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Milighetti M, Peng Y, Tan C, Mark M, Nageswaran G, Byrne S, Ronel T, Peacock T, Mayer A, Chandran A, Rosenheim J, Whelan M, Yao X, Liu G, Felce SL, Dong T, Mentzer AJ, Knight JC, Balloux F, Greenstein E, Reich-Zeliger S, Pade C, Gibbons JM, Semper A, Brooks T, Otter A, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Maini MK, McKnight A, Manisty C, Treibel TA, Moon JC, Noursadeghi M, Chain B. Large clones of pre-existing T cells drive early immunity against SARS-COV-2 and LCMV infection. iScience 2023; 26:106937. [PMID: 37275518 PMCID: PMC10201888 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses precede antibody and may provide early control of infection. We analyzed the clonal basis of this rapid response following SARS-COV-2 infection. We applied T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to define the trajectories of individual T cell clones immediately. In SARS-COV-2 PCR+ individuals, a wave of TCRs strongly but transiently expand, frequently peaking the same week as the first positive PCR test. These expanding TCR CDR3s were enriched for sequences functionally annotated as SARS-COV-2 specific. Epitopes recognized by the expanding TCRs were highly conserved between SARS-COV-2 strains but not with circulating human coronaviruses. Many expanding CDR3s were present at high frequency in pre-pandemic repertoires. Early response TCRs specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitopes were also found at high frequency in the preinfection naive repertoire. High-frequency naive precursors may allow the T cell response to respond rapidly during the crucial early phases of acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Milighetti
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cedric Tan
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michal Mark
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gayathri Nageswaran
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Suzanne Byrne
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tahel Ronel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom Peacock
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joshua Rosenheim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew Whelan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suet Ling Felce
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julian C Knight
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francois Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Erez Greenstein
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shlomit Reich-Zeliger
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Amanda Semper
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Ashley Otter
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Joy G, Artico J, Kurdi H, Seraphim A, Lau C, Thornton GD, Oliveira MF, Adam RD, Aziminia N, Menacho K, Chacko L, Brown JT, Patel RK, Shiwani H, Bhuva A, Augusto JB, Andiapen M, McKnight A, Noursadeghi M, Pierce I, Evain T, Captur G, Davies RH, Greenwood JP, Fontana M, Kellman P, Schelbert EB, Treibel TA, Manisty C, Moon JC. Prospective Case-Control Study of Cardiovascular Abnormalities 6 Months Following Mild COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:2155-2166. [PMID: 33975819 PMCID: PMC8105493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to detect cardiovascular changes after mild severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. BACKGROUND Concern exists that mild coronavirus disease 2019 may cause myocardial and vascular disease. METHODS Participants were recruited from COVIDsortium, a 3-hospital prospective study of 731 health care workers who underwent first-wave weekly symptom, polymerase chain reaction, and serology assessment over 4 months, with seroconversion in 21.5% (n = 157). At 6 months post-infection, 74 seropositive and 75 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched seronegative control subjects were recruited for cardiovascular phenotyping (comprehensive phantom-calibrated cardiovascular magnetic resonance and blood biomarkers). Analysis was blinded, using objective artificial intelligence analytics where available. RESULTS A total of 149 subjects (mean age 37 years, range 18 to 63 years, 58% women) were recruited. Seropositive infections had been mild with case definition, noncase definition, and asymptomatic disease in 45 (61%), 18 (24%), and 11 (15%), respectively, with 1 person hospitalized (for 2 days). Between seropositive and seronegative groups, there were no differences in cardiac structure (left ventricular volumes, mass, atrial area), function (ejection fraction, global longitudinal shortening, aortic distensibility), tissue characterization (T1, T2, extracellular volume fraction mapping, late gadolinium enhancement) or biomarkers (troponin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide). With abnormal defined by the 75 seronegatives (2 SDs from mean, e.g., ejection fraction <54%, septal T1 >1,072 ms, septal T2 >52.4 ms), individuals had abnormalities including reduced ejection fraction (n = 2, minimum 50%), T1 elevation (n = 6), T2 elevation (n = 9), late gadolinium enhancement (n = 13, median 1%, max 5% of myocardium), biomarker elevation (borderline troponin elevation in 4; all N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide normal). These were distributed equally between seropositive and seronegative individuals. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular abnormalities are no more common in seropositive versus seronegative otherwise healthy, workforce representative individuals 6 months post-mild severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Joy
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Artico
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hibba Kurdi
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Seraphim
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Lau
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George D Thornton
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Fontes Oliveira
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, University Hospital Centre of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Daniel Adam
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nikoo Aziminia
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katia Menacho
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liza Chacko
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - James T Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rishi K Patel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hunain Shiwani
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anish Bhuva
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joao B Augusto
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cardiology Department, Hospital Prof Doutor Fernando Fonseca Amadora, Portugal
| | - Mervyn Andiapen
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Pierce
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri H Davies
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John P Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kellman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas A Treibel
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James C Moon
- Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Gupta RK, Rosenheim J, Bell LC, Chandran A, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Pollara G, Whelan M, Artico J, Joy G, Kurdi H, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Maini MK, McKnight A, Lambourne J, Cutino-Moguel T, Manisty C, Treibel TA, Moon JC, Chain BM, Noursadeghi M. Blood transcriptional biomarkers of acute viral infection for detection of pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nested, case-control diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Microbe 2021; 2:e508-e517. [PMID: 34250515 PMCID: PMC8260104 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesised that host-response biomarkers of viral infections might contribute to early identification of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, which is critical to breaking the chains of transmission. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of existing candidate whole-blood transcriptomic signatures for viral infection to predict positivity of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing. METHODS We did a nested case-control diagnostic accuracy study among a prospective cohort of health-care workers (aged ≥18 years) at St Bartholomew's Hospital (London, UK) undergoing weekly blood and nasopharyngeal swab sampling for whole-blood RNA sequencing and SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, when fit to attend work. We identified candidate blood transcriptomic signatures for viral infection through a systematic literature search. We searched MEDLINE for articles published between database inception and Oct 12, 2020, using comprehensive MeSH and keyword terms for "viral infection", "transcriptome", "biomarker", and "blood". We reconstructed signature scores in blood RNA sequencing data and evaluated their diagnostic accuracy for contemporaneous SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with the gold standard of SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, by quantifying the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivities, and specificities at a standardised Z score of at least 2 based on the distribution of signature scores in test-negative controls. We used pairwise DeLong tests compared with the most discriminating signature to identify the subset of best performing biomarkers. We evaluated associations between signature expression, viral load (using PCR cycle thresholds), and symptom status visually and using Spearman rank correlation. The primary outcome was the AUROC for discriminating between samples from participants who tested negative throughout the study (test-negative controls) and samples from participants with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (test-positive participants) during their first week of PCR positivity. FINDINGS We identified 20 candidate blood transcriptomic signatures of viral infection from 18 studies and evaluated their accuracy among 169 blood RNA samples from 96 participants over 24 weeks. Participants were recruited between March 23 and March 31, 2020. 114 samples were from 41 participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 55 samples were from 55 test-negative controls. The median age of participants was 36 years (IQR 27-47) and 69 (72%) of 96 were women. Signatures had little overlap of component genes, but were mostly correlated as components of type I interferon responses. A single blood transcript for IFI27 provided the highest accuracy for discriminating between test-negative controls and test-positive individuals at the time of their first positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result, with AUROC of 0·95 (95% CI 0·91-0·99), sensitivity 0·84 (0·70-0·93), and specificity 0·95 (0·85-0·98) at a predefined threshold (Z score >2). The transcript performed equally well in individuals with and without symptoms. Three other candidate signatures (including two to 48 transcripts) had statistically equivalent discrimination to IFI27 (AUROCs 0·91-0·95). INTERPRETATION Our findings support further urgent evaluation and development of blood IFI27 transcripts as a biomarker for early phase SARS-CoV-2 infection for screening individuals at high risk of infection, such as contacts of index cases, to facilitate early case isolation and early use of antiviral treatments as they emerge. FUNDING Barts Charity, Wellcome Trust, and National Institute of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Gupta
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Rosenheim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy C Bell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriele Pollara
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Whelan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Artico
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Hibba Kurdi
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Lambourne
- Department of Infection, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Teresa Cutino-Moguel
- Department of Virology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin M Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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Valdes AM, Moon JC, Vijay A, Chaturvedi N, Norrish A, Ikram A, Craxford S, Cusin LM, Nightingale J, Semper A, Brooks T, McKnight A, Kurdi H, Menni C, Tighe P, Noursadeghi M, Aithal G, Treibel TA, Ollivere BJ, Manisty C. Longitudinal assessment of symptoms and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers across 5 hospitals to understand ethnic differences in infection risk. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 34:100835. [PMID: 33880438 PMCID: PMC8049191 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Healthcare workers (HCWs) have increased rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with the general population. We aimed to understand ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among hospital healthcare workers depending on their hospital role, socioeconomic status, Covid-19 symptoms and basic demographics. METHODS A prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. 1364 HCWs at five UK hospitals were studied with up to 16 weeks of symptom questionnaires and antibody testing (to both nucleocapsid and spike protein) during the first UK wave in five NHS hospitals between March 20 and July 10 2020. The main outcome measures were SARS-CoV-2 infection (seropositivity at any time-point) and symptoms. Registration number: NCT04318314. FINDINGS 272 of 1364 HCWs (mean age 40.7 years, 72% female, 74% White, ≥6 samples per participant) seroconverted, reporting predominantly mild or no symptoms. Seropositivity was lower in Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) workers (OR=0.44 95%CI 0.24, 0.77; p=0.0035). Seropositivity was higher in Black (compared to White) participants, independent of age, sex, role and index of multiple deprivation (OR=2.61 95%CI 1.47-4.62 p=0.0009). No association was seen between White HCWs and other minority ethnic groups. INTERPRETATION In the UK first wave, Black ethnicity (but not other ethnicities) more than doubled HCWs likelihood of seropositivity, independent of age, sex, measured socio-economic factors and hospital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Valdes
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- Corresponding Author: Professor Ana Valdes, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, United Kingdom, Tel: (+44)0115 823 1954
| | - James C. Moon
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Norrish
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Adeel Ikram
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Simon Craxford
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | | | - Jessica Nightingale
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Timothy Brooks
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Aine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hibba Kurdi
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Patrick Tighe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RB
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guruprasad Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas A. Treibel
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Ollivere
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Manisty C, Treibel TA, Jensen M, Semper A, Joy G, Gupta RK, Cutino-Moguel T, Andiapen M, Jones J, Taylor S, Otter A, Pade C, Gibbons J, Lee J, Bacon J, Thomas S, Moon C, Jones M, Williams D, Lambourne J, Fontana M, Altmann DM, Boyton R, Maini M, McKnight A, Chain B, Noursadeghi M, Moon JC. Time series analysis and mechanistic modelling of heterogeneity and sero-reversion in antibody responses to mild SARS‑CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103259. [PMID: 33662833 PMCID: PMC7920816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 serology is used to identify prior infection at individual and at population level. Extended longitudinal studies with multi-timepoint sampling to evaluate dynamic changes in antibody levels are required to identify the time horizon in which these applications of serology are valid, and to explore the longevity of protective humoral immunity. METHODS Healthcare workers were recruited to a prospective cohort study from the first SARS-CoV-2 epidemic peak in London, undergoing weekly symptom screen, viral PCR and blood sampling over 16-21 weeks. Serological analysis (n =12,990) was performed using semi-quantitative Euroimmun IgG to viral spike S1 domain and Roche total antibody to viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) assays. Comparisons were made to pseudovirus neutralizing antibody measurements. FINDINGS A total of 157/729 (21.5%) participants developed positive SARS-CoV-2 serology by one or other assay, of whom 31.0% were asymptomatic and there were no deaths. Peak Euroimmun anti-S1 and Roche anti-NP measurements correlated (r = 0.57, p<0.0001) but only anti-S1 measurements correlated with near-contemporary pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres (measured at 16-18 weeks, r = 0.57, p<0.0001). By 21 weeks' follow-up, 31/143 (21.7%) anti-S1 and 6/150 (4.0%) anti-NP measurements reverted to negative. Mathematical modelling revealed faster clearance of anti-S1 compared to anti-NP (median half-life of 2.5 weeks versus 4.0 weeks), earlier transition to lower levels of antibody production (median of 8 versus 13 weeks), and greater reductions in relative antibody production rate after the transition (median of 35% versus 50%). INTERPRETATION Mild SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with heterogeneous serological responses in Euroimmun anti-S1 and Roche anti-NP assays. Anti-S1 responses showed faster rates of clearance, more rapid transition from high to low level production rate and greater reduction in production rate after this transition. In mild infection, anti-S1 serology alone may underestimate incident infections. The mechanisms that underpin faster clearance and lower rates of sustained anti-S1 production may impact on the longevity of humoral immunity. FUNDING Charitable donations via Barts Charity, Wellcome Trust, NIHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Manisty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Alexander Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Melanie Jensen
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rishi K Gupta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mervyn Andiapen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Devices, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Jones
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ashley Otter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Corrina Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Lee
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Bacon
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Steve Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Chris Moon
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Meleri Jones
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dylan Williams
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marianna Fontana
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aine McKnight
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Waselau
- Equine Diagnostic Center Munich Equine Hospital Aschheim Aschheim Germany
| | - A. McKnight
- McKnight Insight LLC Chadds Ford Pennsylvania USA
| | - A. Kasparek
- Equine Diagnostic Center Munich Equine Hospital Aschheim Aschheim Germany
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7
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Gibbons J, Marno K, Pike R, Lee J, Jones C, Ogunkolade W, Pardieu C, Warnes G, Rowley P, Sloan R, McKnight A. HIV-1 Vpr accessory protein interacts with REAF and mitigates its associated anti-viral activity. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gibbons
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Marno
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Pike
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Lee
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Jones
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Ogunkolade
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Pardieu
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Warnes
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Sloan
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aine McKnight
- 1Queen Mary University of London, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Liu L, Oliveira NMM, Cheney KM, Pade C, Dreja H, Bergin AMH, Borgdorff V, Beach DH, Bishop CL, Dittmar MT, McKnight A. A whole genome screen for HIV restriction factors. Retrovirology 2011; 8:94. [PMID: 22082156 PMCID: PMC3228845 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Upon cellular entry retroviruses must avoid innate restriction factors produced by the host cell. For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) human restriction factors, APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein-B-mRNA-editing-enzyme), p21 and tetherin are well characterised. Results To identify intrinsic resistance factors to HIV-1 replication we screened 19,121 human genes and identified 114 factors with significant inhibition of infection. Those with a known function are involved in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including receptor signalling, vesicle trafficking, transcription, apoptosis, cross-nuclear membrane transport, meiosis, DNA damage repair, ubiquitination and RNA processing. We focused on the PAF1 complex which has been previously implicated in gene transcription, cell cycle control and mRNA surveillance. Knockdown of all members of the PAF1 family of proteins enhanced HIV-1 reverse transcription and integration of provirus. Over-expression of PAF1 in host cells renders them refractory to HIV-1. Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses and HIV-2 are also restricted in PAF1 expressing cells. PAF1 is expressed in primary monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes and we demonstrate strong activity in MonoMac1, a monocyte cell line. Conclusions We propose that the PAF1c establishes an anti-viral state to prevent infection by incoming retroviruses. This previously unrecognised mechanism of restriction could have implications for invasion of cells by any pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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9
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Harrison IP, McKnight A. Cellular entry via an actin and clathrin-dependent route is required for Lv2 restriction of HIV-2. Virology 2011; 415:47-55. [PMID: 21514617 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lv2 is a human factor that restricts infection of some HIV-2 viruses after entry into particular target cells. HIV-2 MCR is highly susceptible to Lv2 whereas HIV-2 MCN is not. The block is after reverse transcription but prior to nuclear entry. The viral determinants for this restriction have been mapped to the HIV-2 envelope and the capsid genes. Our model of Lv2 restriction suggests that the route taken into a cell is important in determining whether a productive infection occurs. Here we characterised the infectious routes used by MCN and MCR using chemical compounds and molecular techniques to distinguish between potential pathways. Our results suggest that susceptible MCR can enter restrictive HeLa(CD4) cells via two pathways; a clathrin/AP2 mediated endocytic route that is sensitive to Lv2 restriction and an alternative, non-clathrin mediated route, which results in more efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Harrison
- Queen Mary, University of London, Whitechapel, London, UK.
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10
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Dreja H, O'Sullivan E, Pade C, Greene KM, Gao H, Aubin K, Hand J, Isaksen A, D'Souza C, Leber W, Montefiori D, Seaman MS, Anderson J, Orkin C, McKnight A. Neutralization activity in a geographically diverse East London cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: clade C infection results in a stronger and broader humoral immune response than clade B infection. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2794-803. [PMID: 20685933 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtypes encountered in East London, an area long associated with migration, is unusually heterogeneous, reflecting the diverse geographical origins of the population. In this study it was shown that viral subtypes or clades infecting a sample of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-positive individuals in East London reflect the global pandemic. The authors studied the humoral response in 210 treatment-naïve chronically HIV-1-infected (>1 year) adult subjects against a panel of 12 viruses from six different clades. Plasmas from individuals infected with clade C, but also plasmas from clade A, and to a lesser degree clade CRF02_AG and CRF01_AE, were significantly more potent at neutralizing the tested viruses compared with plasmas from individuals infected with clade B. The difference in humoral robustness between clade C- and B-infected patients was confirmed in titration studies with an extended panel of clade B and C viruses. These results support the approach to develop an HIV-1 vaccine that includes clade C or A envelope protein (Env) immunogens for the induction of a potent neutralizing humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dreja
- HIV/AIDS Group, Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AT, UK
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11
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Richards KH, Aasa-Chapman MM, McKnight A, Clapham PR. Modulation of HIV-1 macrophage-tropism among R5 envelopes occurs before detection of neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2010; 7:48. [PMID: 20507591 PMCID: PMC2890664 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 R5 viruses vary widely in their capacity to infect primary macrophages. R5 macrophage-tropism is associated with an increased envelope:CD4 affinity that partly results from an increased exposure of CD4 contact residues on gp120 and allows the use of low levels of CD4 for infection. The selective pressures in vivo that modulate R5 macrophage-tropism are not understood. It is possible that different R5 variants adapt for replication in either T-cells (high CD4) or in macrophages (low CD4). However, other selective pressures in vivo (e.g. neutralizing antibodies) may also impact R5 tropism. Here, we measured macrophage infectivity conferred by gp120 sequences amplified sequentially from subjects in London followed from the acute stage of infection. We report wide variation in the capacity of these envelopes to confer macrophage infection in the complete absence of both autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that the variation in macrophage tropism observed at early times cannot have been influenced by neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Richards
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech 2, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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12
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Koh WWL, Forsman A, Hue S, van der Velden GJ, Yirrell DL, McKnight A, Weiss RA, Aasa-Chapman MMI. Novel subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelopes cloned directly from plasma: coreceptor usage and neutralization phenotypes. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2374-80. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Kelly BA, Harrison I, McKnight A, Dobson CB. Anti-infective activity of apolipoprotein domain derived peptides in vitro: identification of novel antimicrobial peptides related to apolipoprotein B with anti-HIV activity. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:13. [PMID: 20298574 PMCID: PMC2855520 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous reports have shown that peptides derived from the apolipoprotein E receptor binding region and the amphipathic α-helical domains of apolipoprotein AI have broad anti-infective activity and antiviral activity respectively. Lipoproteins and viruses share a similar cell biological niche, being of overlapping size and displaying similar interactions with mammalian cells and receptors, which may have led to other antiviral sequences arising within apolipoproteins, in addition to those previously reported. We therefore designed a series of peptides based around either apolipoprotein receptor binding regions, or amphipathic α-helical domains, and tested these for antiviral and antibacterial activity. Results Of the nineteen new peptides tested, seven showed some anti-infective activity, with two of these being derived from two apolipoproteins not previously used to derive anti-infective sequences. Apolipoprotein J (151-170) - based on a predicted amphipathic alpha-helical domain from apolipoprotein J - had measurable anti-HSV1 activity, as did apolipoprotein B (3359-3367) dp (apoBdp), the latter being derived from the LDL receptor binding domain B of apolipoprotein B. The more active peptide - apoBdp - showed similarity to the previously reported apoE derived anti-infective peptide, and further modification of the apoBdp sequence to align the charge distribution more closely to that of apoEdp or to introduce aromatic residues resulted in increased breadth and potency of activity. The most active peptide of this type showed similar potent anti-HIV activity, comparable to that we previously reported for the apoE derived peptide apoEdpL-W. Conclusions These data suggest that further antimicrobial peptides may be obtained using human apolipoprotein sequences, selecting regions with either amphipathic α-helical structure, or those linked to receptor-binding regions. The finding that an amphipathic α-helical region of apolipoprotein J has antiviral activity comparable with that for the previously reported apolipoprotein AI derived peptide 18A, suggests that full-length apolipoprotein J may also have such activity, as has been reported for full-length apolipoprotein AI. Although the strength of the anti-infective activity of the sequences identified was limited, this could be increased substantially by developing related mutant peptides. Indeed the apolipoprotein B-derived peptide mutants uncovered by the present study may have utility as HIV therapeutics or microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridie A Kelly
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Dibben O, Assa-Chapman M, Lewis J, McKnight A, Williams I, Borrow P. P01-04. Investigation of the sensitivity of acute-phase HIV-1 isolates to type I interferons. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767914 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
The enormous diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to the idea that designing vaccines to specific geographic regions, or clades, could simplify the complexity of the task. Yet, despite the sequence diversity, all HIV viruses known to date interact with the same cellular receptors (CD4 and/or a coreceptor, CCR5 or CXCR4). In this review we examine the existing evidence to support a clade-specific vaccine strategy for induction of neutralising antibodies. We concentrate on lessons learnt from natural infection of humans. In short, the vast majority of studies to date indicate that neutralisation of HIV-1 is not clade specific. Potent sera tend to neutralise a range of heterologous viruses with no apparent clade preference, and none of the human neutralising monoclonal antibodies so far generated demonstrate significant clade preference. All but one of the most broadly neutralising antibodies are to functional regions involved in receptor interactions and plasma membrane fusion. Given these facts, we suggest that vaccine approaches that focus on 'clade-specific' and 'clade-generic' vaccines will logically converge on the same functionally conserved envelope structures. It still remains to be determined whether or not the task of designing a 'clade-generic' vaccine could be simplified by focusing on the viral envelopes with 'transmitting phenotypes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine McKnight
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Denistry, London, UK.
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16
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Kelly BA, Neil SJ, McKnight A, Santos JM, Sinnis P, Jack ER, Middleton DA, Dobson CB. Apolipoprotein E-derived antimicrobial peptide analogues with altered membrane affinity and increased potency and breadth of activity. FEBS J 2007; 274:4511-25. [PMID: 17681018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Host-derived anti-infective proteins represent an important source of sequences for designing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However such sequences are often long and comprise diverse amino acids with uncertain contribution to biological effects. Previously, we identified a simple highly cationic peptide derivative of human apolipoprotein E (apoEdp) that inhibited a range of microorganisms. Here, we have dissected the protein chemistry underlying this activity. We report that basic residues and peptide length of around 18 residues were required for activity; however, the Leu residues can be substituted by several other residues without loss of activity and, when substituted with Phe or Trp, resulted in peptides with increased potency. These apoEdp-derived AMPs (apoE-AMPs) showed no cytotoxicity and minimal haemolytic activity, and were active against HIV and Plasmodium via an extracellular target. CXCR4 and CCR5 strains of HIV were inhibited though an early stage in viral infection upstream of fusion, and a lack of inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped HIV-1 suggested the anti-HIV activity was relatively selective. Inhibition of Plasmodium invasion of hepatocytes was observed without a direct action on Plasmodium integrity or attachment to cells. The Trp-substituted apoE-AMP adhered to mammalian cells irreversibly, explaining its increased potency; NMR experiments confirmed that the aromatic peptides also showed stronger perturbation of membrane lipids (relative to apoEdp). Our data highlight the contribution of specific amino acids to the activity of apoEdp (and also potentially unrelated AMPs) and suggest that apoE-AMPs may be useful as lead agents for preventing the early stages of HIV and Plasmodium cellular entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridie A Kelly
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The Mill, The University of Manchester, UK
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17
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can generally use CCR3 and CCR5 for cell entry. We show that envelopes with novel phenotypes arise during "coreceptor switch": one loses the ability to use CCR3 (R5-only phenotype), and another gains use of CXCR4 in addition to CCR5 and CCR3 (R3/R5/X4-using phenotype). The envelope determinants for CCR3 use mapped to three amino acids. One, N356 in conserved region 3, is a potential glycosylation site and has not previously been associated with coreceptor use. The other two, R440 and N448 in conserved region 4, are proximal to but distinct from residues already identified as being important for CCR5 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlén M I Aasa-Chapman
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Aasa-Chapman MMI, Aubin K, Williams I, McKnight A. Primary CCR5 only using HIV-1 isolates does not accurately represent the in vivo replicating quasi-species. Virology 2006; 351:489-96. [PMID: 16712896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most HIV-1 isolates depend on CCR5 or CXCR4 to infect target cells, and efficient use of other coreceptors is rare. We cloned HIV-1 envelopes from virus at acute infection and found that most use CCR3 efficiently. This result contradicts prevailing data, suggesting that CCR3 usage is rare. We hypothesized that direct isolation into PBMC biases selection of viruses that use CCR5 and not CCR3. We therefore compared coreceptor use of isolates obtained by PBMC coculture with envelopes cloned directly from patient blood samples, which should represent actively replicating species. Viruses derived by cloning generally used CCR3 and CCR5 with equally efficiently. In contrast, we found that viruses isolated by PBMC coculture largely, or exclusively, used CCR5. Regardless of whether CCR3 use contributes to HIV-1 transmission or pathogenesis, our results demonstrate that "primary isolates" generated by PBMC culture are unlikely to accurately represent the in vivo replicating quasi-species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlén M I Aasa-Chapman
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK
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19
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McKnight A. Changes in vocational training for general practice. Ulster Med J 2006; 75:3-4. [PMID: 16457398 PMCID: PMC1891791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Northern Ireland Medical and Dental Training Agency, Belfast.
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20
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Neil SJD, Aasa-Chapman MMI, Clapham PR, Nibbs RJ, McKnight A, Weiss RA. The promiscuous CC chemokine receptor D6 is a functional coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 on astrocytes. J Virol 2005; 79:9618-24. [PMID: 16014924 PMCID: PMC1181543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9618-9624.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of coreceptors other than CCR5 and CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is controversial. Here we show that a promiscuous CC chemokine receptor, D6, can function as a coreceptor for various primary dual-tropic isolates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2. Furthermore, D6 usage is common among chimeric HIV-1 constructs bearing the gp120 proteins of isolates from early seroconverting patients. D6 mRNA and immunoreactivity were demonstrated to be expressed in HIV-1 target cells such as macrophages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and primary astrocytes. In primary astrocytes, an RNA interference-mediated knockdown of D6 expression inhibited D6-tropic isolate infection. D6 usage may account for some previous observations of alternative receptor tropism for primary human cells. Thus, D6 may be an important receptor for HIV pathogenesis in the brain and for the early dissemination of virus in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J D Neil
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
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21
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Marchant D, Neil SJD, Aubin K, Schmitz C, McKnight A. An envelope-determined, pH-independent endocytic route of viral entry determines the susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 to Lv2 restriction. J Virol 2005; 79:9410-8. [PMID: 16014904 PMCID: PMC1181606 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9410-9418.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a postentry restriction, termed Lv2, which determines the cellular tropism of two related human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates and is dependent on the sequence of the capsid (CA) and envelope (Env) proteins. To explain the reliance on both CA and Env, we proposed that restrictive Envs deliver susceptible capsids to a compartment where Lv2 is active whereas nonrestrictive Envs deliver capsids into a compartment where Lv2 is either absent or less active. To test this model, we used compounds that affect endocytic pathways (ammonium chloride, bafilomycin A1, hypertonic sucrose) or lipid rafts (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) to treat restrictive cells and show that restricted virus can be rescued from Lv2 if a lipid-raft-dependent, pH-independent endocytic pathway is inhibited. Furthermore, viral entry into HeLa/CD4 cells containing a tailless CD4 receptor, located outside lipid rafts, was fully permissive. Finally, we show that a variety of primary HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses are susceptible to Lv2. Thus, we show that the route of entry, determined by the viral envelope, can influence cellular tropism by avoiding intracellular blocks to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marchant
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, UCL, London, UK
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22
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Aasa-Chapman MMI, Holuigue S, Aubin K, Wong M, Jones NA, Cornforth D, Pellegrino P, Newton P, Williams I, Borrow P, McKnight A. Detection of antibody-dependent complement-mediated inactivation of both autologous and heterologous virus in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2005; 79:2823-30. [PMID: 15709001 PMCID: PMC548453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2823-2830.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific CD8 T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are induced in primary infection and make an important contribution to the control of early viral replication. The importance of neutralizing antibodies in containing primary viremia is questioned because they usually arise much later. Nevertheless antienvelope antibodies develop simultaneously with, or even before, peak viremia. We determined whether such antibodies might control viremia by complement-mediated inactivation (CMI). In each of seven patients studied, antibodies capable of CMI appeared at or shortly after the peak in viremia, concomitantly with detection of virus-specific T-cell responses. The CMI was effective on both autologous and heterologous HIV-1 isolates. Activation of the classical pathway and direct viral lysis were at least partly responsible. Since immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibodies triggered the CMI, specific memory B cells could also be induced by vaccination. Thus, consideration should be given to vaccination strategies that induce IgG antibodies capable of CMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlén M I Aasa-Chapman
- Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Wohl Virion Centre, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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23
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Neil SJD, McKnight A, Gustafsson K, Weiss RA. HIV-1 incorporates ABO histo-blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement-mediated inactivation. Blood 2005; 105:4693-9. [PMID: 15728127 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-11-4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO histo-blood group antigens have been postulated to modify pathogen spread through the action of natural antibodies and complement. The antigens are generated by a polymorphic glycosyl-transferase encoded by 2 dominant active and a recessive inactive allele. In this study we investigated whether ABO sugars are incorporated into the envelope of HIV-1 virions. HIV vectors derived from cells expressing ABO antigens displayed sensitivity to fresh human serum analogous to ABO incompatibility, and ABO histo-blood group sugars were detected on the viral envelope protein, glycoprotein 120 (gp120). Moreover, lymphocyte-derived virus also displayed serum sensitivity, reflecting the ABO phenotype of the host when cultured in autologous serum due to adsorption of antigens to cell surfaces. Serum sensitivity required both active complement and specific anti-ABO antibodies. Thus, incorporation of ABO antigens by HIV-1 may affect transmission of virus between individuals of discordant blood groups by interaction with host natural antibody and complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J D Neil
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to reduce viraemia during acute HIV-1 infection; however the role of neutralizing antibodies in this process is unclear. One confounding factor may be artefacts introduced by viral culture. OBJECTIVE To assess the development of autologous neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies following acute HIV-1 infection using recombinant viruses with envelopes amplified directly from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells, thereby avoiding in vitro selection. METHODS Disease progression in four homosexual men was monitored from acute infection for up to 2.5 years, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Antibodies to viral envelope protein were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Development of neutralizing antibodies was monitored using a quantitative infectivity reduction assay, sequential serum, recombinant viruses and target cells with defined receptor expression. RESULTS The time to development of neutralizing antibodies after onset of symptoms was 3, 5, 7 and 16 months in the four patients. There was no correlation between development of neutralizing antibodies and the resolution of viraemia in any of the patients. However, antibodies to the envelope were detectable as early as 2 weeks after onset of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Neutralizing antibodies do not contribute to the control of viraemia in acute HIV-1 infection. However, antibodies to the envelope could be detected at the time of reduction in plasma viraemia and so other effector functions of antibodies may play a role in viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlén M I Aasa-Chapman
- Department of Immunology, University College London and the Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, UK
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Schmitz C, Marchant D, Neil SJD, Aubin K, Reuter S, Dittmar MT, McKnight A. Lv2, a novel postentry restriction, is mediated by both capsid and envelope. J Virol 2004; 78:2006-16. [PMID: 14747565 PMCID: PMC369432 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.2006-2016.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 11/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of restrictions to lentivirus replication in cells identifies critical steps in the viral life cycle and potential therapeutic targets. We previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate was restricted to infection in some human cells, which led us to identify a step in the life cycle of HIV-2 detected after reverse transcription but prior to nuclear entry. The block is bypassed with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G) envelope (A. McKnight et al., J. Virol. 75:6914-6922, 2001). We hypothesized that, although the restriction is apparent at a post-reverse transcription step, the lack of progress results from a failure of the virus to reach a cellular compartment with access to the nucleus. Here we analyzed molecular clones of the restricted virus, MCR, and an unrestricted virus, MCN. Using sequence analysis and gene swapping, we mapped the viral determinants to gag and env. Site-directed mutagenesis identified a single amino acid at position 207 in CA to be responsible for the gag restriction. Pseudotype experiments indicate that this step is also important for the infection of cells by HIV-1. The HIV-1 NL4.3 core is restricted if supplied with a restricted MCR envelope but not with VSV-G. Also the NL4.3 envelope rescues the restricted core of HIV-2 MCR. Abrogation experiments with MLV demonstrate that the restriction is distinct from Fv1/Ref1/Lv1. We propose that this represents a new lentiviral restriction, Lv2. Thus, the envelope and capsid of HIV act to ensure that the virus is delivered into an appropriate cellular compartment that allows postentry events in viral replication to proceed efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmitz
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, UCL, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine McKnight
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-2 can use a broader range of co-receptors than HIV-1 in vitro, and is less dependent on CD4 for infection. The aim of this study was to detect productive HIV-2 infection in the brain and investigate whether HIV-2 has an expanded tropism for brain cells in vivo, in comparison with HIV-1, which productively infects macrophages/microglia. DESIGN Brain samples taken at autopsy from eight patients who died from AIDS, six HIV-2 and two HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive, with HIV encephalitis (HIVE), collected in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire in 1991, were examined for the presence and localization of productive HIV-2 infection. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of HIV-2 p26 in formalin-fixed, wax-embedded brain tissue sections was investigated. Double-staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD45- and CD68-specific antibodies was performed to identify infected cell types. RESULTS HIV-2 p26 was detected in brain tissue from four of the HIV-2 cases and one of the dually infected individuals. The productively infected cells were either microglia or infiltrating macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The productively infected cells in the brains of HIV-2 infected individuals are macrophages/microglia. No evidence was found for productive infection of astrocytes, neurons or oligodendrocytes. Thus, the broader in vitro cell tropism, promiscuous coreceptor usage and relative independence of CD4 by HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 does not broaden its range of target cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mörner
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, UK
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Willey SJ, Reeves JD, Hudson R, Miyake K, Dejucq N, Schols D, De Clercq E, Bell J, McKnight A, Clapham PR. Identification of a subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains able to exploit an alternative coreceptor on untransformed human brain and lymphoid cells. J Virol 2003; 77:6138-52. [PMID: 12743271 PMCID: PMC155019 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6138-6152.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the major coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). At least 12 other chemokine receptors or close relatives support infection by particular HIV and SIV strains on CD4(+) transformed indicator cell lines in vitro. However, the role of these alternative coreceptors in vivo is presently thought to be insignificant. Infection of cell lines expressing high levels of recombinant CD4 and coreceptors thus does not provide a true indication of coreceptor use in vivo. We therefore tested primary untransformed cell cultures that lack CCR5 and CXCR4, including astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), for naturally expressed alternative coreceptors functional for HIV and SIV infection. An adenovirus vector (Ad-CD4) was used to express CD4 in CD4(-) astrocytes and thus confer efficient infection if a functional coreceptor is present. Using a large panel of viruses with well-defined coreceptor usage, we identified a subset of HIV and SIV strains able to infect two astrocyte cultures derived from adult brain tissue. Astrocyte infection was partially inhibited by several chemokines, indicating a role for the chemokine receptor family in the observed infection. BMVECs were weakly positive for CD4 but negative for CCR5 and CXCR4 and were susceptible to infection by the same subset of isolates that infected astrocytes. BMVEC infection was efficiently inhibited by the chemokine vMIP-I, implicating one of its receptors as an alternative coreceptor for HIV and SIV infection. Furthermore, we tested whether the HIV type 1 and type 2 strains identified were able to infect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) via an alternative coreceptor. Several strains replicated in Delta32/Delta32 CCR5 PBMCs with CXCR4 blocked by AMD3100. This AMD3100-resistant replication was also sensitive to vMIP-I inhibition. The nature and potential role of this alternative coreceptor(s) in HIV infection in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Willey
- Center for AIDS Research, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-2 is less pathogenic than HIV-1. In contrast to HIV-1, many isolates of HIV-2, including primary isolates, can infect cells independently of CD4. OBJECTIVE To compare the sensitivity of CD4-dependent and CD4-independent isolates of HIV-2 to antibody-mediated neutralization. METHODS The neutralization sensitivity of CD4-dependent and CD4-independent molecular clones of HIV-2 to a panel of HIV-2-positive serum samples was tested. Monoclonal antibodies to various epitopes across the viral envelope were used to determine whether a specific epitope conferred neutralization sensitivity. Neutralization sensitivity of primary isolates of HIV-2 able to infect in the absence of cellular CD4 was also investigated. Antibody binding to sensitive and resistant envelopes was analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS CD4-independent ROD B was highly sensitive to neutralization by HIV-2-positive sera compared with the CD4-dependent isolate ROD A. Induction of ROD A to infect CD4-negative cells by soluble CD4 rendered it equally sensitive to antibody neutralization. Similarly, primary X4, R5 or dual-tropic isolates of HIV-2 were significantly more susceptible to neutralization when utilizing a CD4-independent route of infection. Neutralization sensitivity was not epitope specific but several conformation-dependent antibodies accentuated this phenotype. Antibody binding to monomeric or oligomeric envelope did not correlate with neutralization sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS HIV-2 isolates utilizing a CD4-independent route of infection are more sensitive to antibody-mediated neutralization. Cellular CD4 may protect HIV-2 from neutralization. This sensitivity to neutralization may, in part, explain the lower virus load and slower progression to disease in HIV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Thomas
- The Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London W1T 4JF, UK
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Willey S, Roulet V, Reeves JD, Kergadallan ML, Thomas E, McKnight A, Jégou B, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Human Leydig cells are productively infected by some HIV-2 and SIV strains but not by HIV-1. AIDS 2003; 17:183-8. [PMID: 12545077 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200301240-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the identification of HIV reservoirs within the body has become an important issue. However, the testis has been largely ignored despite representing a pharmacologic sanctuary which could act as a viral reservoir. DESIGN Because alterations in testosterone production have frequently been reported in HIV-infected individuals, we investigated whether the testosterone-producing Leydig cells could become directly infected by HIV-1, HIV-2 or SIV. METHODS Purified Leydig cells were infected with a panel of HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV strains and examined for expression of HIV/SIV receptors. Additionally, the impact of CD4 transduction on Leydig cell infection was determined. RESULTS Leydig cells were unable to support productive infection of the seven HIV-1 isolates tested. No CD4, CXCR4 or CCR5 expression was evident on the surface of Leydig cells and transduction with a CD4 expressing adenovirus did not induce HIV-1 infection. In contrast, some primary and laboratory adapted CD4-independent HIV-2 and SIV strains were able to enter and replicate productively in Leydig cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Leydig cells do not represent a target for HIV-1 infection within the testis. In contrast, Leydig cells support HIV-2 and SIV infection and thus represent a potential target for infection. Receptor use and significance of HIV-2/SIV infection of Leydig cells remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Willey
- Wohl Virion Centre, Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, University College London, UK
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31
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Abstract
HIV virus particles interact with several receptors on cell surfaces. Two receptors, CD4 and a co-receptor act sequentially to trigger fusion of viral and cellular membranes and confer virus entry into cells. For HIV-1, the chemokine receptor CCR5 is the predominant co-receptor exploited for transmission and replication in vivo. Variants that switch to use CXCR4 and perhaps other co-receptors evolve in some infected individuals and have altered tropism and pathogenic properties. Other cell surface receptors including mannose binding protein on macrophages and DC-SIGN on dendritic cells also interact with gp120 on virus particles but do not actively promote fusion and virus entry. These receptors may tether virus particles to cells enabling interactions with suboptimal concentrations of CD4 and/or co-receptors. Alternatively such receptors may transport cell surface trapped virions into lymph nodes before transmitting them to susceptible cells. Therapeutic strategies that prevent HIV from interacting with receptors are currently being developed. This review describes how the interaction and use of different cellular receptors influences HIV tropism and pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Clapham
- Center for AIDS Research, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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32
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McKnight A, Cupples M, Archbold GP. Motivational consulting. Br J Gen Pract 1999; 49:837-8. [PMID: 10885096 PMCID: PMC1313543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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33
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Cupples ME, McKnight A. Five year follow up of patients at high cardiovascular risk who took part in randomised controlled trial of health promotion. BMJ 1999; 319:687-8. [PMID: 10480826 PMCID: PMC28222 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7211.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Cupples
- Department of General Practice, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7HR.
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34
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Reeves JD, Hibbitts S, Simmons G, McKnight A, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Moniz-Pereira J, Clapham PR. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates infect CD4-negative cells via CCR5 and CXCR4: comparison with HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo. J Virol 1999; 73:7795-804. [PMID: 10438870 PMCID: PMC104307 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7795-7804.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for infection are major determinants of tropism. HIV-1 usually requires two receptors to infect cells. Gp120 on HIV-1 virions binds CD4 on the cell surface, triggering conformational rearrangements that create or expose a binding site for a seven-transmembrane (7TM) coreceptor. Although HIV-2 and SIV strains also use CD4, several laboratory-adapted HIV-2 strains infect cells without CD4, via an interaction with the coreceptor CXCR4. Moreover, the envelope glycoproteins of SIV of macaques (SIV(MAC)) can bind to and initiate infection of CD4(-) cells via CCR5. Here, we show that most primary HIV-2 isolates can infect either CCR5(+) or CXCR4(+) cells without CD4. The efficiency of CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 was comparable to that of SIV, but markedly higher than that of HIV-1. CD4-independent HIV-2 strains that could use both CCR5 and CXCR4 to infect CD4(+) cells were only able to use one of these receptors in the absence of CD4. Our observations therefore indicate (i) that HIV-2 and SIV envelope glycoproteins form a distinct conformation that enables contact with a 7TM receptor without CD4, and (ii) the use of CD4 enables a wider range of 7TM receptors to be exploited for infection and may assist adaptation or switching to new coreceptors in vivo. Primary CD4(-) fetal astrocyte cultures expressed CXCR4 and supported replication by the T-cell-line-adapted ROD/B strain. Productive infection by primary X4 strains was only triggered upon treatment of virus with soluble CD4. Thus, many primary HIV-2 strains infect CCR5(+) or CXCR4(+) cell lines without CD4 in vitro. CD4(-) cells that express these coreceptors in vivo, however, may still resist HIV-2 entry due to insufficient coreceptor concentration on the cell surface to trigger fusion or their expression in a conformation nonfunctional as a coreceptor. Our study, however, emphasizes that primary HIV-2 strains carry the potential to infect CD4(-) cells expressing CCR5 or CXCR4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Reeves
- The Wohl Virion Centre, Department of Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Molecular Pathology Department, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences,46 Cleveland Street, London W1P 6DB, UK
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36
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Abstract
HIV is a persistent virus that survives and replicates despite an onslaught by the host's immune system. A strategy for cell entry, requiring the use of two receptors, has evolved that may help evade neutralizing antibodies. HIV and SIV usually require both CD4 and a seven transmembrane (7TM) coreceptor for infection. At least eleven different 7TM coreceptors have been identified that confer HIV and/or SIV entry. For HIV-1, the major coreceptors are CCR5 and CXCR4, while the role of other coreceptors for replication and cell tropism in vivo is currently unclear. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene that reduce CCR5 expression levels, protect against disease progression, suggesting that drugs targeted to CCR5 could be effective. Such therapies however will not work if HIV simply adapts to use alternative coreceptors. In the light of these themes, this review will discuss the following topics: (i) the coreceptors used by primary HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses, (ii) the properties and coreceptors of HIV-2 strains that infect cells without CD4, (iii) the role of coreceptors in HIV cell tropism and particularly macrophage infection and (iv) the properties of chemokine receptor ligands that block HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Clapham
- Section of Virology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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37
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Simmons G, Reeves JD, McKnight A, Dejucq N, Hibbitts S, Power CA, Aarons E, Schols D, De Clercq E, Proudfoot AE, Clapham PR. CXCR4 as a functional coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of primary macrophages. J Virol 1998; 72:8453-7. [PMID: 9733901 PMCID: PMC110244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8453-8457.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coreceptors used by primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary macrophages were investigated. SI strains using only CXCR4 replicated equally well in macrophages with or without CCR5 and were inhibited by several different ligands for CXCR4 including SDF-1 and bicyclam derivative AMD3100. SI strains that used a broad range of coreceptors including CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, CXCR4, and BONZO infected CCR5-deficient macrophages about 10-fold less efficiently than CCR5(+) macrophages. Moreover, AMD3100 blocked infection of CCR5-negative macrophages by these strains. Our results therefore demonstrate that CXCR4, as well as CCR5, is used for infection of primary macrophages but provide no evidence for the use of alternative coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simmons
- Section of Virology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
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McKnight A, Dittmar MT, Moniz-Periera J, Ariyoshi K, Reeves JD, Hibbitts S, Whitby D, Aarons E, Proudfoot AE, Whittle H, Clapham PR. A broad range of chemokine receptors are used by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as coreceptors with CD4. J Virol 1998; 72:4065-71. [PMID: 9557695 PMCID: PMC109635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4065-4071.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), HIV-2 requires a coreceptor in addition to CD4 for entry into cells. HIV and SIV coreceptor molecules belong to a family of seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptors. Here we show that primary HIV-2 isolates can use a broad range of coreceptor molecules, including CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR4. Despite broad coreceptor use, the chemokine ligand SDF-1 substantially blocked HIV-2 infectivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating that its receptor, CXCR4, was the predominant coreceptor for infection of these cells. However, expression of CXCR4 together with CD4 on some cell types did not confer susceptibility to infection by all CXCR4-using virus isolates. These data therefore indicate that another factor(s) influences the ability of HIV-2 to replicate in human cell types that express the appropriate receptors for virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Section of Virology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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39
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Reeves JD, McKnight A, Potempa S, Simmons G, Gray PW, Power CA, Wells T, Weiss RA, Talbot SJ. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 (ROD/B): use of the 7-transmembrane receptors CXCR-4, CCR-3, and V28 for entry. Virology 1997; 231:130-4. [PMID: 9143311 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have assayed a variety of 7tm chemokine receptors (CCR-2b, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CXCR-1, CXCR-4) and two orphan 7tm receptors (V28 and EBI.1) for their ability to allow infection of CD4-negative feline kidney CCC cells by the HIV-2 strains ROD/A and ROD/B. We found that ROD/B was able to use CXCR-4 transiently expressed in CCC cells, and infection by ROD/A was enhanced 15-fold in the presence of sCD4. Feline CCC cells also became permissive to ROD/B and ROD/A entry when transiently transfected with the chemokine receptor CCR-3 or the orphan 7tm receptor V2B, when cultured in the presence of sCD4. Entry of ROD/A into CCC cells expressing CCR-3 could be blocked by 800 ng/ml eotaxin, the natural ligand for CCR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Reeves
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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Picard L, Wilkinson DA, McKnight A, Gray PW, Hoxie JA, Clapham PR, Weiss RA. Role of the amino-terminal extracellular domain of CXCR-4 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry. Virology 1997; 231:105-11. [PMID: 9143308 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the role of the N-terminal extracellular domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor, CXCR-4, in the entry and fusion of syncytium-inducing strains of HIV-1. Progressive deletions were introduced in the N-terminal extracellular domain of CXCR-4 and the effect on infection by different isolates was tested. Infection of cells expressing the different CXCR-4 deletion mutants by HIV-1 LAI and 89.6 was reduced only about twofold. In contrast, the HIV-1 GUN-1 and RF isolates were substantially more impaired in their ability to mediate cell-free infection and cell-cell fusion. Since LAI and RF are T-cell line-tropic viruses while 89.6 and GUN-1 are dual tropic, no clear correlation between tropism and requirements for CXCR-4 N-terminal sequences emerged. We also introduced point mutations at the two N-linked glycosylation sites. The isolates tested (LAI, RF, GUN-1, and 89.6) were not affected by the removal of predicted N-linked glycosylation sites in CXCR-4. We conclude that distinct virus strains interact differently with the CXCR-4 coreceptor and that the N-terminal extracellular domain is not the sole functional domain important for HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Picard
- Chester Beatly Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Dickerson B, McKnight A, Middleton J, Tyler JW, Bagley R, Valdez R. Electromyographic evaluation of a calf with white muscle disease. Vet Rec 1997; 140:431-2. [PMID: 9149366 DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.16.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA
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Klapprich H, Tyler JW, Barbee D, McKnight A. What is your diagnosis? Lumbrosacral luxation in a ram. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:623-4. [PMID: 9054988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Klapprich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PUllman 99164-6610, USA
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McKnight A, Wilkinson D, Simmons G, Talbot S, Picard L, Ahuja M, Marsh M, Hoxie JA, Clapham PR. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus fusion by a monoclonal antibody to a coreceptor (CXCR4) is both cell type and virus strain dependent. J Virol 1997; 71:1692-6. [PMID: 8995702 PMCID: PMC191233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1692-1696.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 (also termed fusin, LESTR, or HUMSTR) is a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family with seven membrane-spanning domains. CXCR4 acts as a coreceptor for syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains, conferring entry into CD4+ cells. We show here that a novel mouse monoclonal antibody (12G5) that recognizes CXCR4 blocked cell-to-cell fusion and cell free-virus infection of CXCR4+ CD4+ RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells by seven HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains that had various cell tropisms for different CD4+ human cell types. Yet the majority of the members of the same virus panel resisted 12G5 inhibition on T-cell lines. When inhibition was observed on these cell types, it was both cell type and virus strain dependent. In at least one situation, 12G5 failed to block LAI infection of cells expressing CXCR4 as the only available coreceptor. Our observations suggest that CXCR4 could be processed or presented differently depending on the cell type, allowing some strains to evade 12G5 inhibition. Alternatively, since several of the viruses could infect certain CXCR4- CD4+ cell lines, it is conceivable that alternative coreceptors are active, enabling individual HIV strains to choose between compatible coreceptors during entry into cells. Moreover, the strain dependency of 12G5 inhibition implies that the interaction of different HIVs with CXCR4 varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Virology Laboratory, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Endres MJ, Clapham PR, Marsh M, Ahuja M, Turner JD, McKnight A, Thomas JF, Stoebenau-Haggarty B, Choe S, Vance PJ, Wells TN, Power CA, Sutterwala SS, Doms RW, Landau NR, Hoxie JA. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 is mediated by fusin/CXCR4. Cell 1996; 87:745-56. [PMID: 8929542 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the chemokine receptor family have been shown to function in association with CD4 to permit HIV-1 entry and infection. However, the mechanism by which these molecules serve as CD4-associated cofactors is unclear. In the present report, we show that one member of this family, termed Fusin/ CXCR4, is able to function as an alternative receptor for some isolates of HIV-2 in the absence of CD4. This conclusion is supported by the finding that (1) CD4-independent infection by these viruses is inhibited by an anti-Fusin monoclonal antibody, (2) Fusin expression renders human and nonhuman CD4-negative cell lines sensitive to HIV-2-induced syncytium induction and/or infection, and (3) Fusin is selectively down-regulated from the cell surface following HIV-2 infection. The finding that one chemokine receptor can function as a primary viral receptor strongly suggests that the HIV envelope glycoprotein contains a binding site for these proteins and that differences in the affinity and/or the availability of this site can extend the host range of these viruses to include a number of CD4-negative cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Endres
- Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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McKnight A, Bradley T. How do general practitioners qualify for their PGEA? Br J Gen Pract 1996; 46:679-80. [PMID: 8978116 PMCID: PMC1239824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
On average, general practitioners (GPs) achieved their five-day annual target for the postgraduate educational allowance (PGEA) mainly by attending short meetings in the disease management category. The pattern of uptake closely resembled that of provision, with relatively few meetings and attendances in the health promotion category. Sponsored meetings attracted more participants than non-sponsored ones, but mean attendances at all types of meetings were low. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Northern Ireland Council for Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education, Queen's University, Belfast
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O'Neill C, Normand C, Cupples M, McKnight A. Cost effectiveness of personal health education in primary care for people with angina in the greater Belfast area of Northern Ireland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996; 50:538-40. [PMID: 8944861 PMCID: PMC1060346 DOI: 10.1136/jech.50.5.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the cost effectiveness of personal health education for angina patients being treated in general practice. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial in which people were randomised to intervention and control groups. All were assessed at the start and end of the study, with details recorded of disease status, coronary heart disease risk factors, and self assessed quality of life. A note was taken of their current use of drugs and over the course of the study their use of all health services. Those in the intervention group had three visits per year from a health visitor, whose brief was discuss ways of living more easily with their disease and in which risks of further events might be reduced. PATIENTS Altogether 688 patents in the Greater Belfast area aged less than 75 years and known to have angina for at least six months. MAIN RESULTS Significant improvements in survival and self assessed quality of life were found between the study and control groups. The intervention was associated with a reduction in drug usage and there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of their use of other health services. CONCLUSION Given the improvement in survival and self assessed quality of life and no significant differences in costs to the health service between the two groups, the intervention was deemed to be cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Neill
- Department of Economics, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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McKnight A, Shotton C, Cordell J, Jones I, Simmons G, Clapham PR. Location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 SU glycoprotein. J Virol 1996; 70:4598-606. [PMID: 8676486 PMCID: PMC190396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4598-4606.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize the SU glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) ROD were produced and characterized. Binding sites for eight of these MAbs were mapped to epitopes within the Cl, V1/V2, C2, and V3 envelope regions. The three other MAbs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside Vl/V2, V3, and the CD4-binding site. The MAbs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expressed on the surfaces of infected cells. Epitopes at the apices of V2 and V3 were exposed on the native molecule, whereas other epitopes on V1/V2, Cl, and C2 were hidden. The MAbs defined three neutralization targets on exposed domains: two linear epitopes in the V2 and the V3 loops and one conformational epitope outside V1, V2, and V3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKnight
- Virology Laboratory, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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O'Neill C, Normand C, Cupples M, McKnight A. A comparison of three measures of perceived distress: results from a study of angina patients in general practice in Northern Ireland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1996; 50:202-6. [PMID: 8762389 PMCID: PMC1060253 DOI: 10.1136/jech.50.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the effect of health education on the level of distress felt by patients with angina and to compare the results obtained using different measures. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial of personal health education given every four months. SETTING Eighteen general practices in the greater Belfast area. SUBJECTS These comprised 688 patients aged less than 75 years and known to have had angina for at least six months: 342 were randomised to receive education and 346 no education. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES These were the Nottingham health profile (NHP), functional limitation profile (FLP), and a simple categorical scale (SCS). RESULTS The intervention group showed a statistically significant improvement in health relative to the control group in terms of physical mobility and social isolation using the NHP. In terms of overall wellbeing, both the NHP and SCS results showed the intervention group had experienced statistically significant improvements in health relative to the control group. Results obtained using the NHP, FLP, and SCS were found to be correlated regardless of whether weighted or unweighted scores were used. CONCLUSION The intervention produced a significant improvement in health status. Results from different survey instruments were correlated using both weighted and unweighted scores. An SCS was capable of detecting the improvement in health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Neill
- Department of Economics, Queen's University of Belfast
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