma can exert distinct effects in different persistent viral infections. The long-term overproduction of IFN-γ in retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting in inflammation, may cause neuronal damage. This review is provocative about the role of IFN-γ during persistent retroviral infections and its relationship with the causation of some neurological disorders that are important for public health.
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3
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Covino DA, Gauzzi MC, Fantuzzi L. Understanding the regulation of APOBEC3 expression: Current evidence and much to learn. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:433-444. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0717-310r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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4
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Antonucci JM, St Gelais C, Wu L. The Dynamic Interplay between HIV-1, SAMHD1, and the Innate Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1541. [PMID: 29176984 PMCID: PMC5686096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response constitutes the first cellular line of defense against initial HIV-1 infection. Immune cells sense invading virus and trigger signaling cascades that induce antiviral defenses to control or eliminate infection. Professional antigen-presenting cells located in mucosal tissues, including dendritic cells and macrophages, are critical for recognizing HIV-1 at the site of initial exposure. These cells are less permissive to HIV-1 infection compared to activated CD4+ T-cells, which is mainly due to host restriction factors that serve an immediate role in controlling the establishment or spread of viral infection. However, HIV-1 can exploit innate immune cells and their cellular factors to avoid detection and clearance by the host immune system. Sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is the mammalian deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase responsible for regulating intracellular dNTP pools and restricting the replication of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and quiescent CD4+ T-cells. Here, we review and analyze the latest literature on the antiviral function of SAMHD1, including the mechanism of HIV-1 restriction and the ability of SAMHD1 to regulate the innate immune response to viral infection. We also provide an overview of the dynamic interplay between HIV-1, SAMHD1, and the cell-intrinsic antiviral response to elucidate how SAMHD1 modulates HIV-1 infection in non-dividing immune cells. A more complete understanding of SAMHD1’s role in the innate immune response to HIV-1 infection may help develop stratagems to enhance its antiviral effects and to more efficiently block HIV-1 replication and avoid the pathogenic result of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Antonucci
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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5
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Coskran TM, Jiang Z, Klaunig JE, Mager DL, Obert L, Robertson A, Tsinoremas N, Wang Z, Gosink M. Induction of endogenous retroelements as a potential mechanism for mouse-specific drug-induced carcinogenicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176768. [PMID: 28472135 PMCID: PMC5417610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of chemical compounds have been shown to induce liver tumors in mice but not in other species. While several mechanisms for this species-specific tumorigenicity have been proposed, no definitive mechanism has been established. We examined the effects of the nongenotoxic rodent hepatic carcinogen, WY-14,643, in male mice from a high liver tumor susceptible strain (C3H/HeJ), and from a low tumor susceptible strain (C57BL/6). WY-14,643, a PPARα activator induced widespread increases in the expression of some endogenous retroelements, namely members of LTR and LINE elements in both strains. The expression of a number of known retroviral defense genes was also elevated. We also demonstrated that basal immune-mediated viral defense was elevated in C57BL/6 mice (the resistant strain) and that WY-14,643 further activated those immuno-defense processes. We propose that the previously reported >100X activity of retroelements in mice drives mouse-specific tumorigenicity. We also propose that C57BL/6's competent immune to retroviral activation allows it to remove cells before the activation of these elements can result in significant chromosomal insertions and mutation. Finally, we showed that WY-14,643 treatment induced gene signatures of DNA recombination in the sensitive C3H/HeJ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Coskran
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Zhijie Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - James E. Klaunig
- Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dixie L. Mager
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leslie Obert
- GlaxoSmithKline plc, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Tsinoremas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zemin Wang
- Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Gosink
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
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6
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Li M, Zhang D, Zhu M, Shen Y, Wei W, Ying S, Korner H, Li J. Roles of SAMHD1 in antiviral defense, autoimmunity and cancer. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [PMID: 28444859 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme, sterile α motif and histidine-aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) diminishes infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in myeloid cells and resting CD4+ T cells. This dNTP degradation reduces the dNTP concentration to a level insufficient for viral cDNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting retroviral replication. This antiviral enzymatic activity can be inhibited by viral protein X (Vpx). The HIV-2/SIV Vpx causes degradation of SAMHD1, thus interfering with the SAMHD1-mediated restriction of retroviral replication. Recently, SAMHD1 has been suggested to restrict HIV-1 infection by directly digesting genomic HIV-1 RNA through a still controversial RNase activity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about structure, antiviral mechanisms, intracellular localization, interferon-regulated expression of SAMHD1. We also describe SAMHD1-deficient animal models and an antiviral drug on the basis of disrupting proteasomal degradation of SAMHD1. In addition, the possible roles of SAMHD1 in regulating innate immune sensing, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and cancer are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Mengying Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Heinrich Korner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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7
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Contribution of Syncytins and Other Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes to Human Placenta Pathologies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:111-162. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Shen X, Nair B, Mahajan SD, Jiang X, Li J, Shen S, Tu C, Hsiao CB, Schwartz SA, Qu J. New Insights into the Disease Progression Control Mechanisms by Comparing Long-Term-Nonprogressors versus Normal-Progressors among HIV-1-Positive Patients Using an Ion Current-Based MS1 Proteomic Profiling. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5225-39. [PMID: 26484939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, epidemiological studies have found significant differences in the susceptibility to disease progression among HIV-carrying patients. One unique group of HIV-1-positive patients, the long-term-nonprogressors (LTNP), exhibits far superior ability in virus control compared with normal-progressors (NP), which proceed to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) much more rapidly. Nonetheless, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of virus control in LTNP is highly valuable in disease management and treatment but remains poorly understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been known to play important roles in innate immune responses and thereby would be of great interest for the investigation of the mechanisms of virus defense in LTNP. Here, we described the first comparative proteome analysis of PBMC from LTNP (n = 10) and NP (n = 10) patients using a reproducible ion-current-based MS1 approach, which includes efficient and reproducible sample preparation and chromatographic separation followed by an optimized pipeline for protein identification and quantification. This strategy enables analysis of many biological samples in one set with high quantitative precision and extremely low missing data. In total, 925 unique proteins were quantified under stringent criteria without missing value in any of the 20 subjects, and 87 proteins showed altered expressions between the two patient groups. These proteins are implicated in key processes such as cytoskeleton organization, defense response, apoptosis regulation, intracellular transport, etc., which provided novel insights into the control of disease progressions in LTNP versus NP, and the expression and phosphorylation states of key regulators were further validated by immunoassay. For instance, (1) SAMH1, a potent and "hot" molecule facilitating HIV-1 defense, was for the first time found elevated in LTNP compared with NP or healthy controls; elevated proteins from IFN-α response pathway may also contribute to viral control in LTNP; (2) decreased proapoptotic protein ASC along with the elevation of antiapoptotic proteins may contribute to the less apoptotic profile in PBMC of LTNP; and (3) elevated actin polymerization and less microtubule assembly that impede viral protein transport were first observed in LTNP. These results not only enhanced the understanding of the mechanisms for nonprogression of LTNP, but also may afford highly valuable clues to direct therapeutic efforts. Moreover, this work also demonstrated the ion-current-based MS1 approach as a reliable tool for large-scale clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Shen
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | | | | | - Xiaosheng Jiang
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Jun Li
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Shichen Shen
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Chengjian Tu
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Chiu-Bin Hsiao
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | | | - Jun Qu
- The State of New York Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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9
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Coccia EM, Battistini A. Early IFN type I response: Learning from microbial evasion strategies. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:85-101. [PMID: 25869307 PMCID: PMC7129383 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) comprises a class of cytokines first discovered more than 50 years ago and initially characterized for their ability to interfere with viral replication and restrict locally viral propagation. As such, their induction downstream of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is a hallmark of the host antiviral response. The acknowledgment that several PAMPs, not just of viral origin, may induce IFN, pinpoints at these molecules as a first line of host defense against a number of invading pathogens. Acting in both autocrine and paracrine manner, IFN interferes with viral replication by inducing hundreds of different IFN-stimulated genes with both direct anti-pathogenic as well as immunomodulatory activities, therefore functioning as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand an inverse interference to escape the IFN system is largely exploited by pathogens through a number of tactics and tricks aimed at evading, inhibiting or manipulating the IFN pathway, that result in progression of infection or establishment of chronic disease. In this review we discuss the interplay between the IFN system and some selected clinically important and challenging viruses and bacteria, highlighting the wide array of pathogen-triggered molecular mechanisms involved in evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Sabbatucci M, Covino DA, Purificato C, Mallano A, Federico M, Lu J, Rinaldi AO, Pellegrini M, Bona R, Michelini Z, Cara A, Vella S, Gessani S, Andreotti M, Fantuzzi L. Endogenous CCL2 neutralization restricts HIV-1 replication in primary human macrophages by inhibiting viral DNA accumulation. Retrovirology 2015; 12:4. [PMID: 25608886 PMCID: PMC4314729 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are key targets of HIV-1 infection. We have previously described that the expression of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) increases during monocyte differentiation to macrophages and it is further up-modulated by HIV-1 exposure. Moreover, CCL2 acts as an autocrine factor that promotes viral replication in infected macrophages. In this study, we dissected the molecular mechanisms by which CCL2 neutralization inhibits HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and the potential involvement of the innate restriction factors protein sterile alpha motif (SAM) histidine/aspartic acid (HD) domain containing 1 (SAMHD1) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) family members. RESULTS CCL2 neutralization potently reduced the number of p24 Gag+ cells during the course of either productive or single cycle infection with HIV-1. In contrast, CCL2 blocking did not modify entry of HIV-1 based Virus Like Particles, thus demonstrating that the restriction involves post-entry steps of the viral life cycle. Notably, the accumulation of viral DNA, both total, integrated and 2-LTR circles, was strongly impaired by neutralization of CCL2. Looking for correlates of HIV-1 DNA accumulation inhibition, we found that the antiviral effect of CCL2 neutralization was independent of the modulation of SAMHD1 expression or function. Conversely, a strong and selective induction of APOBEC3A expression, to levels comparable to those of freshly isolated monocytes, was associated with the inhibition of HIV-1 replication mediated by CCL2 blocking. Interestingly, the CCL2 neutralization mediated increase of APOBEC3A expression was type I IFN independent. Moreover, the transcriptome analysis of the effect of CCL2 blocking on global gene expression revealed that the neutralization of this chemokine resulted in the upmodulation of additional genes involved in the defence response to viruses. CONCLUSIONS Neutralization of endogenous CCL2 determines a profound restriction of HIV-1 replication in primary MDM affecting post-entry steps of the viral life cycle with a mechanism independent of SAMHD1. In addition, CCL2 blocking is associated with induction of APOBEC3A expression, thus unravelling a novel mechanism which might contribute to regulate the expression of innate intracellular viral antagonists in vivo. Thus, our study may potentially lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for enhancing innate cellular defences against HIV-1 and protecting macrophages from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Fantuzzi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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11
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van Montfoort N, Olagnier D, Hiscott J. Unmasking immune sensing of retroviruses: interplay between innate sensors and host effectors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:657-68. [PMID: 25240798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses can selectively trigger an array of innate immune responses through various PRR. The identification and the characterization of the molecular basis of retroviral DNA sensing by the DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS has been one of the most exciting developments in viral immunology in recent years. DNA sensing by these cytosolic sensors not only leads to the initiation of the type I interferon (IFN) antiviral response and the induction of the inflammatory response, but also triggers cell death mechanisms including pyroptosis and apoptosis in retrovirus-infected cells, thereby providing important insights into the pathophysiology of chronic retroviral infection. Host restriction factors such as SAMHD1 and Trex1 play important roles in regulating innate immune sensing, and have led to the idea that innate immune defense and host restriction actually converge at different levels to determine the outcome of retroviral infection. In this review, we discuss the sensing of retroviruses by cytosolic DNA sensors, the relevance of host factors during retroviral infection, and the interplay between host factors and the innate antiviral response in different cell types, within the context of two human pathogenic retroviruses - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and human T cell-leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine van Montfoort
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, 9801 Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - David Olagnier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, 9801 Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - John Hiscott
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, 9801 Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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12
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Douville RN, Nath A. Human endogenous retroviruses and the nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 123:465-85. [PMID: 25015500 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renée N Douville
- Department of Microbiology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Interferon alpha-armed nanoparticles trigger rapid and sustained STAT1-dependent anti-viral cellular responses. Cell Signal 2013; 25:989-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Chen Z, Zhang L, Ying S. SAMHD1: a novel antiviral factor in intrinsic immunity. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:1117-26. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some intracellular/membranous factors exert intrinsic immunity against viral pathogens. Most recently, SAMHD1 has been shown to be one of these factors. SAMHD1 is a nucleus-localized protein, and mutations in the gene are associated with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. As a triphosphohydrolase, it depletes the intracellular pool of dNTPs in myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, to a low level that establishes a precursor-deficient environment for the synthesis of lentiviral cDNA, thereby restricting viral replication in these host cells. However, some viruses evolve Vpx to recruit SAMHD1 onto the CRL4DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase in the cytoplasm for proteasome-dependent degradation, by which these viruses relieve SAMHD1-mediated restriction of primate lentivirus infection. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge of SAMHD1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangming Chen
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Songcheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
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15
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Interplay between human cytomegalovirus and intrinsic/innate host responses: a complex bidirectional relationship. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:607276. [PMID: 22701276 PMCID: PMC3371353 DOI: 10.1155/2012/607276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and its host is a complex process that begins with viral attachment and entry into host cells, culminating in the development of a specific adaptive response that clears the acute infection but fails to eradicate HCMV. We review the viral and cellular partners that mediate early host responses to HCMV with regard to the interaction between structural components of virions (viral glycoproteins) and cellular receptors (attachment/entry receptors, toll-like receptors, and other nucleic acid sensors) or intrinsic factors (PML, hDaxx, Sp100, viperin, interferon inducible protein 16), the reactions of innate immune cells (antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells), the numerous mechanisms of viral immunoevasion, and the potential exploitation of events that are associated with early phases of virus-host interplay as a therapeutic strategy.
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Laguette N, Rahm N, Sobhian B, Chable-Bessia C, Münch J, Snoeck J, Sauter D, Switzer WM, Heneine W, Kirchhoff F, Delsuc F, Telenti A, Benkirane M. Evolutionary and functional analyses of the interaction between the myeloid restriction factor SAMHD1 and the lentiviral Vpx protein. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:205-17. [PMID: 22305291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 has recently been identified as an HIV-1 restriction factor operating in myeloid cells. As a countermeasure, the Vpx accessory protein from HIV-2 and certain lineages of SIV have evolved to antagonize SAMHD1 by inducing its ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. Here, we show that SAMHD1 experienced strong positive selection episodes during primate evolution that occurred in the Catarrhini ancestral branch prior to the separation between hominoids (gibbons and great apes) and Old World monkeys. The identification of SAMHD1 residues under positive selection led to mapping the Vpx-interaction domain of SAMHD1 to its C-terminal region. Importantly, we found that while SAMHD1 restriction activity toward HIV-1 is evolutionarily maintained, antagonism of SAMHD1 by Vpx is species-specific. The distinct evolutionary signature of SAMHD1 sheds light on the development of its antiviral specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Laguette
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Laboratoires de Virologie Moléculaire, 34000 Montpellier, France
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17
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Logg CR, Robbins JM, Jolly DJ, Gruber HE, Kasahara N. Retroviral replicating vectors in cancer. Methods Enzymol 2012; 507:199-228. [PMID: 22365776 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386509-0.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of replication-competent viruses for the treatment of cancer is an emerging technology that shows significant promise. Among the various different types of viruses currently being developed as oncolytic agents, retroviral replicating vectors (RRVs) possess unique characteristics that allow highly efficient, non-lytic, and tumor-selective gene transfer. By retaining all of the elements necessary for viral replication, RRVs are capable of transmitting genes via exponential in situ amplification. Their replication-competence also provides a powerful means whereby novel and useful RRV variants can be generated using natural selection. Their stringent requirement for cell division in order to achieve productive infection, and their preferential replication in cells with defective innate immunity, confer a considerable degree of natural specificity for tumors. Furthermore, their ability to integrate stably into the genome of cancer cells, without immediate cytolysis, contributes to long-lasting therapeutic efficacy. Thus, RRVs show much promise as therapeutic agents for cancer and are currently being tested in the clinic. Here we describe experimental methods for their production and quantitation, for adaptive evolution and natural selection to develop novel or improved RRV, and for in vitro and in vivo assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of RRVs carrying prodrug activator genes for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Logg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Remoli AL, Marsili G, Sgarbanti M, Perrotti E, Fragale A, Orsatti R, Battistini A. HIV-1 targeting of IFN regulatory factors. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens such as HIV-1 that cause chronic infections are particularly capable at adapting to the host in a manner that ensures long-term residence, and have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade various aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response. One of these mechanisms is the targeting of members of the IFN regulatory factor family. IFN regulatory factors are transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including IFN induction and immune cell activation of downstream responses triggered by Toll-like receptors and other pattern-recognition receptors. Here, we report the specific targeting by HIV-1 of this class of cellular transcription factors, and describe how HIV-1 both makes them harmless and hijacks them, profoundly affecting their activity and turning them to its own advantage in order to facilitate its replication, survival, evasion of immune responses and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Orsatti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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19
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Liu L, Oliveira NMM, Cheney KM, Pade C, Dreja H, Bergin AMH, Borgdorff V, Beach DH, Bishop CL, Dittmar MT, McKnight A. A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors. Retrovirology 2011; 8:94. [PMID: 22082156 PMCID: PMC3228845 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Upon cellular entry retroviruses must avoid innate restriction factors produced by the host cell. For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) human restriction factors, APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein-B-mRNA-editing-enzyme), p21 and tetherin are well characterised. Results To identify intrinsic resistance factors to HIV-1 replication we screened 19,121 human genes and identified 114 factors with significant inhibition of infection. Those with a known function are involved in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including receptor signalling, vesicle trafficking, transcription, apoptosis, cross-nuclear membrane transport, meiosis, DNA damage repair, ubiquitination and RNA processing. We focused on the PAF1 complex which has been previously implicated in gene transcription, cell cycle control and mRNA surveillance. Knockdown of all members of the PAF1 family of proteins enhanced HIV-1 reverse transcription and integration of provirus. Over-expression of PAF1 in host cells renders them refractory to HIV-1. Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses and HIV-2 are also restricted in PAF1 expressing cells. PAF1 is expressed in primary monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes and we demonstrate strong activity in MonoMac1, a monocyte cell line. Conclusions We propose that the PAF1c establishes an anti-viral state to prevent infection by incoming retroviruses. This previously unrecognised mechanism of restriction could have implications for invasion of cells by any pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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20
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Zhang A, Bogerd H, Villinger F, Das Gupta J, Dong B, Klein EA, Hackett J, Schochetman G, Cullen BR, Silverman RH. In vivo hypermutation of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rhesus macaque by APOBEC3 proteins. Virology 2011; 421:28-33. [PMID: 21982221 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The gammaretrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), replicates to high titers in some human cell lines and is able to infect non-human primates. To determine whether APOBEC3 (A3) proteins restrict XMRV infections in a non-human primate model, we sequenced proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of XMRV-infected rhesus macaques. Hypermutation characteristic of A3DE, A3F and A3G activities was observed in the XMRV proviral sequences in vivo. Furthermore, expression of rhesus A3DE, A3F, or A3G in human cells inhibited XMRV infection and caused hypermutation of XMRV DNA. These studies show that some rhesus A3 isoforms are highly effective against XMRV in the blood of a non-human primate model of infection and in cultured human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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21
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Journo C, Mahieux R. HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Viruses 2011; 3:1374-94. [PMID: 21994785 PMCID: PMC3185810 DOI: 10.3390/v3081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a critical role in the host response to a viral infection. The innate response has two main functions. First, it triggers effector mechanisms that restrict the infection. Second, it primes development of the adaptive response, which completes the elimination of the pathogen or of infected cells. In vivo, HTLV-1 infects T lymphocytes that participate in adaptive immunity but also monocytes and dendritic cells that are major players in innate immunity. Herein, we will review the interplay between HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Particular emphasis is put on HTLV-1-induced alteration of type-I interferon (IFN-I) function. In vitro, the viral Tax protein plays a significant role in the alteration of IFN synthesis and signaling. Despite this, IFN-I/AZT treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) patients leads to complete remission. We will discuss a model in which exogenous IFN-I could act both on the microenvironment of the T-cells to protect them from infection, and also on infected cells when combined with other drugs that lead to Tax down-regulation/degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Journo
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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22
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Olière S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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XMRV Discovery and Prostate Cancer-Related Research. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:432837. [PMID: 22312343 PMCID: PMC3265305 DOI: 10.1155/2011/432837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was first reported in 2006 in a study of human prostate cancer patients with genetic variants of the antiviral enzyme, RNase L. Subsequent investigations in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa have either observed or failed to detect XMRV in patients (prostate cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome-myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS-ME), and immunosuppressed with respiratory tract infections) or normal, healthy, control individuals. The principal confounding factors are the near ubiquitous presence of mouse-derived reagents, antibodies and cells, and often XMRV itself, in laboratories. XMRV infects and replicates well in many human cell lines, but especially in certain prostate cancer cell lines. XMRV also traffics to prostate in a nonhuman primate model of infection. Here, we will review the discovery of XMRV and then focus on prostate cancer-related research involving this intriguing virus.
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24
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Solis M, Nakhaei P, Jalalirad M, Lacoste J, Douville R, Arguello M, Zhao T, Laughrea M, Wainberg MA, Hiscott J. RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling is inhibited in HIV-1 infection by a protease-mediated sequestration of RIG-I. J Virol 2011; 85:1224-36. [PMID: 21084468 PMCID: PMC3020501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01635-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid induction of type I interferon (IFN) is essential for establishing innate antiviral responses. During infection, cytoplasmic viral RNA is sensed by two DExD/H box RNA helicases, RIG-I and MDA5, ultimately driving IFN production. Here, we demonstrate that purified genomic RNA from HIV-1 induces a RIG-I-dependent type I IFN response. Both the dimeric and monomeric forms of HIV-1 were sensed by RIG-I, but not MDA5, with monomeric RNA, usually found in defective HIV-1 particles, acting as a better inducer of IFN than dimeric RNA. However, despite the presence of HIV-1 RNA in the de novo infection of monocyte-derived macrophages, HIV-1 replication did not lead to a substantial induction of IFN signaling. We demonstrate the existence of an evasion mechanism based on the inhibition of the RIG-I sensor through the action of the HIV-1 protease (PR). Indeed, the ectopic expression of PR resulted in the inhibition of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) phosphorylation and decreased expression of IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. A downregulation of cytoplasmic RIG-I levels occurred in cells undergoing a single-cycle infection with wild-type provirus BH10 but not in cells transfected with a protease-deficient provirus, BH10-PR(-). Cellular fractionation and confocal microscopy studies revealed that RIG-I translocated from the cytosol to an insoluble fraction during the de novo HIV-1 infection of monocyte-derived macrophages, in the presence of PR. The loss of cytoplasmic RIG-I was prevented by the lysosomal inhibitor E64, suggesting that PR targets RIG-I to the lysosomes. This study reveals a novel PR-dependent mechanism employed by HIV-1 to counteract the early IFN response to viral RNA in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Solis
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Peyman Nakhaei
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Jalalirad
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Judith Lacoste
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Renée Douville
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Meztli Arguello
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Michael Laughrea
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - Mark A. Wainberg
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
| | - John Hiscott
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, McGill AIDS Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada
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25
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Kuhl BD, Cheng V, Wainberg MA, Liang C. Tetherin and its viral antagonists. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:188-201. [PMID: 21222046 PMCID: PMC3087111 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Restriction factors comprise an important layer of host defense to fight against viral infection. Some restriction factors are constitutively expressed whereas the majority is induced by interferon to elicit innate immunity. In addition to a number of well-characterized interferon-inducible antiviral factors such as RNaseL/OAS, ISG15, Mx, PKR, and ADAR, tetherin (BST-2/CD317/HM1.24) was recently discovered to block the release of enveloped viruses from the cell surface, which is regarded as a novel antiviral mechanism induced by interferon. Here, we briefly review the history of tetherin discovery, discuss how tetherin blocks virus production, and highlight the viral countermeasures to evade tetherin restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D Kuhl
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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