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Omole RK, Oluwatola O, Akere MT, Eniafe J, Agboluaje EO, Daramola OB, Ayantunji YJ, Omotade TI, Torimiro N, Ayilara MS, Adeyemi OI, Salinsile OS. Comprehensive assessment on the applications of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1082797. [PMID: 36569326 PMCID: PMC9772532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1082797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide burden of cancers is increasing at a very high rate, including the aggressive and resistant forms of cancers. Certain levels of breakthrough have been achieved with the conventional treatment methods being used to treat different forms of cancers, but with some limitations. These limitations include hazardous side effects, destruction of non-tumor healthy cells that are rapidly dividing and developing, tumor resistance to anti-cancer drugs, damage to tissues and organs, and so on. However, oncolytic viruses have emerged as a worthwhile immunotherapeutic option for the treatment of different types of cancers. In this treatment approach, oncolytic viruses are being modeled to target cancer cells with optimum cytotoxicity and spare normal cells with optimal safety, without the oncolytic viruses themselves being killed by the host immune defense system. Oncolytic viral infection of the cancer cells are also being genetically manipulated (either by removal or addition of certain genes into the oncolytic virus genome) to make the tumor more visible and available for attack by the host immune cells. Hence, different variants of these viruses are being developed to optimize their antitumor effects. In this review, we examined how grave the burden of cancer is on a global level, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, major conventional therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cancer and their individual drawbacks. We discussed the mechanisms of action employed by these oncolytic viruses and different viruses that have found their relevance in the fight against various forms of cancers. Some pre-clinical and clinical trials that involve oncolytic viruses in cancer management were reported. This review also examined the toxicity and safety concerns surrounding the adoption of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers and the likely future directions for researchers and general audience who wants updated information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kolade Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria,*Correspondence: Richard Kolade Omole,
| | - Oluwaseyi Oluwatola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Department of Immunology, Moffit Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Millicent Tambari Akere
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Joseph Eniafe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - Yemisi Juliet Ayantunji
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria,Advanced Space Technology Applications Laboratory, Cooperative Information Network, National Space Research and Development Agency, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Nkem Torimiro
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Modupe Stella Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Oluwole Isaac Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Type I and Type II Interferon Antagonism Strategies Used by Paramyxoviridae: Previous and New Discoveries, in Comparison. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051107. [PMID: 35632848 PMCID: PMC9145045 DOI: 10.3390/v14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host’s cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
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In Silico Analysis of Plant Flavonoids as Potential Inhibitors of Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease is a viral infection causing serious economic losses to the global poultry industry. The V protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a pathogenicity determinant having various functions such as the suppression of apoptosis and replication of the NDV. This study was designed to assess the resistance potential of plant flavonoids against the V protein of Newcastle disease virus. Sequence analysis was performed using EXPASY and ProtParam tools. To build the three-dimensional structure of V protein, a homology-modeling method was used. Plant flavonoids with formerly reported therapeutic benefits were collected from different databases to build a library for virtual screening. Docking analysis was performed using the modeled structure of V protein on MOE software. Interaction analysis was also performed by MOE to explain the results of docking. Sequence analysis and physicochemical properties showed that V protein is negatively charged, acidic in nature, and relatively unstable. The 3D structure of the V protein showed eight β-pleated sheets, three helices, and ten coiled regions. Based on docking score, ten flavonoids were selected as potential inhibitors of V protein. Furthermore, a common configuration was obtained among these ten flavonoids. The interaction analysis also identified the atoms involved in every interaction of flavonoid and V protein. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation confirmed the stability of two compounds, quercetin-7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside] and luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside, at 100 ns with V protein. The identified compounds through molecular docking and MD simulation could have potential as NDV-V protein inhibitor after further validation. This study could be useful for the designing of anti-NDV drugs.
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Siering O, Cattaneo R, Pfaller CK. C Proteins: Controllers of Orderly Paramyxovirus Replication and of the Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010137. [PMID: 35062341 PMCID: PMC8778822 DOI: 10.3390/v14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particles of many paramyxoviruses include small amounts of proteins with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa. These proteins, termed “C”, are basic, have low amino acid homology and some secondary structure conservation. C proteins are encoded in alternative reading frames of the phosphoprotein gene. Some viruses express nested sets of C proteins that exert their functions in different locations: In the nucleus, they interfere with cellular transcription factors that elicit innate immune responses; in the cytoplasm, they associate with viral ribonucleocapsids and control polymerase processivity and orderly replication, thereby minimizing the activation of innate immunity. In addition, certain C proteins can directly bind to, and interfere with the function of, several cytoplasmic proteins required for interferon induction, interferon signaling and inflammation. Some C proteins are also required for efficient virus particle assembly and budding. C-deficient viruses can be grown in certain transformed cell lines but are not pathogenic in natural hosts. C proteins affect the same host functions as other phosphoprotein gene-encoded proteins named V but use different strategies for this purpose. Multiple independent systems to counteract host defenses may ensure efficient immune evasion and facilitate virus adaptation to new hosts and tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Siering
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
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Bitko V, Barik S. Role of metapneumoviral glycoproteins in the evasion of the host cell innate immune response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105096. [PMID: 34601094 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), an unsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, is the second most detected respiratory pathogen and one of the leading causes of respiratory illness in infants and immunodeficient individuals. HMPV infection of permissive cells in culture triggers a transient IFN response, which is efficiently suppressed later in infection. We report that two structural glycoproteins of the virus - namely G (Glycoprotein) and SH (Small Hydrophobic) - suppress the type I interferon (IFN) response in cell culture. This is manifested by inhibition of diverse steps of IFN induction and response, such as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor-3 and -7 (IRF3, IRF7), major transcription factors of the IFN gene. Furthermore, HMPV suppresses the cellular response to IFN by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), required for the induction of IFN-stimulated genes that act as antivirals. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed an important role of critical cysteine (Cys) residues in the Cys-rich carboxy terminal region of the SH protein in IFN suppression, whereas for G, the ectodomain plays a role. These results shed light on the mechanism of IFN suppression by HMPV, and may also offer avenues for new antiviral approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Bitko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America.
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Linjie L, Xiaoling S, Xiaoxia M, Xin C, Ali A, Jialin B. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural C protein inhibits the induction of interferon-β by potentially interacting with MAVS and RIG-I. Virus Genes 2021; 57:60-71. [PMID: 33389635 PMCID: PMC7870622 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute and highly contagious disease in domestic and wild small ruminants throughout the world, mainly by invoking immunosuppression in its natural hosts. It has been suggested that the non-structural C protein of PPRV helps in evading host responses but the molecular mechanisms by which it antagonizes the host responses have not been fully characterized. Here, we report the antagonistic effect of PPRV C protein on the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) through both MAVS and RIG-I mediated pathways in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay and direct expression of IFN-β mRNA analysis indicated that PPRV C significantly down regulates IFN-β via its potential interaction with MAVS and RIG-I signaling molecules. Results further indicated that PPRV C protein significantly suppresses endogenous and exogenous IFN-β-induced anti-viral effects in PPRV, EMCV and SVS infections in vitro. Moreover, PPRV C protein not only down regulates IFN-β but also the downstream cytokines of interferon stimulated genes 56 (ISG56), ISG15, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL10) and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN promoter elements of ISRE and NF-κB. Further, this study deciphers that PPRV C protein could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT1 and interferes with the signal transmission in JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Collectively, this study indicates that PPRV C protein is important for innate immune evasion and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Linjie
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shi Xiaoling
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ma Xiaoxia
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Cao Xin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bai Jialin
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Malik M, Britten J, DeAngelis A, Catherino WH. Cross-talk between Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and transforming growth factor beta pathways and increased collagen1A1 production in uterine leiomyoma cells. F&S SCIENCE 2020; 1:206-220. [PMID: 35559929 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the potential interaction between interleukin-6 (IL6), Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway, and Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-3 , and to determine whether such cross-talk was a contributing factor in the dysregulation of type I collagen production in leiomyomas. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS None. INTERVENTIONS Exposure of leiomyoma and myometrial cell lines to IL6 and STAT3 activators/inhibitors. Western immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expression of STAT3, pSTAT3, SOCS3, COL1A1, and TGFb3. RESULTS We observed that IL6 increased pSTAT3 as well as collagen1A1 in uterine leiomyoma cells. Direct activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway increased collagen1A1 production in leiomyoma cells, whereas inhibition of the pathway significantly decreased collagen1A1 production. We further observed that modulation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway also increased the expression of TGFβ3 protein. Leiomyoma cells exposed to TGFβ3 demonstrated a significant decrease in pSTAT3 protein. Myometrial cells demonstrated a less sensitive response to STAT3 modulation and collagen production. CONCLUSION Cross-talk between the TGFβ pathway and JAK/STAT3 pathway contributes to the fibrotic nature of uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Britten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony DeAngelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Program in Reproductive Endocrinology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Program in Reproductive Endocrinology and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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8
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FBXW7-mediated stability regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 in melanoma formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:584-594. [PMID: 31843895 PMCID: PMC6955312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909879116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological relevance of STAT2 (a member of STAT family) in melanoma formation is clearly shown using a human skin tissue array. Moreover, FBXW7-mediated STAT2 protein stability regulation via ubiquitination is shown to play an essential role in melanoma cell proliferation in monolayer and anchorage-independent 3D culture systems. The molecular mechanisms that regulate STAT2 protein stability by FBXW7 include the interaction between CCD and DBD domains of STAT2 and the WD40 domain of FBXW7. STAT2 phosphorylation at the putative degron motifs that contain Ser381, Thr385, and Ser393 might be mediated by GSK3β. These serve as critical amino acids that form hydrogen bonds with the WD40 domain of FBXW7. Thus, the FBXW7–STAT2 signaling axis is an important target for melanoma treatment. In this study, we provide critical evidence that STAT2 stability regulation plays an essential role in melanoma cell proliferation and colony growth. We found that the interaction of FBXW7 and STAT2 induced STAT2 destabilization via a ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation pathway. Notably, GSK3β-mediated STAT2 phosphorylation facilitated STAT2–FBXW7 interactions via the DNA binding domain of STAT2 and domains 1, 2, 6, and 7 of FBXW7 WD40. Importantly, the inverse correlation between protein levels of STAT2 and FBXW7 were observed not only in human melanoma cells but also in a human skin cancer tissue array. The relationship between protein levels of STAT2 and FBXW7, cell proliferation, and colony growth were similarly observed in the melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-2, -5, and -28. Moreover, STAT2 knockdown in melanoma cells suppressed melanoma cell proliferation and colony formation. These data demonstrated that FBXW7-mediated STAT2 stability regulation plays an essential role in melanoma cell proliferation and cancer growth.
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Li J, Meng C, Ren T, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Xu S, Sun Y, Tan L, Song C, Liao Y, Nair V, Munir M, Ding Z, Liu X, Qiu X, Ding C. Production, characterization, and epitope mapping of a monoclonal antibody against genotype VII Newcastle disease virus V protein. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:88-97. [PMID: 30026051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V protein is crucial for viral interferon (IFN) antagonism and virulence, determining its host range restriction. However, little information is available on the B cell epitopes of V protein and the subcellular movement of V protein in the process of NDV infection. In this study, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) clone 3D7 against genotype VII NDV V protein was generated by immunizing mice with a purified recombinant His-tagged carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) region of V protein. Fine epitope mapping analysis and B-cell epitope prediction indicated that mAb 3D7 recognized a linear epitope 152RGPAELWK159, which is located in the V protein CTD region. Sequence alignment showed that the mAb clone 3D7-recognized epitope is highly conserved among Class II genotype VII NDV strains, but not among other genotypes, suggesting it could serve as a genetic marker to differentiate NDV genotypes. Furthermore, the movement of V protein during NDV replication in infected cells were determined by using this mAb. It was found that V protein localized around the nucleus during virus replication. The establishment of V protein-specific mAb and identification of its epitope extend our understanding of the antigenic characteristics of V protein and provide a basis for the development of epitope-based diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yaodan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | | | | | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Engeland CE, Bossow S, Hudacek AW, Hoyler B, Förster J, Veinalde R, Jäger D, Cattaneo R, Ungerechts G, Springfeld C. A Tupaia paramyxovirus vector system for targeting and transgene expression. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2248-2257. [PMID: 28809150 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses from the diverse family of Paramyxoviridae include important pathogens and are applied in gene therapy and for cancer treatment. The Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV), isolated from the kidney of a tree shrew, does not infect human cells and neutralizing antibodies against other Paramyxoviridae do not cross-react with TPMV. Here, we present a vector system for de novo generation of infectious TPMV that allows for insertion of additional genes as well as targeting using antibody single-chain variable fragments. We show that the recombinant TPMV specifically infect cells expressing the targeted receptor and replicate in human cells. This vector system provides a valuable tool for both basic research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Engeland
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Bossow
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Present address: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew W Hudacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Birgit Hoyler
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Förster
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rūta Veinalde
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, and Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Qiu X, Fu Q, Meng C, Yu S, Zhan Y, Dong L, Song C, Sun Y, Tan L, Hu S, Wang X, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X, Ding C. Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein Targets Phosphorylated STAT1 to Block IFN-I Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148560. [PMID: 26859759 PMCID: PMC4747598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V protein is considered as an effector for IFN antagonism, however, the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the expression of STAT1 and phospho-STAT1 in cells infected with NDV or transfected with V protein-expressing plasmids were analyzed. Our results showed that NDV V protein targets phospho-STAT1 reduction in the cells depends on the stimulation of IFN-α. In addition, a V-deficient genotype VII recombinant NDV strain rZJ1-VS was constructed using reverse genetic technique to confirm the results. The rZJ1-VS lost the ability to reduce phospho-STAT1 and induced higher expression of IFN-responsive genes in infected cells. Furthermore, treatment with an ubiquitin E1 inhibitor PYR-41 demonstrated that phospho-STAT1 reduction was caused by degradation, but not de-phosphorylation. We conclude that NDV V protein targets phospho-STAT1 degradation to block IFN-α signaling, which adds novel knowledge to the strategies used by paramyxoviruses to evade IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Luna Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XFL); (CD)
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XFL); (CD)
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Davis ME, Wang MK, Rennick LJ, Full F, Gableske S, Mesman AW, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, Gack MU. Antagonism of the phosphatase PP1 by the measles virus V protein is required for innate immune escape of MDA5. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:19-30. [PMID: 25011105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sensor MDA5 is crucial for antiviral innate immune defense against various RNA viruses including measles virus; as such, many viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral activity of MDA5. Here, we show that measles virus escapes MDA5 detection by targeting the phosphatases PP1α and PP1γ, which regulate MDA5 activity by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation mark. The V proteins of measles virus and the related paramyxovirus Nipah virus interact with PP1α/γ, preventing PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of MDA5 and thereby its activation. The PP1 interaction with the measles V protein is mediated by a conserved PP1-binding motif in the C-terminal region of the V protein. A recombinant measles virus expressing a mutant V protein deficient in PP1 binding is unable to antagonize MDA5 and is growth impaired due to its inability to suppress interferon induction. This identifies PP1 antagonism as a mechanism employed by paramyxoviruses for evading innate immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florian Full
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Gableske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annelies W Mesman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
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13
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Cassiday PA, DePaula-Silva AB, Chumley J, Ward J, Barker E, Planelles V. Understanding the molecular manipulation of DCAF1 by the lentiviral accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx. Virology 2014; 476:19-25. [PMID: 25499532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vpr and Vpx are primate lentivirus proteins that manipulate the cellular CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex. While Vpr is common to all primate lentiviruses, Vpx is only encoded by HIV-2 and a limited range of SIVs. Although Vpr and Vpx share a high degree of homology they are known to induce markedly different effects in host cell biology through the recruitment of different substrates to CRL4. Here we explore the interaction of HIV-1 Vpr and SIVmac Vpx with the CRL4 substrate receptor DCAF1. Through mutational analysis of DCAF1 we demonstrate that although Vpr and Vpx share a highly similar DCAF1-binding motif, they interact with a different set of residues in DCAF1. In addition, we show that Vpx recruits SAMHD1 through a protein-protein interface that includes interactions of SAMHD1 with both Vpx and DCAF1, as was first suggested in crystallography data by (Schwefel, D., Groom, H.C.T., Boucherit, V.C., Christodoulou, E., Walker, P.A., Stoye, J.P., Bishop, K.N., Taylor, I.A., 2014. Structural basis of lentiviral subversion of a cellular protein degradation pathway., Nature, 505, 234-238).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Cassiday
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chumley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ward
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East #2100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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14
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Chiang JJ, Davis ME, Gack MU. Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor signaling by host and viral proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:491-505. [PMID: 25023063 PMCID: PMC7108356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate innate immunity is characterized by an effective immune surveillance apparatus, evolved to sense foreign structures, such as proteins or nucleic acids of invading microbes. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of viral RNA species in the host cell cytoplasm. Activation of RLRs in response to viral RNA triggers an antiviral defense program through the production of hundreds of antiviral effector proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and host restriction factors that directly interfere with distinct steps in the virus life cycle. To avoid premature or abnormal antiviral and proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host, the signaling activities of RLRs and their common adaptor molecule, MAVS, are delicately controlled by cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to modulate RLR-MAVS signal transduction to escape from immune surveillance. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of RLR signaling through host factors and viral antagonistic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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15
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Abstract
Subclinical immunosuppression in chickens is an important but often underestimated factor in the subsequent development of clinical disease. Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). Mycotoxins and stress, often caused by poor management practices, can also cause immunosuppression. The effects on the innate and acquired immune responses and the mechanisms by which mycotoxins, stress and infectious agents cause immunosuppression are discussed. Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory non-structural proteins or multi-functional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g., Newcastle disease virus).
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16
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Chinnakannan SK, Holzer B, Bernardo BS, Nanda SK, Baron MD. Different functions of the common P/V/W and V-specific domains of rinderpest virus V protein in blocking IFN signalling. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:44-51. [PMID: 24158397 PMCID: PMC3917061 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.056739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The V proteins of paramyxoviruses are composed of two evolutionarily distinct domains, the N-terminal 75 % being common to the viral P, V and W proteins, and not highly conserved between viruses, whilst the remaining 25 % consists of a cysteine-rich V-specific domain, which is conserved across almost all paramyxoviruses. There is evidence supporting a number of different functions of the V proteins of morbilliviruses in blocking the signalling pathways of type I and II IFNs, but it is not clear which domains of V are responsible for which activities and whether all these activities are required for effective blockade of IFN signalling. We have shown here that the two domains of rinderpest virus V protein have distinct functions: the N-terminal domain acted to bind STAT1, whilst the C-terminal V-specific domain interacted with the IFN receptor-associated kinases Jak1 and Tyk2. Effective blockade of IFN signalling required the intact V protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Sambit K Nanda
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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17
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Mitzel DN, Jaramillo RJ, Stout-Delgado H, Senft AP, Harrod KS. Human metapneumovirus inhibits the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in airway epithelium. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:26-37. [PMID: 24114793 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host cytokine IL-6 plays an important role in host defence and prevention of lung injury from various pathogens, making IL-6 an important mediator in the host's susceptibility to respiratory infections. The cellular response to IL-6 is mediated through a Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signal transduction pathway. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important causative agent of viral respiratory infections known to inhibit the IFN-mediated activation of STAT1. However, little is known about the interactions between this virus and other STAT signalling cascades. Herein, we showed that hMPV can attenuate the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 signalling cascade in lung epithelial cells. HMPV inhibited a key event in this pathway by impeding the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in A549 cells and in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Further studies established that hMPV interrupted the IL-6-induced JAK/STAT pathway early in the signal transduction pathway by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK2. By antagonizing the IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 pathway, hMPV perturbed the expression of IL-6-inducible genes important for apoptosis, cell differentiation and growth. Infection with hMPV also differentially regulated the effects of IL-6 on apoptosis. Thus, hMPV regulation of these genes could usurp the protective roles of IL-6, and these data provide insight into an important element of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N Mitzel
- Infectious Diseases Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Richard J Jaramillo
- Infectious Diseases Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Heather Stout-Delgado
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Albert P Senft
- Infectious Diseases Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Infectious Diseases Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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18
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Wang N, Wang XL, Yang CG, Chen SL. Molecular cloning, subcelluar location and expression profile of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) from turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1200-1208. [PMID: 23933433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is an important molecule involved in the type I interferon signalling pathway. To date, little STAT2 homologue is available in fish except Atlantic salmon and goldfish. In this paper, STAT2 was firstly cloned and characterized from turbot, a marine flatfish with high economic value. Briefly, turbot STAT2 cDNA is 3206 bp in length encoding a predicted protein of 793 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree shows that turbot STAT2 protein shared the closest relationship with Atlantic salmon. Analysis of subcellular distribution indicates that STAT2 is mainly present in the cytoplasm of TK cells. Stat2 mRNA is constitutively expressed in widespread tissues and induced by several folds in turbot tissues and TK cells after stimulation with Vibrio anguillarum and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). Unlike the higher vertebrate STAT2, turbot STAT2 nuclear export signal (NES) exists not in the C-terminal 79 amino acids but in N-terminal 137-312 amino acids (STAT_alpha domain). The nuclear translocation of turbot STAT2 after Poly(I:C) treatment proved its transcription activity in TK cells. All these results suggested that STAT2 may be involved in the immune response in turbot as a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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19
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Audsley MD, Moseley GW. Paramyxovirus evasion of innate immunity: Diverse strategies for common targets. World J Virol 2013; 2:57-70. [PMID: 24175230 PMCID: PMC3785049 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxoviruses are a family of > 30 viruses that variously infect humans, other mammals and fish to cause diverse outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal disease, with the zoonotic paramyxoviruses Nipah and Hendra showing up to 70% case-fatality rate in humans. The capacity to evade host immunity is central to viral infection, and paramyxoviruses have evolved multiple strategies to overcome the host interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune response through the activity of their IFN-antagonist proteins. Although paramyxovirus IFN antagonists generally target common factors of the IFN system, including melanoma differentiation associated factor 5, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 3, the mechanisms of antagonism show remarkable diversity between different genera and even individual members of the same genus; the reasons for this diversity, however, are not currently understood. Here, we review the IFN antagonism strategies of paramyxoviruses, highlighting mechanistic differences observed between individual species and genera. We also discuss potential sources of this diversity, including biological differences in the host and/or tissue specificity of different paramyxoviruses, and potential effects of experimental approaches that have largely relied on in vitro systems. Importantly, recent studies using recombinant virus systems and animal infection models are beginning to clarify the importance of certain mechanisms of IFN antagonism to in vivo infections, providing important indications not only of their critical importance to virulence, but also of their potential targeting for new therapeutic/vaccine approaches.
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20
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Chinnakannan SK, Nanda SK, Baron MD. Morbillivirus v proteins exhibit multiple mechanisms to block type 1 and type 2 interferon signalling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57063. [PMID: 23431397 PMCID: PMC3576338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses form a closely related group of pathogenic viruses which encode three non-structural proteins V, W and C in their P gene. Previous studies with rinderpest virus (RPV) and measles virus (MeV) have demonstrated that these non-structural proteins play a crucial role in blocking type I (IFNα/β) and type II (IFNγ) interferon action, and various mechanisms have been proposed for these effects. We have directly compared four important morbilliviruses, rinderpest (RPV), measles virus (MeV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). These viruses and their V proteins could all block type I IFN action. However, the viruses and their V proteins had varying abilities to block type II IFN action. The ability to block type II IFN-induced gene transcription correlated with co-precipitation of STAT1 with the respective V protein, but there was no correlation between co-precipitation of either STAT1 or STAT2 and the abilities of the V proteins to block type I IFN-induced gene transcription or the creation of the antiviral state. Further study revealed that the V proteins of RPV, MeV, PPRV and CDV could all interfere with phosphorylation of the interferon-receptor-associated kinase Tyk2, and the V protein of highly virulent RPV could also block the phosphorylation of another such kinase, Jak1. Co-precipitation studies showed that morbillivirus V proteins all form a complex containing Tyk2 and Jak1. This study highlights the ability of morbillivirus V proteins to target multiple components of the IFN signalling pathways to control both type I and type II IFN action.
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21
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Kolli D, Bao X, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus antagonism of innate immune responses. Viruses 2012; 4:3551-71. [PMID: 23223197 PMCID: PMC3528279 DOI: 10.3390/v4123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens. Epidemiological studies indicate that hMPV is a significant human respiratory pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is associated with respiratory illnesses in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Interferon (IFN) represents a major line of defense against virus infection, and in response, viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit IFN production as well as IFN signaling. Although the strategies of IFN evasion are similar, the specific mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses inhibit IFN responses are quite diverse. In this review, we will present an overview of the strategies that hMPV uses to subvert cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells, the major target of infection, as well as in primary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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22
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Nonstructural Nipah virus C protein regulates both the early host proinflammatory response and viral virulence. J Virol 2012; 86:10766-75. [PMID: 22837207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01203-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, negative-strand RNA paramyxovirus that has recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious human disease. We have analyzed the role of the nonstructural NiV C protein in viral immunopathogenesis using recombinant virus lacking the expression of NiV C (NiVΔC). While wild-type NiV was highly pathogenic in the hamster animal model, NiVΔC was strongly attenuated. Replication of NiVΔC was followed by the production of NiV-specific antibodies and associated with higher recruitment of inflammatory cells and less intensive histopathological lesions in different organs than in wild-type-NiV-infected animals. To analyze the molecular basis of NiVΔC attenuation, we studied early changes in gene expression in infected primary human endothelial cells, a major cellular target of NiV infection. The transcriptomic approach revealed the striking difference between wild-type and mutant NiV in the expression of genes involved in immunity, with the particularly interesting differential patterns of proinflammatory cytokines. Compared to wild-type virus, NiVΔC induced increased expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-8, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL6, CCL20, and beta interferon. Furthermore, the expression of NiV C in stably transfected cells decreased the production of the same panel of cytokines, revealing a role of the C protein in the regulation of cytokine balance. Together, these results suggest that NiV C regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines, therefore providing a signal responsible for the coordination of leukocyte recruitment and the chemokine-induced immune response and controlling the lethal outcome of the infection.
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Ren J, Kolli D, Liu T, Xu R, Garofalo RP, Casola A, Bao X. Human metapneumovirus inhibits IFN-β signaling by downregulating Jak1 and Tyk2 cellular levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24496. [PMID: 21949722 PMCID: PMC3176284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type I interferon (IFN) signaling by an unidentified mechanism. In this study, we showed that infection of airway epithelial cells with hMPV decreased cellular level of Janus tyrosine kinase (Jak1) and tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), due to enhanced proteosomal degradation and reduced gene transcription. In addition, hMPV infection also reduced the surface expression of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). These inhibitory mechanisms are different from the ones employed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which does not affect Jak1, Tyk2 or IFNAR expression, but degrades downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 2 (STAT2), although both viruses are pneumoviruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. Our study identifies a novel mechanism by which hMPV inhibits STAT1 and 2 activation, ultimately leading to viral evasion of host IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tianshuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renling Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antonella Casola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (XB)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AC); (XB)
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24
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Virtue ER, Marsh GA, Baker ML, Wang LF. Interferon production and signaling pathways are antagonized during henipavirus infection of fruit bat cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22488. [PMID: 21811620 PMCID: PMC3139658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for a spectrum of infectious zoonotic diseases including the recently emerged henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses). Henipaviruses have been observed both naturally and experimentally to cause serious and often fatal disease in many different mammal species, including humans. Interestingly, infection of the flying fox with henipaviruses occurs in the absence of clinical disease. The extreme variation in the disease pattern between humans and bats has led to an investigation into the effects of henipavirus infection on the innate immune response in bat cell lines. We report that henipavirus infection does not result in the induction of interferon expression, and the viruses also inhibit interferon signaling. We also confirm that the interferon production and signaling block in bat cells is not due to differing viral protein expression levels between human and bat hosts. This information, in addition to the known lack of clinical signs in bats following henipavirus infection, suggests that bats control henipavirus infection by an as yet unidentified mechanism, not via the interferon response. This is the first report of henipavirus infection in bat cells specifically investigating aspects of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Virtue
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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A tryptophan-rich motif in the human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein is critical for the blockade of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-dependent signaling. J Virol 2011; 85:4606-11. [PMID: 21345944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02012-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) do not produce alpha interferon (IFN-α) unless viruses cause a systemic infection or overcome the first-line defense provided by conventional DCs and macrophages. We show here that even paramyxoviruses, whose infections are restricted to the respiratory tract, have a V protein able to prevent Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-dependent IFN-α induction specific to pDCs. Mutational analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 2 demonstrates that the second Trp residue of the Trp-rich motif (Trp-X(3)-Trp-X(9)-Trp) in the C-terminal domain unique to V, a determinant for IRF7 binding, is critical for the blockade of TLR7/9-dependent signaling.
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26
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Interferon signaling remains functional during henipavirus infection of human cell lines. J Virol 2011; 85:4031-4. [PMID: 21289115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02412-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses encode several proteins from the P gene, of which V and W have been demonstrated by gene-based transfection studies to antagonize the innate immune response, blocking both type I interferon production and signaling. This study examines the effects of henipavirus infection on the innate immune response in human cell lines. We report that henipavirus infection does not result in interferon production, with the virus antagonizing this response. In contrast to published transfection studies, our study found that the interferon signaling pathways are only partially blocked by henipavirus infection of human cell lines.
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27
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Complete genome characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus isolated during an outbreak in Sweden in 1997. Virus Genes 2010; 41:165-73. [PMID: 20640497 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from a chicken in Sweden was determined and compared with other NDV sequences. The isolate was shown to belong to genotype VIIb, which arose in the Far East and spread around the world during the 1990s. It had a length of 15,192 bases and consisted of six genes in the order 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. The F protein cleavage site was 112-RRQRRF-117, corresponding to that of a virulent pathotype.
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28
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Lo MK, Miller D, Aljofan M, Mungall BA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Characterization of the antiviral and inflammatory responses against Nipah virus in endothelial cells and neurons. Virology 2010; 404:78-88. [PMID: 20552729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus which causes fatal encephalitis in up to 75% of infected humans. Endothelial cells and neurons are important cellular targets in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, viral replication and the innate immune responses to NiV in these cell types were measured. NiV infected endothelial cells generated a functionally robust IFN-beta response, which correlated with localization of the NiV W protein to the cytoplasm. There was no antiviral response detected in infected neuronal cells. NiV infection of endothelial cells induced a significant increase in secreted inflammatory chemokines, which corresponded with the increased ability of infected cell supernatants to induce monocyte and T-lymphocyte chemotaxis. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory chemokines produced by NiV infected primary endothelial cells in vitro is consistent with the prominent vasculitis observed in infections, and provide initial molecular insights into the pathogenesis of NiV in physiologically relevant cells types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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29
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Two domains of the V protein of virulent canine distemper virus selectively inhibit STAT1 and STAT2 nuclear import. J Virol 2010; 84:6328-43. [PMID: 20427537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01878-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes in dogs a severe systemic infection, with a high frequency of demyelinating encephalitis. Among the six genes transcribed by CDV, the P gene encodes the polymerase cofactor protein (P) as well as two additional nonstructural proteins, C and V; of these V was shown to act as a virulence factor. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which the P gene products of the neurovirulent CDV A75/17 strain disrupt type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-induced signaling that results in the establishment of the antiviral state. Using recombinant knockout A75/17 viruses, the V protein was identified as the main antagonist of IFN-alpha/beta-mediated signaling. Importantly, immunofluorescence analysis illustrated that the inhibition of IFN-alpha/beta-mediated signaling correlated with impaired STAT1/STAT2 nuclear import, whereas the phosphorylation state of these proteins was not affected. Coimmunoprecipitation assays identified the N-terminal region of V (VNT) responsible for STAT1 targeting, which correlated with its ability to inhibit the activity of the IFN-alpha/beta-mediated antiviral state. Conversely, while the C-terminal domain of V (VCT) could not function autonomously, when fused to VNT it optimally interacted with STAT2 and subsequently efficiently suppressed the IFN-alpha/beta-mediated signaling pathway. The latter result was further supported by a single mutation at position 110 within the VNT domain of CDV V protein, resulting in a mutant that lost STAT1 binding while retaining a partial STAT2 association. Taken together, our results identified the CDV VNT and VCT as two essential modules that complement each other to interfere with the antiviral state induced by IFN-alpha/beta-mediated signaling. Hence, our experiments reveal a novel mechanism of IFN-alpha/beta evasion among the morbilliviruses.
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30
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Ramachandran A, Horvath CM. Paramyxovirus disruption of interferon signal transduction: STATus report. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:531-7. [PMID: 19694544 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses in the paramyxovirus family have evolved a number of strategies to escape host cell surveillance and antiviral responses. One mechanism exploited by a number of viruses in this family is direct targeting of cytokine-inducible transcription regulators in the STAT family. Diverse members of this large virus family effectively suppress STAT signaling by the actions of their V proteins, or the related proteins derived from alternate viral mRNAs. These viral proteins have distinct means of targeting STATs, resulting in a variety of negative effects on STATs and their signal transduction. Recent developments in understanding STAT targeting will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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31
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Overexpression of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) V protein enhances NDV production kinetics in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:1509-20. [PMID: 19730851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is not only one of the most economically important pathogen of poultry but also has a potential as anticancer virotherapy. The role of NDV V protein in virus-production kinetics was investigated using DF-1 cell-based production system. The presence of an anti-interferon (IFN)-alpha antibody resulted in enhanced NDV production kinetics in a dose-dependent manner by blocking binding of NDV-induced IFN to its receptor. To prepare DF-1 cell whose cellular IFN signaling is blocked efficiently, stable cell lines expressing either lentogenic or velogenic NDV V protein known as an IFN antagonist were established. The overexpression of NDV V protein enhanced NDV production kinetics and expedited the rate of NDV production, while it had no effect on Japanese encephalitis virus production. NDV V protein functions as an IFN antagonist by inhibiting the increase in type I IFNs by NDV infection. The IFN signals in cells expressing NDV V protein were weakened by decreased activation or expression of the dsRNA-activated enzymes. These IFN antagonist activities enhance rapid virus replication and spread in the early phase of viral infection and will be useful in improving the production of viral vaccine strains.
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32
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Chambers R, Takimoto T. Antagonism of innate immunity by paramyxovirus accessory proteins. Viruses 2009; 1:574-593. [PMID: 21994561 PMCID: PMC3185518 DOI: 10.3390/v1030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirinae, a subfamily of Paramyxoviridae, are negative strand RNA viruses comprised of many important human and animal pathogens, which share a high degree of genetic and structural homology. The accessory proteins expressed from the P/V/C gene are major factors in the pathogenicity of the viruses, because of their ability to abrogate various facets of type I interferon (IFN) induction and signaling. Most of the paramyxoviruses exhibit a commonality in their ability to antagonize innate immunity by blocking IFN induction and the Jak/STAT pathway. However, the manner in which the accessory proteins inhibit the pathway differs among viruses. Similarly, there are variations in the capability of the viruses to counteract intracellular detectors (RNA helicases, mda-5 and RIG-I). Furthermore, a functional specificity in the antagonism of the IFN response has been reported, suggesting that specificity in the circumvention of innate immunity restricts viral host range. Available evidence indicates that paramyxoviruses employ specific strategies to antagonize the IFN response of their specific hosts, which is one of the major factors that determine viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-585-273-2856; Fax: +1-585-473-9573
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33
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Collet B, Ganne G, Bird S, Collins CM. Isolation and expression profile of a gene encoding for the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription STAT2 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:821-829. [PMID: 19428483 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-2 is a molecule involved in the type I interferon (IFN) signalling pathway. The full length cDNA sequence of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ssSTAT2 was determined and phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence grouped this novel salmon gene to the STAT2 clade. This represents the first fish STAT2 report. The gene encodes for a 802 aa polypeptide that has 38% identity to the human or murine STAT2. The expression was monitored by qPCR in the kidney of animals over the time of infection with the Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) and in TO cells infected with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) or with the Salmon Alphavirus (SAV). SAV and ISAV induced an approximate 10-fold increase in the level of expression of ssSTAT2 gene whilst IPNV only induced a 1.5-fold increase.
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34
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Christian SL, Collier TW, Zu D, Licursi M, Hough CM, Hirasawa K. Activated Ras/MEK inhibits the antiviral response of alpha interferon by reducing STAT2 levels. J Virol 2009; 83:6717-26. [PMID: 19386709 PMCID: PMC2698556 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02213-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of interferon (IFN) to induce the expression of antiviral genes, and therefore suppress viral infection, is dependent on the activity of cellular suppressors. The Ras/MEK pathway is one of these cellular suppressors, since the activation of Ras/MEK permits viral replication in the presence of alpha IFN (IFN-alpha). Here, we have investigated the mechanism by which activated Ras/MEK inhibits the IFN-alpha response. We found that the induction of antiviral proteins in response to IFN-alpha was impaired in Ras-transformed NIH 3T3 (RasV12) cells. The inhibition of the Ras/MEK pathway restored the IFN-mediated induction of antiviral genes, indicating that activated Ras interrupts the IFN pathway upstream of antiviral gene transcription. Indeed, the IFN-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2 was inhibited in RasV12 cells compared to that of vector control cells. In addition, we found that the total amount of STAT2 was reduced in RasV12 cells. To determine if the impaired IFN-alpha response can be rescued by restoring the overall level of STAT2, we overexpressed STAT2 in RasV12 cells. The IFN-alpha-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, as well as the expression of antiviral protein, were restored, and IFN-induced antiviral protection was partially restored. Moreover, we demonstrated that the downregulation of STAT2 levels by Ras/MEK was mediated at the transcriptional level. Thus, the activation of the Ras/MEK pathway reduces the amount of STAT2 available for propagating the IFN signal, resulting in the impairment of the IFN-alpha-induced antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Christian
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr., St. John's, Newfoundland A1B3V6, Canada
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35
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Virtue ER, Marsh GA, Wang LF. Paramyxoviruses infecting humans: the old, the new and the unknown. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:537-54. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of Hendra virus in Australia in 1994, paramyxoviruses were considered to be a taxonomic group of ubiquitous pathogens, consisting primarily of Biosafety Level 2 agents, which possessed narrow host ranges and often caused only mild or preventable diseases in humans and animals. In recent years, a number of Paramyxoviridae members have emerged, including previously unrecognized human pathogens and highly pathogenic zoonoses. The recent emergence of paramyxoviruses in humans suggests that there is an increased incidence of zoonotic transmission between wildlife, livestock and human hosts. This article explores the current body of scientific knowledge, disease burden and knowledge of reservoirs of these emerging paramyxoviruses and provides a comparative review of both older and emerging viruses that have been shown to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Virtue
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, VIC, Australia and, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease and, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PO Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia, and, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease and, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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36
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Boxer EL, Nanda SK, Baron MD. The rinderpest virus non-structural C protein blocks the induction of type 1 interferon. Virology 2008; 385:134-42. [PMID: 19108859 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response, in particular the production of type 1 interferons, is an essential part of the mammalian host response to viral infection. We have previously shown that rinderpest virus, a morbillivirus closely related to the human pathogen measles virus, blocks the actions of type 1 and type 2 interferons. We show here that this virus can also block the induction of type 1 interferon. The viral non-structural C protein appears to be the active agent, since expressing this protein in cells makes them resistant to activation of the interferon-beta promoter while recombinant virus that does not express the C protein activates this promoter much more than virus expressing the C protein. In addition, differences in activation of the interferon-beta promoter by different strains of rinderpest virus are reflected in differing abilities of their respective C proteins to block activation of the promoter by dsRNA. The C protein blocks the activation of this promoter induced by either cytoplasmic dsRNA or by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, as well as activation induced by overexpression of several elements of the signalling pathway, including mda-5, RIG-I and IRF-3. The RPV C protein also blocks transcription from promoters responsive individually to the three transcription factors that make up the interferon-beta promoter enhanceosome, although it does not appear to block the activation of IRF-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Boxer
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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37
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Ludlow LE, Lo MK, Rodriguez JJ, Rota PA, Horvath CM. Henipavirus V protein association with Polo-like kinase reveals functional overlap with STAT1 binding and interferon evasion. J Virol 2008; 82:6259-71. [PMID: 18417573 PMCID: PMC2447080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00409-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viruses in the paramyxovirus genus Henipavirus evade host antiviral responses via protein interactions between the viral V and W proteins and cellular STAT1 and STAT2 and the cytosolic RNA sensor MDA5. Polo-like kinase (PLK1) is identified as being an additional cellular partner that can bind to Nipah virus P, V, and W proteins. For both Nipah virus and Hendra virus, contact between the V protein and the PLK1 polo box domain is required for V protein phosphorylation. Results indicate that PLK1 is engaged by Nipah virus V protein amino acids 100 to 160, previously identified as being the STAT1 binding domain responsible for host interferon (IFN) signaling evasion, via a Thr-Ser-Ser-Pro motif surrounding residue 130. A distinct Ser-Thr-Pro motif surrounding residue 199 mediates the PLK1 interaction with Hendra virus V protein. Select mutations in the motif surrounding residue 130 also influenced STAT1 binding and innate immune interference, and data indicate that the V:PLK1 and V:STAT complexes are V mediated yet independent of one another. The effects of STAT1/PLK1 binding motif mutations on the function the Nipah virus P protein in directing RNA synthesis were tested. Remarkably, mutations that selectively disrupt the STAT or PLK1 interaction site have no effects on Nipah virus P protein-mediated viral RNA synthesis. Therefore, mutations targeting V protein-mediated IFN evasion will not alter the RNA synthetic capacity of the virus, supporting an attenuation strategy based on disrupting host protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Ludlow
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, USA
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38
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Lu LL, Puri M, Horvath CM, Sen GC. Select paramyxoviral V proteins inhibit IRF3 activation by acting as alternative substrates for inhibitor of kappaB kinase epsilon (IKKe)/TBK1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14269-76. [PMID: 18362155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710089200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
V accessory proteins from Paramyxoviruses are important in viral evasion of the innate immune response. Here, using a cell survival assay that identifies both inhibitors and activators of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated gene induction, we identified select paramyxoviral V proteins that inhibited double-stranded RNA-mediated signaling; these are encoded by mumps virus (MuV), human parainfluenza virus 2 (hPIV2), and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), all members of the genus Rubulavirus. We showed that interaction between V and the IRF3/7 kinases, TRAF family member-associated NFkappaB activator (TANK)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/inhibitor of kappaB kinase epsilon (IKKe), was essential for this inhibition. Indeed, V proteins were phosphorylated directly by TBK1/IKKe, and this, intriguingly, resulted in lowering of the cellular level of V. Thus, it appears that V mimics IRF3 in both its phosphorylation by TBK1/IKKe and its subsequent degradation. Finally, a PIV5 mutant encoding a V protein that could not inhibit IKKe was much more susceptible to the antiviral effects of double-stranded RNA than the wild-type virus. Because many innate immune response signaling pathways, including those initiated by TLR3, TLR4, RIG-I, MDA5, and DNA-dependent activator of IRFs (DAI), use TBK1/IKKe as the terminal kinases to activate IRFs, rubulaviral V proteins have the potential to inhibit all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette L Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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39
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Randall RE, Goodbourn S. Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1-47. [PMID: 18089727 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Abstract
Virus-infection of mammalian cells causes transcriptional induction of many cellular genes, collectively called as "viral stress-inducible genes." The proteins encoded by these genes are essential to maintain cell-virus homeostasis, which is required for both virus replication and host survival. Many viral products, including RNA, DNA, and proteins, can induce these genes by using distinct, but partially overlapping, signaling pathways. Type I interferons, direct products of virus infection, can also induce many of these genes, thus providing a positive feedback loop. Double-stranded RNA, a common by-product of virus replication, can induce them by multiple signaling pathways initiated by Toll-like receptor 3 or RIG-I/Mda-5. Several viral stress-inducible proteins inhibit protein synthesis. Proteins of the P56 family bind to the translation initiation factor, eIF-3, and block translation initiation. PKR, a protein kinase, phosphorylates a different initiation factor, eIF-2, and inhibits translation initiation. However, unlike P56, PKR needs to be first activated by dsRNA or PACT, another cellular protein. Another family of enzymes, the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases, synthesizes 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates [2-5(A)] in the presence of dsRNA; 2-5(A) activates the latent ribonuclease, RNase L, which degrades mRNA. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade these genes by blocking their induction or actions; often more than one strategy is used by the same virus to achieve this goal. Thus, in an infected cell, equilibrium is reached between the virus and the cell with regards to the viral stress-inducible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganes C Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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41
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Kraus TA, Garza L, Horvath CM. Enabled interferon signaling evasion in an immune-competent transgenic mouse model of parainfluenza virus 5 infection. Virology 2007; 371:196-205. [PMID: 17964629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5 or SV5) infects several mammalian species but is restricted from efficient replication in mice. In humans, PIV5 evades IFN signaling by targeting STAT1 for proteasomal degradation in a STAT2-dependent reaction. In contrast, cell culture experiments have demonstrated that the divergent murine STAT2 protein fails to support STAT1 targeting. Expression of human STAT2 in mouse cells can overcome the species restriction to enable PIV5-induced STAT1 degradation and subsequent IFN antagonism. Here, we describe a transgenic mouse that ubiquitously expresses human STAT2. PIV5 infection induces STAT1 degradation leading to enhanced virus replication and protein expression in the cells from the transgenic mouse but not from the non-transgenic littermates. Importantly, intranasal inoculation with PIV5 results in increased viral load in the lungs of the transgenic mice compared to wild-type littermates. These transgenic mice provide a small animal model to study the role of innate immune evasion in paramyxovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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42
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Tran KC, He B, Teng MN. Replacement of the respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 by the V protein of parainfluenza virus 5. Virology 2007; 368:73-82. [PMID: 17632199 PMCID: PMC2078599 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses have been shown to produce proteins that inhibit interferon production and signaling. For human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the nonstructural NS1 and NS2 proteins have been shown to have interferon antagonist activity through an unknown mechanism. To understand further the functions of NS1 and NS2, we generated recombinant RSV in which both NS1 and NS2 were replaced by the PIV5 V protein, which has well-characterized IFN antagonist activities (DeltaNS1/2-V). Expression of V was able to partially inhibit IFN responses in DeltaNS1/2-V-infected cells. In addition, the replication kinetics of DeltaNS1/2-V were intermediate between DeltaNS1/2 and wild-type (rA2) in A549 cells. However, expression of V did not affect the ability of DeltaNS1/2-V to activate IRF3 nuclear translocation and IFNbeta transcription. These data indicate that V was able to replace some of the IFN inhibitory functions of the RSV NS1 and NS2 proteins, but also that NS1 and NS2 have functions in viral replication beyond IFN antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Biao He
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
- *Corresponding author: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 406 South Frear, University Park, PA 16802, Tel: (814) 863-6996, FAX: (814) 863-7024,
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43
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Halpin K, Mungall BA. Recent progress in henipavirus research. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:287-307. [PMID: 17629946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of two new paramyxoviruses in the 1990s, much effort has been placed on rapidly finding the reservoir hosts, characterising the genomes, identifying the viral receptors and formulating potential vaccines and therapeutic options for these viruses, Hendra and Nipah viruses caused zoonotic disease on a scale not seen before with other paramyxoviruses. Nipah virus particularly caused high morbidity and mortality in humans and high morbidity in pig populations in the first outbreak in Malaysia. Both viruses continue to pose a threat with sporadic outbreaks continuing into the 21st century. Experimental and surveillance studies identified that pteropus bats are the reservoir hosts. Research continues in an attempt to understand events that precipitated spillover of these viruses. Discovered on the cusp of the molecular technology revolution, much progress has been made in understanding these new viruses. This review endeavours to capture the depth and breadth of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Halpin
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) act not only as sentinels for detection of, but also as target cells for viruses, and this can be important for viral transport and spread. All subsets of DCs are equipped with a battery of receptors recognizing virus‐associated molecular signatures, and recognition of those launches a maturation programme that results in substantial alterations of morphology, motility and the DCs' interactive properties with the extracellular matrix and scanning T cells. In addition to being sensed, viruses are internalized into DCs and, for the major proportion, processed into peptides that are subsequently presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Transmission of virus to T cells can occur after completion of their replication cycle if the intracellular milieu of the DC permits that. Alternatively, viruses can remain protected from degradation following entrapment by pattern recognition receptors in intracellular compartments, also referred to as virosomes, which translocate towards the DC/T cell interface. Most likely, transfer of virus to T cells occurs in these junctions, referred to as infectious synapses. In addition to promoting DC maturation, many viruses are able to downmodulate DC development and functions in order to evade immune recognition or to induce a generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pohl
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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45
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Komatsu T, Takeuchi K, Gotoh B. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 accessory proteins that suppress beta interferon production. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:954-62. [PMID: 17548221 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paramyxovirus P gene encodes accessory proteins antagonistic to interferon (IFN). Viral proteins responsible for the IFN antagonism, however, are distinct among paramyxoviruses. Here we determine bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bPIV3) IFN antagonists that suppress IFN-beta production, and investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. Of bPIV3 P gene products, C and V proteins were found to suppress double-stranded RNA-stimulated IFN-beta production. The V protein of bPIV3 and Sendai virus in the same genus Respirovirus significantly inhibits double-stranded RNA-stimulated IFN-beta production and the IFN-beta promoter activation enhanced by overexpression of MDA5 but not RIG-I, and yet does not suppress IFN-beta production induced by TRIF, TBK1, and IKKi. The V protein of both viruses specifically binds to MDA5 but not RIG-I. These results suggest that the V protein targets MDA5 for blockage of the IFN-beta gene activation signal. On the other hand, both bPIV3 and Sendai virus C proteins modestly inhibited IFN-beta production irrespective of a species of the signaling molecules used as an inducer. Interestingly, reporter gene expression driven by various promoters was also suppressed by the C proteins irrespective of the promoter species. These results demonstrate that the target of the respirovirus C protein is undoubtedly different from that of the V protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Komatsu
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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46
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Hagmaier K, Stock N, Precious B, Childs K, Wang LF, Goodbourn S, Randall RE. Mapuera virus, a rubulavirus that inhibits interferon signalling in a wide variety of mammalian cells without degrading STATs. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:956-966. [PMID: 17325370 PMCID: PMC2884952 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapuera virus (MPRV) is a paramyxovirus that was originally isolated from bats, but its host range remains unknown. It was classified as a member of the genus Rubulavirus on the basis of structural and genetic features. Like other rubulaviruses it encodes a V protein (MPRV/V) that functions as an interferon (IFN) antagonist. Here we show that MPRV/V differs from the IFN antagonists of other rubulaviruses in that it does not induce the proteasomal degradation of STAT proteins, key factors in the IFN signalling cascade. Rather, MPRV/V prevents the nuclear translocation of STATs in response to IFN stimulation and inhibits the formation of the transcription factor complex ISGF3. We also show that MPRV/V blocks IFN signalling in cells from diverse mammalian species and discuss the IFN response as a barrier to cross-species infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hagmaier
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
| | - N. Stock
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
| | - B. Precious
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
| | - K. Childs
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - L.-F. Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - S. Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - R. E. Randall
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
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47
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Fujita K, Miura R, Yoneda M, Shimizu F, Sato H, Muto Y, Endo Y, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Host range and receptor utilization of canine distemper virus analyzed by recombinant viruses: Involvement of heparin-like molecule in CDV infection. Virology 2007; 359:324-35. [PMID: 17055025 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We constructed recombinant viruses expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or firefly luciferase from cDNA clones of the canine distemper virus (CDV) (a Japanese field isolate, Yanaka strain). Using these viruses, we examined susceptibilities of different cell lines to CDV infection. The results revealed that the recombinant CDVs can infect a broad range of cell lines. Infectivity inhibition assay using a monoclonal antibody specific to the human SLAM molecule indicated that the infection of B95a cells with these recombinant CDVs is mainly mediated by SLAM but the infection of 293 cell lines with CDV is not, implying the presence of one or more alternative receptors for CDV in non-lymphoid tissue. Infection of 293 cells with the recombinant CDV was inhibited by soluble heparin, and the recombinant virus bound to immobilized heparin. Both F and H proteins of CDV could bind to immobilized heparin. These results suggest that heparin-like molecules are involved in CDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fujita
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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48
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Sherwood V, Burgert HG, Chen YH, Sanghera S, Katafigiotis S, Randall RE, Connerton I, Mellits KH. Improved growth of enteric adenovirus type 40 in a modified cell line that can no longer respond to interferon stimulation. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:71-76. [PMID: 17170438 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteric adenoviruses propagate poorly in conventional human cell lines used to grow other adenovirus serotypes. As human enteric adenoviruses have a defect in counteracting the cellular interferon (IFN) response in cell culture, to aid in growth of the virus, a 293-based cell line defective in its ability to respond to IFN was constructed. This cell line (293-SV5/V) constitutively expresses V-protein of the paramyxovirus Simian virus 5, which degrades the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and thereby prevents the STAT1-mediated IFN response. Analysis of human enteric adenovirus type 40 (HAdV-40)-infected 293-SV5/V cells compared with parental 293 cells shows that the recombinant line allows more rapid production of virus and results in higher titres. These results suggest that the defect in HAdV-40 in counteracting the IFN response can be overcome at least partially through the use of 293-SV5/V cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sherwood
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Yun-Hsiang Chen
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
| | - Sandeep Sanghera
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Socrates Katafigiotis
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Ian Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kenneth H Mellits
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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49
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Vidy A, El Bougrini J, Chelbi-Alix MK, Blondel D. The nucleocytoplasmic rabies virus P protein counteracts interferon signaling by inhibiting both nuclear accumulation and DNA binding of STAT1. J Virol 2007; 81:4255-63. [PMID: 17287281 PMCID: PMC1866157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus P protein inhibits alpha interferon (IFN-alpha)- and IFN-gamma-stimulated Jak-STAT signaling by retaining phosphorylated STAT1 in the cytoplasm. Here, we show that P also blocks an intranuclear step that is the STAT1 binding to the DNA promoter of IFN-responsive genes. As P is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, we first investigated the effect of the cellular distribution of P on the localization of STAT1 and consequently on IFN signaling. We show that the localization of STAT1 is correlated with the localization of P: in cells expressing a nuclear form of P (the short P3 isoform or the complete P in the presence of the export inhibitor leptomycin B), STAT1 is nuclear, whereas in cells expressing a cytoplasmic form of P, STAT1 is cytoplasmic. However, the expression of nuclear forms of P inhibits the signaling of both IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha, demonstrating that the retention of STAT1 in the cytoplasm is not the only mechanism involved in the inhibition of IFN signaling. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis indicates that P expression in the cell extracts of infected cells or in stable cell lines prevents IFN-induced DNA binding of STAT1. The loss of the DNA binding of STAT1 and ISGF3 was also observed when purified recombinant P or P3 was added to the extracts of IFN-gamma- or IFN-alpha-treated cells, indicating that P directly affects the DNA binding activity of STAT1. Then products of the rabies virus P gene are able to counteract IFN signaling by creating both cytoplasmic and nuclear blocks for STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Vidy
- Unité Mixte de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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50
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Elliott J, Lynch OT, Suessmuth Y, Qian P, Boyd CR, Burrows JF, Buick R, Stevenson NJ, Touzelet O, Gadina M, Power UF, Johnston JA. Respiratory syncytial virus NS1 protein degrades STAT2 by using the Elongin-Cullin E3 ligase. J Virol 2007; 81:3428-36. [PMID: 17251292 PMCID: PMC1866062 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02303-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. RSV has a linear single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins, 2 of which are nonstructural (NS1 and NS2). RSV specifically downregulates STAT2 protein expression, thus enabling the virus to evade the host type I interferon response. Degradation of STAT2 requires proteasomal activity and is dependent on the expression of RSV NS1 and NS2 (NS1/2). Here we investigate whether RSV NS proteins can assemble ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes to target STAT2 to the proteasome. We demonstrate that NS1 contains elongin C and cullin 2 binding consensus sequences and can interact with elongin C and cullin 2 in vitro; therefore, NS1 has the potential to act as an E3 ligase. By knocking down expression of specific endogenous E3 ligase components using small interfering RNA, NS1/2, or RSV-induced STAT2, degradation is prevented. These results indicate that E3 ligase activity is crucial for the ability of RSV to degrade STAT2. These data may provide the basis for therapeutic intervention against RSV and/or logically designed live attenuated RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Elliott
- Molecular Immunity, Infection and Immunity Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Rd., Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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