1
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Sugiura K, Fujita H, Komine M, Yamanaka K, Akiyama M. The role of interleukin-36 in health and disease states. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38779986 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily upregulates immune responses and maintains homeostasis between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Within the IL-1 superfamily, IL-36 plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Of the four IL-36 isoforms, three have agonist activity (IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ) and the fourth has antagonist activity (IL-36 receptor antagonist [IL-36Ra]). All IL-36 isoforms bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). Binding of IL-36α/β/γ to the IL-36R recruits the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and activates downstream signalling pathways mediated by nuclear transcription factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. Antagonist binding of IL-36Ra to IL-36R inhibits recruitment of IL-1RAcP, blocking downstream signalling pathways. Changes in the balance within the IL-36 cytokine family can lead to uncontrolled inflammatory responses throughout the body. As such, IL-36 has been implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases, notably a type of pustular psoriasis called generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a chronic, rare, potentially life-threatening, multisystemic skin disease characterised by recurrent fever and extensive sterile pustules. In GPP, IL-36 is central to disease pathogenesis, and the prevention of IL-36-mediated signalling can improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the literature describing the biological functions of the IL-36 pathway. We also consider the evidence for uncontrolled activation of the IL-36 pathway in a wide range of skin (e.g., plaque psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acne, Netherton syndrome, atopic dermatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum), lung (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), gut (e.g., intestinal fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease and Hirschsprung's disease), kidney (e.g., renal tubulointerstitial lesions) and infectious diseases caused by a variety of pathogens (e.g., COVID-19; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae infections), as well as in cancer. We also consider how targeting the IL-36 signalling pathway could be used in treating inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Tongmuang N, Cai KQ, An J, Novy M, Jensen LE. Floxed Il1rl2 Locus with mCherry Reporter Element Reveals Distinct Expression Patterns of the IL-36 Receptor in Barrier Tissues. Cells 2024; 13:787. [PMID: 38727323 PMCID: PMC11083296 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines are emerging as beneficial in immunity against pathogens and cancers but can also be detrimental when dysregulated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. Interest in targeting IL-36 activity for therapeutic purposes is rapidly growing, yet many unknowns about the functions of these cytokines remain. Thus, the availability of robust research tools is essential for both fundamental basic science and pre-clinical studies to fully access outcomes of any manipulation of the system. For this purpose, a floxed Il1rl2, the gene encoding the IL-36 receptor, mouse strain was developed to facilitate the generation of conditional knockout mice. The targeted locus was engineered to contain an inverted mCherry reporter sequence that upon Cre-mediated recombination will be flipped and expressed under the control of the endogenous Il1rl2 promoter. This feature can be used to confirm knockout in individual cells but also as a reporter to determine which cells express the IL-36 receptor IL-1RL2. The locus was confirmed to function as intended and further used to demonstrate the expression of IL-1RL2 in barrier tissues. Il1rl2 expression was detected in leukocytes in all barrier tissues. Interestingly, strong expression was observed in epithelial cells at locations in direct contact with the environment such as the skin, oral mucosa, the esophagus, and the upper airways, but almost absent from epithelial cells at more inward facing sites, including lung alveoli, the small intestine, and the colon. These findings suggest specialized functions of IL-1RL2 in outward facing epithelial tissues and cells. The generated mouse model should prove valuable in defining such functions and may also facilitate basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopprarat Tongmuang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kathy Q. Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jiahui An
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mariah Novy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Liselotte E. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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3
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Bai S, Yang F, Yan R, Song Y, Yang B, Li C, Wang J. Interleukin-36gamma Mediates the In Vitro Activation of CD8 + T Cells from Patients Living with Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:24-35. [PMID: 38301135 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) signaling plays an important role in promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. The role of IL-36 signaling in CD8+ T cells that are involved in host immune responses during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has not been characterized. Sixty-one patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection and 23 controls were enrolled in this study. The levels of IL-36 cytokine family members were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Purified CD8+ T cells were stimulated with recombinant IL-36gamma (1 or 10 ng/mL). The expression of inhibitory receptors, the secretion of cytotoxic molecules and interferon-gamma, and the mRNA levels of apoptosis-related ligands were assessed to evaluate the effect of IL-36gamma on CD8+ T cell function in vitro. There were no significant differences in IL-36alpha, IL-36beta, or IL-36 receptor antagonist levels between patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection and controls. Plasma IL-36gamma levels were reduced in patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection. Perforin, granzyme B, and granulysin secretion, as well as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression, but not programmed death-1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) expression was downregulated in CD8+ T cells from patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection. The addition of both 1 and 10 ng/mL IL-36gamma enhanced perforin, granzyme B, granulysin, and interferon-gamma secretion by CD8+ T cells without affecting PD-1/CTLA-4 or TRAIL/FasL mRNA expression in CD8+ T cells from patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection. The addition of 1 ng/mL IL-36gamma also promoted perforin and granzyme B secretion by HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells from patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection. The reduced IL-36gamma levels in patients living with chronic HIV-1 infection might be insufficient for the activation of CD8+ T cells, leading to CD8+ T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingquan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- Institute for STD and AIDS Prevention and Control, Lanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaoli Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruqing Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Binfa Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Smith JB, Herbert JJ, Truong NR, Cunningham AL. Cytokines and chemokines: The vital role they play in herpes simplex virus mucosal immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936235. [PMID: 36211447 PMCID: PMC9538770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous infections in humans. They cause orofacial and genital herpes with occasional severe complications. HSV2 also predisposes individuals to infection with HIV. There is currently no vaccine or immunotherapy for these diseases. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of HSV infections is essential to progress towards these goals. Both HSV viruses result in initial infections in two major sites - in the skin or mucosa, either after initial infection or recurrence, and in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia where the viruses establish latency. HSV1 can also cause recurrent infection in the eye. At all of these sites immune cells respond to control infection. T cells and resident dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin/mucosa and around reactivating neurones in the ganglia, as well as keratinocytes in the skin and mucosa, are major sources of cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines such as the Type I and II interferons synergise in their local antiviral effects. Chemokines such as CCL2, 3 and 4 are found in lesion vesicle fluid, but their exact role in determining the interactions between epidermal and dermal DCs and with resident memory and infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells in the skin/mucosa is unclear. Even less is known about these mechanisms in the ganglia. Here we review the data on known sources and actions of these cytokines and chemokines at cellular and tissue level and indicate their potential for preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta B. Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anthony L. Cunningham,
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5
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The role of IL-36 subfamily in intestinal disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:223-230. [PMID: 35166319 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 is a subfamily, of the IL-1 super-family and includes IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-38 and IL-36Ra. IL-36 cytokines are involved in the pathology of multiple tissues, including skin, lung, oral cavity, intestine, kidneys and joints. Recent studies suggest that IL-36 signaling regulates autoimmune disease in addition to antibacterial and antiviral responses. Most research has focused on IL-36 in skin diseases such as psoriasis, however, studies on intestinal diseases are also underway. This review outlines what is known about the bioactivity of the IL-36 subfamily and its role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, gut dysbacteriosis and infection, and proposes that IL-36 may be a target for novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat intestinal diseases.
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6
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Byrne J, Baker K, Houston A, Brint E. IL-36 cytokines in inflammatory and malignant diseases: not the new kid on the block anymore. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6215-6227. [PMID: 34365521 PMCID: PMC8429149 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The IL-36 family of cytokines were first identified in 2000 based on their sequence homology to IL-1 cytokines. Over subsequent years, the ability of these cytokines to either agonise or antagonise an IL-1R homologue, now known as the IL-36 Receptor (IL-36R), was identified and these cytokines went through several cycles of renaming with the current nomenclature being proposed in 2010. Despite being identified over 20 years ago, it is only during the last decade that the function of these cytokines in health and disease has really begun to be appreciated, with both homeostatic functions in wound healing and response to infection, as well as pathological functions now ascribed. In the disease context, over activation of IL-36 has now been associated with many inflammatory diseases including Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases, with roles in cancer also now being investigated. This review summarises the current knowledge of IL-36 biology, its role in inflammatory diseases and focuses on an emerging role for IL-36 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Clinical Sciences Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kevin Baker
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Clinical Sciences Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aileen Houston
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Brint
- Department of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Clinical Sciences Building, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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7
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Wang X, Yi P, Liang Y. The Role of IL-36 in Infectious Diseases: Potential Target for COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:662266. [PMID: 34054828 PMCID: PMC8155493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, which is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the growing understanding of its context-dependent roles and advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response. The immunological role of IL-36 has revealed its profound and indispensable functional roles in psoriasis, as well as in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. More recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-36 plays a crucial role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. There is a growing interest as to whether IL-36 contributes to host protective immune responses against infection as well as the potential implications of IL-36 for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding cellular expression, regulatory mechanisms and biological roles of IL-36 in infectious diseases, which suggest more specific strategies to maneuver IL-36 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target, especially in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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8
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Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gutiérrez-Samudio RN, El-Shorafa HM, Groten T, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Diaz ME, Cancino-Diaz JC, Favaro RR, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. Role of IL-36 Cytokines in the Regulation of Angiogenesis Potential of Trophoblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010285. [PMID: 33396613 PMCID: PMC7794747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines (the agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and the antagonist IL-36Ra) are expressed in the mouse uterus and associated with maternal immune response during pregnancy. Here, we characterize the expression of IL-36 members in human primary trophoblast cells (PTC) and trophoblastic cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3) and upon treatment with bacterial and viral components. Effects of recombinant IL-36 on the migration capacity of trophoblastic cells, their ability to interact with endothelial cells and the induction of angiogenic factors and miRNAs (angiomiRNAs) were examined. Constitutive protein expression of IL-36 (α, β, and γ) and their receptor (IL-36R) was found in all cell types. In PTC, transcripts for all IL-36 subtypes were found, whereas in trophoblastic cell lines only for IL36G and IL36RN. A synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the expression of IL-36 members in a cell-specific and time-dependent manner. In HTR-8/SVneo cells, IL-36 cytokines increased cell migration and their capacity to interact with endothelial cells. VEGFA and PGF mRNA and protein, as well as the angiomiRNAs miR-146a-3p and miR-141-5p were upregulated as IL-36 response in PTC and HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, IL-36 cytokines are modulated by microbial components and regulate trophoblast migration and interaction with endothelial cells. Therefore, a fundamental role of these cytokines in the placentation process and in response to infections may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Murrieta-Coxca
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Ruby N. Gutiérrez-Samudio
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Heba M. El-Shorafa
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Tanja Groten
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Mario E. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Juan C. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Rodolfo R. Favaro
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (U.R.M.); (D.M.M.-P.); Tel.: +49-3641-939-0850 (U.R.M.); +49-3641-939-0859 (D.M.M.-P.); Fax: +49-3641-939-0851 (D.M.M.-P.)
| | - Diana M. Morales-Prieto
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (U.R.M.); (D.M.M.-P.); Tel.: +49-3641-939-0850 (U.R.M.); +49-3641-939-0859 (D.M.M.-P.); Fax: +49-3641-939-0851 (D.M.M.-P.)
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9
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Jackson R, Maarsingh J, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Van Doorslaer K. 3D Oral and Cervical Tissue Models for Studying Papillomavirus Host-Pathogen Interactions. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 59:e129. [PMID: 33232584 PMCID: PMC11088941 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection occurs in differentiating epithelial tissues. Cancers caused by high-risk types (e.g., HPV16 and HPV18) typically occur at oropharyngeal and anogenital anatomical sites. The HPV life cycle is differentiation-dependent, requiring tissue culture methodology that is able to recapitulate the three-dimensional (3D) stratified epithelium. Here we report two distinct and complementary methods for growing differentiating epithelial tissues that mimic many critical morphological and biochemical aspects of in vivo tissue. The first approach involves growing primary human epithelial cells on top of a dermal equivalent consisting of collagen fibers and living fibroblast cells. When these cells are grown at the liquid-air interface, differentiation occurs and allows for epithelial stratification. The second approach uses a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. The low-fluid-shear microgravity environment inside the bioreactor allows the cells to use collagen-coated microbeads as a growth scaffold and self-assemble into 3D cellular aggregates. These approaches are applied to epithelial cells derived from HPV-positive and HPV-negative oral and cervical tissues. The second part of the article introduces potential downstream applications for these 3D tissue models. We describe methods that will allow readers to start successfully culturing 3D tissues from oral and cervical cells. These tissues have been used for microscopic visualization, scanning electron microscopy, and large omics-based studies to gain insights into epithelial biology, the HPV life cycle, and host-pathogen interactions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Establishing human primary cell-derived 3D organotypic raft cultures Support Protocol 1: Isolation of epithelial cells from patient-derived tissues Support Protocol 2: Growth and maintenance of primary human epithelial cells in monolayer culture Support Protocol 3: PCR-based HPV screening of primary cell cultures Basic Protocol 2: Establishing human 3D cervical tissues using the rotating wall vessel bioreactor Support Protocol 4: Growth and maintenance of human A2EN cells in monolayer culture Support Protocol 5: Preparation of the slow-turning lateral vessel bioreactor Support Protocol 6: Preparation of Cytodex-3 microcarrier beads Basic Protocol 3: Histological assessment of 3D organotypic raft tissues Basic Protocol 4: Spatial analysis of protein expression in 3D organotypic raft cultures Basic Protocol 5: Immunofluorescence imaging of RWV-derived 3D tissues Basic Protocol 6: Ultrastructural visualization and imaging of RWV-derived 3D tissues Basic Protocol 7: Characterization of gene expression by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
| | - Jason Maarsingh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA 85004
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA 85004
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; BIO5 Institute; Clinical Translational Sciences Graduate Program; University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA 85004
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
- Department of Immunobiology; BIO5 Institute; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 85721
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10
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Gardner JK, Łaniewski P, Knight A, Haddad LB, Swaims-Kohlmeier A, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Interleukin-36γ Is Elevated in Cervicovaginal Epithelial Cells in Women With Bacterial Vaginosis and In Vitro After Infection With Microbes Associated With Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:983-988. [PMID: 31586390 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, the interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines were shown to be elevated in women with non-Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes. In this study, we evaluated IL36G expression in clinical samples from women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) and a human 3-dimensional cervical epithelial cell model. IL36G expression was significantly elevated in cervicovaginal epithelial cells isolated from BV-positive women and corresponded with increased neutrophil counts relative to BV-negative women. In addition, specific BV-associated bacterial species as well as a polymicrobial cocktail significantly induced IL36G expression in vitro. These findings suggest that IL-36γ may exhibit an important function in the host response to BV and other sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Paweł Łaniewski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna Knight
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa B Haddad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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11
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Han Y, Huard A, Mora J, da Silva P, Brüne B, Weigert A. IL-36 family cytokines in protective versus destructive inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109773. [PMID: 32898612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors are critical regulators of inflammation. Within the IL-1 family and in contrast to its IL-1 and IL-18 subfamilies, the IL-36 subfamily is still poorly characterized. Three pro-inflammatory agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, one IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) antagonist, IL-36RA, and one putative IL-1R6 antagonist, IL-38, have been grouped into the IL-36 cytokine subfamily. IL-36 agonists signal through a common receptor complex to serve as early triggers of inflammatory responses by activating and cross-regulating a number of inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK and IFN signaling. IL-36RA binds to IL-1R6 to limit inflammatory signaling, while IL-38 may be an antagonist of more than one IL-1 family receptor. Expression patterns of IL-36 family cytokines, being most prominently expressed in epithelial barrier tissues such as the skin and intestines as well as in immune cells, suggest a role in protecting these barriers from infection. Dysregulation of IL-36 family cytokine signaling at physiological barriers, most prominently the skin, induces autoimmune inflammation. However, transferring the potential of IL-36 to induce tissue damage to tumors might benefit cancer patients. Here we summarize signaling pathways regulated by IL-36 family cytokines, including IL-38, and the consequences for physiological protective and pathophysiological destructive inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the limits of current knowledge on IL-36 family function to open potential avenues for research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Han
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Special Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research, Higher Education Institutions of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China; School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou, China
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Javier Mora
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Priscila da Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany.
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12
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Liu L, He H, Xu D, Feng Y, Zhou H, Shi L, Gu Y, Wang J, Zhu Y. Association between interleukin-36γ and tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2457-2465. [PMID: 32194745 PMCID: PMC7039103 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is effective in improving the survival and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and identifying effective immunomarkers is important for immunotherapy. Interleukin (IL)-36γ is a novel immunomarker that has an important function in the antitumor immune response. The present study investigated the association between IL-36γ and NSCLC to provide novel insight into immunotherapy for patients with NSCLC. Tissue microarrays of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were purchased for immunohistochemical analysis of IL-36γ expression levels and clinical parameters. In addition, fresh clinical NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue samples were collected to analyze IL-36γ mRNA expression levels using quantitative PCR. IL-36γ protein was primarily located in the cytoplasm, with a small quantity in the nucleus, and IL-36γ mRNA and protein expression levels in lung cancer tissues were significantly higher compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. Elevated IL-36γ protein expression levels were significantly associated with a higher tumor grade of lung adenocarcinoma; however, IL-36γ mRNA expression levels were inversely associated with the clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, patients with adenocarcinoma with high IL-36γ protein expression levels tended to longer post-operative survival times. These findings indicate that IL-36γ may have potential as an immunomarker for prediction of tumor progression and survival in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Honghong He
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Suzhou Blood Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Clinical Laboratory, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Feng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Clinical Immunology Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Yibei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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13
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Interleukin-36: Structure, Signaling and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:191-210. [PMID: 32026417 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL-36 family belongs to a larger IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists (IL-36α/β/γ), one antagonist (IL-36Ra), one cognate receptor (IL-36R) and one accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The receptor activation follows a two-step mechanism in that the agonist first binds to IL-36R and the resulting binary complex recruits IL-1RAcP. Assembled ternary complex brings together intracellular TIR domains of receptors which activate downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Antagonist IL-36Ra inhibits the signaling by binding to IL-36R and preventing recruitment of IL-1RAcP. Members of IL-36 are normally expressed at low levels. Upon stimulation, they are inducted and act on a variety of cells including epithelial and immune cells. Protease mediated N-terminal processing is needed for cytokine activation. In the skin, the functional role of IL-36 is to contribute to host defense through inflammatory response. However, when dysregulated, IL-36 stimulates keratinocyte and immune cells to enhance the Th17/Th23 axis and induces psoriatic-like skin disorder. Genetic mutations of the antagonist IL-36Ra are associated with occurrence of generalized pustular psoriasis, a rare but life-threatening skin disease. Anti-IL-36 antibodies attenuate IMQ or IL-23 induced skin inflammation in mice, illustrating IL-36's involvement in mouse model of psoriasis. Other organs such as the lungs, the intestine, the joints and the brain also express IL-36 family members upon stimulation. The physiological and pathological roles of IL-36 are less well defined in these organs than in the skin. In this chapter, current progress on IL-36 protein and biology is reviewed with a discussion on investigative tools for this novel target.
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14
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Gardner JK, Swaims-Kohlmeier A, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. IL-36γ Is a Key Regulator of Neutrophil Infiltration in the Vaginal Microenvironment and Limits Neuroinvasion in Genital HSV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2655-2664. [PMID: 31578266 PMCID: PMC9978960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HSV-2 is a neurotropic virus that causes a persistent, lifelong infection that increases risk for other sexually transmitted infections. The vaginal epithelium is the first line of defense against HSV-2 and coordinates the immune response through the secretion of immune mediators, including the proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ. Previously, we showed that IL-36γ treatment promoted transient polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the vaginal cavity and protected against lethal HSV-2 challenge. In this report, we reveal that IL-36γ specifically induces transient neutrophil infiltration but does not impact monocyte and macrophage recruitment. Using IL-36γ-/- mice in a lethal HSV-2 challenge model, we show that neutrophil counts are significantly reduced at 1 and 2 d postinfection and that KC-mediated mature neutrophil recruitment is impaired in IL-36γ-/- mice. Additionally, IL-36γ-/- mice develop genital disease more rapidly, have significantly reduced survival time, and exhibit an increased incidence of hind limb paralysis that is linked to productive HSV-2 infection in the brain stem. IL-36γ-/- mice also exhibit a significant delay in clearance of the virus from the vaginal epithelium and a more rapid spread of HSV-2 to the spinal cord, bladder, and colon. We further show that the decreased survival time and increased virus spread observed in IL-36γ-/- mice are not neutrophil-dependent, suggesting that IL-36γ may function to limit HSV-2 spread in the nervous system. Ultimately, we demonstrate that IL-36γ is a key regulator of neutrophil recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment and may function to limit HSV-2 neuroinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K. Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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15
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Wang P, Gamero AM, Jensen LE. IL-36 promotes anti-viral immunity by boosting sensitivity to IFN-α/β in IRF1 dependent and independent manners. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4700. [PMID: 31619669 PMCID: PMC6795910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the IL-36 cytokines remain poorly understood. We report a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby IL-36 promotes innate antiviral immunity in mouse and human models of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections. HSV-1 actively suppresses production of type I interferon (IFN); our data reveal that IL-36 overcomes this immune evasion strategy by increasing cellular sensitivity to IFN. IL-36β deficient mice display impaired IFN responses and poorly restrict viral replication in skin keratinocytes. In mouse and human keratinocytes IL-36 elicits an antiviral state driven by STAT1 and STAT2 via enhanced expression of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits of the type I IFN receptor. The degree of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) involvement is species dependent, with IRF1 playing a more prominent role in human cells. Similar mechanisms are activated by IL-1. Overall, IL-36 acts as an antiviral cytokine by potentiating type I IFN signaling and thereby upholds immune responses to viruses that limit the production of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Liselotte E Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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16
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Buhl AL, Wenzel J. Interleukin-36 in Infectious and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31191535 PMCID: PMC6545975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) comprises to a cytokine family consisting of four isoforms IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36 Ra). These IL-36 cytokines, in turn, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. The IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) is functional as a heterodimer formed of IL-1R6 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are regarded as pro-inflammatory ligands and IL-36 Ra as well as IL-38 as anti-inflammatory ligands of IL-1R6. IL-36 cytokines are mainly expressed on the barrier sites of the body e.g., bronchial, intestinal, and dermal epithelium. One of their most important biological functions is the bridging of innate and adaptive immune responses. A disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory branches easily leads to inflammation of the corresponding tissue. The most prominent example for an altered IL-36 expression is the spectrum of psoriasis. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses, IL-36 also seems to play a role in infectious dermatoses. Microbial triggers, especially Staphylococcus aureus infection, increase the production of pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines and initiate/promote the inflammation of skin lesions. Due to the discovery of IL-36 as an important immune mediator, it has already been possible to develop important diagnostic tools for dermatitis. Not only in the field of inflammatory skin diseases, but also in pulmonary and intestinal inflammation, there is evidence that IL-36 cytokines might have diagnostic and/or therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Designed DNA-Encoded IL-36 Gamma Acts as a Potent Molecular Adjuvant Enhancing Zika Synthetic DNA Vaccine-Induced Immunity and Protection in a Lethal Challenge Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020042. [PMID: 31121939 PMCID: PMC6632123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel molecular adjuvants which can boost and enhance vaccine-mediated immunity and provide dose-sparing potential against complex infectious diseases and for immunotherapy in cancer is likely to play a critical role in the next generation of vaccines. Given the number of challenging targets for which no or only partial vaccine options exist, adjuvants that can address some of these concerns are in high demand. Here, we report that a designed truncated Interleukin-36 gamma (IL-36 gamma) encoded plasmid can act as a potent adjuvant for several DNA-encoded vaccine targets including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and Zika in immunization models. We further show that the truncated IL-36 gamma (opt-36γt) plasmid provides improved dose sparing as it boosts immunity to a suboptimal dose of a Zika DNA vaccine, resulting in potent protection against a lethal Zika challenge.
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18
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IL-36 Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammatory Responses and Their Emerging Role in Immunology of Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071649. [PMID: 30987081 PMCID: PMC6479377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 subfamily of cytokines has been recently described as part of the IL-1 superfamily. It comprises three pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ), their receptor (IL-36R), and one antagonist (IL-36Ra). Although expressed in a variety of cells, the biological relevance of IL-36 cytokines is most evident in the communication between epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which constitute the common triad responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and expansion of inflammation. The immunological role of IL-36 cytokines was initially described in studies of psoriasis, but novel evidence demonstrates their involvement in further immune and inflammatory processes in physiological and pathological situations. Preliminary studies have reported a dynamic expression of IL-36 cytokines in the female reproductive tract throughout the menstrual cycle, as well as their association with the production of immune mediators and cellular recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment contributing to host defense. In pregnancy, alteration of the placental IL-36 axis has been reported upon infection and pre-eclampsia suggesting its pivotal role in the regulation of maternal immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the regulatory mechanisms and biological actions of IL-36 cytokines, their participation in different inflammatory conditions, and the emerging data on their potential role in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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