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Miccoli A, Pianese V, Bidoli C, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Transcriptome profiling of microdissected cortex and medulla unravels functional regionalization in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax thymus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109319. [PMID: 38145782 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a sophisticated primary lymphoid organ in jawed vertebrates, but knowledge on teleost thymus remains scarce. In this study, for the first time in the European sea bass, laser capture microdissection was leveraged to collect two thymic regions based on histological features, namely the cortex and the medulla. The two regions were then processed by RNAseq and in-depth functional transcriptome analyses with the aim of revealing differential gene expression patterns and gene sets enrichments, ultimately unraveling unique microenvironments imperative for the development of functional T cells. The sea bass cortex emerged as a hub of T cell commitment, somatic recombination, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle regulation, and presentation of self antigens from autophagy-, proteasome- or proteases-processed proteins. The cortex therefore accommodated extensive thymocyte proliferation and differentiation up to the checkpoint of positive selection. The medulla instead appeared as the center stage in autoimmune regulation by negative selection and deletion of autoreactive T cells, central tolerance mechanisms and extracellular matrix organization. Region-specific canonical markers of T and non-T lineage cells as well as signals for migration to/from, and trafficking within, the thymus were identified, shedding light on the highly coordinated and exquisitely complex bi-directional interactions among thymocytes and stromal components. Markers ascribable to thymic nurse cells and poorly characterized post-aire mTEC populations were found in the cortex and medulla, respectively. An in-depth data mining also exposed previously un-annotated genomic resources with differential signatures. Overall, our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the relationship between regional organization and function in the European sea bass thymus, and provide essential insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miccoli
- National Research Council, Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - V Pianese
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - C Bidoli
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Picchietti
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo Dell'Università Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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Tian HF, Xing J, Tang XQ, Chi H, Sheng XZ, Zhan WB. Cluster of differentiation antigens: essential roles in the identification of teleost fish T lymphocytes. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:303-316. [PMID: 37073166 PMCID: PMC10077257 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are cell surface molecules expressed on leukocytes and other cells associated with the immune system. Antibodies that react with CD antigens are known to be one of the most essential tools for identifying leukocyte subpopulations. T lymphocytes, as an important population of leukocytes, play essential roles in the adaptive immune system. Many of the CD antigens expressed on T lymphocytes are used as surface markers for T lymphocyte classification, including CD3, CD4 and CD8 molecules. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the identification of CD molecules on T lymphocytes in teleosts, with emphasis on the functions of CD markers in the classification of T lymphocyte subsets. We notice that genes encoding CD3, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 have been cloned in several fish species and antibodies have been developed to study protein expression in morphological and functional contexts. T lymphocytes can be divided into CD4+ and CD8+ cells discriminated by the expression of CD4 and CD8 molecules in teleost, which are functionally similar to mammalian helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T cells (Tc), respectively. Further studies are still needed on the particular characteristics of teleost T cell repertoires and adaptive responses, and results will facilitate the health management and development of vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-fei Tian
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiao-qian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiu-zhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wen-bin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
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The sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as a marine model species in immunology: Insights from basic and applied research. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Miccoli A, Guerra L, Pianese V, Saraceni PR, Buonocore F, Taddei AR, Couto A, De Wolf T, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Molecular, Cellular and Functional Analysis of TRγ Chain along the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073376. [PMID: 33806063 PMCID: PMC8036326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, adaptive immune responses are enabled by T cells. Two lineages were characterized based on their T cell receptor (TcR) heterodimers, namely αβ or γδ peptide chains, which display an Ig domain-type sequence that is somatically rearranged. γδ T cells have been less extensively characterized than αβ and teleost fish, in particular, suffer from a severe scarcity of data. In this paper, we worked on the well-known model, the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, to broaden the understanding of teleost γδ-T cells. The T cell receptor chain (TR) γ transcript was expressed at a later developmental stage than TRβ, suggesting a layered appearance of fish immune cells, and the thymus displayed statistically-significant higher mRNA levels than any other organ or lymphoid tissue investigated. The polyclonal antibody developed against the TRγ allowed the localization of TRγ-expressing cells in lymphoid organs along the ontogeny. Cell positivity was investigated through flow cytometry and the highest percentage was found in peripheral blood leukocytes, followed by thymus, gut, gills, spleen and head kidney. Numerous TRγ-expressing cells were localized in the gut mucosa, and the immunogold labelling revealed ultrastructural features that are typical of T cells. At last, microalgae-based diet formulations significantly modulated the abundance of TRγ+ cells in the posterior intestine, hinting at a putative involvement in nutritional immunity. From a comparative immunological perspective, our results contribute to the comprehension of the diversity and functionalities of γδ T cells during the development of a commercially relevant marine teleost model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Valeria Pianese
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Rita Taddei
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Great Equipment Center, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE Aquaculture Research Center, 57016 Rosignano Solvay, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.P.); (P.R.S.); (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0761-357-135
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Picchietti S, Buonocore F, Guerra L, Belardinelli MC, De Wolf T, Couto A, Fausto AM, Saraceni PR, Miccoli A, Scapigliati G. Molecular and cellular characterization of European sea bass CD3ε + T lymphocytes and their modulation by microalgal feed supplementation. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:149-165. [PMID: 33433686 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD3 coreceptor is a master T cell surface marker, and genes encoding CD3ζ, γδ, and ε chains have been reported in several teleost fish. Here, a complete cDNA sequence of CD3ɛ chain was identified from a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) gill transcriptome. Its basal expression was quantified in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs of sea bass juveniles with real-time qPCR analysis. After either in vitro stimulation of head kidney leukocytes with the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin or in vivo stimulation with an orally administered Vibrio anguillarum vaccine, CD3ε expression levels increased in head kidney leukocytes, confirming that CD3ε T cells may play important roles in fish systemic protection against pathogens. Further, three peptides were designed on the CD3ɛ cytoplasmic tail region and employed as immunogens for antibody production in rabbit. One antiserum so obtained, named RACD3/1, immunostained a band of the expected size in a western blot of a sea bass thymocyte lysate. The distribution of CD3ε+ lymphocyte population in the lymphoid organs and mucosal tissues was addressed in healthy fish by IHC. In decreasing percentage order, CD3ε+ lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, gills, head kidney, gut, and spleen. Finally, a significant in vivo enhancement of CD3ε+ T intestinal lymphocytes was found in fish fed on diets in which 100% fish meal was replaced by the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. biomass. These results indicate that CD3ε+ T cells are involved in nutritional immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Belardinelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tania De Wolf
- INVE Aquaculture Research Center, Dendermond, Belgium
| | - Ana Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto Saraceni
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Barraza F, Montero R, Wong-Benito V, Valenzuela H, Godoy-Guzmán C, Guzmán F, Köllner B, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Maisey K, Imarai M. Revisiting the Teleost Thymus: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010008. [PMID: 33375568 PMCID: PMC7824517 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The thymus is the immune organ producing T lymphocytes that are essential to create immunity after encountering pathogens or vaccination. This review summarizes the thymus localization and histological studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. We also describe how seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations, and hormones can affect thymus development in fish species. Overall, the information helps identify future studies needed to understand thymus function in fish species and the immune system’s evolutionary origins. Since fish are exposed to pathogens, especially under aquaculture conditions, knowledge about the fish thymus and T lymphocyte can also help improve fish farming protocols, considering intrinsic and environmental conditions that can contribute to achieving the best vaccine responsiveness for disease resistance. Abstract The thymus in vertebrates plays a critical role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. Phylogenetically, the thymus emerges early during evolution in jawed cartilaginous fish, and it is usually a bilateral organ placed subcutaneously at the dorsal commissure of the operculum. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the thymus localization, histology studies, cell composition, and function in teleost fishes. Furthermore, we consider environmental factors that affect thymus development, such as seasonal changes, photoperiod, water temperature fluctuations and hormones. Further analysis of the thymus cell distribution and function will help us understand how key stages for developing functional T cells occur in fish, and how thymus dynamics can be modulated by external factors like photoperiod. Overall, the information presented here helps identify the knowledge gaps and future steps needed for a better understanding of the immunobiology of fish thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Barraza
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Ruth Montero
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Héctor Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
| | - Carlos Godoy-Guzmán
- Center for Biomedical and Applied Research (CIBAP), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (R.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; (T.W.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile;
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins, Estación Central, Santiago 3363, Chile; (F.B.); (V.W.-B.); (H.V.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Mitchell CD, Criscitiello MF. Comparative study of cartilaginous fish divulges insights into the early evolution of primary, secondary and mucosal lymphoid tissue architecture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:435-443. [PMID: 33161090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish are located at a pivotal point in phylogeny where the adaptive immune system begins to resemble that of other, more-derived jawed vertebrates, including mammals. For this reason, sharks and other cartilaginous fish are ideal models for studying the natural history of immunity. Insights from such studies may include distinguishing the (evolutionarily conserved) fundamental aspects of adaptive immunity from the (more recent) accessory. Some lymphoid tissues of sharks, including the thymus and spleen, resemble those of mammals in both appearance and function. The cartilaginous skeleton of sharks has no bone marrow, which is also absent in bony fish despite calcified bone, but cartilaginous fish have other Leydig's and epigonal organs that function to provide hematopoiesis analogous to mammalian bone marrow. Conserved across all vertebrate phylogeny in some form is gut-associated lymphoid tissues, or GALT, which is seen from agnathans to mammals. Though it takes many forms, from typhlosole in lamprey to Peyer's patches in mammals, the GALT serves as a site of antigen concentration and exposure to lymphocytes in the digestive tract. Though more complex lymphoid organs are not present in agnathans, they have several primitive tissues, such as the thymoid and supraneural body, that appear to serve their variable lymphocyte receptor-based adaptive immune system. There are several similarities between the adaptive immune structures in cartilaginous and bony fish, such as the thymus and spleen, but there are mechanisms employed in bony fish that in some instances bridge their adaptive immune systems to that of tetrapods. This review summarizes what we know of lymphoid tissues in cartilaginous fishes and uses these data to compare primary and secondary tissues in jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes to contextualize the early natural history of vertebrate mucosal immune tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Mitchell
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, 77807, USA.
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Paiola M, Knigge T, Picchietti S, Duflot A, Guerra L, Pinto PIS, Scapigliati G, Monsinjon T. Oestrogen receptor distribution related to functional thymus anatomy of the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:106-120. [PMID: 28756001 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, the crosstalk between immune and endocrine system as well as many fundamental mechanisms of T cell development are evolutionary conserved. Oestrogens affect mammalian thymic function and plasticity, but the mechanisms of action and the oestrogen receptors involved remain unclear. To corroborate the oestrogenic regulation of thymic function in teleosts and to identify the implicated oestrogen receptor subtypes, we examined the distribution of nuclear and membrane oestrogen receptors within the thymus of the European Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in relation to its morpho-functional organisation. Immunohistological analysis specified thymus histology and organisation in teleosts and described, for the first time, Hassall's corpuscle like structures in the medulla of sea bass. All oestrogen receptors were expressed at the transcript and protein level, both in T cells and in stromal cells belonging to specific functional areas. These observations suggest complex regulatory actions of oestrogen on thymic function, notably through the stromal microenvironment, comprising both, genomic and non-genomic pathways that are likely to affect T cell maturation and trafficking processes. Comparison with birds, rodents and humans supports the thymic localization of oestrogen receptors and suggests that oestrogens modulate T cell maturation in all gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paiola
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
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9
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Seemann F, Peterson DR, Chiang MWL, Au DWT. The development of cellular immune defence in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 199:81-89. [PMID: 28347744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally induced alterations of the immune system during sensitive developmental stages may manifest as abnormalities in immune organ configuration and/or immune cell differentiation. These not only render the early life stages more vulnerable to pathogens, but may also affect the adult immune competence. Knowledge of these sensitive periods in fish would provide an important prognostic/diagnostic tool for aquatic risk assessment of immunotoxicants. The marine medaka Oryzias melastigma is an emerging seawater fish model for immunotoxicology. Here, the presence and onset of four potentially sensitive periods during the development of innate and adaptive cellular immune defence were revealed in O. melastigma: 1.) initiation of phagocyte differentiation, 2.) migration and expansion of lymphoid progenitor cells, 3.) colonization of immune organs through lymphocyte progenitors and 4.) establishment of immune competence in the thymus. By using an established bacterial resistance assay for O. melastigma, larval immune competence (from newly hatched 1dph to 14dph) was found concomitantly increased with advanced thymus development and the presence of mature T-lymphocytes. A comparison between the marine O. melastigma and the freshwater counterpart Oryzias latipes disclosed a disparity in the T-lymphocyte maturation pattern, resulting in differences in the length of T-lymphocyte maturation. The results shed light on a potential difference between seawater and freshwater medaka in their sensitivity to environmental immunotoxicants. Further, medaka immune system development was compared and contrasted to economically important fish. The present study has provided a strong scientific basis for advanced investigation of critical windows for immune system development in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Drew Ryan Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Michael Wai Lun Chiang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Doris Wai Ting Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Zorriehzahra MJ, Delshad ST, Adel M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Lazado CC. Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Vet Q 2016; 36:228-241. [PMID: 27075688 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1172132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wide and discriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in serious biological and ecological concerns, especially the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics, known as beneficial microbes, are being proposed as an effective and eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics. They were first applied in aquaculture species more than three decades ago, but considerable attention had been given only in the early 2000s. Probiotics are defined as live or dead, or even a component of the microorganisms that act under different modes of action in conferring beneficial effects to the host or to its environment. Several probiotics have been characterized and applied in fish and a number of them are of host origin. Unlike some disease control alternatives being adapted and proposed in aquaculture where actions are unilateral, the immense potential of probiotics lies on their multiple mechanisms in conferring benefits to the host fish and the rearing environment. The staggering number of probiotics papers in aquaculture highlights the multitude of advantages from these microorganisms and conspicuously position them in the dynamic search for health-promoting alternatives for cultured fish. This paper provides an update on the use of probiotics in finfish aquaculture, particularly focusing on their modes of action. It explores the contemporary understanding of their spatial and nutritional competitiveness, inhibitory metabolites, environmental modification capability, immunomodulatory potential and stress-alleviating mechanism. This timely update affirms the importance of probiotics in fostering sustainable approaches in aquaculture and provides avenues in furthering its research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra
- a Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases , Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Tehran , I.R. Iran
| | - Somayeh Torabi Delshad
- b Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases , School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , I.R. Iran
| | - Milad Adel
- a Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases , Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Tehran , I.R. Iran
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - K Karthik
- d Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- e Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar , Bareilly , India
| | - Carlo C Lazado
- f Section for Aquaculture , National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark , Hirtshals , Denmark
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11
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Ibrahem MD. Evolution of probiotics in aquatic world: Potential effects, the current status in Egypt and recent prospectives. J Adv Res 2015; 6:765-91. [PMID: 26644914 PMCID: PMC4642160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the human population in addition to the massive demand for protein of animal origin forced the authorities to seek for additional sources of feed supplies. Aquaculture is the world worth coming expansion to compensate the shortage in animal protein. Feed in aquaculture plays an important role in the production cycle and exert threshold on both practical and economic aspects. Feed additive sectors are expanding day after day to achieve better growth and health for fish and shrimp and to meet the potential requirements of the culturists. Probiotic proved its successes in human and animal feeding practices and recently gained attention in aquaculture; it has beneficial effects in diseases control and competes with various environmental stressors as well as to promote the growth of the cultured organisms. Probiotics have the privilege to manipulate the non-specific innate immunity among fishes, hence help them into resist many pathogenic agents and are actively used worldwide. The present review is an informative compilation of the probiotics, their mode of action and their useful effects on fishes. The review also highlights the status of probiotics in aquaculture of Egypt, probiotic recent prospective for the possible role of probiotics in fish external and internal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai D. Ibrahem
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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12
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Nakanishi T, Shibasaki Y, Matsuura Y. T Cells in Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:640-63. [PMID: 26426066 PMCID: PMC4690012 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating that the thymus is the essential organ for development of T lymphocytes from early thymocyte progenitors to functionally competent T cells. A high number of T cells in the intestine and gills has been reported in several fish species. Involvement of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in allograft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Conservation of CD4+ helper T cell functions among teleost fishes has been suggested in a number studies employing mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and hapten/carrier effect. Alloantigen- and virus-specific cytotoxicity has also been demonstrated in ginbuna and rainbow trout. Furthermore, the important role of cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity has been reported in the protection against intracellular bacterial infection. Recently, the direct antibacterial activity of CD8α+, CD4+ T-cells and sIgM+ cells in fish has been reported. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in T cell research focusing on the tissue distribution and function of fish T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Olivier S, Monsinjon T. Exogenous 17β-oestradiol (E2) modifies thymus growth and regionalization in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1186-1198. [PMID: 25683570 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 17β-oestradiol (E2) on the growth of the thymus and its regionalization into cortex and medulla was investigated in juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as they find themselves close to sources of oestrogenic pollution whilst residing in their estuarine nursery areas. While the exposure to 2, 20 and 200 ng l(-1) in 60 days post-hatch (dph) fish tended to cause a non-monotonous dose-response curve with a significant difference of the cortex size between lowest and highest exposures, the exposure to 20 ng l(-1) E2 from 90 dph onwards resulted in a distinct enlargement of the cortex. It is probable that the alteration of the cortex size also affects the T-cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seemann
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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14
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Picchietti S, Abelli L, Guerra L, Randelli E, Proietti Serafini F, Belardinelli MC, Buonocore F, Bernini C, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G. MHC II-β chain gene expression studies define the regional organization of the thymus in the developing bony fish Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:483-493. [PMID: 25475077 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MHC II-β chain gene transcripts were quantified by real-time PCR and localised by in situ hybridization in the developing thymus of the teleost Dicentrarchus labrax, regarding the specialization of the thymic compartments. MHC II-β expression significantly rose when the first lymphoid colonization of the thymus occurred, thereafter increased further when the organ progressively developed cortex and medulla regions. The evolving patterns of MHC II-β expression provided anatomical insights into some mechanisms of thymocyte selection. Among the stromal cells transcribing MHC II-β, scattered cortical epithelial cells appeared likely involved in the positive selection, while those abundant in the cortico-medullary border and medulla in the negative selection. These latter most represent dendritic cells, based on typical localization and phenotype. These findings provide further proofs that efficient mechanisms leading to maturation of naïve T cells are operative in teleosts, strongly reminiscent of the models conserved in more evolved gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - L Abelli
- Dep. Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara 441241, Italy.
| | - L Guerra
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - E Randelli
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - F Proietti Serafini
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - M C Belardinelli
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - F Buonocore
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - C Bernini
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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15
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Heinecke RD, Chettri JK, Buchmann K. Adaptive and innate immune molecules in developing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs and larvae: expression of genes and occurrence of effector molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:25-33. [PMID: 24561127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic development of the immune system was studied during the egg phase and the early post-hatch period of rainbow trout. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the timing and degree of expression of 9 important immune relevant genes and EF1-α. Further, immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies was applied on rainbow trout embryos and larvae in order to localize five different protein molecules (MHCII, CD8, IgM, IgT and SAA) in the developing tissue and immune organs. Maternally transferred transcripts of EF1-α mRNA were detected in the unfertilized egg. Early onset of expression was seen for all immune genes at very low levels. The amount of mRNA slowly increased and peaked around and after hatching. The highest increases were seen for MHCII, C3, C5 and SAA. Immunohistochemistry using five monoclonal antibodies showed positive staining from day 84 post fertilization. Skin, gills, intestine, pseudobranch and thymus showed reactivity for MHCII, thymus for CD8, gill mucus for IgT and pseudobranch and cartilage associated tissue for SAA. The importance of detected factors for early protection of eggs and larvae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus D Heinecke
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jiwan K Chettri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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16
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Romano N, Ceccarelli G, Caprera C, Caccia E, Baldassini MR, Marino G. Apoptosis in thymus of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:589-594. [PMID: 23639932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of apoptotic cells during thymus development and in adult were studied by in situ end-labelling of fragmented DNA in three temperate species carp (Cyprinus carpio), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) and in the adult thymus of three Antarctic species belonging to the genus Trematomus spp. During thymus development some few isolated apoptotic cell (AC) firstly appeared in the central-external part of the organ (carp: 5 days ph; sea bass: 35 days ph grouper: 43 days ph). Initially the cells were isolated and then increased in number and aggregated in small groups in the outer-cortical region of the thymus larvae. The high density of apoptotic cells was observed in the junction between cortex and medulla from its appearance (border between cortex and medulla, BCM). ACs decreased in number in juveniles and adult as well as the ACs average diameter. In late juveniles and in adulthood, the apoptosis were restricted to the cortex. In Antarctic species the thymus is highly adapted to low temperature (high vascularisation to effort the circulation of glycoproteins enriched plasma and strongly compact parenchyma). The apoptosis process was more extended (4-7 fold) as compare with the thymus of temperate species, even if the distribution of ACs was similar in all examined species. Data suggested a common process of T lymphocyte negative-selection in BCM of thymus during the ontogeny. The selection process seems to be still active in adult polar fish, but restricted mainly in the cortex zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecology and Biology, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
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17
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Fischer U, Koppang EO, Nakanishi T. Teleost T and NK cell immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:197-206. [PMID: 23664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The main function of the immune system is to maintain the organism's homeostasis when invaded by foreign material or organisms. Prior to successful elimination of the invader it is crucial to distinguish self from non-self. Most pathogens and altered cells can be recognized by immune cells through expressed pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS or DAMPS, respectively), through non-self (e.g. allogenic or xenogenic cells) or missing major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules (some virus-infected target cells), and by presenting foreign non-self peptides of intracellular (through MHC class I-e.g. virus-infected target cells) or extracellular (through MHC class II-e.g. from bacteria) origin. In order to eliminate invaders directly or by destroying their ability to replicate (e.g. virus-infected cells) specialized immune cells of the innate and adaptive responses appeared during evolution. The first line of defence is represented by the evolutionarily ancient macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. These innate mechanisms are well developed in bony fish. Two types of NK cell homologues have been described in fish: non-specific cytotoxic cells and NK-like cells. Adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) requires key molecules expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and target cells. CTLs kill host cells harbouring intracellular pathogens by binding of their T cell receptor (TCR) and its co-receptor CD8 to a complex of MHC class I and bound peptide on the infected host cell. Alternatively, extracellular antigens are taken up by professional antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells to process those antigens and present the resulting peptides in association with MHC class II to CD4(+) T helper cells. During recent years, genes encoding MHC class I and II, TCR and its co-receptors CD8 and CD4 have been cloned in several fish species and antibodies have been developed to study protein expression in morphological and functional contexts. Functional assays for innate and adaptive lymphocyte responses have been developed in only a few fish species. This review summarizes and discusses recent results and developments in the field of T and NK cell responses with focus on economically important and experimental model fish species in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Mosca F, Romano N, Malatesta D, Ceccarelli G, Brunetti A, Bulfon C, Volpatti D, Abelli L, Galeotti M, Falconi A, Tiscar PG. Heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) increase in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L 1758) thymus after vaccination against Listonella anguillarum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:615-626. [PMID: 23053607 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 kDa (HSP70) and apoptosis were investigated in thymus of sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) subsequently to a vaccination against Listonella (syn. Vibrio) anguillarum. HSP70 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoenzymatic methods, resulting in increase in HSP70 after bath immunization and persistent in fish exposed to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) booster. The HSP70 increase in thymus was suggested as induction in lymphocytic cells, to be related to immune system stimulation after vaccination. However, a thymic recruitment of lymphocyte subpopulations, characterized by higher expression of HSP70, was also hypothesized after vaccination. No apparent relationships were found between HSP70 and apoptosis. In fact, the vaccination did not modulate the apoptosis response, as measured by TUNEL assay and by immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3 expression. The lack of apoptosis effects could be ascribed to the use of inactivated bacteria that appeared not able to interfere with programmed cell death mechanisms. This manuscript aims to contribute to the knowledge of some biochemical features underlying the immunization, with a particular emphasis on the modulation of HSP70. However, further parameters involved in innate/adaptative immunity and apoptosis pathways have to be taken into account to well establish the functional role of HSP70 in fish vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, P.zza A. Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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19
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Rocher B, Minier C, Monsinjon T. 17β-Estradiol induces changes in cytokine levels in head kidney and blood of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L., 1758). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 87-88:44-51. [PMID: 23602341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine network is involved in the immune system communication. As estrogens influence the cytokine expression in mammals, this study investigated the impact of exogenous estrogenic pollutants on selected cytokines in Dicentrarchus labrax. The gene expression of Interleukin 6, Tumour Necrosis Factor α, Transforming Growth Factor β1 and Interleukin 1β was assessed and accomplished with protein measurements in the blood for the last two. Impacts through 17β-estradiol mainly occurred at the beginning of organ regionalisation, thus falling together with a developmentally induced increase of Interleukin 1β and Tumour Necrosis Factor α gene expression in 102 dph fish. 17β-estradiol depressed this modification after 35 days of exposure and the cytokine gene expression tended to be generally down-regulated independently of the 17β-estradiol concentrations after 56 days of exposure. This impact was confirmed at the protein level, showing that 17β-estradiol affects the fine control of the cytokine network in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- Laboratoire d'Écotoxicologie - Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA), SFR SCALE 4116, Université du Havre, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, 76058 Le Havre Cedex, France.
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20
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Galeotti M, Romano N, Volpatti D, Bulfon C, Brunetti A, Tiscar PG, Mosca F, Bertoni F, Marchetti MG, Abelli L. Innovative vaccination protocol against vibriosis in Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) juveniles: Improvement of immune parameters and protection to challenge. Vaccine 2013; 31:1224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marozzi C, Bertoni F, Randelli E, Buonocore F, Timperio AM, Scapigliati G. A monoclonal antibody for the CD45 receptor in the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:342-353. [PMID: 22504161 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase plays an important role in regulating T lymphocyte activation in vertebrate species. In this study we describe some molecular and functional features of the CD45 receptor molecule from the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Following immunization with fixed sea bass thymocytes, we obtained a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) able to stain fish leucocytes both alive, by immunofluorescence of thymus and mucosal tissues, and fixed, by in situ immunohistochemistry of tissue sections. The selected IgG(2) mAb (DLT22) was able to recognise by western blots polypeptides mainly at 180 kDa and 130 kDa in thymus, spleen, intestine and gill leucocyte. Accordingly, a 130 kDa polypeptide immunoprecipitated with DLT22 from thymocytes and analysed by nano-RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, gave peptide sequences homologous to Fugu CD45, that were employed for the homology cloning of a partial sea bass CD45 cDNA sequence. This cDNA sequence was employed to measure by quantitative PCR the transcription of the CD45 gene both in unstimulated and in in vitro stimulated leucocytes, showing that the gene transcription was specifically modulated by LPS, ConA, PHA, IL-1, and poly I:C. When splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with ConA and PHA, a cell proliferation paralleled by an increase of DLT22-positive leucocytes was also observed. These data indicate that the DLT22 mAb recognizes a putative CD45 molecule in sea bass, documenting the presence of CD45-like developing lymphocytes in thymus and CD45-associated functional stages of lymphocytes in this species, thus dating back to teleost fish the functional activities of these cell populations in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Marozzi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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22
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Nithikulworawong N, Yakupitiyage A, Rakshit S, Srisapoome P. Molecular characterization and increased expression of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), T-cell receptor beta chain in response to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:343-358. [PMID: 22417380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The complete cDNA sequence of the Nile tilapia T-cell receptor (TCR) β chain was cloned using 5' RACE. The full-length, 1263-bp cDNA contained a 942-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 314-amino-acid protein. Sequence analyses revealed that the Nile tilapia TCR β chain contains four conserved cysteine residues involved in the formation of disulphide bridges and a conserved amino acid motif believed to be important for assembly and signalling of the TCR αβ/CD3 complex, both of which are normally found in the TCR β chain of other vertebrates. As detected using semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR, the highest expression level of TCR β was detected in the thymus. Interestingly, Streptococcus agalactiae significantly induced the up-regulation of the TCR β chain, and the strongest up-regulation was detected in the brain and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs). In in vitro experiments, concanavalin A and Aeromonas hydrophila were found to significantly increase the expression of the TCR β chain in PBLs after 48 h (P < 0.01) and 72 h (P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis showed that intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 10(7) cfu mL(-1) of S. agalactiae could induce TCR β expression that was greater than the expression observed following administration of 10(9) cfu mL(-1). The presence of the TCR β chain in fish detected in this study suggests the presence of T-cell populations that have been found in higher vertebrates, which may play a crucial functional role in the response to fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nithikulworawong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Field of Study, School of Environment, Resource and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Laing KJ, Hansen JD. Fish T cells: recent advances through genomics. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1282-1295. [PMID: 21414347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This brief review is intended to provide a concise overview of the current literature concerning T cells, advances in identifying distinct T cell functional subsets, and in distinguishing effector cells from memory cells. We compare and contrast a wealth of recent progress made in T cell immunology of teleost, elasmobranch, and agnathan fish, to knowledge derived from mammalian T cell studies. From genome studies, fish clearly have most components associated with T cell function and we can speculate on the presence of putative T cell subsets, and the ability to detect their differentiation to form memory cells. Some recombinant proteins for T cell associated cytokines and antibodies for T cell surface receptors have been generated that will facilitate studying the functional roles of teleost T cells during immune responses. Although there is still a long way to go, major advances have occurred in recent years for investigating T cell responses, thus phenotypic and functional characterization is on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer, Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Castro R, Bernard D, Lefranc MP, Six A, Benmansour A, Boudinot P. T cell diversity and TcR repertoires in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:644-654. [PMID: 20804845 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the diverse and extended range of antigenic motifs is matched to large populations of lymphocytes. The concept of immune repertoire was proposed to describe this diversity of lymphocyte receptors--IG and TR--required for the recognition specificity. Immune repertoires have become useful tools to describe lymphocyte and receptor populations during the immune system development and in pathological situations. In teleosts, the presence of conventional T cells was first proposed to explain graft rejection and optimized specific antibody production. The discovery of TR genes definitely established the reality of conventional T cells in fish. The development of genomic and EST databases recently led to the description of several key T cell markers including CD4, CD8, CD3, CD28, CTLA4, as well as important cytokines, suggesting the existence of different T helper (Th) subtypes, similar to the mammalian Th1, Th2 and Th17. Over the last decade, repertoire studies have demonstrated that both public and private responses occur in fish as they do in mammals, and in vitro specific cytotoxicity assays have been established. While such typical features of T cells are similar in both fish and mammals, the structure of particular repertoires such as the one of gut intra-epithelial lymphocytes seems to be very different. Future studies will further reveal the particular characteristics of teleost T cell repertoires and adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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25
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Romano N, Caccia E, Piergentili R, Rossi F, Ficca AG, Ceccariglia S, Mastrolia L. Antigen-dependent T lymphocytes (TcRβ+) are primarily differentiated in the thymus rather than in other lymphoid tissues in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:773-782. [PMID: 21220030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All jawed vertebrates share lymphocyte receptors that allow the recognition of pathogens and the discrimination between self and non-self antigens. The T cell transmembrane receptor (TcR) has a central role in the maturation and function of T lymphocytes in vertebrates via an important role in positive selection of the variable region of TcR αβ/γδ chains. In this study, the TcRβ transcript expression and TcRβ(+) cell distribution during the ontogeny of the immune system of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) were analysed. RT-PCR analysis of larvae during early development demonstrated that the β chain transcript is expressed by 19 days post-fertilisation (p.f.). RNA probes specific for the β chain were synthesised and used for in situ hybridisation experiments on 30 day p.f. to 180 day old juvenile larvae. A parallel immunohistochemical study was performed using the anti-T cell monoclonal antibody DLT15 developed in our laboratory [Scapigliati et al., Fish Shellfish Immunol 1996; 6:383-401]. The first thymus anlage was detectable at 32-33 days p.f. (Corresponding to about 27 days post-hatch). DLT15(+) cells were detected at day 35 p.f. in the thymus whereas TcRβ(+) cells were recognisable at day 38 p.f. in the thymus and at day 41 p.f. in the gut. TcRβ(+) cells were observed in capillaries from 41 to 80 days p.f. At day 46 p.f., TcRβ(+) cells were identified in the head kidney and were detected in the spleen 4 days later. The present results demonstrate that TcRβ(+) cells can be differentiated first in the thymus and then in other organs/tissues, suggesting potential TcRβ(+) cell colonisation from the thymus to the middle gut. Once the epithelial architecture of the thymus is completed with the formation of the cortical-medullary border (around 70-75 days p.f.), DLT15(+) cells or TcRβ(+) cells are confined mainly to the cortex and cortical-medullary border. In particular, a large influx of TcRβ(+) cells was observed at the cortical-medullary border from 72 to 90 days p.f., suggesting a role in positive selection for this thymic region during the ontogeny of the fish immune system. This study provides novel information about the primary differentiation and distribution of TcRβ(+) cells in sea bass larvae and juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Romano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
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26
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Xu SW, Wu JY, Hu KS, Ping HL, Duan ZG, Zhang HF. Molecular cloning and expression of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) CD8α and CD8β genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:600-608. [PMID: 21193050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 consists of two distinguished chains, termed α and β chains, and functions as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor by binding to MHC class I proteins. In this study we report the cloning and identification of both CD8α and CD8β genes from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). The predicted grouper CD8α and CD8β proteins were structurally similar to other fish especially to those of Pleuronectiformes. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that the CD8 mRNA was much higher in the thymus than in other immune organs, and the expression level were very low in stomach, liver, and brain. During embryonic development of the grouper, the highest CD8 transcripts were detected in the multi-cell stage, followed by muscle burl stage, which suggested that the multi-cell stage may be critical in CD8 transcript synthesis. Moreover, CD8 mRNA levels were examined in lymphocytes at different time treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (PolyI:C), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and concanavalin A (ConA). The result showed that the CD8 mRNA levels were significantly affected in time-dependent manner by PolyI:C, PHA, and ConA, but not by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-wei Xu
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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27
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Øvergård AC, Fiksdal IU, Nerland AH, Patel S. Expression of T-cell markers during Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) ontogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:203-213. [PMID: 20883716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of Atlantic halibut is relatively undeveloped at the time of hatching, and thus larvae are vulnerable to bacterial and viral diseases that can result in high mortalities. To enable establishment of effective prophylactic measures, it is important to know when the adaptive immune system is developed. This depends on both B- and T-cell functions. In the present study the expression of RAG1, TCRα, TCRβ, CD3γδ, CD3ɛ, CD3ζ, CD4, CD4-2, CD8α, CD8β, Lck, and ZAP-70 was analyzed in larval and juvenile stages during halibut development. Using real time RT-PCR, low basal mRNA levels of all 12 genes could be detected at early stages. An increase in mRNA transcripts for the genes was seen at different time points, from 38 days post hatching (dph) about the time when the first anlage of thymus is found, and onwards. The transcription patterns of the 12 mRNAs were found to be similar throughout the developmental stages tested. In situ hybridization on larval cross-sections showed that RAG1 and Lck could be detected in lymphocyte like cells within the thymus at 42 dph. CD4 expression could not be detected within the thymus before 66 dph, however, positive cells were restricted to the cortical region. At 87 dph, the zonation of the thymus in a cortical, cortico-medullary, and a medullary region seemed to be more evident with CD8α expressing cells found in all regions, indicating the presence of mature T-cells. This correlates with previous results describing thymus development and the appearance of IgM(+) cells during halibut ontogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Flounder/genetics
- Flounder/growth & development
- Flounder/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, RAG-1
- Immunocompetence/genetics
- Immunocompetence/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- In Situ Hybridization
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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28
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Koppang EO, Fischer U, Moore L, Tranulis MA, Dijkstra JM, Köllner B, Aune L, Jirillo E, Hordvik I. Salmonid T cells assemble in the thymus, spleen and in novel interbranchial lymphoid tissue. J Anat 2010; 217:728-39. [PMID: 20880086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern bony fishes, or teleost fish, the general lack of leucocyte markers has greatly hampered investigations of the anatomy of the immune system and its reactions involved in inflammatory responses. We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of the salmon CD3 complex, molecules that are specifically expressed in T cells. Here, we generate and validate sera recognizing a peptide sequence of the CD3ε chain. Flow cytometry analysis revealed high numbers of CD3ε(+) or T cells in the thymus, gill and intestine, whereas lower numbers were detected in the head kidney, spleen and peripheral blood leucocytes. Subsequent morphological analysis showed accumulations of T cells in the thymus and spleen and in the newly discovered gill-located interbranchial lymphoid tissue. In the latter, the T cells are embedded in a meshwork of epithelial cells and in the spleen, they cluster in the white pulp surrounding ellipsoids. The anatomical organization of the salmonid thymic cortex and medulla seems to be composed of three layers consisting of a sub-epithelial medulla-like zone, an intermediate cortex-like zone and finally another cortex-like basal zone. Our study in the salmonid thymus reports a previously non-described tissue organization. In the intestinal tract, abundant T cells were found embedded in the epithelium. In non-lymphoid organs, the presence of T cells was limited. The results show that the interbranchial lymphoid tissue is quantitatively a very important site of T cell aggregation, strategically located to facilitate antigen encounter. The interbranchial lymphoid tissue has no resemblance to previously described lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling O Koppang
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Institute of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Nayak SK. Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:2-14. [PMID: 20219683 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are usually live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefits on host. Nowadays, probiotics are also becoming an integral part of the aquaculture practices to obtain high production. The common probiotics that are used for aquaculture practices include Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Carnobacterium, Shewanella, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, and Saccharomyces species. The involvement of probiotics in nutrition, disease resistance and other beneficial activities in fish has proven beyond any doubt. Among the numerous health benefits attributed to probiotics, modulation of immune system is one of the most commonly purported benefits of the probiotics and their potency to stimulate the systemic and local immunity under in vitro and in vivo conditions is noteworthy. Different probiotics either monospecies or multispecies supplementation can eventually elevate phagocytic, lysozyme, complement, respiratory burst activity as well as expression of various cytokines in fish. Similarly, probiotics can stimulate the gut immune system of fish with marked increase in the number of Ig(+) cells and acidophilic granulocytes. Furthermore, mono-bacterial association studies (with non-probiotic bacterial strains) in gnotobiotic fish also indicate the up-regulation of various immune related genes. Though the exact mode of action of probiotics is yet to be established in any animal including fish, probiotics often exert host specific and strain specific differences in their activities. Various factors like source, type, dose and duration of supplementation of probiotics can significantly affect the immunomodulatory activity of probiotics. The review is therefore, aiming to highlight the immunomodulatory activity of probiotics and also to evaluate the factors that regulate for the optimum induction of immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nayak
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.
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Picchietti S, Guerra L, Buonocore F, Randelli E, Fausto AM, Abelli L. Lymphocyte differentiation in sea bass thymus: CD4 and CD8-alpha gene expression studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:50-56. [PMID: 19422917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different developmental stages (from eggs to 1-year-old juveniles) of the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) were assayed for CD4 gene expression. RT-PCR revealed the appearance of CD4 transcripts in post-larvae from 51 days post-hatching (dph). This finding overlaps the first detection of CD8-alpha mRNA. Real-time PCR with specific primers quantified CD4, CD8-alpha and TCR-beta transcripts in larvae and post-larvae (25, 51, 75 and 92 dph) and 1-year-old thymus. At 92 dph, TcR-beta and CD8-alpha transcripts were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in previous stages, as CD4 transcripts compared with 51 dph (P < 0.01). High levels of TCR-beta and CD8-alpha transcripts were found in the thymus, while CD4 transcripts were lower (P < 0.05 vs. TCR-beta). In situ hybridization identified CD4 mRNAs at 51 dph, localized in thymocytes of the outer and lateral zones of the thymic glands. From 75 dph on the signal was mainly detected in the outer region, drawing a cortex-medulla demarcation. Developmental expression of CD4 and CD8-alpha almost coincided. In each adult thymic lobe CD4(+) and CD8-alpha(+) thymocytes filled the cortex. The expression patterns of CD4 and CD8-alpha largely overlap, except in the medulla, where CD4(+) thymocytes were isolated, while CD8-alpha(+) ones mainly arranged in cords. These results provide new information about the thymic compartmentalization and lymphocyte differentiation pathways in a teleost, almost demonstrating that double negative thymocytes fill the cortex giving rise to further selection in the medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Picchietti
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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31
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Characterization of anti-channel catfish MHC class IIβ monoclonal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Randelli E, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G. Cell markers and determinants in fish immunology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:326-340. [PMID: 18722788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive increase in the cloning and expression of genes encoding fish immunoregulatory molecules, the knowledge on "in vivo" and "in vitro" functional immunology of the corresponding peptide products is still at an initial stage. This is partly due to the lacking of specific markers for immunoregulatory peptides, that represent an indispensible tool to dissect immune reactions and to trace the fate of cellular events downstream of the activation. In this review we summarise the available information on functional immune activities of some teleost species and discuss the obtained data in an evolutionary and applied context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Randelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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