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Liu M, Duan YJ, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wei B, Wang J. Prognostic Value of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3alpha (MIP3-Alpha) and Severity Scores in Elderly Patients with Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1503-1509. [PMID: 38476471 PMCID: PMC10929558 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s447142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examines the effectiveness of MIP-3alpha and severity scores in determining the prognosis of elderly sepsis patients. Methods From October 2020 to April 2021, a total of 171 elderly sepsis patients were admitted to the Emergency Department of the Shijingshan Branch of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University. According to the 28-day mortality rate, they were divided into two groups: survivors (48 cases) and deaths (123 cases). At admission, severity scores which are the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) were calculated. The logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors associated with 28-day mortality in elderly sepsis patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the value of MIP-3alpha, SOFA, and APACHE II in the evaluation of 28-day mortality in elderly sepsis patients. Results MIP-3alpha, SOFA and APACHE II of the death group were significantly higher than those of the survival group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MIP-3alpha, SOFA, APACHE II, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality of senile sepsis (P < 0.05). Analysis of the ROC curve revealed that MIP-3alpha, SOFA, APACHE II had predictive value for the 28-day prognosis of senile sepsis (all P < 0.01). Combing with MIP-3alpha and SOFA showed better predictive ability (Z1 = 3.733, Z2 = 2.996, both P < 0.01), compared to detecting MIP-3alpha and SOFA alone. Conclusion In senile sepsis, MIP-3alpha, SOFA, APACHE II and SBP are independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. The combination of MIP-3alpha and SOFA can further enhance the predictive value of 28-day mortality in patients with senile sepsis and provide some reference value for the evaluation and treatment of senile sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Jiao Duan
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wei
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, & Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Clinical Center for Medicine in Acute Infection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Taylor TC, Coleman BM, Arunkumar SP, Dey I, Dillon JT, Ponde NO, Poholek AC, Schwartz DM, McGeachy MJ, Conti HR, Gaffen SL. IκBζ is an essential mediator of immunity to oropharyngeal candidiasis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1700-1713.e4. [PMID: 37725983 PMCID: PMC10591851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a global threat; yet, there are no licensed vaccines to any fungal pathogens. Th17 cells mediate immunity to Candida albicans, particularly oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), but essential downstream mechanisms remain unclear. In the murine model of OPC, IκBζ (Nfkbiz, a non-canonical NF-κB transcription factor) was upregulated in an interleukin (IL)-17-dependent manner and was essential to prevent candidiasis. Deletion of Nfkbiz rendered mice highly susceptible to OPC. IκBζ was dispensable in hematopoietic cells and acted partially in the suprabasal oral epithelium to control OPC. One prominent IκBζ-dependent gene target was β-defensin 3 (BD3) (Defb3), an essential antimicrobial peptide. Human oral epithelial cells required IκBζ for IL-17-mediated induction of BD2 (DEFB4A, human ortholog of mouse Defb3) through binding to the DEFB4A promoter. Unexpectedly, IκBζ regulated the transcription factor Egr3, which was essential for C. albicans induction of BD2/DEFB4A. Accordingly, IκBζ and Egr3 comprise an antifungal signaling hub mediating mucosal defense against oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Taylor
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Samyuktha P Arunkumar
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ipsita Dey
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John T Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Nicole O Ponde
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heather R Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Shi ZR, Mabuchi T, Riutta SJ, Wu X, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, Hwang ST. The Chemokine, CCL20, and Its Receptor, CCR6, in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. JOURNAL OF PSORIASIS AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 2023; 8:107-117. [PMID: 39296310 PMCID: PMC11361516 DOI: 10.1177/24755303231159106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Chemokines represent a superfamily of immune-modulatory small protein molecules that regulate leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites through their chemoattractant and cell signaling properties. This review focuses on the immunological functions of the CCR6 chemokine receptor and is chemokine ligand, CCL20, that contribute to it role in inflammation in human psoriasis. Methods Peer-reviewed relevant articles are searched and selected from 2000 to 2022 using the search engines including PubMed and Google Scholar. Results After selectively reviewing and evaluating over seventy articles, a comprehensive overview on the immunology of CCL20-CCR6 axis in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, the X-ray crystal structures of CCL20 monomers, and the potential of developing clinical therapies targeting this axis is summarized. Conclusions Over the past decade, preclinical studies carried out in animal models of psoriasis involving agents targeting CCL20-CCR6 axis have yielded promising results. Other studies that this axis may play a role in a number of other autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting a rationale for further investigation into this key signaling/migratory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Rui Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guang-zhou, China
| | - Tomotaka Mabuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Sarah J Riutta
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sam T Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Dong J, Zhang R, Xia Y, Jiang X, Zhou K, Li J, Guo M, Cao X, Zhang S. The necroptosis related gene LGALS3 can be used as a biomarker for the adverse progression from chronic HBV infection to HCC. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142319. [PMID: 37180150 PMCID: PMC10169569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains large, despite the remarkable effectiveness of antiviral drugs and vaccines for HBV in preventing and treating HBV infection. Necroptosis is closely related to the occurrence of inflammation, clearance of viral infection, and tumor progression. Presently, little is known about the changes in necroptosis-related genes in the progression from chronic HBV infection (CHI) to HBV-related hepatic fibrosis (HBV-HF) and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). In this study, Cox regression analysis was performed using GSE14520 chip data and a necroptosis-related genes survival prognosis score (NRGPS) was established for HBV-HCC patients. NRGPS was constructed using three model genes (G6PD, PINK1 and LGALS3), and verified by data sequencing in the TCGA database. The HBV-HCC cell model was established by transfection of pAAV/HBV1.2C2, constructed by homologous recombination, into HUH7 and HEPG2 cells. The expression levels of G6PD, PINK1, and LGALS3 were detected using RT-qPCR. We further analyzed the expression of the model genes in GSE83148, GSE84044, and GSE14520 and found that LGALS3 was consistently highly expressed in CHI, high fibrosis score and high NRGPS. In addition, immune microenvironment analysis showed that LGALS3 was not only associated with the infiltration of regulatory T cells in the immune microenvironment but also with expression of CCL20 and CCR6. The expression levels of model genes, FOXP3 and CCR6, were analyzed using RT-qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 31 hepatitis B surface antibody positive patients, 30 CHI, 21 HBV-HF, and 20 HBV-HCC. In further cell-model experiments, we analyzed the expression of CCL20 by RT-qPCR and the changes in cell proliferation and migration by CCK8 and transwell assays, respectively, in HBV-HCC cell models after LGALS3 knockdown. The findings of this study suggest that LGALS3 could be a biomarker for adverse progression following chronic HBV infection and may also be involved in the regulation of the immune microenvironment, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Dong
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongzheng Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengrui Guo
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyang Cao
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyun Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Gómez-Melero S, Caballero-Villarraso J. CCR6 as a Potential Target for Therapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37092451 PMCID: PMC10123731 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) involved in a wide range of biological processes. When CCR6 binds to its sole ligand CCL20, a signaling network is produced. This pathway is implicated in mechanisms related to many diseases, such as cancer, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, HIV infection or rheumatoid arthritis. The CCR6/CCL20 axis plays a fundamental role in immune homeostasis and activation. Th17 cells express the CCR6 receptor and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, which are involved in the spread of inflammatory response. The CCL20/CCR6 mechanism plays a crucial role in the recruitment of these pro-inflammatory cells to local tissues. To date, there are no drugs against CCR6 approved, and the development of small molecules against CCR6 is complicated due to the difficulty in screenings. This review highlights the potential as a therapeutic target of the CCR6 receptor in numerous diseases and the importance of the development of antibodies against CCR6 that could be a promising alternative to small molecules in the treatment of CCR6/CCL20 axis-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-Melero
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Zhang M, Wang L, Zhou C, Wang J, Cheng J, Fan Y. E. coli LPS/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Regulates Th17/Treg Balance Mediating Inflammatory Responses in Oral Lichen Planus. Inflammation 2023; 46:1077-1090. [PMID: 37017858 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. The imbalance of microflora has potential impacts on the onset and development of OLP, but the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simulating the microbial enrichment state of OLP on T cell immune functions in vitro. Effect of E. coli LPS on the viability of T cell using CCK8 assay. After E. coli LPS pretreatment, the expression of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), cytokines, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) in the peripheral blood of OLP patients and normal controls (NC) were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, Th17 and Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry. We found that the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was activated and the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 was increased in both groups after E. coli LPS stimulation. CC chemokine ligand (CCL)20 and CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 expression was increased in OLP after E. coli LPS treatment, while no difference was found in CCR6 and CCL17 expression of both groups. Moreover, E. coli LPS treatment enhanced the proportion of Th17 cells, Th17/Treg ratio, and RORγt/Foxp3 ratio in OLP. In conclusion, E. coli LPS regulated Th17/Treg balance to mediate the inflammatory responses of OLP through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in vitro, indicating that oral microbiota dysbiosis affected the chronic inflammatory state of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Linglin Wang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juehua Cheng
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Ye C, Guo X, Wu J, Wang M, Ding H, Ren X. CCL20/CCR6 Mediated Macrophage Activation and Polarization Can Promote Adenoid Epithelial Inflammation in Adenoid Hypertrophy. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6843-6855. [PMID: 36583131 PMCID: PMC9793726 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s390210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a chronic or acute obstruction-related ailment of the upper respiratory tract that arises as an inflammatory response to exposure of bacteria, viruses or allergies. Activation and polarization of macrophages are key processes in inflammation-related disorders like AH and CCL20/CCR6 axis is a critical therapeutic target. Purpose To determine that CCL20/CCR6 mediated macrophage activation and polarization can promote adenoid epithelial inflammation in AH. Methods To support this claim, CCL20 and CCR6 expressions were studied in clinical AH samples. In addition, the expressions of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10 and TGF-β were analysed. In vitro, human adenoid epithelial cells were co-cultured with polarized THP-1 and T lymphocyte H9 cells to study the expressions of several inflammatory markers. Results The expressions of M1 macrophage markers CD86 and IL-17 were significantly increased, whereas the expressions of M2 macrophage markers CD206 and FOXP3 were significantly decreased. The THP-1 cells were successfully polarized to M0, M1 and M2 macrophages. The survival of macrophages improved after 24 hr of induction and enhanced TGF-β expression was observed. The expressions of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and CCL20 increased significantly. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that the CCL20/CCR6 mediated macrophage activation and polarization into M1-type macrophages can promote adenoid epithelial inflammation in AH. Further studies are warranted to determine the roles of inflammatory markers in the pathophysiology of AH and identifying potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Ye
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pediatrics, Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxue Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiani Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Yixing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yixing, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Ren
- The First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xianzhi Ren, Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Qiao D, Zhao Y, Pei C, Zhao X, Jiang X, Zhu L, Zhang J, Li L, Kong X. Genome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis, and antimicrobial activity prediction of CC chemokines in allotetraploid common carp, Cyprinus carpio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:114-131. [PMID: 36084887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of secreted small molecules which are essential for cell migration in physiological and pathological conditions by binding to specific chemokine receptors. They are structurally classified into five groups, namely CXC, CC, CX3C, XC and CX. CC chemokine group is the largest one among them. In this study, we identified and characterized 61 CC chemokines from allotetraploid common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The sequence analyses showed that the majority of CC chemokines had an N-terminal signal peptide, and an SCY domain, and all CC chemokines were located in the extracellular region. Phylogenetic, evolutionary and syntenic analyses confirmed that CC chemokines were annotated as 11 different types (CCL19, CCL20, CCL25, CCL27, CCL32, CCL33, CCL34, CCL35, CCL36, CCL39, and CCL44), which exhibited unique gene arrangement pattern and chromosomal location respectively. Furthermore, genome synteny analyses between common carp and four representative teleost species indicated expansion of common carp CC chemokines resulted from the whole genome duplication (WGD) event. Additionally, the continuous evolution of gene CCL25s in teleost afforded a novel viewpoint to explain the WGD event in teleost. Then, we predicted the three-dimensional structures and probable function regions of common carp CC chemokines. All the CC chemokines core structures were constituted of an N-loop, a three-stranded β-sheet, and a C-terminal helix. Finally, 43 CC chemokines were predicted to have probable general antimicrobial activity. Their tertiary structures, cationic and amphiphilic physicochemical property supported the viewpoint. To verify the prediction, six recombinant CCL19s proteins were prepared and the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila were verified. The results supported our prediction that rCCL19a.1s (rCCL19a.1_a, rCCL19a.1_b) and rCCL19bs (rCCL19b_a, rCCL19b_b), especially rCCL19bs, exhibited extremely significant inhibition to the growth of both E. coli and A. hydrophila. On the contrary, two rCCL19a.2s had no significant inhibitory effect. These studies suggested that CC chemokines were essential in immune system evolution and not monofunctional during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Yanjing Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianliang Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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Korona B, Korona D, Zhao W, Wotherspoon AC, Du MQ. CCR6 activation links innate immune responses to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma development. Haematologica 2022; 107:1384-1396. [PMID: 35142152 PMCID: PMC9152962 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.280067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is driven by oncogenic co-operation among immunological stimulations and acquired genetic changes. We previously identified recurrent CCR6 mutations in MALT lymphoma, with majority predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking the phosphorylation motif important for receptor desensitization. Functional consequences of these mutational changes, the molecular mechanisms of CCR6 activation and how this receptor signaling contributes to MALT lymphoma development remain to be investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that these mutations impaired CCR6 receptor internalization and were activating changes, being more potent in apoptosis resistance, malignant transformation, migration and intracellular signaling, particularly in the presence of the ligands CCL20, HBD2 (human b defensin 2) and HD5 (human a defensin 5). CCR6 was highly expressed in malignant B cells irrespective of the lymphoma sites. HBD2 and CCL20 were constitutively expressed by the duct epithelial cells of salivary glands, and also those involved in lymphoepithelial lesions (LEL) in salivary gland MALT lymphoma. While in the gastric setting, HBD2, and HD5, to a less extent CCL20, were highly expressed in epithelial cells of pyloric and intestinal metaplasia respectively including those involved in LEL, which are adaptive responses to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. These findings suggest that CCR6 signaling is most likely active in MALT lymphoma, independent of its mutation status. The observations explain why the emergence of malignant B cells and their clonal expansion in MALT lymphoma are typically around LEL, linking the innate immune responses to lymphoma genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslawa Korona
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Dagmara Korona
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- The Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge
| | | | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge.
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Wang H, Shi H, He X, Liao A. Downregulation of Chemokine CCL20 Involved in Myeloma Cells Resistant to Elotuzumab and Lenalidomide. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2789-2795. [PMID: 33907421 PMCID: PMC8071208 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Few studies have focused on investigating resistance mechanisms in myeloma immunotherapy. This study aimed to explore the relevant factor involved in the resistance of Elotuzumab and lenalidomide. Methods Cell models which are resistant to Elotuzumab and lenalidomide were constructed; different expression genes in U266/WT (UW) and resistant UR, UE, and URE cells were detected by using gene expression microarray. RT-qPCR validated CCL20 mRNA expression of four cell lines and patient samples; bioinformatics analysis of CCL20 expressions in NDMM and RRMM; ELISA detected the presence of CCL20 in the plasma of MM patients; constructed UR mouse xenograft model to explore whether or not CCL20 reverse lenalidomide treatment in vivo. Results Cell models which are resistant to Elotuzumab and lenalidomide (UR, UE, URE) were successfully constructed. CCL20 gene expression decreased in resistant myeloma cell lines and RRMM patients. Furthermore, RRMM patients were found to have lower levels of CCL20 protein in their plasma compared to NDMM. CCL20 increase the sensitivity of drug-resistant myeloma cells to immunomodulatory drugs both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion The expression of CCL20 was decreased in lenalidomide and Elotuzumab resistant U266 cells and in RRMM patients. CCL20 could therefore possibly increase the sensitivity of lenalidomide and Elotuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihan Wang
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Shi
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Hilliard A, Mendonca P, Soliman KFA. Involvement of NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways in the preventive effects of Ganoderma lucidum on the inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells induced by LPS. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 345:577269. [PMID: 32480240 PMCID: PMC7382303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) is a potent ancient Asian remedy for the treatment of various diseases. This study investigated GLE preventive effects on LPS-stimulated inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells. The results show that pre-treatment with GLE decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: G-CSF, IL1-α, MCP-5, MIP3α, and, with a higher effect in MIP3α. In RT-PCR assays, pre-treatment with GLE decreased mRNA expression of CHUK, NFκB1/p150, and IKBKE (NFƙB signaling), which may be associated with the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. The data show GLE inhibiting ability on pro-inflammatory mediators' release and suggest a potential role of GLE in neurodegenerative disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hilliard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America
| | - Patricia Mendonca
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States of America.
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12
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Geismann C, Schäfer H, Gundlach JP, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Schneider G, Arlt A. NF-κB Dependent Chemokine Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101445. [PMID: 31561620 PMCID: PMC6826905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the carcinomas with the worst prognoses, as shown by its five-year survival rate of 9%. Although there have been new therapeutic innovations, the effectiveness of these therapies is still limited, resulting in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) becoming the second leading cause of cancer-related death in 2020 in the US. In addition to tumor cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, this disease exhibits a complex stroma consisting of fibroblasts, immune cells, neuronal and vascular cells, along with extracellular matrix, all conferring therapeutic resistance by several mechanisms. The NF-κB pathway is involved in both the tumor cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated therapeutic resistance by regulating the transcription of a plethora of target genes. These genes are involved in nearly all scenarios described as the hallmarks of cancer. In addition to classical regulators of apoptosis, NF-κB regulates the expression of chemokines and their receptors, both in the tumor cells and in cells of the microenvironment. These chemokines mediate autocrine and paracrine loops among tumor cells but also cross-signaling between tumor cells and the stroma. In this review, we will focus on NF-κB-mediated chemokine signaling, with an emphasis on therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geismann
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Günter Schneider
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH-Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Gharagozloo M, Mahmoud S, Simard C, Yamamoto K, Bobbala D, Ilangumaran S, Smith MD, Lamontagne A, Jarjoura S, Denault JB, Blais V, Gendron L, Vilariño-Güell C, Sadovnick AD, Ting JP, Calabresi PA, Amrani A, Gris D. NLRX1 inhibits the early stages of CNS inflammation and prevents the onset of spontaneous autoimmunity. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000451. [PMID: 31525189 PMCID: PMC6762215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat containing X1 (NLRX1) is a mitochondria-located innate immune sensor that inhibits major pro-inflammatory pathways such as type I interferon and nuclear factor-κB signaling. We generated a novel, spontaneous, and rapidly progressing mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS) by crossing myelin-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice with Nlrx1−/− mice. About half of the resulting progeny developed spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (spEAE), which was associated with severe demyelination and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Using lymphocyte-deficient mice and a series of adoptive transfer experiments, we demonstrate that genetic susceptibility to EAE lies within the innate immune compartment. We show that NLRX1 inhibits the subclinical stages of microglial activation and prevents the generation of neurotoxic astrocytes that induce neuronal and oligodendrocyte death in vitro. Moreover, we discovered several mutations within NLRX1 that run in MS-affected families. In summary, our findings highlight the importance of NLRX1 in controlling the early stages of CNS inflammation and preventing the onset of spontaneous autoimmunity. NLRX1 is a guardian protein that inhibits the inflammatory response of glial cells within the central nervous system and prevents the onset of a spontaneous multiple sclerosis–like disease in mice. This study uses a novel mouse model to provide mechanistic insights into the neurodegenerative origin of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shaimaa Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Simard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenzo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diwakar Bobbala
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Lamontagne
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MS Clinic, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samir Jarjoura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MS Clinic, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Denault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - A. Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jenny P. Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lin CF, Su CJ, Liu JH, Chen ST, Huang HL, Pan SL. Potential Effects of CXCL9 and CCL20 on Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Isoproterenol-Treated Rats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050659. [PMID: 31083544 PMCID: PMC6572441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokines CXCL9 and CCL20 have been reported to be associated with ventricular dysfunction. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of CXCL9/CCL20 on cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI). Blood samples of patients with MI were obtained to determine the serum CXCL9, CCL20, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The expression of CXCL9 and CCL20 in hypoxia-incubated H9c2 cells and TNF-α/TGF-β-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined. The experimental MI of rats was produced by the intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (ISO) (85 mg/kg/day) for two consecutive days. The growth and migration of CXCL9/CCL20-incubated cardiac fibroblasts in vitro were evaluated. TNF-α/TGF-β-activated PBMCs showed an enhanced expression of CXCL9 and CCL20, while hypoxic H9c2 cells did not. Patients with MI had significantly enhanced levels of serum TGF-β and CXCL9 compared to healthy subjects. ISO-treated rats had increased serum CXCL9 levels and marked cardiac fibrosis compared to control rats. The trend of increased serum CCL20 in patients with MI and ISO-treated rats was not significant. CXCL9-incubated cardiac fibroblasts showed enhanced proliferation and migration. The findings of this study suggest that an enhanced expression of CXCL9 following MI might play a role in post-MI cardiac fibrosis by activating cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Feng Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Jou Su
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Hong Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shui-Tien Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Li Huang
- TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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15
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Lee AY, Körner H. The CCR6-CCL20 axis in humoral immunity and T-B cell immunobiology. Immunobiology 2019; 224:449-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ramamourthy G, Arias M, Nguyen LT, Ishida H, Vogel HJ. Expression and Purification of Chemokine MIP-3α (CCL20) through a Calmodulin-Fusion Protein System. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010008. [PMID: 30626048 PMCID: PMC6352211 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP-3α), also known as CCL20, is a 70 amino acid chemokine that selectively binds and activates chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6). This chemokine is responsible for inducing the migration of immature dendritic cells, effector, or memory T-cells, and B-cells. Moreover, the MIP-3α protein has been shown to display direct antimicrobial, antiviral and antiprotozoal activities. Because of the potential therapeutic uses of this protein, the efficient production of MIP-3α is of great interest. However, bacterial recombinant production of the MIP-3α protein has been limited by the toxicity of this extremely basic protein (pI 9.7) toward prokaryotic cells, and by solubility problems during expression and purification. In an attempt to overcome these issues, we have investigated the bacterial recombinant expression of MIP-3α by using several common expression and fusion tags, including 6× histidine (His), small ubiquitin modifier protein (SUMO), thioredoxin (TRX), ketosteroid isomerase (KSI), and maltose binding protein (MBP). We have also evaluated a recently introduced calmodulin (CaM)-tag that has been used for the effective expression of many basic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that the CaM fusion tag system effectively expressed soluble MIP-3α in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli with good yields. Rapid purification was facilitated by the His-tag that was integrated in the CaM-fusion protein system. Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies demonstrated that the recombinant protein was properly folded, with the correct formation of disulfide bonds. In addition, the recombinant MIP-3α had antibacterial activity, and was shown to inhibit the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Ramamourthy
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mauricio Arias
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Ranasinghe R, Eri R. Modulation of the CCR6-CCL20 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Inflammation and Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54050088. [PMID: 30453514 PMCID: PMC6262638 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prototypical functions of the chemokine receptor CCR6 include immune regulation by maneuvering cell chemotaxis and selective delimiting of the pro-inflammatory TH17 and regulatory Treg subsets during chronic or acute systemic inflammation. Inhibition of CCR6 is proposed to attenuate disease symptoms and promote recuperation of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Prescription medicines with pharmacodynamics involving the inhibition of the chemokine axis CCR6–CCL20 are very limited. The development of such therapeutics is still at an early experimental stage and has mostly involved the utilization of pre-clinical models and neutralizing mono or polyclonal antibodies against either partner (CCR6 or CCL20). Other methods include the constitutive use of small molecules as peptide inhibitors or small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to interfere with transcription at the nuclear level. In our review, we aim to introduce the wide array of potential CCR6–CCL20 inhibitors with an emphasis on attendant immune-modulator capacity that have been tested in the research field to date and are immensely promising compounds as forerunners of future curatives. Sixteen different tractable inhibitors of the CCR6–CCL20 duo have been identified as possessing high medicinal potential by drug developers worldwide to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as shown in Figure 1. A multitude of antibody preparations are already available in the current pharmaceutical market as patented treatments for diseases in which the CCR6–CCL20 axis is operative, yet they must be used only as supplements with existing routinely prescribed medication as they collectively produce adverse side effects. Novel inhibitors are needed to evaluate this invaluable therapeutic target which holds much promise in the research and development of complaisant remedies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and its specific partner CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) are known to play a pivotal role in intestinal inflammation. CCR6-associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is already at the forefront of experimental inflammatory disease models, being the subject of numerous analytical studies. IBD is associated with two sub phenotypes, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both these disease entities produce potent immune dysregulation followed by intense tissue damage within the gut mucosal system, initiating symptoms that are severely debilitating. Multiple causative factors are said to be responsible for IBD, but direct immune dysfunction is kindled by overplay of innate and adaptive immune responses produced against the luminal contents through the weakened or leaky gut epithelial barrier. Once immune homeostasis is not achieved by endogenous protective mechanisms, the self-assertive adaptive immunity mobilizes its various T and B cell cohorts, initializing their immune mechanisms by deploying the immune cells towards the site of infection. CCR6 and its unique solitary ligand CCL20 are small protein molecules that are abundantly expressed by T and B lymphocytes and act as chemotactic immune-modulatory envoys that help in the deployment of the effector lymphocyte arm of the immune system and produce two directly opposing outcomes in IBD. This dichotomous immunity consists of either immune tolerance or inflammation which then develops into a chronic state, remaining unresponsive to inherent immunity or targeted clinical therapy. In this review, we have identified large numbers of experimental studies that have employed both mouse models and clinical subjects spanning a period of nearly two decades and we have clustered these into 13 different groups. This review will provide greater understanding of the CCR6–CCL20 axis in IBD and identify gaps in the literature that can be filled in the future.
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Gallais Sérézal I, Hoffer E, Ignatov B, Martini E, Zitti B, Ehrström M, Eidsmo L. A skewed pool of resident T cells triggers psoriasis-associated tissue responses in never-lesional skin from patients with psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1444-1454. [PMID: 30268387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident T cells are implicated in the maintenance and recurrence of psoriatic lesions. Whether skin that has not yet experienced psoriasis in patients with established disease harbors pathogenic T cells is less investigated. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the composition of resident T cells and T cell-driven tissue responses in skin never affected by psoriasis from patients with mild disease. METHODS Never-lesional skin from patients with psoriasis (NLP) was collected from those with mild disease. T-cell profiles were assessed by using confocal imaging and flow cytometry. Tissue responses to T-cell stimulation were measured by using multiplex and NanoString technology. RESULTS T-cell activation ex vivo triggered psoriasiform and type I interferon tissue responses in NLP psoriasis. Accordingly, keratinocytes from NLP responded to IFN-γ stimulation with myxovirus 1 (MX1) expression and IFN-α release. Additionally, CCR6-expressing resident T cells poised to produce IFN-γ and IL-17 were enriched in epidermis from NLP, whereas dermal tissue responses and T-cell compositions were similar to those in healthy skin. Finally, keratinocytes from NLP exposed to IL-17 and skin explants exposed to common fungal antigens responded with upregulation of the CCR6 ligand CCL20. CONCLUSION Epidermal resident T cells capable of triggering psoriasiform tissue responses accumulate in epidermis from NLP. Our global analysis of NLP reveals that microbial interplay with genetically predisposed keratinocytes might shape the local pool of resident T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Gallais Sérézal
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Dermatology, New Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Hoffer
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Dermatology, New Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Borislav Ignatov
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Dermatology, New Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Martini
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Dermatology, New Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Zitti
- Centre for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ehrström
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Dermatology, New Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has evoked significant interest in human immunobiology given its tactical immune evasion methodologies resulting in acute immune destabilization. IBD comprising Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis manifests as chronic inflammation in the gut mucosa, leading to complexities involving immune dysregulation in the T helper lymphocyte arm, effecting disease pathogenicity. The mucosa of the alimentary canal is constantly exposed to a myriad of food antigens and luminal microorganisms for which a consistent host-protective mechanism is operative in healthy people. Lowered mucosal immune expression which allows penetration of the epithelial barrier by infective pathogenic microbes elicits both innate and adaptive immune responses in the gut, culminating in aberrant intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, the IBD leukocyte repertoire is significantly entwined with chemokine-assisted chemotactic navigation into the sites of inflammation, which is also thought to generate favorable immune-suppressive responses. The functions of the cognate chemokine receptor, CCR6, which binds with its unique ligand CCL20, are expected to tilt the balance between upregulation of homeostatic tolerance and inflammatory pathophysiology. This review aims to critically examine the CCR6-driven immune pathways: TH1/TH2, TH1/TH17, TH17/Treg, IL-23/IL-17, Akt/ERK-1/2, ILC3, and TH9/TH2 for systematic investigation of its underlying mechanisms in the future and to underpin its importance in resolving IBD pathology. Thus, CCR6 occupies an exclusive position in gut immunology which renders it an invaluable therapeutic tool for the production of novel medicaments to treat IBD.
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Moody S, Thompson JS, Chuang SS, Liu H, Raderer M, Vassiliou G, Wlodarska I, Wu F, Cogliatti S, Robson A, Ashton-Key M, Bi Y, Goodlad J, Du MQ. Novel GPR34 and CCR6 mutation and distinct genetic profiles in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Haematologica 2018; 103:1329-1336. [PMID: 29674500 PMCID: PMC6068028 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma originates from a background of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders at various anatomic sites. The genetics underlying its development, particularly in those associated with autoimmune disorders, is poorly characterized. By whole exome sequencing of 21 cases of MALT lymphomas of the salivary gland and thyroid, we have identified recurrent somatic mutations in 2 G-protein coupled receptors (GPR34 and CCR6) not previously reported in human malignancies, 3 genes (PIK3CD, TET2, TNFRSF14) not previously implicated in MALT lymphoma, and a further 2 genes (TBL1XR1, NOTCH1) recently described in MALT lymphoma. The majority of mutations in GPR34 and CCR6 were nonsense and frameshift changes clustered in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, and would result in truncated proteins that lack the phosphorylation motif important for β-arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization and internalization. Screening of these newly identified mutations, together with previously defined genetic changes, revealed distinct mutation profiles in MALT lymphoma of various sites, with those of salivary gland characterized by frequent TBL1XR1 and GPR34 mutations, thyroid by frequent TET2, TNFRSF14 and PIK3CD mutations, and ocular adnexa by frequent TNFAIP3 mutation. Interestingly, in MALT lymphoma of the salivary gland, there was a significant positive association between TBL1XR1 mutation and GPR34 mutation/translocation (P=0.0002). In those of ocular adnexa, TBL1XR1 mutation was mutually exclusive from TNFAIP3 mutation (P=0.049), but significantly associated with IGHV3-23 usage (P=0.03) and PIK3CD mutation (P=0.009). These findings unravel novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of MALT lymphoma and provide further evidence for potential oncogenic co-operation between receptor signaling and genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moody
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Sneath Thompson
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hongxiang Liu
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Markus Raderer
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - George Vassiliou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fangtian Wu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alistair Robson
- Department of Dermatopathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, UK
| | - Yingwen Bi
- Department of Pathology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - John Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian University Hospitals Trust, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Ranasinghe R, Eri R. Pleiotropic Immune Functions of Chemokine Receptor 6 in Health and Disease. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030069. [PMID: 30004409 PMCID: PMC6164274 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) receptor 6 (CCR6) and its exclusive binding molecule CCL20 is an extremely important chemokine receptor-ligand pair which controls cell migration and immune induction during inflammatory disease. Not many scientific studies have been undertaken to study its immune mechanisms in detail, but its unique contribution to steady state cell chemotaxis in upholding immune tolerance and regulating immune homeostasis during inflammation is evident in multiple systems in the human body, including skin, liver, lung, kidney, brain, eye, joints, gonads and the gut. The role of CCR6 is constitutively expressed as a series of much debilitating severe inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and cancer metastasis. CD4+ T cells, the central organizers of adaptive immunity, are stringently mobilized by the CCR6/CCL20 axis also induced by cytokines and a host of other factors in a carefully executed immune modulation scenario, to bring about a delicate balance between inflammation inducing TH17 cells and regulatory Treg cells. Although the exact immune regulatory role is not elucidated as yet, the CCR6/CCL20 axis is implicated as a front runner which determines the polarization of TH17 and regulatory Treg cells, upon which depends the resolution or progression of many debilitating disorders. This review therefore aims at emphasizing the pleiotropic significance of the chemokines CCR6 and CCL20 in immunologic function in multiple organ systems, thereby hoping to accentuate its value in future therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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23
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Oberstein TJ, Taha L, Spitzer P, Hellstern J, Herrmann M, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. Imbalance of Circulating T h17 and Regulatory T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease: A Case Control Study. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1213. [PMID: 29915582 PMCID: PMC5994416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e., neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, consist of beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated Tau. These are accompanied by reactive microglia and astrocytes in the vicinity of the neuritic plaques and by changes to the peripheral immune system, e.g., an increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the peripheral blood. To address a potential involvement of peripheral T helper cell (Th) subsets in AD, we conducted a case control study with 54 individuals with AD dementia (n = 14), with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (MCIAD, n = 14), with MCI unlikely due to AD (MCIother, n = 13), and controls without cognitive impairment (controls, n = 13). The proportions of CD3+CD8-IL-17A+IFNγ- Th17 cells, CD3+CD8-IL-17A-IFNγ+ Th1 cells, and CD4+CD127lowCD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were assessed by flow cytometry. In addition, the correlations of the proportions of Th subsets to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were studied. CD3+CD8-IL-17A+IFNγ- Th17 cells were significantly increased in subjects with MCIAD compared to age- and sex-matched subjects with MCIother and controls (MCIAD mean = 1.13, SD = 0.77; MCIother mean = 0.58, SD = 0.28; and controls mean = 0.52, SD = 0.22; p = 0.008). The proportion of CD4+CD127lowCD25+ Tregs was not altered between the different groups, but it significantly positively related with the levels of total Tau and pTau181 (rTreg|totalTau = 0.43, p = 0.021, n = 28; rTreg|pTau181 = 0.46; p = 0.024, n = 28) in subjects with AD but not in nonAD controls (rTreg|totalTau = -0.51, p = 0.007, n = 26). The increase of circulating CD3+CD8-IL-17A+IFNγ- Th17 cells in the early stages of AD and the association of CD4+CD127lowCD25+ Tregs with neurodegeneration marker Tau may indicate that the adaptive immune system relates to neuropathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lava Taha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Hellstern
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Yi M, Cai J, Li J, Chen S, Zeng Z, Peng Q, Ban Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Xiang B. Rediscovery of NF-κB signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: How genetic defects of NF-κB pathway interplay with EBV in driving oncogenesis? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5537-5549. [PMID: 29266238 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique EBV-associated subtype of head and neck cancer, which has the highest incidence in Southern China and eastern South Asia. The interaction between genetic risk factors and environmental challenge, have been considered to contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling has been seen in NPC tissues and is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Recently, several whole exome sequencing study consistently revealed that high frequency mutations of NF-κB pathway negative regulators is common in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which reinforce the importance of NF-κB driving oncogenesis. This review focuses on the current state of research in role of NF-κB in NPC carcinogenesis. We summarized the newly identified loss of function (LOF) mutations on NF-κB negative regulators leading to it's activation bypass LMP-1 stimulation. We discussed the critical role of NF-κB activation in immortalization and transformation of nasopharygeal epithelium. We also depicted how NF-κB signaling mediated chronic inflammation contribute to persistent EBV infection, immune evasion of EBV infected cells, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) formation in NPC. Lastly, we discussed the clinical resonance of targeting NF-κB for NPC precise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ban
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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25
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Lee AYS, Reimer D, Zehrer A, Lu M, Mielenz D, Körner H. Expression of Membrane-Bound CC Chemokine Ligand 20 on Follicular T Helper Cells in T-B-Cell Conjugates. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1871. [PMID: 29375554 PMCID: PMC5763129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and its sole chemokine ligand CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) display an emerging role in the coordination of humoral immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate a role of this chemokine axis in the migration of B cells to key immunological sites during an immune response, and facilitating the generation of high-quality antibodies. Very little, however, is known about CCL20 and its role in these functions. We undertook a preliminary investigation into the expression and function of CCL20 and demonstrate its well-noted upregulation in the spleen during immunization. Furthermore, we show that most follicular T helper (Tfh) cells can be CCR6+ and can produce CCL20. Surprisingly, CCL20 cannot only be found in the cytoplasm but also on the surface of these cells and their precursors. Analysis of T–B-cell conjugates revealed that mature Tfh cells, but not their precursors, are highly enriched in the conjugates. Further functional studies are needed to unravel the precise role of CCL20 in coordinating T and B cell interactions during the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Western Hospital, Footscray, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine and Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Zehrer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ming Lu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immunodrugs in Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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26
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Innate Immunity to Mucosal Candida Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040060. [PMID: 29371576 PMCID: PMC5753162 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial tissues are exposed to high numbers of microbes, including commensal fungi, and are able to distinguish between those that are avirulent and those that cause disease. Epithelial cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to defend against colonization and invasion by Candida species. The interplay between mucosal epithelial tissues and immune cells is key for control and clearance of fungal infections. Our understanding of the mucosal innate host defense system has expanded recently with new studies bringing to light the importance of epithelial cell responses, innate T cells, neutrophils, and other phagocytes during Candida infections. Epithelial tissues release cytokines, host defense peptides, and alarmins during Candida invasion that act in concert to limit fungal proliferation and recruit immune effector cells. The innate T cell/IL-17 axis and recruitment of neutrophils are of central importance in controlling mucosal fungal infections. Here, we review current knowledge of the innate immunity at sites of mucosal Candida infection, with a focus on infections caused by C. albicans.
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27
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Berkson JD, Prlic M. The MAIT conundrum - how human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:7-11. [PMID: 28987476 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell literature to examine the signals that control MAIT cell activation. We discuss these signals in context of MAIT cell function in mucosal barrier tissues and address how MAIT cells avoid responding to commensal bacteria, while maintaining responsiveness to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Berkson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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28
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Saliva-Derived Host Defense Peptides Histatin1 and LL-37 Increase Secretion of Antimicrobial Skin and Oral Mucosa Chemokine CCL20 in an IL-1 α-Independent Manner. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3078194. [PMID: 28815185 PMCID: PMC5549474 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3078194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though skin and oral mucosae are continuously in contact with commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, they generally remain healthy and uninflamed. Host defense peptides (HDPs) make up the body's first line of defense against many invading pathogens and are involved in the orchestration of innate immunity and the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the effect of two salivary HDPs, LL-37 and Hst1, on the inflammatory and antimicrobial response by skin and oral mucosa (gingiva) keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The potent antimicrobial chemokine CCL20 was investigated and compared with chemokines CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL27 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-6. Keratinocyte-fibroblast cocultures showed a synergistic increase in CCL20 secretion upon Hst1 and LL-37 exposure compared to monocultures. These cocultures also showed increased IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2 secretion, which was IL-1α dependent. Secretion of the antimicrobial chemokine CCL20 was clearly IL-1α independent. These results indicate that salivary peptides can stimulate skin as well as gingiva cells to secrete antimicrobial chemokines as part of the hosts' defense to counteract infection.
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29
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Arunachalam P, Ludewig P, Melich P, Arumugam TV, Gerloff C, Prinz I, Magnus T, Gelderblom M. CCR6 (CC Chemokine Receptor 6) Is Essential for the Migration of Detrimental Natural Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells in Stroke. Stroke 2017; 48:1957-1965. [PMID: 28611085 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immune-mediated tissue damage after stroke evolves within the first days, and lymphocytes contribute to the secondary injury. Our goal was to identify T-cell subpopulations, which trigger the immune response. METHODS In a model of experimental stroke, we analyzed the immune phenotype of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing γδ T cells and explored the therapeutic potential of neutralizing anti-IL-17 antibodies in combination with mild therapeutic hypothermia. RESULTS We show that brain-infiltrating IL-17-positive γδ T cells expressed the Vγ6 segment of the γδ T cells receptor and were largely positive for the chemokine receptor CCR6 (CC chemokine receptor 6), which is a characteristic for natural IL-17-producing γδ T cells. These innate lymphocytes are established as major initial IL-17 producers in acute infections. Genetic deficiency in Ccr6 was associated with diminished infiltration of natural IL-17-producing γδ T cells and a significantly improved neurological outcome. In the ischemic brain, IL-17 together with tumor necrosis factor-α triggered the expression of CXC chemokines and neutrophil infiltration. Therapeutic targeting of synergistic IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α pathways by IL-17 neutralization and therapeutic hypothermia resulted in additional protective effects in comparison to an anti-IL-17 antibody treatment or therapeutic hypothermia alone. CONCLUSIONS Brain-infiltrating IL-17-producing γδ T cells belong to the subset of natural IL-17-producing γδ T cells. In stroke, these previously unrecognized innate lymphocytes trigger a highly conserved immune reaction, which is known from host responses toward pathogens. We demonstrate that therapeutic approaches targeting synergistic IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α pathways in parallel offer additional neuroprotection in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Arunachalam
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Peter Ludewig
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Patrick Melich
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Thiruma Valavan Arumugam
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Christian Gerloff
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Immo Prinz
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Tim Magnus
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.)
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- From the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (P.A., P.L., P.M., C.G., T.M., M.G.); Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (T.V.A.); and Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany (I.P.).
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30
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Novel genetic associations and gene-gene interactions of chemokine receptor and chemokine genetic polymorphisms in HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2017; 31:1235-1243. [PMID: 28358741 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of candidate polymorphisms on chemokine receptor/ligand genes on HIV infection and AIDS progression (HIV/AIDS). DESIGN Fifteen polymorphisms of the CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8, CXCR3, CXCR6, CCL20, CCL22 and CXCL10 genes were analysed in 206 HIV-positive patients classified as rapid progressors (n = 40), or nonrapid progressors (n = 166), and in 294 HIV-seronegative patients. METHODS The polymorphisms were genotyped using minisequencing. Genetic models were tested using binomial logistic regression; nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to detect gene-gene interactions. RESULTS The CCR3 rs3091250 [TT, adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.147, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.076-4.287, P = 0.030], CCR8 rs2853699 (GC/CC, AOR: 1.577, 95% CI 1.049-2.371, P = 0.029), CXCL10 rs56061981 (CT/TT, AOR: 1.819, 95% CI 1.074-3.081, P = 0.026) and CCL22 rs4359426 (CA/AA, AOR: 1.887, 95% CI 1.021-3.487, P = 0.043) polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to HIV infection. The CCL20 rs13034664 (CC, OR: 0.214, 95% CI 0.063-0.730, P = 0.014) and CCL22 rs4359426 (CA/AA, OR: 2.685, 95% CI 1.128-6.392, P = 0.026) variants were associated with rapid progression to AIDS. In MDR analyses revealed that the CXCL10 rs56061981 and CCL22 rs4359426 combination was the best model, with 57% accuracy (P = 0.008) for predicting susceptibility to HIV infection. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insights into the influence of candidate chemokine receptor/ligand polymorphisms and significant evidence for gene-gene interactions on HIV/AIDS susceptibility.
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31
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Lee AYS, Körner H. CCR6/CCL20 chemokine axis in human immunodeficiency virus immunity and pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:338-344. [PMID: 28005525 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have garnered interest for the role of CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and its known ligands, CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and human β-defensins, in viral entry, dissemination and antiviral immunity. Several studies have suggested that CCR6 may also act as a weak co-receptor of HIV entry, in addition to the canonical CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CCR5. However, the pathogenic significance has yet to be demonstrated as the observations for preferential infection of CD4+CCR6+ over CD4+CCR6- T cells appear to be independent of CCR6 expression. This indicates means for preferential infection other than CCR6 co-receptor use. Attention has also turned to the inadvertent role of the CCR6/CCL20 axis in attracting key immune cells, including TH17 cells and dendritic cells, to sites of infection and propagating the virus to other sites of the body. This review article will summarize the latest evidence that the CCR6/CCL20 chemokine axis is playing an important role in HIV pathogenesis and immunity. Further work with in vivo studies is needed to establish the biological and, hence, therapeutic significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immunodrugs in Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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32
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Geismann C, Grohmann F, Dreher A, Häsler R, Rosenstiel P, Legler K, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Sipos B, Schreiber S, Linkermann A, Hassan Z, Schneider G, Schäfer H, Arlt A. Role of CCL20 mediated immune cell recruitment in NF-κB mediated TRAIL resistance of pancreatic cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:782-796. [PMID: 28188806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest cancers. From a clinical view, the transcription factor NF-κB is of particular importance, since this pathway confers apoptosis resistance and limits drug efficacy. Whereas the role of the most abundant NF-κB subunit p65/RelA in therapeutic resistance is well documented, only little knowledge of the RelA downstream targets and their functional relevance in TRAIL mediated apoptosis in PDAC is available. In the present study TRAIL resistant and sensitive PDAC cell lines were analyzed for differentially expressed RelA target genes, to define RelA downstream targets mediating TRAIL resistance. The most upregulated target gene was then further functionally characterized. Unbiased genome-wide expression analysis demonstrated that the chemokine CCL20 represents the strongest TRAIL inducible direct RelA target gene in resistant PDAC cells. Unexpectedly, targeting CCL20 by siRNA, blocking antibodies or by downregulation of the sole CCL20 receptor CCR6 had no effect on PDAC cell death or cancer cell migration, arguing against an autocrine role of CCL20 in PDAC. However, by using an ex vivo indirect co-culture system we were able to show that CCL20 acts paracrine to recruit immune cells. Importantly, CCL20-recruited immune cells further increase TRAIL resistance of CCL20-producing PDAC cells. In conclusion, our data show a functional role of a RelA-CCL20 pathway in PDAC TRAIL resistance. We demonstrate how the therapy-induced cross-talk of cancer cells with immune cells affects treatment responses, knowledge needed to tailor novel bi-specific treatments, which target tumor cell as well as immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geismann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Grohmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anita Dreher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH Campus Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Karen Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, UKSH Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zonera Hassan
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, II. Medizinische Klinik, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Arlt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Phan TK, Lay FT, Poon IKH, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Human β-defensin 3 contains an oncolytic motif that binds PI(4,5)P2 to mediate tumour cell permeabilisation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2054-69. [PMID: 26657293 PMCID: PMC4811302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs), including taxonomically diverse defensins, are innate defense molecules that display potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Specific CAPs have also been shown to possess anticancer activities; however, their mechanisms of action are not well defined. Recently, the plant defensin NaD1 was shown to induce tumour cell lysis by directly binding to the plasma membrane phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). The NaD1–lipid interaction was structurally defined by X-ray crystallography, with the defensin forming a dimer that binds PI(4,5)P2 via its cationic β2-β3 loops in a ‘cationic grip’ conformation. In this study, we show that human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) contains a homologous β2-β3 loop that binds phosphoinositides. The binding of HBD-3 to PI(4,5)P2 was shown to be critical for mediating cytolysis of tumour cells, suggesting a conserved mechanism of action for defensins across diverse species. These data not only identify an evolutionary conservation of CAP structure and function for lipid binding, but also suggest that PIP-binding CAPs could be exploited for novel multifunction therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark G Hinds
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Reimer D, Lee AY, Bannan J, Fromm P, Kara EE, Comerford I, McColl S, Wiede F, Mielenz D, Körner H. Early CCR6 expression on B cells modulates germinal centre kinetics and efficient antibody responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:33-41. [PMID: 27465674 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The CC-chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) can be detected on naive and activated B cells. Counterintuitively, its absence accelerates the appearance of germinal centres (GCs) and increases the production of low-affinity antibodies. The detailed mechanism of CCR6 function during the humoral response has remained elusive, but previously we identified a distinct CCR6high B-cell population in vivo early after antigenic challenge. In this study, we defined this population specifically as early, activated pre-GC B cells. In accordance, we show that CCR6 is upregulated rapidly within hours on the protein or mRNA level after activation in vitro. In addition, only activated B cells migrated specifically towards CCL20, the specific ligand for CCR6. Lack of CCR6 increased the dark zone/light zone ratio of GC and led to decreased antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody generation in a B-cell intrinsic manner in mixed bone marrow chimeras. In contrast, antigen-specific IgM responses were normal. Hence, CCR6 negatively regulates entry of activated, antigen-specific pre-GC B cells into the GC reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian Ys Lee
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bannan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Phillip Fromm
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wale, Australia
| | - Ervin E Kara
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun McColl
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Cellular Signalling and Human Disease Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Doucet M, Jayaraman S, Swenson E, Tusing B, Weber KL, Kominsky SL. CCL20/CCR6 Signaling Regulates Bone Mass Accrual in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1381-90. [PMID: 26890063 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CCL20 is a member of the macrophage inflammatory protein family and is reported to signal monogamously through the receptor CCR6. Although studies have identified the genomic locations of both Ccl20 and Ccr6 as regions important for bone quality, the role of CCL20/CCR6 signaling in regulating bone mass is unknown. By micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometric analysis, we show that global loss of Ccr6 in mice significantly decreases trabecular bone mass coincident with reduced osteoblast numbers. Notably, CCL20 and CCR6 were co-expressed in osteoblast progenitors and levels increased during osteoblast differentiation, indicating the potential of CCL20/CCR6 signaling to influence osteoblasts through both autocrine and paracrine actions. With respect to autocrine effects, CCR6 was found to act as a functional G protein-coupled receptor in osteoblasts and although its loss did not appear to affect the number or proliferation rate of osteoblast progenitors, differentiation was significantly inhibited as evidenced by delays in osteoblast marker gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. In addition, CCL20 promoted osteoblast survival concordant with activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Beyond these potential autocrine effects, osteoblast-derived CCL20 stimulated the recruitment of macrophages and T cells, known facilitators of osteoblast differentiation and survival. Finally, we generated mice harboring a global deletion of Ccl20 and found that Ccl20(-/-) mice exhibit a reduction in bone mass similar to that observed in Ccr6(-/-) mice, confirming that this phenomenon is regulated by CCL20 rather than alternate CCR6 ligands. Collectively, these data indicate that CCL20/CCR6 signaling may play an important role in regulating bone mass accrual, potentially by modulating osteoblast maturation, survival, and the recruitment of osteoblast-supporting cells. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Doucet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Swaathi Jayaraman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Swenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Tusing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristy L Weber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott L Kominsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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Li WM, Liu HR. CCL20-CCR6 Cytokine Network Facilitate Treg Activity in Advanced Grades and Metastatic Variants of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:33-7. [PMID: 26331965 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumour immunity regulates tumour restriction to the site of occurrence. Failure of this balance facilitates tumour spread beyond the primary organ of origin. Tregs are known to be recruited in infections, including viral infections like hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Thus, they form a continuum of initial viral infection, an environment of immune suppression by recruitment of Tregs, intrinsic viral-mediated nuclear transformation and carcinogenesis, and thereafter worsening of progress, including metastasis due to the Tregs suppressing the cell-mediated destruction of tumour cells. In this study, we obtained advanced grades of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and examined the cytokines that is potentially known to recruit Tregs. We examined the expression of CCL20, the cytokine that recruits Tregs. We isolated Tregs from HCC samples and examined expression of CCR6, the receptor for CCL20 and compared expression in control tissues obtained mainly from subjects with cirrhosis, but no evidence of cancer. The findings of this study indicate that mRNA expression of CCL20 is significantly enhanced, along with expression of mRNA for the cytokines IL17 and IL6. Furthermore, tissue expression of Gamma-interferon was reduced in HCC. When Tregs were isolated from the liver cancer samples, the expression of CCR6, the only and specific receptor for CCL20, was upregulated in the cancer tissue derived Tregs . Furthermore, STAT3 levels were significantly increased in these tumour-derived Tregs. This study demonstrates that immune evasion mechanisms are operant in hepatocellular carcinoma through a transcriptional network of CCL20-IL17-IL6 cytokines that facilitate immune suppression-mediated cancer cell elimination and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-M Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - H-R Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
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37
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Wang L, Zhang YZ, Xu WT, Jia XD, Chen SL. Molecular cloning, structure and expressional profiles of two novel single-exon genes (PoCCR6A and PoCCR6B) in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:179-188. [PMID: 26997201 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CCR6 is an important binding receptor of CCL20 and beta-defensins, and has multiple functions in the innate and acquired immune responses. In this study, we cloned the PoCCR6A and PoCCR6B genes of the Japanese flounder and studied the gene structure and expression patterns of these two genes in bacterial infection. The full-length PoCCR6A cDNA is 1415 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) is 1113 bp, encoding a 370-amino-acid peptide. The full-length PoCCR6B cDNA is 2193 bp and the ORF is 1029 bp, encoding a 363-amino-acid peptide. The structures of PoCCR6A and PoCCR6B indicate that they are single-exon genes. The predicted proteins encoded by PoCCR6A and PoCCR6B have the typical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family signature of seven transmembrane domains and several conserved structural features. A tissue distribution analysis showed that PoCCR6A is predominately expressed in the intestine, gill, and blood, and PoCCR6B in the gill, spleen, and liver. The expression patterns of the two chemokine receptors were analyzed during bacterial infection. In spleen and kidney, the expression of PoCCR6A was significantly upregulated at 24 h after infection, whereas the expression of PoCCR6B was steady at these time points. While in intestine, both of them were upregulated at 6 h-12 h after infection, and in gill the expression levels of them were upregulated at 24 h. The patterns of expression suggested that PoCCR6A and PoCCR6B play an important role in the immune response of the Japanese flounder, especially in the mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yong-zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wen-teng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiao-dong Jia
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Song-lin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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38
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Kleist AB, Getschman AE, Ziarek JJ, Nevins AM, Gauthier PA, Chevigné A, Szpakowska M, Volkman BF. New paradigms in chemokine receptor signal transduction: Moving beyond the two-site model. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:53-68. [PMID: 27106080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor (CKR) signaling forms the basis of essential immune cellular functions, and dysregulated CKR signaling underpins numerous disease processes of the immune system and beyond. CKRs, which belong to the seven transmembrane domain receptor (7TMR) superfamily, initiate signaling upon binding of endogenous, secreted chemokine ligands. Chemokine-CKR interactions are traditionally described by a two-step/two-site mechanism, in which the CKR N-terminus recognizes the chemokine globular core (i.e. site 1 interaction), followed by activation when the unstructured chemokine N-terminus is inserted into the receptor TM bundle (i.e. site 2 interaction). Several recent studies challenge the structural independence of sites 1 and 2 by demonstrating physical and allosteric links between these supposedly separate sites. Others contest the functional independence of these sites, identifying nuanced roles for site 1 and other interactions in CKR activation. These developments emerge within a rapidly changing landscape in which CKR signaling is influenced by receptor PTMs, chemokine and CKR dimerization, and endogenous non-chemokine ligands. Simultaneous advances in the structural and functional characterization of 7TMR biased signaling have altered how we understand promiscuous chemokine-CKR interactions. In this review, we explore new paradigms in CKR signal transduction by considering studies that depict a more intricate architecture governing the consequences of chemokine-CKR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Pierre-Arnaud Gauthier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Simpson-Abelson MR, Childs EE, Ferreira MC, Bishu S, Conti HR, Gaffen SL. C/EBPβ Promotes Immunity to Oral Candidiasis through Regulation of β-Defensins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136538. [PMID: 26317211 PMCID: PMC4552893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans or mice subjected to immunosuppression, such as corticosteroids or anti-cytokine biologic therapies, are susceptible to mucosal infections by the commensal fungus Candida albicans. Recently it has become evident that the Th17/IL-17 axis is essential for immunity to candidiasis, but the downstream events that control immunity to this fungus are poorly understood. The CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-β (C/EBPβ) transcription factor is important for signaling by multiple inflammatory stimuli, including IL-17. C/EBPβ is regulated in a variety of ways by IL-17, and controls several downstream IL-17 target genes. However, the role of C/EBPβ in vivo is poorly understood, in part because C/EBPβ-deficient mice are challenging to breed and work with. In this study, we sought to understand the role of C/EBPβ in the context of an IL-17-dependent immune response, using C. albicans infection as a model system. Confirming prior findings, we found that C/EBPβ is required for immunity to systemic candidiasis. In contrast, C/EBPβ(-/-) mice were resistant to oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), in a manner indistinguishable from immunocompetent WT mice. However, C/EBPβ(-/-) mice experienced more severe OPC than WT mice in the context of cortisone-induced immunosuppression. Expression of the antimicrobial peptide β-defensin (BD)-3 correlated strongly with susceptibility in C/EBPβ(-/-) mice, but no other IL-17-dependent genes were associated with susceptibility. Therefore, C/EBPβ contributes to immunity to mucosal candidiasis during cortisone immunosuppression in a manner linked to β-defensin 3 expression, but is apparently dispensable for the IL-17-dependent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Simpson-Abelson
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Childs
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - M. Carolina Ferreira
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Conti
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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