1
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Zheng C, Zhang L. Identifying RNA Sensors in Antiviral Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2854:107-115. [PMID: 39192123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4108-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in pathogen recognition and the initiation of innate immune responses through its Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which detect Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). Nucleic acids, including RNA and DNA, are recognized as particularly significant PAMPs, especially in the context of viral pathogens. During RNA virus infections, specific sequences in the viral RNA mark it as non-self, enabling host recognition through interactions with RNA sensors, thereby triggering innate immunity. Given that some of the most lethal viruses are RNA viruses, they pose a severe threat to human and animal health. Therefore, understanding the immunobiology of RNA PRRs is crucial for controlling pathogen infections, particularly RNA virus infections. In this chapter, we will introduce a "pull-down" method for identifying RIG-I-like receptors, related RNA helicases, Toll-like receptors, and other RNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liting Zhang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
- Wujin Institute of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China.
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2
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Solotchi M, Patel SS. Proofreading mechanisms of the innate immune receptor RIG-I: distinguishing self and viral RNA. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1131-1148. [PMID: 38884803 PMCID: PMC11346460 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), comprising retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), are pattern recognition receptors belonging to the DExD/H-box RNA helicase family of proteins. RLRs detect viral RNAs in the cytoplasm and respond by initiating a robust antiviral response that up-regulates interferon and cytokine production. RIG-I and MDA5 complement each other by recognizing different RNA features, and LGP2 regulates their activation. RIG-I's multilayered RNA recognition and proofreading mechanisms ensure accurate viral RNA detection while averting harmful responses to host RNAs. RIG-I's C-terminal domain targets 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blunt ends, while an intrinsic gating mechanism prevents the helicase domains from non-specifically engaging with host RNAs. The ATPase and RNA translocation activity of RIG-I adds another layer of selectivity by minimizing the lifetime of RIG-I on non-specific RNAs, preventing off-target activation. The versatility of RIG-I's ATPase function also amplifies downstream signaling by enhancing the signaling domain (CARDs) exposure on 5'-triphosphate dsRNA and promoting oligomerization. In this review, we offer an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms RIG-I uses to facilitate viral RNA sensing and regulate downstream activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Solotchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Smita S. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
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3
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Yañez AJ, Barrientos CA, Isla A, Aguilar M, Flores-Martin SN, Yuivar Y, Ojeda A, Ibieta P, Hernández M, Figueroa J, Avendaño-Herrera R, Mancilla M. Discovery and Characterization of the ddx41 Gene in Atlantic Salmon: Evolutionary Implications, Structural Functions, and Innate Immune Responses to Piscirickettsia salmonis and Renibacterium salmoninarum Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6346. [PMID: 38928053 PMCID: PMC11204154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in Salmo salar, mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), is crucial for defending against pathogens. This study examined DDX41 protein functions as a cytosolic/nuclear sensor for cyclic dinucleotides, RNA, and DNA from invasive intracellular bacteria. The investigation determined the existence, conservation, and functional expression of the ddx41 gene in S. salar. In silico predictions and experimental validations identified a single ddx41 gene on chromosome 5 in S. salar, showing 83.92% homology with its human counterpart. Transcriptomic analysis in salmon head kidney confirmed gene transcriptional integrity. Proteomic identification through mass spectrometry characterized three unique peptides with 99.99% statistical confidence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated significant evolutionary conservation across species. Functional gene expression analysis in SHK-1 cells infected by Piscirickettsia salmonis and Renibacterium salmoninarum indicated significant upregulation of DDX41, correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and activation of irf3 and interferon signaling pathways. In vivo studies corroborated DDX41 activation in immune responses, particularly when S. salar was challenged with P. salmonis, underscoring its potential in enhancing disease resistance. This is the first study to identify the DDX41 pathway as a key component in S. salar innate immune response to invading pathogens, establishing a basis for future research in salmonid disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Yañez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Terapia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.A.B.); (A.I.); (M.A.); (S.N.F.-M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile; (J.F.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Claudia A. Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Terapia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.A.B.); (A.I.); (M.A.); (S.N.F.-M.)
| | - Adolfo Isla
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Terapia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.A.B.); (A.I.); (M.A.); (S.N.F.-M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile; (J.F.); (R.A.-H.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcelo Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Terapia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.A.B.); (A.I.); (M.A.); (S.N.F.-M.)
| | - Sandra N. Flores-Martin
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Terapia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (C.A.B.); (A.I.); (M.A.); (S.N.F.-M.)
| | - Yassef Yuivar
- ADL Diagnostic Chile, Sector la Vara, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Y.Y.); (A.O.)
| | - Adriana Ojeda
- ADL Diagnostic Chile, Sector la Vara, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Y.Y.); (A.O.)
| | - Pablo Ibieta
- TEKBios Ltda, Camino Pargua Km 8, Maullín 5580000, Chile;
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology, MELISA Institute, San Pedro de la Paz 4133515, Chile;
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile; (J.F.); (R.A.-H.)
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Peces, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Rubén Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile; (J.F.); (R.A.-H.)
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Marcos Mancilla
- ADL Diagnostic Chile, Sector la Vara, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (Y.Y.); (A.O.)
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4
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Abo-Samaha MI, Sharaf MM, El Nahas AF, Odemuyiwa SO. Innate immune response to double-stranded RNA in American heritage chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103318. [PMID: 38064884 PMCID: PMC10757028 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Backyard poultry flocks that employ heritage breeds of chicken play a crucial role in the maintenance of poultry pathogens of economic and zoonotic importance. This study examined innate immunity to viral pathogens in heritage chicken breeds using a model of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Following intraperitoneal injection of high molecular weight (HMW) -poly(I:C)/Lyovec into 4-wk-old chicks, we evaluated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and splenocytes. There was a significant difference across breeds in the expression of IL-4, IL-12p40, IFNγ, and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the spleen. In PBMCs, a significant difference in IFN-α expression was seen across breeds. Approximately 57% of IFN-α transcripts in PBMCs was explained by levels of expression of MDA5 transcripts. Using flow cytometry, we showed that only monocytes/macrophages (KUL01+ cells) expressed the scavenger receptor CD163. Regression analysis showed that 42% of fold change in CD163 expression on PBMCs was explained by breed (P < 0.0004). In general, breeds that responded to HMW-poly(I:C) by showing higher upregulation of IFNγ, IL-1β, and IL-12p40 transcripts in the spleen, and higher IFNα transcripts in peripheral blood, expressed less CD163 on blood monocytes. These findings suggest a genetic basis for the response of chickens to double-stranded RNA. Surface expression of the scavenger receptor CD163 in PBMCs following injection of high molecular weight poly(I:C) may be a rapid method to select chickens for breeding based on innate immune response to viral dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Abo-Samaha
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088; Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Sharaf
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer F El Nahas
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Solomon O Odemuyiwa
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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5
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Hao S, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Xu Y, Feng WH. African swine fever virus QP383R dampens type I interferon production by promoting cGAS palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186916. [PMID: 37228597 PMCID: PMC10203406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes viral DNA and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING/MITA) and downstream mediators to elicit an innate immune response. African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins can antagonize host immune responses to promote its infection. Here, we identified ASFV protein QP383R as an inhibitor of cGAS. Specifically, we found that overexpression of QP383R suppressed type I interferons (IFNs) activation stimulated by dsDNA and cGAS/STING, resulting in decreased transcription of IFNβ and downstream proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we showed that QP383R interacted directly with cGAS and promoted cGAS palmitoylation. Moreover, we demonstrated that QP383R suppressed DNA binding and cGAS dimerization, thus inhibiting cGAS enzymatic functions and reducing cGAMP production. Finally, the truncation mutation analysis indicated that the 284-383aa of QP383R inhibited IFNβ production. Considering these results collectively, we conclude that QP383R can antagonize host innate immune response to ASFV by targeting the core component cGAS in cGAS-STING signaling pathways, an important viral strategy to evade this innate immune sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Cardador CM, Muehlmann LA, Coelho CM, Silva LP, Garay AV, Carvalho AMDS, Bastos IMD, Longo JPF. Nucleotides Entrapped in Liposome Nanovesicles as Tools for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use in Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:873. [PMID: 36986734 PMCID: PMC10056227 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nucleotides for biomedical applications is an old desire in the scientific community. As we will present here, there are references published over the past 40 years with this intended use. The main problem is that, as unstable molecules, nucleotides require some additional protection to extend their shelf life in the biological environment. Among the different nucleotide carriers, the nano-sized liposomes proved to be an effective strategic tool to overcome all these drawbacks related to the nucleotide high instability. Moreover, due to their low immunogenicity and easy preparation, the liposomes were selected as the main strategy for delivery of the mRNA developed for COVID-19 immunization. For sure this is the most important and relevant example of nucleotide application for human biomedical conditions. In addition, the use of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 has increased interest in the application of this type of technology to other health conditions. For this review article, we will present some of these examples, especially focused on the use of liposomes to protect and deliver nucleotides for cancer therapy, immunostimulatory activities, enzymatic diagnostic applications, some examples for veterinarian use, and the treatment of neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Magalhães Cardador
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Cíntia Marques Coelho
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luciano Paulino Silva
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia (LNANO), Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia 70770-917, DF, Brazil
| | - Aisel Valle Garay
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Figueiró Longo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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7
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Sato H, Hoshi M, Ikeda F, Fujiyuki T, Yoneda M, Kai C. Downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by virus infection triggers antiviral responses by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009841. [PMID: 34648591 PMCID: PMC8516216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, in mammalian cells, cytosolic DNA viruses are sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and RNA viruses are recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, triggering a series of downstream innate antiviral signaling steps in the host. We previously reported that measles virus (MeV), which possesses an RNA genome, induces rapid antiviral responses, followed by comprehensive downregulation of host gene expression in epithelial cells. Interestingly, gene ontology analysis indicated that genes encoding mitochondrial proteins are enriched among the list of downregulated genes. To evaluate mitochondrial stress after MeV infection, we first observed the mitochondrial morphology of infected cells and found that significantly elongated mitochondrial networks with a hyperfused phenotype were formed. In addition, an increased amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytosol was detected during progression of infection. Based on these results, we show that cytosolic mtDNA released from hyperfused mitochondria during MeV infection is captured by cGAS and causes consequent priming of the DNA sensing pathway in addition to canonical RNA sensing. We also ascertained the contribution of cGAS to the in vivo pathogenicity of MeV. In addition, we found that other viruses that induce downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis as seen for MeV cause similar mitochondrial hyperfusion and cytosolic mtDNA-priming antiviral responses. These findings indicate that the mtDNA-activated cGAS pathway is critical for full innate control of certain viruses, including RNA viruses that cause mitochondrial stress. Viruses exert their pathogenicity by targeting various cellular components in infected cells. In response, host cells have evolved strategies to sense intracellular pathogen-associated molecules, such as nucleic acids derived from infected virus, and trigger subsequent antiviral responses to counteract infection. Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of human measles, is the most highly contagious virus, killing 300 children per day worldwide; thus MeV has been targeted for eradication by the World Health Organization. In the present study, we found that MeV causes downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis accompanied with aberrant hyperfusion of mitochondria in the infected cells. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasmic release of mitochondrial DNA activates DNA sensor molecule, cGAS, in addition to the innate immune response induced by the viral component. Importantly, this phenomenon was also observed for viruses, both RNA and DNA, which target mitochondrial biogenesis. Our study provides new insights into the mitochondrial stress by virus infection and an important host defense system to suppress viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Infectious Disease Control Science, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Virology, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Hoshi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusako Ikeda
- Division of Virological Medicine, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujiyuki
- Infectious Disease Control Science, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Virus Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Division of Virological Medicine, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Infectious Disease Control Science, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Balzarolo M, Engels S, de Jong AJ, Franke K, van den Berg TK, Gulen MF, Ablasser A, Janssen EM, van Steensel B, Wolkers MC. m6A methylation potentiates cytosolic dsDNA recognition in a sequence-specific manner. Open Biol 2021; 11:210030. [PMID: 33715389 PMCID: PMC8101014 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing through pattern recognition receptors is critical for immune
recognition of microbial infections. Microbial DNA is frequently methylated at
the N6 position of adenines (m6A), a modification that is rare in
mammalian host DNA. We show here how that m6A methylation of
5′-GATC-3′ motifs augments the immunogenicity of synthetic
double-stranded (ds)DNA in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. Transfection
with m6A-methylated DNA increased the expression of the activation markers CD69
and CD86, and of Ifnβ, iNos and
Cxcl10 mRNA. Similar to unmethylated cytosolic dsDNA,
recognition of m6A DNA occurs independently of TLR and RIG-I signalling, but
requires the two key mediators of cytosolic DNA sensing, STING and cGAS.
Intriguingly, the response to m6A DNA is sequence-specific. m6A is
immunostimulatory in some motifs, but immunosuppressive in others, a feature
that is conserved between mouse and human macrophages. In conclusion, epigenetic
alterations of DNA depend on the context of the sequence and are differentially
perceived by innate cells, a feature that could potentially be used for the
design of immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Balzarolo
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Engels
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja J de Jong
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katka Franke
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Blood Cell Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Blood Cell Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammet F Gulen
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Bas van Steensel
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C Wolkers
- Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
The innate immune system has numerous signal transduction pathways that lead to the production of type I interferons in response to exposure of cells to external stimuli. One of these pathways comprises RNA polymerase (Pol) III that senses common DNA viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus. This polymerase detects and transcribes viral genomic regions to generate AU-rich transcripts that bring to the induction of type I interferons. Remarkably, Pol III is also stimulated by foreign non-viral DNAs and expression of one of its subunits is induced by an RNA virus, the Sindbis virus. Moreover, a protein subunit of RNase P, which is known to associate with Pol III in initiation complexes, is induced by viral infection. Accordingly, alliance of the two tRNA enzymes in innate immunity merits a consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayef Jarrous
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Israel-Canada
| | - Alexander Rouvinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Israel-Canada.,The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Michael Lavigne G, Russell H, Sherry B, Ke R. Autocrine and paracrine interferon signalling as 'ring vaccination' and 'contact tracing' strategies to suppress virus infection in a host. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203002. [PMID: 33622135 PMCID: PMC7935137 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response, particularly the interferon response, represents a first line of defence against viral infections. The interferon molecules produced from infected cells act through autocrine and paracrine signalling to turn host cells into an antiviral state. Although the molecular mechanisms of IFN signalling have been well characterized, how the interferon response collectively contribute to the regulation of host cells to stop or suppress viral infection during early infection remain unclear. Here, we use mathematical models to delineate the roles of the autocrine and the paracrine signalling, and show that their impacts on viral spread are dependent on how infection proceeds. In particular, we found that when infection is well-mixed, the paracrine signalling is not as effective; by contrast, when infection spreads in a spatial manner, a likely scenario during initial infection in tissue, the paracrine signalling can impede the spread of infection by decreasing the number of susceptible cells close to the site of infection. Furthermore, we argue that the interferon response can be seen as a parallel to population-level epidemic prevention strategies such as ‘contact tracing’ or ‘ring vaccination’. Thus, our results here may have implications for the outbreak control at the population scale more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Michael Lavigne
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Hayley Russell
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.,T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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11
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Lu Y, Zhang L. DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immunity in Poxvirus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1637. [PMID: 32983084 PMCID: PMC7483915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host antiviral innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on how poxvirus is sensed by the host innate immune system and how poxvirus-encoded proteins antagonize DNA sensors. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between poxvirus and DNA-sensing antiviral immune responses of the host will contribute to the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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12
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A mutation in POLR3E impairs antiviral immune response and RNA polymerase III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22113-22121. [PMID: 32843346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009947117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase (Pol) III has a noncanonical role of viral DNA sensing in the innate immune system. This polymerase transcribes viral genomes to produce RNAs that lead to induction of type I interferons (IFNs). However, the genetic and functional links of Pol III to innate immunity in humans remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a rare homozygous mutation (D40H) in the POLR3E gene, coding for a protein subunit of Pol III, in a child with recurrent and systemic viral infections and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Fibroblasts derived from the patient exhibit impaired induction of type I IFN and increased susceptibility to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Cultured cell lines infected with HCMV show induction of POLR3E expression. However, induction is not restricted to DNA virus, as sindbis virus, an RNA virus, enhances the expression of this protein. Likewise, foreign nonviral DNA elevates the steady-state level of POLR3E and elicits promoter-dependent and -independent transcription by Pol III. Remarkably, the molecular mechanism underlying the D40H mutation of POLR3E involves the assembly of defective initiation complexes of Pol III. Our study links mutated POLR3E and Pol III to an innate immune deficiency state in humans.
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13
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Chandler M, Johnson MB, Panigaj M, Afonin KA. Innate immune responses triggered by nucleic acids inspire the design of immunomodulatory nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs). Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:8-15. [PMID: 31778882 PMCID: PMC7246180 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unknown immune stimulation by nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) has become one of the major impediments to a broad spectrum of clinical developments of this novel technology. Having evolved to defend against bacterial and viral nucleic acids, mammalian cells have established patterns of recognition that are also the pathways through which NANPs can be processed. Explorations into the immune stimulation brought about by a vast diversity of known NANPs have shown that variations in design correlate with variations in immune response. Therefore, as the mechanisms of stimulation are further elucidated, these trends are now being taken into account in the design phase to allow for development of NANPs that are tailored for controlled immune activation or quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chandler
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Morgan Brittany Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Martin Panigaj
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, 041 54, Slovak Republic
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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14
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Halpert MM, Konduri V, Liang D, Vazquez-Perez J, Hofferek CJ, Weldon SA, Baig Y, Vedula I, Levitt JM, Decker WK. MHC class I and II peptide homology regulates the cellular immune response. FASEB J 2020; 34:8082-8101. [PMID: 32298026 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian immune responses are initiated by "danger" signals--immutable molecular structures known as PAMPs. When detected by fixed, germline encoded receptors, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) subsequently inform the polarization of downstream adaptive responses depending upon identity and localization of the PAMP. Here, we report the existence of a completely novel "PAMP" that is not a molecular structure but an antigenic pattern. This pattern--the incidence of peptide epitopes with stretches of 100% sequence identity bound to both dendritic cell (DC) major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and MHC class II--strongly induces TH 1 immune polarization and activation of the cellular immune response. Inherent in the existence of this PAMP is the concomitant existence of a molecular sensor complex with the ability to scan and compare amino acid sequence identities of bound class I and II peptides. We provide substantial evidence implicating the multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (mARS) complex and its AIMp1 structural component as the key constituents of this complex. The results demonstrate a wholly novel mechanism by which T-helper (TH ) polarization is governed and provide critical information for the design of vaccination strategies intended to provoke cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Halpert
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Colby J Hofferek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott A Weldon
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunyu Baig
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Indira Vedula
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levitt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Lee HC, Chathuranga K, Lee JS. Intracellular sensing of viral genomes and viral evasion. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31827068 PMCID: PMC6906418 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors. The efficacy of this recognition system is crucial for triggering innate host defenses, which then stimulate more specific adaptive immune responses against the virus. Recent studies show that signal transduction pathways activated by sensing proteins are positively or negatively regulated by many modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have evolved several strategies to counteract/evade host immune reactions. These systems involve viral proteins that interact with host sensor proteins and prevent them from detecting the viral genome or from initiating immune signaling. In this review, we discuss key regulators of cytosolic sensor proteins and viral proteins based on experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
- Central Research Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd, Shiheung, 15094, Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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16
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Scutts SR, Ember SW, Ren H, Ye C, Lovejoy CA, Mazzon M, Veyer DL, Sumner RP, Smith GL. DNA-PK Is Targeted by Multiple Vaccinia Virus Proteins to Inhibit DNA Sensing. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1953-1965.e4. [PMID: 30428360 PMCID: PMC6250978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detecting virus nucleic acids and initiating an innate immune response. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a PRR that binds cytosolic DNA and is antagonized by vaccinia virus (VACV) protein C16. Here, VACV protein C4 is also shown to antagonize DNA-PK by binding to Ku and blocking Ku binding to DNA, leading to a reduced production of cytokines and chemokines in vivo and a diminished recruitment of inflammatory cells. C4 and C16 share redundancy in that a double deletion virus has reduced virulence not seen with single deletion viruses following intradermal infection. However, non-redundant functions exist because both single deletion viruses display attenuated virulence compared to wild-type VACV after intranasal infection. It is notable that VACV expresses two proteins to antagonize DNA-PK, but it is not known to target other DNA sensors, emphasizing the importance of this PRR in the response to infection in vivo. DNA-PK is a pattern recognition receptor that binds cytosolic DNA Vaccinia virus proteins C4 and C16 antagonize DNA-PK by blocking DNA binding C4 and C16 inhibit IRF3 signaling, cytokine production, and immune cell recruitment C4 and C16 share redundant and non-redundant functions in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Scutts
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stuart W Ember
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Chao Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Christopher A Lovejoy
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Michela Mazzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David L Veyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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17
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Nandakumar R, Tschismarov R, Meissner F, Prabakaran T, Krissanaprasit A, Farahani E, Zhang BC, Assil S, Martin A, Bertrams W, Holm CK, Ablasser A, Klause T, Thomsen MK, Schmeck B, Howard KA, Henry T, Gothelf KV, Decker T, Paludan SR. Intracellular bacteria engage a STING-TBK1-MVB12b pathway to enable paracrine cGAS-STING signalling. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:701-713. [PMID: 30804548 PMCID: PMC6433288 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is crucial for eventual control of infections, but may also contribute to pathology. Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular Gram-positive bacteria and a major cause of food-borne disease. However, important knowledge on the interactions between L. monocytogenes and the immune system is still missing. Here, we report that Listeria DNA is sorted into extracellular vesicles (EVs) in infected cells and delivered to bystander cells to stimulate the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. This was also observed during infections with Francisella tularensis and Legionella pneumophila. We identify the multivesicular body protein MVB12b as a target for TANK-binding kinase 1 phosphorylation, which is essential for the sorting of DNA into EVs and stimulation of bystander cells. EVs from Listeria-infected cells inhibited T-cell proliferation, and primed T cells for apoptosis. Collectively, we describe a pathway for EV-mediated delivery of foreign DNA to bystander cells, and suggest that intracellular bacteria exploit this pathway to impair antibacterial defence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Tschismarov
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Abhichart Krissanaprasit
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for DNA Nanotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sonia Assil
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Amandine Martin
- CIRI, Inserm, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Wilhelm Bertrams
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ablasser
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Klause
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Inserm, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Lyon and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for DNA Nanotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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18
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White SM, Murakami S, Yi C. The complex entanglement of Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling in tumor immunity. Oncogene 2019; 38:2899-2909. [PMID: 30617303 PMCID: PMC7567008 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-Yap/Taz pathway, originally identified as a central developmental regulator of organ size, has been found perturbed in many types of human tumors, and linked to tumor growth, survival, evasion, metastasis, stemness, and drug resistance. Beside these tumor-cell-intrinsic functions, Hippo signaling also plays important immune-regulatory roles. In this review, we will summarize and discuss recent breakthroughs in our understanding of how various components of the Hippo-Yap/Taz pathway influence the tumor immune microenvironment, including their effects on the tumor secretome and immune infiltrates, their roles in regulating crosstalk between tumor cells and T cells, and finally their intrinsic functions in various types of innate and adaptive immune cells. While further research is needed to integrate and reconcile existing findings and to discern the overall effects of Hippo signaling on tumor immunity, it is clear that Hippo signaling functions as a key bridge connecting tumor cells with both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Thus, all future therapeutic development against the Hippo-Yap/Taz pathway should take into account their multi-faceted roles in regulating tumor immunity in addition to their growth-regulatory functions. Given that immune therapies have become the mainstay of cancer treatment, it is also important to pursue how to manipulate Hippo signaling to boost response or overcome resistance to existing immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M White
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shigekazu Murakami
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chunling Yi
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Farahnak S, Chronopoulos J, Martin JG. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Allergic Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:1-33. [PMID: 30904191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that there is crosstalk between allergic disorders and nucleic acid sensing. Triggers that activate inflammatory mechanisms via nucleic acid sensors affect both allergic phenotypes and anti-viral responses, depending on the timing and the order of exposure. Viral respiratory infections, such as those caused by the rhinovirus, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus, are the most frequent cause of significant asthma exacerbations through effects mediated predominantly by TLR3. However, agonists of other nucleic acid sensors, such as TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, may inhibit allergic inflammation and reduce clinical manifestations of disease. The allergic state can predispose the immune system to both exaggerated responses to viral infections or protection from anti-viral inflammatory responses. TH2 cytokines appear to alter the epithelium, leading to defective viral clearance or exaggerated responses to viral infections. However, a TH2 skewed allergic response may be protective against a TH1-dependent inflammatory anti-viral response. This review briefly introduces the receptors involved in nucleic acid sensing, addresses mechanisms by which nucleic acid sensing and allergic responses can counteract one another, and discusses the strategies in experimental settings, both in animal and human studies, to harness the nucleic acid sensing machinery for the intervention of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Chronopoulos
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Heil M, Vega-Muñoz I. Nucleic Acid Sensing in Mammals and Plants: Facts and Caveats. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:225-285. [PMID: 30904194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of nucleic acids in aberrant compartments is a signal of danger: fragments of cytosolic or extracellular self-DNA indicate cellular dysfunctions or disruption, whereas cytosolic fragments of nonself-DNA or RNA indicate infections. Therefore, nucleic acids trigger immunity in mammals and plants. In mammals, endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) RNA or CpG-rich DNA, whereas various cytosolic receptors sense dsDNA. Although a self/nonself discrimination could favor targeted immune responses, no sequence-specific sensing of nucleic acids has been reported for mammals. Specific immune responses to extracellular self-DNA versus DNA from related species were recently reported for plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The subcellular localization of mammalian receptors can favor self/nonself discrimination based on the localization of DNA fragments. However, autoantibodies and diverse damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) shuttle DNA through membranes, and most of the mammalian receptors share downstream signaling elements such as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the master transcription regulators, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The resulting type I interferon (IFN) response stimulates innate immunity against multiple threats-from infection to physical injury or endogenous DNA damage-all of which lead to the accumulation of eDNA or cytoplasmatic dsDNA. Therefore, no or only low selective pressures might have favored a strict self/nonself discrimination in nucleic acid sensing. We conclude that the discrimination between self- and nonself-DNA is likely to be less strict-and less important-than assumed originally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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21
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Lemay G. Synthesis and Translation of Viral mRNA in Reovirus-Infected Cells: Progress and Remaining Questions. Viruses 2018; 10:E671. [PMID: 30486370 PMCID: PMC6315682 DOI: 10.3390/v10120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of my doctoral studies, in 1988, I published a review article on the major steps of transcription and translation during the mammalian reovirus multiplication cycle, a topic that still fascinates me 30 years later. It is in the nature of scientific research to generate further questioning as new knowledge emerges. Our understanding of these fascinating viruses thus remains incomplete but it seemed appropriate at this moment to look back and reflect on our progress and most important questions that still puzzle us. It is also essential of being careful about concepts that seem so well established, but could still be better validated using new approaches. I hope that the few reflections presented here will stimulate discussions and maybe attract new investigators into the field of reovirus research. Many other aspects of the viral multiplication cycle would merit our attention. However, I will essentially limit my discussion to these central aspects of the viral cycle that are transcription of viral genes and their phenotypic expression through the host cell translational machinery. The objective here is not to review every aspect but to put more emphasis on important progress and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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22
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Caneparo V, Landolfo S, Gariglio M, De Andrea M. The Absent in Melanoma 2-Like Receptor IFN-Inducible Protein 16 as an Inflammasome Regulator in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Dark Side of Sensing Microbes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1180. [PMID: 29892303 PMCID: PMC5985366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs) are a newly characterized class of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in cytosolic and nuclear pathogen DNA recognition. In recent years, two ALR family members, the interferon (IFN)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and AIM2, have been linked to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, among which systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has recently gained increasing attention. SLE patients are indeed often characterized by constitutively high serum IFN levels and increased expression of IFN-stimulated genes due to an abnormal response to pathogens and/or incorrect self-DNA recognition process. Consistently, we and others have shown that IFI16 is overexpressed in a wide range of autoimmune diseases where it triggers production of specific autoantibodies. In addition, evidence from mouse models supports a model whereby ALRs are required for IFN-mediated host response to both exogenous and endogenous DNA. Following interaction with cytoplasmic or nuclear nucleic acids, ALRs can form a functional inflammasome through association with the adaptor ASC [apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD)] and with procaspase-1. Importantly, inflammasome-mediated upregulation of IL-1β and IL-18 production positively correlates with SLE disease severity. Therefore, targeting ALR sensors and their downstream pathways represents a promising alternative therapeutic approach for SLE and other systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Caneparo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.,Virology Unit, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy.,Intrinsic Immunity Unit, CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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23
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Danis J, Janovák L, Gubán B, Göblös A, Szabó K, Kemény L, Bata-Csörgő Z, Széll M. Differential Inflammatory-Response Kinetics of Human Keratinocytes upon Cytosolic RNA- and DNA-Fragment Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518010 PMCID: PMC5877635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are non-professional immune cells contributing actively to innate immune responses partially by reacting to a wide range of molecular patterns by activating pattern recognition receptors. Cytosolic nucleotide fragments as pathogen- or self-derived trigger factors are activating inflammasomes and inducing anti-viral signal transduction pathways as well as inducing expression of inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to compare the induced inflammatory reactions in three keratinocyte cell types—normal human epidermal keratinocytes, the HaCaT cell line and the HPV-KER cell line—upon exposure to the synthetic RNA and DNA analogues poly(I:C) and poly(dA:dT) to reveal the underlying signaling events. Both agents induced the expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α in all cell types; however, notable kinetic and expression level differences were found. Western blot analysis revealed rapid activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen activated protein kinase and signal transducers of activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathways in keratinocytes upon poly(I:C) treatment, while poly(dA:dT) induced slower activation. Inhibition of NF-κB, p38, STAT-1 and STAT-3 signaling resulted in decreased cytokine expression, whereas inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) signaling showed a negative feedback role in both poly(I:C)- and poly(dA:dT)-induced cytokine expression. Based on our in vitro results nucleotide fragments are able to induce inflammatory reactions in keratinocytes, but with different rate and kinetics of cytokine expression, explained by faster activation of signaling routes by poly(I:C) than poly(dA:dT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Danis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-54-52-78
| | - Luca Janovák
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Barbara Gubán
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
| | - Anikó Göblös
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Kornélia Szabó
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Bata-Csörgő
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (L.J.); (B.G.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (Z.B.-C.)
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Márta Széll
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp65 (pUL83) Dampens Type I Interferon Production by Inactivating the DNA Sensor cGAS without Affecting STING. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01774-17. [PMID: 29263269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01774-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a pivotal role during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection. Indeed, HCMV infection of primary fibroblasts rapidly triggers strong induction of type I interferons (IFN-I), accompanied by proinflammatory cytokine release. Here, we show that primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) infected with a mutant HCMV TB40/E strain unable to express UL83-encoded pp65 (v65Stop) produce significantly higher IFN-β levels than HFFs infected with the wild-type TB40/E strain or the pp65 revertant (v65Rev), suggesting that the tegument protein pp65 may dampen IFN-β production. To clarify the mechanisms through which pp65 inhibits IFN-β production, we analyzed the activation of the cGAS/STING/IRF3 axis in HFFs infected with either the wild type, the revertant v65Rev, or the pp65-deficient mutant v65Stop. We found that pp65 selectively binds to cGAS and prevents its interaction with STING, thus inactivating the signaling pathway through the cGAS/STING/IRF3 axis. Consistently, addition of exogenous cGAMP to v65Rev-infected cells triggered the production of IFN-β levels similar to those observed with v65Stop-infected cells, confirming that pp65 inactivation of IFN-β production occurs at the cGAS level. Notably, within the first 24 h of HCMV infection, STING undergoes proteasome degradation independently of the presence or absence of pp65. Collectively, our data provide mechanistic insights into the interplay between HCMV pp65 and cGAS, leading to subsequent immune evasion by this prominent DNA virus.IMPORTANCE Primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) produce type I IFN (IFN-I) when infected with HCMV. However, we observed significantly higher IFN-β levels when HFFs were infected with HCMV that was unable to express UL83-encoded pp65 (v65Stop), suggesting that pp65 (pUL83) may constitute a viral evasion factor. This study demonstrates that the HCMV tegument protein pp65 inhibits IFN-β production by binding and inactivating cGAS early during infection. In addition, this inhibitory activity specifically targets cGAS, since it can be bypassed via the addition of exogenous cGAMP, even in the presence of pp65. Notably, STING proteasome-mediated degradation was observed in both the presence and absence of pp65. Collectively, our data underscore the important role of the tegument protein pp65 as a critical molecular hub in HCMV's evasion strategy against the innate immune response.
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25
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Albertini S, Lo Cigno I, Calati F, De Andrea M, Borgogna C, Dell'Oste V, Landolfo S, Gariglio M. HPV18 Persistence Impairs Basal and DNA Ligand-Mediated IFN-β and IFN-λ 1 Production through Transcriptional Repression of Multiple Downstream Effectors of Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2076-2089. [PMID: 29386255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is clear that high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can selectively infect keratinocytes and persist in the host, it still remains to be unequivocally determined whether they can escape antiviral innate immunity by interfering with pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling. In this study, we have assessed the innate immune response in monolayer and organotypic raft cultures of NIKS cells harboring multiple copies of episomal HPV18 (NIKSmcHPV18), which fully recapitulates the persistent state of infection. We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that NIKSmcHPV18, as well as HeLa cells (a cervical carcinoma-derived cell line harboring integrated HPV18 DNA), display marked downregulation of several PRRs, as well as other PRR downstream effectors, such as the adaptor protein stimulator of IFN genes and the transcription factors IRF1 and 7. Importantly, we provide evidence that downregulation of stimulator of IFN genes, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I mRNA levels occurs at the transcriptional level through a novel epigenetic silencing mechanism, as documented by the accumulation of repressive heterochromatin markers seen at the promoter region of these genes. Furthermore, stimulation of NIKSmcHPV18 cells with salmon sperm DNA or poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid, two potent inducers of PRR signaling, only partially restored PRR protein expression. Accordingly, the production of IFN-β and IFN-λ1 was significantly reduced in comparison with the parental NIKS cells, indicating that HPV18 exerts its immunosuppressive activity through downregulation of PRR signaling. Altogether, our findings indicate that high-risk human papillomaviruses have evolved broad-spectrum mechanisms that allow simultaneous depletion of multiple effectors of the innate immunity network, thereby creating an unreactive cellular milieu suitable for viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Albertini
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and.,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
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26
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AIM2-Like Receptors Positively and Negatively Regulate the Interferon Response Induced by Cytosolic DNA. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00944-17. [PMID: 28679751 PMCID: PMC5573678 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00944-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNAs derived from retrotransposons serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that stimulate the induction of interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines, leading to autoimmune disease. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is one PRR that senses retrotransposon DNA, activating type I IFN responses through the stimulator of IFN genes (STING). Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs) have also been implicated in these pathways. Here we show that the mouse ALR IFI205 senses cytosolic retrotransposon DNA independently of cyclic GMP-AMP production. AIM2 antagonizes IFI205-mediated IFN induction activity by sequestering it from STING. We also found that the complement of genes located in the ALR locus in C57BL/6 and AIM2 knockout mice are different and unique, which has implications for interpretation of the sensing of pathogens in different mouse strains. Our data suggest that members of the ALR family are critical to the host IFN response to endogenous DNA.IMPORTANCE Autoimmune diseases like Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and lupus erythematosus arise when cells of the immune system become activated and attack host cells and tissues. We found that DNA generated by endogenous retroviruses and retroelements in inbred mice and mouse cells is recognized by several host proteins found in macrophages that are members of the ALR family and that these proteins both suppress and activate the pathways leading to the generation of cytokines and IFNs. We also show that there is great genetic diversity between different inbred mouse strains in the ALR genes, which might contribute to differential susceptibility to autoimmunity. Understanding how immune cells become activated is important to the control of disease.
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27
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The murine cytomegalovirus M35 protein antagonizes type I IFN induction downstream of pattern recognition receptors by targeting NF-κB mediated transcription. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006382. [PMID: 28542326 PMCID: PMC5444856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is imperative for the establishment of the early antiviral immune response. Here we report the identification of the first type I IFN antagonist encoded by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that shuts down signaling following pattern recognition receptor (PRR) sensing. Screening of an MCMV open reading frame (ORF) library identified M35 as a novel and strong negative modulator of IFNβ promoter induction following activation of both RNA and DNA cytoplasmic PRR. Additionally, M35 inhibits the proinflammatory cytokine response downstream of Toll-like receptors (TLR). Using a series of luciferase-based reporters with specific transcription factor binding sites, we determined that M35 targets NF-κB-, but not IRF-mediated, transcription. Expression of M35 upon retroviral transduction of immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM) led to reduced IFNβ transcription and secretion upon activation of stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-dependent signaling. On the other hand, M35 does not antagonize interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 56 promoter induction or ISG transcription upon exogenous stimulation of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). M35 is present in the viral particle and, upon MCMV infection of fibroblasts, is immediately shuttled to the nucleus where it exerts its immunomodulatory effects. Deletion of M35 from the MCMV genome and hence from the viral particle resulted in elevated type I IFN transcription and secretion in vitro and in vivo. In the absence of M35, lower viral titers are observed during acute infection of the host, and productive infection in the salivary glands was not detected. In conclusion, the M35 protein is released by MCMV immediately upon infection in order to deftly inhibit the antiviral type I IFN response by targeting NF-κB-mediated transcription. The identification of this novel viral protein reinforces the importance of timely countermeasures in the complex relationship between virus and host. The herpesvirus cytomegalovirus can cause severe morbidity in immunosuppressed people and poses a much greater global problem in the context of congenital infections than the Zika virus. To establish infection, cytomegalovirus needs to modulate the antiviral immune response of its host. One of the first lines of defense against viral infections is the type I interferon response which is activated by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors. These receptors sense viral entry and rapidly induce the transcription of type I interferons, which are instrumental for the induction of an antiviral state in infected and surrounding cells. We have identified the first viral protein encoded by murine cytomegalovirus, the M35 protein, that counteracts type I interferon transcription downstream of multiple pattern recognition receptors. We found that this viral countermeasure occurs shortly after viral entry into the host cell, as M35 is delivered with the viral particle. M35 then localizes to the nucleus where it modulates NF-κB-mediated transcription. In vivo, murine cytomegalovirus deficient of the M35 protein replicates to lower levels in spleen and liver and cannot establish a productive infection in the salivary glands, which is a key site of viral transmission, highlighting the important role of M35 for the establishment of infection. Our study provides novel insights into the complex interaction between cytomegalovirus and the innate immune response of its host.
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28
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Chen N, Xia P, Li S, Zhang T, Wang TT, Zhu J. RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:297-304. [PMID: 28374903 PMCID: PMC7165898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony T Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, 22802
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
During viral and bacterial infections, pathogen-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by the intracellular RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma-differentiated gene 5 and intracellular DNA sensors, including cyclic-di-GMP-AMP synthase, absent in melanoma 2, interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein 16, polymerase III, and so on. Binding of intracellular nucleic acids to these sensors activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce appropriate systematic immune responses. While these sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids and activate immune responses, they can discriminate between self- and non-self-nucleic acids. However, dysfunction of these sensors or failure of regulatory mechanisms causes aberrant activation of immune response and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we focus on how intracellular immune sensors recognize exogenous nucleic acids and activate the innate immune system, and furthermore, how autoimmune diseases result from dysfunction of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Motoya Murase
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
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30
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Pépin G, Gantier MP. cGAS-STING Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Role in Cancer Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:175-194. [PMID: 28921470 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) is a key mediator in the immune response to cytoplasmic DNA sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). After synthesis by cGAS, cGAMP acts as a second messenger activating STING in the cell harboring cytoplasmic DNA but also in adjacent cells through gap junction transfer. While the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in pathogen detection is now well established, its importance in cancer immunity has only recently started to emerge. Nonetheless, STING appears to be an essential component in the recruitment of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment, which is paramount to immune clearance of the tumor. This review presents an overview of the growing literature around the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the tumor microenvironment, with a specific focus on the role that cancer cells may play in the direct activation of this pathway, and its amplification through cell-cell transfer of cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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31
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Ireton RC, Wilkins C, Gale M. RNA PAMPs as Molecular Tools for Evaluating RIG-I Function in Innate Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1656:119-129. [PMID: 28808965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7237-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)s and their cognate pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) represent the basis of innate immune activation and immune response induction driven by the host-pathogen interaction that occurs during microbial infection in humans and other animals. For RNA virus infection such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and others, specific motifs within viral RNA mark it as nonself and visible to the host as a PAMP through interaction with RIG-I-like receptors including retinoic inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Here, we present methods for producing and using HCV PAMP RNA as a molecular tool to study RIG-I and its signaling pathway, both in vitro and in vivo, in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Ireton
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Courtney Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington School of Medicine, E383, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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