1
|
Li Y, Jin H, Li Q, Shi L, Mao Y, Zhao L. The role of RNA methylation in tumor immunity and its potential in immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:130. [PMID: 38902779 PMCID: PMC11188252 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation, a prevalent post-transcriptional modification, has garnered considerable attention in research circles. It exerts regulatory control over diverse biological functions by modulating RNA splicing, translation, transport, and stability. Notably, studies have illuminated the substantial impact of RNA methylation on tumor immunity. The primary types of RNA methylation encompass N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), and N7-methylguanosine (m7G), and 3-methylcytidine (m3C). Compelling evidence underscores the involvement of RNA methylation in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). By affecting RNA translation and stability through the "writers", "erasers" and "readers", RNA methylation exerts influence over the dysregulation of immune cells and immune factors. Consequently, RNA methylation plays a pivotal role in modulating tumor immunity and mediating various biological behaviors, encompassing proliferation, invasion, metastasis, etc. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and functions of several RNA methylations, providing a comprehensive overview of their biological roles and underlying mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment and among immunocytes. By exploring how these RNA modifications mediate tumor immune evasion, we also examine their potential applications in immunotherapy. This review aims to provide novel insights and strategies for identifying novel targets in RNA methylation and advancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoer Jin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangrong Shi
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yitao Mao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varady SR, Greiner D, Roh-Johnson M. Macrophage subtypes inhibit breast cancer proliferation in culture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.01.596963. [PMID: 38853881 PMCID: PMC11160732 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are a highly plastic cell type that adopt distinct subtypes and functional states depending on environmental cues. These functional states can vary wildly, with distinct macrophages capable of displaying opposing functions. We sought to understand how macrophage subtypes that exist on two ends of a spectrum influence the function of other cells. We used a co-culture system with primary human macrophages to probe the effects of macrophage subtypes on breast cancer cell proliferation. Our studies revealed a surprising phenotype in which both macrophage subtypes inhibited cancer cell proliferation compared to cancer cells alone. Of particular interest, using two different proliferation assays with two different breast cancer cell lines, we showed that differentiating macrophages into a "pro-tumor" subtype inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation. These findings are inconsistent with the prevailing interpretation that "pro-tumor" macrophages promote cancer cell proliferation and suggest a re-evaluation of how these interpretations are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R.S. Varady
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daniel Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tamuli B, Sharma S, Patkar M, Biswas S. Key players of immunosuppression in epithelial malignancies: Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and γδ T cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2066. [PMID: 38703051 PMCID: PMC11069128 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment of solid tumors governs the differentiation of otherwise non-immunosuppressive macrophages and gamma delta (γδ) T cells into strong immunosuppressors while promoting suppressive abilities of known immunosuppressors such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) upon infiltration into the tumor beds. RECENT FINDINGS In epithelial malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), precursor monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), and gamma delta (γδ) T cells often acquire strong immunosuppressive abilities that dampen spontaneous immune responses by tumor-infiltrating T cells and B lymphocytes against cancer. Both M-MDSCs and γδ T cells have been associated with worse prognosis for multiple epithelial cancers. CONCLUSION Here we discuss recent discoveries on how tumor-associated macrophages and precursor M-MDSCs as well as tumor associated-γδ T cells acquire immunosuppressive abilities in the tumor beds, promote cancer metastasis, and perspectives on how possible novel interventions could restore the effective adaptive immune responses in epithelial cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baishali Tamuli
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Meena Patkar
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Subir Biswas
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
- Homi Bhabha National InstituteMumbaiIndia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Y, Yu X, Ye S, Li W, Yang Q, Li YX, Wang Y, Wang YL. Immune-regulatory properties of endovascular extravillous trophoblast cells in human placenta. Placenta 2024; 145:107-116. [PMID: 38128221 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine spiral artery remodeling is the prerequisite for ensuring adequate blood supply to the maternal-fetal interface during human pregnancy. One crucial cellular event in this process involves the extensive replacement of the spiral artery endothelial cells by endovascular extravillous trophoblasts (enEVTs), a subtype of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). However, our understanding of the properties of enEVTs remains limited. METHODS Human enEVTs in decidual tissues during early pregnancy was purified using flow sorting by specific makers, NCAM1 and HLA-G. The high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis as well as the cytokine antibody array experiments were carried out to analyze for cell properties. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed on differentially expressed genes of enEVTs. Immunofluorescent assays were used to verify the analysis results. RESULTS Both enEVTs and interstitial EVTs (iEVTs) exhibited gene expression patterns typifying EVT characteristics. Intriguingly, enEVTs displayed gene expression associated with immune responses, particularly reminiscent of M2 macrophage characteristics. The active secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines by enEVTs provided partial validation for their expression pattern of immune-regulatory genes. DISCUSSION Our study reveals the immune-regulatory properties of human enEVTs and provides new insights into their functions and mechanisms involved in spiral artery remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeling Ma
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shenglong Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paudel S, Mishra N, Agarwal R. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Molecules in Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1652. [PMID: 38139779 PMCID: PMC10746110 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are natural plant-derived products that provide significant nutrition, essential biomolecules, and flavor as part of our diet. They have long been known to confer protection against several diseases via their anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-microbial, and several other properties. Deciphering the role of phytochemicals in the prevention, inhibition, and treatment of cancer-unrestrained cell proliferation due to the loss of tight regulation on cell growth and replication-has been the focus of recent research. Particularly, the immunomodulatory role of phytochemicals, which is pivotal in unchecked cell proliferation and metastasis, has recently been studied extensively. The immune system is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment, and it plays essential roles in both preventing and promoting oncogenesis. Immunomodulation includes stimulation, amplification, or inactivation of some stage(s) of the immune response. Phytochemicals and their products have demonstrated immune regulation, such as macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte, T-cell, and cytokine stimulation, natural killer cell augmentation, and NFκB, TNF, and apoptosis regulation. There is a dearth of extensive accounts of the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals in cancer; thus, we have compiled these effects with mechanistic aspects of dietary phytochemicals in cancer, highlighting promising candidates and ongoing clinical trials on immunotherapeutic strategies to mitigate oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.P.); (N.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Lu H, Liu Y, Xue C, Chang Z, Liu H, Deng Y, Liang W, Wang H, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhu T, Guo Y, Chang L, Lin J, Chen YE, Zhang J. Myeloid BAF60a deficiency alters metabolic homeostasis and exacerbates atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113171. [PMID: 37768825 PMCID: PMC10842557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading health concern, stems from the dynamic involvement of immune cells in vascular plaques. Despite its significance, the interplay between chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation in plaque macrophages is understudied. We discovered the reduced expression of Baf60a, a component of the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, in macrophages from advanced plaques. Myeloid-specific Baf60a deletion compromised mitochondrial integrity and heightened adhesion, apoptosis, and plaque development. BAF60a preserves mitochondrial energy homeostasis under pro-atherogenic stimuli by retaining nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) accessibility at critical genes. Overexpression of BAF60a rescued mitochondrial dysfunction in an NRF1-dependent manner. This study illuminates the BAF60a-NRF1 axis as a mitochondrial function modulator in atherosclerosis, proposing the rejuvenation of perturbed chromatin remodeling machinery as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongjie Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lenka S, Bhuyan SK, Bhuyan R. Deregulation of cytokine affecting oral neutrophil subsets in oral cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:307. [PMID: 37755539 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent form of leukocytes in human blood, neutrophils, is regarded as an essential part of the innate immune system and the body's 1st line of defense against foreign invaders. However, divergent opinions arise on the role of neutrophils in cancer, likely due to the occurrence of many neutrophil subsets. Several factors in the tumor microenvironment were found to modify the phenotype and function of neutrophils. Inhibitory cytokine production and recruitment of protumor immune cells to the tumor microenvironment are the reasons for immune suppression. Although some salivary cytokines were found to be increased in cancer patient's saliva, simultaneously, it was observed that those cytokines are high in other oral inflammatory conditions. So, it is challenging to distinguish at what level of expression those cytokines are involved in the neoplastic process. Therefore, the goal of this study is to provide a summary of the current information about the existence and presence of specific cytokines that impact cPMN and TAN and their potential activities in the context of healthy and cancer states so that we can relate to oPMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhansubala Lenka
- Department of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Bhuyan
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ruchi Bhuyan
- Department of Medical Research, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan Y, Zhang Q, Wu B, Huang T, Gong P, Xiang L. Oncostatin M regulates macrophages polarization in osseointegration via yes-associated protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110348. [PMID: 37220694 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oncostatin M(OSM), secreted by monocytes and macrophages, has been noted to participate in bone homeostasis and macrophage polarization, which might be regulated by yes-associated protein (YAP). This study aimed to elucidate the influence and mechanisms of OSM-YAP on macrophages polarization in osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and Elisa were performed to evaluate inflammatory function in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with OSM, siOSMR, and YAP inhibitor verteporfin (VP). In vivo, macrophage-specific YAP-deficient mice were generated to investigate the role of OSM via YAP signaling in osseointegration. RESULTS This study demonstrated that OSM could inhibit the M1 polarization, promote the M2 polarization, and induce the expression of osteogenic-related factors via VP. The conditional knock-out of YAP inhibited the osseointegration in mice, and promoted the inflammatory reaction around the implants, while OSM could restore the effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that OSM might play an important role in the polarization of BMDMs, and bone formation around dental and femoral implants. This effect was closely conducted by Hippo-YAP pathway. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the role and mechanism of OSM in macrophage polarization around dental implants could improve comprehension of signal network of osseointegration, and it might offer a potential target of therapies to accelerate osseointegration and reduce inflammatory reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li X, Yan X, Wang Y, Kaur B, Han H, Yu J. The Notch signaling pathway: a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:45. [PMID: 37131214 PMCID: PMC10155406 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Notch signaling pathway, which is highly conserved across species, can drive aberrant epigenetic modification, transcription, and translation. Defective gene regulation caused by dysregulated Notch signaling often affects networks controlling oncogenesis and tumor progression. Meanwhile, Notch signaling can modulate immune cells involved in anti- or pro-tumor responses and tumor immunogenicity. A comprehensive understanding of these processes can help with designing new drugs that target Notch signaling, thereby enhancing the effects of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of how Notch signaling intrinsically regulates immune cells and how alterations in Notch signaling in tumor cells or stromal cells extrinsically regulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We also discuss the potential role of Notch signaling in tumor immunity mediated by gut microbiota. Finally, we propose strategies for targeting Notch signaling in cancer immunotherapy. These include oncolytic virotherapy combined with inhibition of Notch signaling, nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with Notch signaling regulators to specifically target tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to repolarize their functions and remodel the TME, combining specific and efficient inhibitors or activators of Notch signaling with immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) for synergistic anti-tumor therapy, and implementing a customized and effective synNotch circuit system to enhance safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immune cells. Collectively, this review aims to summarize how Notch signaling intrinsically and extrinsically shapes immune responses to improve immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77225, USA
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhan C, Jin Y, Xu X, Shao J, Jin C. Antitumor therapy for breast cancer: Focus on tumor-associated macrophages and nanosized drug delivery systems. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36794651 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast cancer (BC), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment and are closely related to poor prognosis. A growing number of studies have focused on the role of TAMs in BC progression and therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs. As an emerging treatment, the application of nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDSs) in the treatment of BC by targeting TAMs has attracted much attention. AIMS This review is to summarize the characteristics and treatment strategies targeting TAMs in BC and to clarify the applications of NDDSs targeting TAMs in the treatment of BC by targeting TAMs. MATERIALS & METHODS The existing results related to characteristics of TAMs in BC, BC treatment strategies by targeting TAMs, and the applications of NDDSs in these strategies are described. Through analyzing these results, the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment strategies using NDDSs are discussed, which could provide advices on designing NDDSs for BC treatment. RESULTS TAMs are one of the most prominent noncancer cell types in BC. TAMs not only promote angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis but also lead to therapeutic resistance and immunosuppression. Mainly four strategies have been used to target TAMs for BC therapy, which include depleting macrophages, blocking recruitment, reprogramming to attain an anti-tumor phenotype, and increasing phagocytosis. Since NDDSs can efficiently deliver drugs to TAMs with low toxicity, they are promising approaches for targeting TAMs in tumor therapy. NDDSs with various structures can deliver immunotherapeutic agents and nucleic acid therapeutics to TAMs. In addition, NDDSs can realize combination therapies. DISCUSSION TAMs play a critical role in the progression of BC. An increasing number of strategies have been proposed to regulate TAMs. Compared with free drugs, NDDSs targeting TAMs improve drug concentration, reduce toxicity and realize combination therapies. However, in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy, there are still some disadvantages that need to be considered in the design of NDDSs. CONCLUSION TAMs play an important role in the progression of BC, and targeting TAMs is a promising strategy for BC therapy. In particular, NDDSs targeting TAMs have unique advantages and are potential treatments for BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhan
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinzhi Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangbo Shao
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxiang Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hydrogen Sulfide Downregulates Oncostatin M Expression via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Processes in Neutrophil-like Differentiated HL-60 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020417. [PMID: 36829975 PMCID: PMC9952767 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) is regarded as a critical mediator in various inflammatory responses. While the gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a role in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, such as hypertension, inflammatory pain, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke, oxidative stress, retinal degeneration, and inflammatory responses, the underlying mechanism of H2S action on OSM expression in neutrophils needs to be clarified. In this work, we studied how H2S reduces OSM expression in neutrophil-like differentiated (d)HL-60 cells. To evaluate the effects of H2S, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a donor that produces H2S), ELISA, real-time PCR (qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence staining were utilized. Although exposure to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) resulted in upregulated levels of production and mRNA expression of OSM, these upregulated levels were reduced by pretreatment with NaHS in dHL-60 cells. Similarly, the same pretreatment lowered phosphorylated levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and nuclear factor-kB that had been elevated by stimulation with GM-CSF. Overall, our results indicated that H2S could be a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders via suppression of OSM.
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeting mTOR as a Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances in Natural Bioactive Compounds and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225520. [PMID: 36428613 PMCID: PMC9688668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, which regulates many biological processes related to metabolism, cancer, immune function, and aging. It is an essential protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) family and has two known signaling complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Even though mTOR signaling plays a critical role in promoting mitochondria-related protein synthesis, suppressing the catabolic process of autophagy, contributing to lipid metabolism, engaging in ribosome formation, and acting as a critical regulator of mRNA translation, it remains one of the significant signaling systems involved in the tumor process, particularly in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the mTOR signaling system could be suggested as a cancer biomarker, and its targeting is important in anti-tumor therapy research. Indeed, its dysregulation is involved in different types of cancers such as colon, neck, cervical, head, lung, breast, reproductive, and bone cancers, as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, recent investigations showed that targeting mTOR could be considered as cancer therapy. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments associated with the mTOR signaling pathway and its molecular involvement in various human cancer types. It also summarizes the research progress of different mTOR inhibitors, including natural and synthetised compounds and their main mechanisms, as well as the rational combinations with immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rankouhi TR, Keulen DV, Tempel D, Venhorst J. Oncostatin M: Risks and Benefits of a Novel Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1345-1369. [PMID: 35959619 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220811101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is predicted that approximately 23.6 million people will die from CVDs annually by 2030. Therefore, there is a great need for an effective therapeutic approach to combat this disease. The European Cardiovascular Target Discovery (CarTarDis) consortium identified Oncostatin M (OSM) as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. The benefits of modulating OSM - an interleukin (IL)-6 family cytokine - have since been studied for multiple indications. However, as decades of high attrition rates have stressed, the success of a drug target is determined by the fine balance between benefits and the risk of adverse events. Safety issues should therefore not be overlooked. OBJECTIVE In this review, a risk/benefit analysis is performed on OSM inhibition in the context of atherosclerosis treatment. First, OSM signaling characteristics and its role in atherosclerosis are described. Next, an overview of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical findings relating to both the benefits and risks of modulating OSM in major organ systems is provided. Based on OSM's biological function and expression profile as well as drug intervention studies, safety concerns of inhibiting this target have been identified, assessed, and ranked for the target population. CONCLUSION While OSM may be of therapeutic value in atherosclerosis, drug development should also focus on de-risking the herein identified major safety concerns: tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, bleeding, anemia, and NMDA- and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Close monitoring and/or exclusion of patients with various comorbidities may be required for optimal therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Rouhani Rankouhi
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle van Keulen
- SkylineDx BV, Science and Clinical Development, 3062 ME Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennie Tempel
- SkylineDx BV, Science and Clinical Development, 3062 ME Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Venhorst
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen H, Huang S, Niu P, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Jiang L, Li D, Shi D. Cardamonin suppresses pro-tumor function of macrophages by decreasing M2 polarization on ovarian cancer cells via mTOR inhibition. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:175-188. [PMID: 35860007 PMCID: PMC9278033 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal tumor characterized by an abundance of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltrations in women. Functional TAMs, which mainly present M2-like phenotypes and perform key functions on tumor progress, have been considered an attractive target for ovarian cancer therapy. Cardamonin showed an excellent antitumor activity in multiple tumor cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of cardamonin on TAMs. With the conditioned medium of ovarian cancer cells, macrophages were induced to TAMs and, accordingly, promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Cardamonin suppressed alternatively activated (M2) polarization of TAMs and downregulated TAM-secreted tumorigenic factors, thereby hindering the pro-tumor function of TAMs on ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, cardamonin inhibited tumor growth in xenograft nude mice and lowered the expression of CD163 and CD206. Mechanistically, cardamonin inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), resulting in the suppression of M2 polarization. Furthermore, STAT3 is tightly related with mTOR activity. Altogether, these findings implied that cardamonin suppresses the pro-tumor function of TAMs by decreasing M2 polarization via mTOR inhibition, and cardamonin may be a potential therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, PR China
| | - Peiguang Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Jintuo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Danyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| | - Daohua Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 18 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bai R, Li Y, Jian L, Yang Y, Zhao L, Wei M. The hypoxia-driven crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages: mechanisms and clinical treatment strategies. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:177. [PMID: 36071472 PMCID: PMC9454207 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment recently. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which have a large impact on tumor development and immunotherapy. TAMs massively accumulate within hypoxic tumor regions. TAMs and hypoxia represent a deadly combination because hypoxia has been suggested to induce a pro-tumorigenic macrophage phenotype. Hypoxia not only directly affects macrophage polarization, but it also has an indirect effect by altering the communication between tumor cells and macrophages. For example, hypoxia can influence the expression of chemokines and exosomes, both of which have profound impacts on the recipient cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the intricate interaction between cancer cells and TAMs in the hypoxic TME is relevant to poor prognosis and increased tumor malignancy. However, there are no comprehensive literature reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying the hypoxia-mediated communication between tumor cells and TAMs. Therefore, this review has the aim to collect all recently available data on this topic and provide insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies for reducing the effects of hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Shenyang Kangwei Medical Laboratory Analysis Co. LTD, Shenyang, 110000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blaye C, Boyer T, Peyraud F, Domblides C, Larmonier N. Beyond Immunosuppression: The Multifaceted Functions of Tumor-Promoting Myeloid Cells in Breast Cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838040. [PMID: 35309358 PMCID: PMC8927658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers are commonly associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment responsible for tumor escape from anti-cancer immunity. Cells of the myeloid lineage account for a major part of this tumor-promoting landscape. These myeloid cells are composed of heterogeneous subsets at different stages of differentiation and have traditionally been described by their cardinal ability to suppress innate and adaptive anticancer immunity. However, evidence has accumulated that, beyond their immunosuppressive properties, breast cancer-induced myeloid cells are also equipped with a broad array of “non-immunological” tumor-promoting functions. They therefore represent major impediments for anticancer therapies, particularly for immune-based interventions. We herein analyze and discuss current literature related to the versatile properties of the different myeloid cell subsets engaged in breast cancer development. We critically assess persisting difficulties and challenges in unequivocally discriminate dedicated subsets, which has so far prevented both the selective targeting of these immunosuppressive cells and their use as potential biomarkers. In this context, we propose the concept of IMCGL, “pro-tumoral immunosuppressive myeloid cells of the granulocytic lineage”, to more accurately reflect the contentious nature and origin of granulocytic cells in the breast tumor microenvironment. Future research prospects related to the role of this myeloid landscape in breast cancer are further considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Blaye
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Boyer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Peyraud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte Domblides
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientific (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Ma S, Deng Y, Yi P, Yu J. Targeting the RNA m 6A modification for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:76. [PMID: 35296338 PMCID: PMC8924732 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant epigenetic modification of RNA, and its dysregulation drives aberrant transcription and translation programs that promote cancer occurrence and progression. Although defective gene regulation resulting from m6A often affects oncogenic and tumor-suppressing networks, m6A can also modulate tumor immunogenicity and immune cells involved in anti-tumor responses. Understanding this counterintuitive concept can aid the design of new drugs that target m6A to potentially improve the outcomes of cancer immunotherapies. Here, we provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of how m6A modifications intrinsically affect immune cells and how alterations in tumor cell m6A modifications extrinsically affect immune cell responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We also review strategies for modulating endogenous anti-tumor immunity and discuss the challenge of reshaping the TME. Strategies include: combining specific and efficient inhibitors against m6A regulators with immune checkpoint blockers; generating an effective programmable m6A gene-editing system that enables efficient manipulation of individual m6A sites; establishing an effective m6A modification system to enhance anti-tumor immune responses in T cells or natural killer cells; and using nanoparticles that specifically target tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to deliver messenger RNA or small interfering RNA of m6A-related molecules that repolarize TAMs, enabling them to remodel the TME. The goal of this review is to help the field understand how m6A modifications intrinsically and extrinsically shape immune responses in the TME so that better cancer immunotherapy can be designed and developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Shoubao Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401120, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Hematologic Malignancies Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mafi S, Mansoori B, Taeb S, Sadeghi H, Abbasi R, Cho WC, Rostamzadeh D. mTOR-Mediated Regulation of Immune Responses in Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:774103. [PMID: 35250965 PMCID: PMC8894239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream mediator in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways, which plays a pivotal role in regulating numerous cellular functions including cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism by integrating a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway is frequently reported in many types of human tumors, and targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered an attractive potential therapeutic target in cancer. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling transduction pathway is important not only in the development and progression of cancers but also for its critical regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment. Immunologically, mTOR is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. The mTOR signaling pathway plays an essential regulatory role in the differentiation and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Considering the central role of mTOR in metabolic and translational reprogramming, it can affect tumor-associated immune cells to undergo phenotypic and functional reprogramming in TME. The mTOR-mediated inflammatory response can also promote the recruitment of immune cells to TME, resulting in exerting the anti-tumor functions or promoting cancer cell growth, progression, and metastasis. Thus, deregulated mTOR signaling in cancer can modulate the TME, thereby affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the crucial role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in controlling and shaping the immune responses in TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
| | - Davoud Rostamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Davoud Rostamzadeh, ; ; William C. Cho, ;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng F, Zhao S, Li J, Niu Y, Huang H, Yang J, Ma S, Liu J, Sun P. Enhanced effect of recombinant adenoviruses co‐expression of
ING4
and
OSM
on anti‐tumour activity of laryngeal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1556-1566. [PMID: 35075768 PMCID: PMC8899183 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of growth family member 4 (ING4) is one of the ING family genes, serves as a repressor of angiogenesis or tumour growth and suppresses loss of contact inhibition. Oncostatin M (OSM) is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the interleukin (IL)‐6 subfamily with several biological activities. However, the role of recombinant adenoviruses co‐expressing ING4 and OSM (Ad‐ING4‐OSM) in anti‐tumour activity of laryngeal cancer has not yet been identified. Recombinant Ad‐ING4‐OSM was used to evaluate their combined effect on enhanced anti‐tumour activity in Hep‐2 cells of laryngeal cancer in vivo. Moreover, in vitro function assays of co‐expression of Ad‐ING4‐OSM were performed to explore impact of co‐expression of Ad‐ING4‐OSM on biological phenotype of laryngeal cancer cell line, that is Hep‐2 cells. In vitro, Ad‐ING4‐OSM significantly inhibited the growth, enhanced apoptosis, altered cell cycle with G1 and G2/M phase arrest, and upregulated the expression of P21, P27, P53 and downregulated survivin in laryngeal cancer Hep‐2 cells. Furthermore, in vivo functional experiments of co‐expressing of Ad‐ING4‐OSM demonstrated that solid tumours in the nude mouse model were significantly suppressed, and the co‐expressing Ad‐ING4‐OSM showed a significant upregulation expression of P21, P53, Bax and Caspase‐3 and a downregulation of Cox‐2, Bcl‐2 and CD34. This study for the first time demonstrated the clinical value and the role of co‐expressing Ad‐ING4‐OSM in biological function of laryngeal cancer. This work suggested that co‐expressing Ad‐ING4‐OSM might serve as a potential therapeutic target for laryngeal cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Haiping Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jicheng Yang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Institute College of Medicine Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College Bengbu China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ursolic Acid Suppresses Oncostatin M Expression through Blockade of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Processes in Neutrophil-like Differentiated HL-60 Cells. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) plays an important role in a variety of inflammatory reactions and is mainly produced in neutrophils in inflammatory diseases. While natural pentacyclic triterpenoid ursolic acid (UA) possesses a wide range of beneficial effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory, the regulatory processes of OSM suppression by UA in neutrophils are still poorly understood. This study was aimed at examining how UA regulates OSM expression in neutrophil-like differentiated (d)HL-60 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting were employed to analyze the effects of UA. Whereas stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) led to elevations of OSM production and mRNA expression, these elevations were lowered by treatment with UA in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. When the cells were exposed to GM-CSF, phosphorylated levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and nuclear factor-kB were upregulated. However, the upregulations were diminished by treatment with UA in neutrophil-like dHL-60 cells. The results of this study proposed that UA might relieve inflammatory diseases via inhibition of OSM.
Collapse
|
21
|
Guo L, Yang H, Zhou C, Shi Y, Huang L, Zhang J. N6-Methyladenosine RNA Modification in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Novel Implications for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773570. [PMID: 34956201 PMCID: PMC8696183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is one of the most common modifications of RNA in eukaryotic cells, and is mainly regulated by m6A methyltransferases (writers), m6A demethylases (erasers), and m6A binding proteins (readers). Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that m6A methylation plays crucial roles in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment, greatly impacting the initiation, progression, and metastasis processes of various cancers. In this review we first briefly summarizes the m6A-related concepts and detection methods, and then describes in detail the associations of m6A methylation modification with various tumor immune components especially immune cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells) in a variety of cancers. We discuss the relationship between m6A methylation and cancer occurrence and development with the involvement of tumor immunity highlighted, suggesting novel markers and potential targets for molecular pathological diagnosis and immunotherapy of various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Guo
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen M, Du Y, Ye Y. Tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils: biological roles, crosstalk, and therapeutic relevance. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:222-243. [PMID: 37724296 PMCID: PMC10388790 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells constitute a series of plastic and heterogeneous cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and exhibit different phenotypes and functions in response to various microenvironmental signals. In light of promising preclinical data indicating that myeloid-based therapy can effectively suppress tumor growth, a series of novel immune-based therapies and approaches are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. A better understanding of the diversity and functional roles of different myeloid cell subtypes and of how they are associated with TME remodeling may help to improve cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on myeloid cells and discuss how tumor cells can simultaneously reprogram these cells through tumor-derived factors and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the interactions between myeloid cells and other cells in the TME that have the potential to directly or indirectly regulate tumor initiation, invasion, or angiogenesis. We further discuss the current and future potential applications of myeloid cells in the development of focused therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Shen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaur H, Erickson A, Moreau R. Divergent regulation of inflammatory cytokines by mTORC1 in THP-1-derived macrophages and intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Life Sci 2021; 284:119920. [PMID: 34478760 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The sustained activation of intestinal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) brought about by repeated mucosal insult or injury has been linked to escalation of gut inflammatory response, which may progress to damage the epithelium if not controlled. This study investigated the role of mTORC1 in the response of macrophage and enterocyte to inflammatory stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genetically manipulated human THP-1 monocytes and epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cells to generate stable cell lines with baseline, low or high mTORC1 kinase activity. The effects of THP-1 macrophage secretions onto Caco-2 cells were investigated by means of conditioned media transfer experiments. KEY FINDINGS The priming of mTORC1 for activation promoted lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated THP-1 macrophage immune response as evidenced by the stimulation of inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10). The treatment of THP-1 macrophages with LPS more than the manipulated level of mTORC1 activity of macrophages determined whether cytokine gene expression was induced in Caco-2 cells. LPS carry over was not responsible for the stimulation of Caco-2 cells' cytokine response. Knocking down Raptor in Caco-2 cells or treating Caco-2 cells with rapamycin enhanced Caco-2 TNFα gene expression revealing the anti-inflammatory role of a functional mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, mTORC1 differentially impacts the immune responses of THP-1-derived macrophages and Caco-2 epithelial cells when placed in a pro-inflammatory microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Anjeza Erickson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu T, Yu S, Zhang J, Wu S. Dysregulated tumor-associated macrophages in carcinogenesis, progression and targeted therapy of gynecological and breast cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:181. [PMID: 34717710 PMCID: PMC8557603 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecological and breast cancers are a group of heterogeneous malignant tumors. Although existing treatment strategies have ameliorated the clinical outcomes of patients, the overall survival rate of advanced diseases remains unsatisfactory. Increasing evidence has indicated that the development and prognosis of tumors are closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME), which restricts the immune response and provokes malignant progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main component of TME and act as a key regulator in tumor metastasis, immunosuppression and therapeutic resistance. Several preclinical trials have studied potential drugs that target TAMs to achieve potent anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the various functions of TAMs and how they influence the carcinogenesis of gynecological and breast cancers through regulating cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis and tumor-related immunosuppression. Besides, we also discuss the potential application of disabling TAMs signaling as a part of cancer therapeutic strategies, as well as CAR macrophages, TAMs-based vaccines and TAMs nanobiotechnology. These research advances support that targeting TAMs combined with conventional therapy might be used as effective therapeutics for gynecological and breast cancers in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sufang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Braun C, Weichhart T. mTOR-dependent immunometabolism as Achilles' heel of anticancer therapy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:3161-3175. [PMID: 34648202 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are important constituents of the tumor microenvironment and essential in eradicating tumor cells during conventional therapies or novel immunotherapies. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway senses the intra- and extracellular nutrient status, growth factor supply, and cell stress-related changes to coordinate cellular metabolism and activation dictating effector and memory functions in mainly all hematopoietic immune cells. In addition, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 are frequently deregulated and become activated in cancer cells to drive cell transformation, survival, neovascularization, and invasion. In this review, we provide an overview of the influence of mTOR complexes on immune and cancer cell function and metabolism. We discuss how mTOR inhibitors aiming to target cancer cells will influence immunometabolic cell functions participating either in antitumor responses or favoring tumor cell progression in individual immune cells. We suggest immunometabolism as the weak spot of anticancer therapy and propose to evaluate patients according to their predominant immune cell subtype in the cancer tissue. Advances in metabolic drug development that hold promise for more effective treatments in different types of cancer will have to consider their effects on the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Braun
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Del Rincón-Loza I, Martín-Antonio B. Tumor Secretome to Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy: Reduce Me Before I Make You My Partner. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717850. [PMID: 34447383 PMCID: PMC8382692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells are common immune cell sources administered to treat cancer patients. In detail, whereas CAR-T cells induce outstanding responses in a subset of hematological malignancies, responses are much more deficient in solid tumors. Moreover, NK cells have not shown remarkable results up to date. In general, immune cells present high plasticity to change their activity and phenotype depending on the stimuli they receive from molecules secreted in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Consequently, immune cells will also secrete molecules that will shape the activities of other neighboring immune and tumor cells. Specifically, NK cells can polarize to activities as diverse as angiogenic ones instead of their killer activity. In addition, tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages, which is required to remove dying tumor cells after the attack of NK cells or CAR-T cells, can be avoided in the TME. In addition, chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments can induce senescence in tumor cells modifying their secretome to a known as “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP) that will also impact the immune response. Whereas the SASP initially attracts immune cells to eliminate senescent tumor cells, at high numbers of senescent cells, the SASP becomes detrimental, impacting negatively in the immune response. Last, CAR-T cells are an attractive option to overcome these events. Here, we review how molecules secreted in the TME by either tumor cells or even by immune cells impact the anti-tumor activity of surrounding immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Del Rincón-Loza
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kähkönen TE, Halleen JM, Bernoulli J. Osteoimmuno-Oncology: Therapeutic Opportunities for Targeting Immune Cells in Bone Metastasis. Cells 2021; 10:1529. [PMID: 34204474 PMCID: PMC8233913 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies provide a potential treatment option for currently incurable bone metastases. Bone marrow is an important secondary lymphoid organ with a unique immune contexture. Even at non-disease state immune cells and bone cells interact with each other, bone cells supporting the development of immune cells and immune cells regulating bone turnover. In cancer, tumor cells interfere with this homeostatic process starting from formation of pre-metastatic niche and later supporting growth of bone metastases. In this review, we introduce a novel concept osteoimmuno-oncology (OIO), which refers to interactions between bone, immune and tumor cells in bone metastatic microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic opportunities of targeting immune cells in bone metastases, and associated efficacy and safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenni Bernoulli
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hinz N, Jücker M. AKT in Bone Metastasis of Solid Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102287. [PMID: 34064589 PMCID: PMC8151478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of solid tumors and leads to a reduced overall survival. Although much progress has been made in the field of tumor therapy in the last years, bone metastasis depicts a stage of the disease with a lack of appropriate therapeutical options. Hence, this review aims to present the role of AKT in bone metastasis of solid tumors to place the spotlight on AKT as a possible therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases. Furthermore, we intended to discuss postulated underlying molecular mechanisms of the bone metastasis-promoting effect of AKT, especially in highly bone-metastatic breast, prostate, and lung cancer. To conclude, this review identified the AKT kinase as a potential therapeutical target in bone metastasis and revealed remaining questions, which need to be addressed in further research projects. Abstract Solid tumors, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, often form bone metastases in the course of the disease. Patients with bone metastases frequently develop complications, such as pathological fractures or hypercalcemia and exhibit a reduced life expectancy. Thus, it is of vital importance to improve the treatment of bone metastases. A possible approach is to target signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in solid tumors. Therefore, we sought to review the role of the serine/threonine kinase AKT in bone metastasis. In general, activation of AKT signaling was shown to be associated with the formation of bone metastases from solid tumors. More precisely, AKT gets activated in tumor cells by a plethora of bone-derived growth factors and cytokines. Subsequently, AKT promotes the bone-metastatic capacities of tumor cells through distinct signaling pathways and secretion of bone cell-stimulating factors. Within the crosstalk between tumor and bone cells, also known as the vicious cycle, the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts also causes activation of AKT in these cells. As a consequence, bone metastasis is reduced after experimental inhibition of AKT. In summary, AKT signaling could be a promising therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases of solid tumors.
Collapse
|
29
|
van Keulen D, van Koeverden ID, Boltjes A, Princen HMG, van Gool AJ, de Borst GJ, Asselbergs FW, Tempel D, Pasterkamp G, van der Laan SW. Common Variants Associated With OSMR Expression Contribute to Carotid Plaque Vulnerability, but Not to Cardiovascular Disease in Humans. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:658915. [PMID: 33959646 PMCID: PMC8093786 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.658915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Oncostatin M (OSM) signaling is implicated in atherosclerosis, however the mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the impact of common genetic variants in OSM and its receptors, OSMR and LIFR, on overall plaque vulnerability, plaque phenotype, intraplaque OSMR and LIFR expression, coronary artery calcification burden and cardiovascular disease susceptibility. Methods and Results: We queried Genotype-Tissue Expression data and found that rs13168867 (C allele) was associated with decreased OSMR expression and that rs10491509 (A allele) was associated with increased LIFR expression in arterial tissues. No variant was significantly associated with OSM expression. We associated these two variants with plaque characteristics from 1,443 genotyped carotid endarterectomy patients in the Athero-Express Biobank Study. After correction for multiple testing, rs13168867 was significantly associated with an increased overall plaque vulnerability (β = 0.118 ± s.e. = 0.040, p = 3.00 × 10-3, C allele). Looking at individual plaque characteristics, rs13168867 showed strongest associations with intraplaque fat (β = 0.248 ± s.e. = 0.088, p = 4.66 × 10-3, C allele) and collagen content (β = -0.259 ± s.e. = 0.095, p = 6.22 × 10-3, C allele), but these associations were not significant after correction for multiple testing. rs13168867 was not associated with intraplaque OSMR expression. Neither was intraplaque OSMR expression associated with plaque vulnerability and no known OSMR eQTLs were associated with coronary artery calcification burden, or cardiovascular disease susceptibility. No associations were found for rs10491509 in the LIFR locus. Conclusions: Our study suggests that rs1316887 in the OSMR locus is associated with increased plaque vulnerability, but not with coronary calcification or cardiovascular disease risk. It remains unclear through which precise biological mechanisms OSM signaling exerts its effects on plaque morphology. However, the OSM-OSMR/LIFR pathway is unlikely to be causally involved in lifetime cardiovascular disease susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van Keulen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Quorics B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ian D. van Koeverden
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alain J. van Gool
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- TNO- Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennie Tempel
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Quorics B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
- SkylineDx B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang M, Song J, Yuan W, Zhang W, Sun Z. Roles of RNA Methylation on Tumor Immunity and Clinical Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641507. [PMID: 33777035 PMCID: PMC7987906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation is a kind of RNA modification that exists widely in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. RNA methylation occurs not only in mRNA but also in ncRNA. According to the different sites of methylation, RNA methylation includes m6A, m5C, m7G, and 2-O-methylation modifications. Modifications affect the splicing, nucleation, stability and immunogenicity of RNA. RNA methylation is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In the immune system, especially for tumor immunity, RNA methylation affects the maturation and response function of immune cells. Through the influence of RNA immunogenicity and innate immune components, modifications regulate the innate immunity of the body. Some recent studies verified that RNA methylation can regulate tumor immunity, which also provides a new idea for the future of treating immunological diseases and tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maorun Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junmin Song
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaur H, Moreau R. Curcumin steers THP-1 cells under LPS and mTORC1 challenges toward phenotypically resting, low cytokine-producing macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 88:108553. [PMID: 33220404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The persistent activation of intestinal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) triggered by mucosal stress has been linked to deregulation of the gut immune response resulting in intestinal inflammation and cell death. The present study investigated the regulatory properties of food-derived mTORC1 modulators, curcumin, and piperine, toward the polarization of stimulated macrophages and the differentiation of monocytes at two mTORC1 activity levels (baseline and elevated). To that end, we created stable human THP-1 monocytes exhibiting normal or constitutively active mTORC1. Curcumin or its combination with piperine, but not piperine alone, suppressed mTORC1 kinase activity, curtailed lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response of THP-1 macrophages, and repressed macrophage activation by inhibiting signaling pathways involved in M1 (mTORC1) and M2 (mTORC2 and cAMP response element binding protein) polarization. The effects of piperine in the curcumin/piperine combination were modest overall, indicating it was curcumin that modulated differentiating monocytes into acquiring a M0 macrophage phenotype characterized by low inflammatory cytokine output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cong Y, Li Q, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yu K. mTOR Promotes Tissue Factor Expression and Activity in EGFR-Mutant Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1615. [PMID: 32923403 PMCID: PMC7456926 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway mediates the function of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We aimed to elucidate new role of mTOR in EGFR-mutant (EGFR-mut) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and glioblastoma (GBM) with a focus on tumor microenvironments. Here, we report a novel regulatory link between mTOR complexes (mTORCs) and tissue factor (TF), an initiator of tumor-derived thrombosis. TF is elevated in EGFR-mut NSCLC/GBM cell lines and tumors from patients with poor prognosis. Application of mTORC1/2 inhibitors (AZD8055, WYE-125132, MTI-31, and rapamycin) or genetic mTORC-depletion all reduced TF expression, which appeared to be differentially mediated depending on cellular context. In U87MG and HCC827 cells, mTORC1 exerted a dominant role via promoting TF mRNA transcription. In EGFR-TKI-resistant H1975 and PC9 cells, it was mTORC2 that played a major role in specific repression of lysosomal-targeted TF protein degradation. Successful inhibition of TF expression was demonstrated in AZD8055- or MTI-31-treated H1975 and U87MG tumors in mice, while a TF-targeted antibody antagonized TF activity without reducing TF protein. Both the mTOR- and TF-targeted therapy induced a multifaceted remodeling of tumor microenvironment reflecting not only a diminished hypercoagulopathy state (fibrin level) but also a reduced stromal fibrosis (collagen distribution), compromised vessel density and/or maturity (CD31 and/or α-SMA) as well as a substantially decreased infiltration of immune-suppressive M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (CD206/F4/80 ratio). Thus, our results have identified TF as a functional biomarker of mTOR. Downregulation of mTOR-TF axis activity likely contributes to the therapeutic mechanism of mTORC1/2- and TF-targeted agents in EGFR-mut advanced NSCLC and GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrou Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Qing J, Zhang Z, Novák P, Zhao G, Yin K. Mitochondrial metabolism in regulating macrophage polarization: an emerging regulator of metabolic inflammatory diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:917-926. [PMID: 32785581 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major type of immune cells with heterogeneity and plasticity, macrophages are classically divided into inflammatory (M1) and alternative/anti-inflammatory (M2) types and play a crucial role in the progress of the inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that metabolism is an important determinant of macrophage phenotype. Mitochondria, one of the most important compartments involving cell metabolism, are closely associated with the regulation of cell functions. In most types of cell, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the primary mode of cellular energy production. However, mitochondrial OXPHOS is inhibited in activated M1 macrophages, rendering them unable to be converted into M2 phenotype. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism is a crucial regulator in macrophage functions. This review summarizes the roles of mitochondria in macrophage polarization and analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial metabolism and function, which may provide new approaches for the treatment of metabolic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Qing
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
- Research Lab of translational medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Petr Novák
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China
| | - Kai Yin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
- Research Lab of translational medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen N, Zhou P, Liu X, Li J, Wan Y, Liu S, Wei F. Overexpression of Rictor in the injured spinal cord promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:6984-6998. [PMID: 32232913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rictor is an essential component that directly activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, which contributes to the intrinsic axon growth capacity of adult sensory neurons after injury. However, whether its action also applies to regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unknown. In this study, rats were given spinal cord contusion at the T9-10 level to establish the SCI model and were subsequently treated with intraspinal cord injection of a Rictor overexpression lentiviral vector to locally upregulate the Rictor expression in the injured spinal cord. Thereafter, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Rictor overexpression in the injured spinal cords of SCI rats. Rictor overexpression not only significantly attenuated the acute inflammatory response and cell death after SCI but also markedly increased the shift in macrophages around the lesion from the M1 to M2 phenotype compared to those of the control lentiviral vector injection-treated group. Furthermore, Rictor overexpression dramatically increased neurogenesis in the lesion epicenter, subsequently promoting the tissue repair and functional recovery in SCI rats. Interestingly, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Rictor overexpression on SCI may be associated with the Rictor overexpression playing a role in the anti-inflammatory response and driving macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, which benefits resident neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. Our findings demonstrate that Rictor is an effective target that affects the generation of molecules that inhibit spinal cord regeneration. In conclusion, localized Rictor overexpression represents a promising potential strategy for the repair of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhou
- Department of Physical Diagnostic, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jin L, Schmiech M, El Gaafary M, Zhang X, Syrovets T, Simmet T. A comparative study on root and bark extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus and their effects on human macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153181. [PMID: 32065954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eleutherococcus senticosus or Siberian ginseng is a medicinal plant containing adaptogenic substances believed to regulate immune responses. Both, the root and stem bark are commonly used in traditional medicines. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is to chemically characterize E. senticosus root and bark extracts and to compare their effects on functions of human primary macrophages. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was used to characterize chemical constituents of alcoholic extracts from E. senticosus root and bark. The data obtained and available databases were combined for network pharmacology analysis. Involvement of predicted pathways was further functionally confirmed by using monocyte-derived human macrophages and endotoxin-free E. senticosus root and bark extracts. RESULTS Chemical analysis showed that the root extract contained more syringin, caffeic acid, and isofraxidin than the bark extract. At variance, bark extract contained more sesamin and oleanolic acid. Coniferyl aldehyde and afzelin were below the limit of quantification in both extracts. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that constituents of E. senticosus might affect the immune cell phenotype and signaling pathways involved in cell metabolism and cytoskeleton regulation. Indeed, both extracts promoted actin polymerization, migration, and phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages pointing to macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype. In addition, treatment with E. senticosus root and bark extracts decreased phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and significantly reduced expression of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 by macrophages. Neither extract affected expression of CD11b, CD80, or CD64 by macrophages. In addition, macrophages treated with the bark extract, but not with the root extract, exhibited activated p38 MAPK and NF-κB and released increased, but still moderate, amounts of proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-6, anti-inflammatory IL-10, and chemotactic CCL1, which all together point to a M2b-like macrophage polarization. Differently, the root extract increased the IL-4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory CD200R. These changes in monocytes are in agreement with an increased M2a macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION The ability of E. senticosus root and bark extracts to promote polarization of human macrophages towards anti-inflammatory M2a and M2b phenotypes, respectively, might underlay the immunoregulatory activities and point to potential wound healing promoting effects of this medicinal plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schmiech
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Menna El Gaafary
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu L, Saxena S, Singh RK. Neutrophils in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:1-20. [PMID: 32036601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to inflammation, infection, and injury. As one of the most abundant leukocytes in the immune system, neutrophils play an essential role in cancer progression, through multiple mechanisms, including promoting angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and cancer metastasis. Recent studies demonstrating elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios suggest neutrophil as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for disease status in cancer. This chapter will discuss the phenotypic and functional changes in the neutrophil in the tumor microenvironment, the underlying mechanism(s) of neutrophil facilitated cancer metastasis, and clinical potential of neutrophils as a prognostic/diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sugandha Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao Z, Xiao X, Saw PE, Wu W, Huang H, Chen J, Nie Y. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in solid tumors: a war against the tumor microenvironment. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:180-205. [PMID: 31883066 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell is a novel approach, which utilizes anti-tumor immunity for cancer treatment. As compared to the traditional cell-mediated immunity, CAR-T possesses the improved specificity of tumor antigens and independent cytotoxicity from major histocompatibility complex molecules through a monoclonal antibody in addition to the T-cell receptor. CAR-T cell has proven its effectiveness, primarily in hematological malignancies, specifically where the CD 19 CAR-T cells were used to treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphomas. Nevertheless, there is little progress in the treatment of solid tumors despite the fact that many CAR agents have been created to target tumor antigens such as CEA, EGFR/EGFRvIII, GD2, HER2, MSLN, MUC1, and other antigens. The main obstruction against the progress of research in solid tumors is the tumor microenvironment, in which several elements, such as poor locating ability, immunosuppressive cells, cytokines, chemokines, immunosuppressive checkpoints, inhibitory metabolic factors, tumor antigen loss, and antigen heterogeneity, could affect the potency of CAR-T cells. To overcome these hurdles, researchers have reconstructed the CAR-T cells in various ways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current research in this field, analyze the mechanisms of the major barriers mentioned above, outline the main solutions, and discuss the outlook of this novel immunotherapeutic modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yan Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Prediction of the Outcome for Patients with Glioblastoma with lncRNA Expression Profiles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5076467. [PMID: 31950039 PMCID: PMC6944975 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5076467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Progress in gene sequencing has paved the way for precise outcome prediction of the heterogeneous disease of glioblastoma. The aim was to assess the potential of utilizing the lncRNA expression profile for predicting glioblastoma patient survival. Materials and Methods Clinical and lncRNA expression data were downloaded from the public database of the cancer genome atlas. Differentially expressed lncRNAs between glioblastoma and normal brain tissue were screened by bioinformatics analysis. The samples were randomly separated into the training and testing sets. Univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage, selection operator regression, and multivariate Cox regression were performed to develop the prediction model with the training set, which was presented as a forest plot. The performance of the model was validated by discrimination and calibration analysis in both the training and testing sets. Patient survival between model-predicted low- and high-risk subgroups was compared in both the training and testing sets. Results One thousand two hundred and fifty-five differentially expressed lncRNAs between glioblastoma and normal brain tissues were screened. After univariate Cox regression and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, a 12 lncRNA constituted prediction model was developed by multivariate Cox regression. Of the 12 lncRNAs, 4 lncRNAs were independent risk factors for patient survival. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the model for predicting 0.5-, 1-, 1.5-, and 2-year patient survival was 0.788, 0.824, 0.874, and 0.886, respectively in the training set and 0.723, 0.84, 0.816, and 0.773 in the testing set. The calibration curves of the prediction model fitted well. Significant survival disparity was observed between the model dichotomized low- and high-risk subgroups in both the training and testing set. Conclusions LncRNA expression signature can predict glioblastoma patient survival, promising lncRNA-based survival prediction.
Collapse
|
39
|
Salamanna F, Borsari V, Contartese D, Costa V, Giavaresi G, Fini M. What Is the Role of Interleukins in Breast Cancer Bone Metastases? A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122018. [PMID: 31847214 PMCID: PMC6966526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells produce stimulators of bone resorption known as interleukins (ILs). However, data on the functional roles of ILs in the homing of metastatic breast cancer to bone are still fragmented. A systematic search was carried out in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection) to identify preclinical reports, and in three clinical registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, European Union (EU) Clinical Trials Register) to identify clinical trials, from 2008 to 2019. Sixty-seven preclinical studies and 11 clinical trials were recognized as eligible. Although preclinical studies identified specific key ILs which promote breast cancer bone metastases, which have pro-metastatic effects (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-11), and whose inhibition also shows potential preclinical therapeutic effects, the clinical trials focused principally on ILs (IL-2 and IL-12), which have an anti-metastatic effect and a potential to generate a localized and systemic antitumor response. However, these clinical trials are yet to post any results or conclusions. This inconsistency indicates that further studies are necessary to further develop the understanding of cellular and molecular relations, as well as signaling pathways, both up- and downstream of ILs, which could represent a novel strategy to treat tumors that are resistant to standard care therapies for patients affected by breast cancer bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366-6558
| | - Deyanira Contartese
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Viviana Costa
- Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Han Z, Zhan R, Chen S, Deng J, Shi J, Wang W. miR-181b/Oncostatin m axis inhibits prostate cancer bone metastasis via modulating osteoclast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1664-1674. [PMID: 31680294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of osteoblasts is significantly correlated to prostate tumor bone metastasis and bone loss. Oncostatin M (OSM) could promote breast cancer metastasis to bone. However, its role and mechanism in prostate cancer bone metastasis remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) could play important roles in cancers via post-transcriptionally regulating target genes via binding to specific sequences in the 3' UTR of downstream target genes. In the present study, we performed microarray profiling analyses to identify differentially-expressed miRNAs in preosteoclast before and after osteoclast differentiation that could target OSM. miR-181b-5p was downregulated during Raw264.7 cells differentiation into osteoclast. By direct targeting OSM 3' UTR, miR-181b-5p inhibited OSM messenger RNA expression and protein levels, subsequently decreasing IL-6 and AREG and increasing OPG, while OSM overexpression exerted an opposing effect. More importantly, co-culture with miR-181b-5p-overexpressing differentiated Raw264.7 cells suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of mouse prostate cancer RM-1 cells, while co-culture with OSM-overexpressing Raw264.7 cells led to opposing cellular effects. More importantly, the effects of miR-181b-5p on osteoclastogenic factors and RM-1 cells could be significantly reversed by OSM overexpression. In summary, miR-181b-5p/OSM axis could be a viable therapeutic target for patients with surgically removed primary tumors to reduce bone metastasis and prevent bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruisen Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Houben E, Hellings N, Broux B. Oncostatin M, an Underestimated Player in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1165. [PMID: 31191538 PMCID: PMC6549448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the central nervous system (CNS) was believed to be an immune privileged organ. In the last decades, it became apparent that the immune system interacts with the CNS not only in pathological, but also in homeostatic situations. It is now clear that immune cells infiltrate the healthy CNS as part of immune surveillance and that immune cells communicate through cytokines with CNS resident cells. In pathological conditions, an enhanced infiltration of immune cells takes place to fight the pathogen. A well-known family of cytokines is the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family. All members are important in cell communication and cell signaling in the immune system. One of these members is oncostatin M (OSM), for which the receptor is expressed on several cells of the CNS. However, the biological function of OSM in the CNS is not studied in detail. Here, we briefly describe the general aspects related to OSM biology, including signaling and receptor binding. Thereafter, the current understanding of OSM during CNS homeostasis and pathology is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Houben
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Cancer: Going Pro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040564. [PMID: 31010242 PMCID: PMC6520693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer is not only about the tumor cell itself, but also about other involved players including cancer cell recruited immune cells, their released pro-inflammatory factors, and the extracellular matrix. These players constitute the tumor microenvironment and play vital roles in the cancer progression. Neutrophils—the most abundant white blood cells in the circulation system—constitute a significant part of the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils play major roles linking inflammation and cancer and are actively involved in progression and metastasis. Additionally, recent data suggest that neutrophils could be considered one of the emerging targets for multiple cancer types. This review summarizes the most recent updates regarding neutrophil recruitments and functions in the tumor microenvironment as well as potential development of neutrophils-targeted putative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
43
|
Jiang HH, Zhang YJ, Sun YZ, Qi RQ, Chen HD, Gao XH. Cell wall mannoprotein of Candida albicans polarizes macrophages and affects proliferation and apoptosis through activation of the Akt signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:308-321. [PMID: 31005041 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that associates with human hosts. Under normal circumstances this interaction does not produce any severe life-threatening disease, as macrophages of the innate immune system will result in its clearance. However, disorders may arise in immunosuppressed individuals. To understand the bioactivity of Candida albicans cell wall polysaccharides, which represent an important component of its function, mannoprotein from this fungus was extracted, purified and analyzed. Mannoprotein with α-(1,2) and α-(1,6) linkages was investigated with use of HPLC and NMR. Co-incubation of mannoprotein with macrophages resulted in a mannoprotein with the potential to polarize macrophages to M1 and promote phagocytosis/microbial killing ability thus increasing the clearance of pathogens through Akt2. Moreover, mannoprotein within the cell wall promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, α-(1,6)(1,2)-mannoprotein, one of the five polysaccharides extracted from the cell wall of Candida albicans, demonstrates immune-enhancing effects by activation of the Akt signaling pathway. These findings provide important new insights into the biological effects of polysaccharides on macrophages. Such information can then serve as the foundation for the development of novel anti-fungal medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Hang Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education and Public Health, National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shrivastava R, Shukla N. Attributes of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Life Sci 2019; 224:222-231. [PMID: 30928403 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of innate immunity and are derived from circulating monocytes and embryonic yolk sac. They exhibit high plasticity and polarize functionally in response to stimulus triggering it into classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. This review summarizes markers of M2 macrophages like transmembrane surface receptors and signaling cascades initiated on their activation; cytokine and chemokine repertoires along with their receptors; and genetic markers and their involvement in immunomodulation. The detailed discussion emphasizes the role of these markers in imparting functional benefits to this subset of macrophages which define their venture in various physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Eckert F, Zwirner K, Boeke S, Thorwarth D, Zips D, Huber SM. Rationale for Combining Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Patients With Hypoxic Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 30930892 PMCID: PMC6423917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to compensate for the increased oxygen consumption in growing tumors, tumors need angiogenesis and vasculogenesis to increase the supply. Insufficiency in this process or in the microcirculation leads to hypoxic tumor areas with a significantly reduced pO2, which in turn leads to alterations in the biology of cancer cells as well as in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells develop more aggressive phenotypes, stem cell features and are more prone to metastasis formation and migration. In addition, intratumoral hypoxia confers therapy resistance, specifically radioresistance. Reactive oxygen species are crucial in fixing DNA breaks after ionizing radiation. Thus, hypoxic tumor cells show a two- to threefold increase in radioresistance. The microenvironment is enriched with chemokines (e.g., SDF-1) and growth factors (e.g., TGFβ) additionally reducing radiosensitivity. During recent years hypoxia has also been identified as a major factor for immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxic tumors show increased numbers of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decreased infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells. The combination of radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition is on the rise in the treatment of metastatic cancer patients, but is also tested in multiple curative treatment settings. There is a strong rationale for synergistic effects, such as increased T cell infiltration in irradiated tumors and mitigation of radiation-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms such as PD-L1 upregulation by immune checkpoint inhibition. Given the worse prognosis of patients with hypoxic tumors due to local therapy resistance but also increased rate of distant metastases and the strong immune suppression induced by hypoxia, we hypothesize that the subgroup of patients with hypoxic tumors might be of special interest for combining immune checkpoint inhibition with radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zwirner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Role of mTOR Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082453. [PMID: 30126252 PMCID: PMC6121402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates major processes by integrating a variety of exogenous cues, including diverse environmental inputs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, it has been well recognized that cancer cells co-exist and co-evolve with their TME, which is often involved in drug resistance. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both the tumor immunity and angiogenesis. The activation of mTOR signaling is associated with these pro-oncogenic cellular processes, making mTOR a promising target for new combination therapies. This review highlights the role of mTOR signaling in the characterization and the activity of the TME’s elements and their implications in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chemopreventive Effects of Phytochemicals and Medicines on M1/M2 Polarized Macrophage Role in Inflammation-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082208. [PMID: 30060570 PMCID: PMC6121620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can polarize into two different states (M1 and M2), which play contrasting roles during pathogenesis or tissue damage. M1 polarized macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators resulting in inflammation, while M2 macrophages have an anti-inflammatory effect. Secretion of appropriate cytokines and chemokines from macrophages can lead to the modification of the microenvironment for bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Increasing evidence suggests that polarized macrophages are pivotal for disease progression, and the regulation of macrophage polarization may provide a new approach in therapeutic treatment of inflammation-related diseases, including cancer, obesity and metabolic diseases, fibrosis in organs, brain damage and neuron injuries, and colorectal disease. Polarized macrophages affect the microenvironment by secreting cytokines and chemokines while cytokines or mediators that are produced by resident cells or tissues may also influence macrophages behavior. The interplay of macrophages and other cells can affect disease progression, and therefore, understanding the activation of macrophages and the interaction between polarized macrophages and disease progression is imperative prior to taking therapeutic or preventive actions. Manipulation of macrophages can be an entry point for disease improvement, but the mechanism and potential must be understood. In this review, some advanced studies regarding the role of macrophages in different diseases, potential mechanisms involved, and intervention of drugs or phytochemicals, which are effective on macrophage polarization, will be discussed.
Collapse
|