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Zhao KY, Chen GY, Huang H, Jiao XD, Li XP, Zhang J. PoCXCL8, a teleost chemokine, exerts direct bactericidal, chemotactic/phagocytic, and NETs releasing properties, promoting host anti-bacterial immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109874. [PMID: 39241818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
As an important CXC chemokine, CXCL8 plays pleiotropic roles in immunological response. In teleost, CXCL8 is involved in cell migration and bacterial invasion. However, the immune antibacterial function of CXCL8 in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (PoCXCL8) is largely scarce. In this research, we investigated the antibacterial property and leukocyte activation of PoCXCL8. PoCXCL8 consists of 100 amino acid residues, with a conserved chemokine CXC domain. PoCXCL8 was expressed in various tissues, with the highest level in liver and the lowest level in muscle, and sharply induced by V. harveyi or E. tarda in liver, spleen, and head kidney. In vitro, the recombinant PoCXCL8 (rPoCXCL8) could bind to Bacillus subtilis, Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus, affect the growth of E. coli, E. tarda, M. luteus, and P. fluorescens, and have a direct bactericidal effect on E. coli and E. tarda. Moreover, rPoCXCL8 was able to bind the outer membranal protein rPilA of E. tarda. In addition, rPoCXCL8 could bind to PBLs, activating the PBLs activity including chemotaxis, proliferation, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species, acid phosphatase activity. At same time, rPoCXCL8 could induce neutrophil to generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promote the expression of inflammatory genes including IL-1β, IL6, MMP13, TNF-α, and NF-κB. In flounder, the presence of rPoCXCL8 could enhance the in vivo resistance to E. tarda in liver, spleen, and head kidney. Moreover, the PoCXCL8-deficient could attenuate the fish defense against E. tarda infection in in spleen and head kidney. In conclusion, these results provided new insights into the antibacterial properties of CXCL8 in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yu Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, China
| | - Xu-Dong Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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2
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Geng M, Li K, Ai K, Liang W, Yang J, Wei X. Evolutionarily conserved IL-27β enhances Th1 cells potential by triggering the JAK1/STAT1/T-bet axis in Nile tilapia. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100087. [PMID: 36873098 PMCID: PMC9978509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a pleiotropic cytokine in the interleukin (IL)-12 family, IL-27β plays a significant role in regulating immune cell responses, eliminating invading pathogens, and maintaining immune homeostasis. Although non-mammalian IL-27β homologs have been identified, the mechanism of whether and how it is involved in adaptive immunity in early vertebrates remains unclear. In this study, we identified an evolutionarily conserved IL-27β (defined as OnIL-27β) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and explored its conserved status through gene collinearity, gene structure, functional domain, tertiary structure, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogeny analysis. IL-27β was widely expressed in the immune-related tissues/organ of tilapia. The expression of OnIL-27β in spleen lymphocytes increased significantly at the adaptive immune phase after Edwardsiella piscicida infection. OnIL-27β can bind to precursor cells, T cells, and other lymphocytes to varying degrees. Additionally, IL-27β may be involved in lymphocyte-mediated immune responses through activation of Erk and JNK pathways. More importantly, we found that IL-27β enhanced the mRNA expression of the Th1 cell-associated cytokine IFN-γ and the transcription factor T-bet. This potential enhancement of the Th1 response may be attributed to the activation of the JAK1/STAT1/T-bet axis by IL-27β, as it induced increased transcript levels of JAK1, STAT1 but not TYK2 and STAT4. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the origin, evolution and function of the adaptive immune system in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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3
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Sun JQ, Zhao KY, Zhang ZX, Li XP. Two novel teleost calreticulins PoCrt-1/2, with bacterial binding and agglutination activity, are involved in antibacterial immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:109203. [PMID: 37940083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (Crt), a conserved lectin-like pleiotropic protein, plays crucial roles in mammalian immune response. In fish, the immunological function of Crt is limited investigated. Herein, we studied the antibacterial immunity of two type of Crt homologues (i.e. PoCrt-1 and PoCrt-2) in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). PoCrt-1 and PoCrt-2 are composed of 419 and 427 amino acid residues respectively, with 69.09% overall sequence identities with each other. Both PoCrt-1 and PoCrt-2 contain a signal peptide and three functional domains i.e. N-, P- and C-domains. Both PoCrt-1 and PoCrt-2 were constitutively expressed at various tissues with highest expression level in liver, and obviously regulated by Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio harveyi. Furthermore, recombinant PoCrt-1 and PoCrt-2 (rPoCrt-1 and rPoCrt-2) could bind to different Gram-negative bacteria with highest binding index with E. tarda. At same time, in vitro rPoCrt-1 and rPoCrt-2 could agglutinate E. tarda, V. harveyi, and Vibrio anguillarum, and inhibit the bacterial growth. Similarly, in vivo rPoCrt-1 and rPoCrt-2 could significantly suppress the dissemination of E. tarda. Overall, these observations add new insights into the antibacterial immunity of Crt in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Sun
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Kun-Yu Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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4
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Ma X, Chen Q, Chen Z, Chen S, Zhou Q. Genome-wide DNA methylation mediates the resistance to vibriosis in Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109144. [PMID: 37805114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an economically important marine fish in China. However, vibriosis has caused huge mortality and economic losses in its culturing industry. To reveal the effect of DNA methylation on the resistance to vibriosis in tongue sole, we conducted RNA sequencing and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), and compared the gene expressions and DNA methylation patterns between the resistant and susceptible families. We identified a total of 741 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in kidney and 17460 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), which were both enriched in immune-related pathways, such as "cAMP signaling pathway" and "NOD-like receptor signaling pathway". Through the correlation analysis of DEGs and DMGs, we identified two important immune pathways, including "complement and coagulation cascades", and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction", which played important roles in regulating the inflammation level and immune homeostasis. For example, the expression of proinflammatory cytokine il17c was down-regulated under the regulation of DNA methylation; in addition, the expression of protease-activated receptor 3 (par3) was up-regulated, which could induce the up-expressionof il8. These results demonstrated that the regulation of DNA methylation on the genes involved in immune responses might contribute to the resistance to vibriosis in tongue sole, and provided a basis for the control of diseases in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Quanchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Zhangfan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Shandong Key Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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5
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Wang X, Zhang A, Qiu X, Yang K, Zhou H. The IL-12 family cytokines in fish: Molecular structure, expression profile and function. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104643. [PMID: 36632929 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35 and IL-39 are heterodimeric cytokines composed of two subunits, an α-chain (entitled p35, p19 and p28) and a β-chain (namely p40 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3, EBI3). Unlike in mammals, specific whole genome duplication events in fish may generate more paralogues of these subunits as the components of IL-12 family cytokines. Although all subunit genes of IL-12 family have been isolated and identified in various fish species, some important issues on fish IL-12 family are needed to be addressed compared to the extensive study in mammals: Whether the expansion of these subunit genes results in the generation of multiple isoforms of the family cytokines; Whether the related receptor genes have similar complex repertoire corresponding to their ligands; How about the expression kinetics of these subunit paralogues particularly under the circumstance of pathogen infection and immune stimulation; How about the functional properties of IL-12 family in fish. In the past ten years, these concerns have received increasing attentions to establish the biological significance of this family cytokines in fish immunity. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of IL-12 family with a special focus on the molecular structures, inducible expression profiles and functions of IL-12 family members in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyang Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Shi Y, Chen K, Zhao X, Lu Y, Huang W, Guo J, Ji N, Jia Z, Xiao H, Dang H, Zou J, Wang J. IL-27 suppresses spring viremia of carp virus replication in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108530. [PMID: 36632914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 27 is a member of the IL-12 family and is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of IL-27A and Epstein-Barr virus-induced 3 (EBI3). It plays an important role in regulating inflammation and cancer progression. IL-27A not only functions by dimerizing with EBI3 but also acts alone. Here, we report that IL-27A and EBI3 suppress spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) replication in zebrafish. Expression analysis reveals that il-27a and ebi3 were significantly upregulated in the ZF4 cells by SVCV and poly(I:C), and in the zebrafish caudal fin (ZFIN) cells overexpressed with SVCV genes. Interestingly, il-27a and ebi3 were not modulated by IFNφ1, indicating that they are not IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, overexpression of IL-27A and EBI3 alone inhibited SVCV replication in the EPC cells, but less potent than co-expression of IL-27A and EBI3. Intriguingly, IL-27A could not induce the expression of irf3, ifn, isg15 and mx1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-27A and EBI3 activate innate antiviral response in an IFN independent manner in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiahong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hehe Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huifeng Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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7
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Ai K, Li K, Jiao X, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Wei X, Yang J. IL-2-mTORC1 signaling coordinates the STAT1/T-bet axis to ensure Th1 cell differentiation and anti-bacterial immune response in fish. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010913. [PMID: 36282845 PMCID: PMC9595569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of specialized Th1 cells to resist intracellular pathogenic infection represents an important innovation of adaptive immunity. Although transcriptional evidence indicates the potential presence of Th1-like cells in some fish species, the existence of CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells, their detailed functions, and the mechanism determining their differentiation in these early vertebrates remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a population of CD3+CD4-1+IFN-γ+ (Th1) cells in Nile tilapia upon T-cell activation in vitro or Edwardsiella piscicida infection in vivo. By depleting CD4-1+ T cells or blocking IFN-γ, Th1 cells and their produced IFN-γ were found to be essential for tilapia to activate macrophages and resist the E. piscicida infection. Mechanistically, activated T cells of tilapia produce IL-2, which enhances the STAT5 and mTORC1 signaling that in turn trigger the STAT1/T-bet axis-controlled IFN-γ transcription and Th1 cell development. Additionally, mTORC1 regulates the differentiation of these cells by promoting the proliferation of CD3+CD4-1+ T cells. Moreover, IFN-γ binds to its receptors IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 and further initiates a STAT1/T-bet axis-mediated positive feedback loop to stabilize the Th1 cell polarization in tilapia. These findings demonstrate that, prior to the emergence of tetrapods, the bony fish Nile tilapia had already evolved Th1 cells to fight intracellular bacterial infection, and support the notion that IL-2-mTORC1 signaling coordinates the STAT1/T-bet axis to determine Th1 cell fate, which is an ancient mechanism that has been programmed early during vertebrate evolution. Our study is expected to provide novel perspectives into the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Li XP, Chen GY, Jin Q, Lou FR, Liu BJ, Zhang J, Feng JX, Chen TT. CsIL-11, a teleost interleukin-11, is involved in promoting phagocytosis and antibacterial immune defense. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1021-1028. [PMID: 34666131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the IL-6 family, which plays essential roles in immune response. However, much less is known about the immunological functions of IL-11 in teleost. In this study, we investigated the immune properties of a teleost IL-11 homologue (CsIL-11) from tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. CsIL-11 possesses four conserved α-helices and conserved CsIL-11 receptor binding residues L86 and R187, and shares 23.3%-80.1% identities with other IL-11 homologues. CsIL-11 expression was constitutive in tissues, with most abundant in blood and least abundant in spleen, and upregulated by bacterial challenge in blood, spleen, and head kidney. Recombinant CsIL-11 (rCsIL-11) in the native form of monomer, could bind to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) membrane and enhance the activation and phagocytosis of PBLs. When administered in vivo, rCsIL-11 could markedly promote the host to defend against microbial infection. Overall, our findings show that CsIL-11 plays a pivotal role in regulating PBLs phagocytosis and antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fang-Rui Lou
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bing-Jian Liu
- Marine Sciences and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ji-Xing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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9
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Li XP, Chen GY, Zhang J, Li DL, Feng JX. A teleost interleukin-16 is implicated in peripheral blood leukocytes recruitment and anti-bacterial immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:821-829. [PMID: 34339785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-16 (IL-16), as a lymphocyte chemoattractant cytokine, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular activities and anti-pathogen immunity. In teleost, the information about the antibacterial effect of IL-16 is scarce. In our study, we examined the immune functions of an IL-16 homologue (CsIL-16) from tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. The CsIL-16 precursor (proCsIL-16) is comprised of 1181 amino acid residues, sharing 21.1%-67.3% identities with IL-16 precursor from invertebrate and vertebrate. The C-terminal proCsIL-16 containing two PDZ domains was designated as mature CsIL-16 which was released into the supernatant of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). CsIL-16 was expressed in various tissues and regulated by bacterial invasion. Recombinant CsIL-16 (rCsIL-16), as a homodimer, was able to bind to the membrane of PBLs and played essential roles in regulating chemotaxis and activation of PBLs, which in vitro inhibited intracellular survival of E. tarda. Under in vivo condition, rCsIL-16 could dramatically regulate the induction of inflammatory genes, and suppress the bacterial dissemination in fish tissues. Collectively, our results reveal that CsIL-16 plays positive roles in antibacterial immunity, and provide insights into the immune function of CsIL-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Deng-Lai Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ji-Xing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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10
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Yu C, Zhang P, Zhang TF, Sun L. IL-34 regulates the inflammatory response and anti-bacterial immune defense of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:228-236. [PMID: 32502613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-34 is a relatively recently discovered cytokine with pleiotropic effects on various cellular activities, including immune response. In fish, the knowledge on the function of IL-34 is limited. In the present work, we investigated the function of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus IL-34 (PoIL-34) in association with inflammation and immune defense. PoIL-34 possesses the conserved structure of IL-34 superfamily and shares 21.52% sequence identity with murine IL-34. PoIL-34 expression was detected in a wide range of tissues of flounder, in particular intestine, and was regulated to a significant extent by bacterial infection in a time-dependent fashion. In vitro studies showed that recombinant PoIL-34 (rPoIL-34) bound peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and promoted ROS production, acid phosphatase activity, and cellular resistance against bacterial infection. At the molecular level, rPoIL-34 enhanced the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and specific JAK and STAT genes. Similar stimulatory effects of rPoIL-34 were observed in vivo. When PoIL-34 was overexpressed in flounder, the expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were significantly affected in a tissue-dependent manner, which correlated with an augmented ability of the fish to eliminate invading pathogens from tissues. Together, these results indicated that PoIL-34 regulated inflammatory response probably via specific JAK/STAT pathways and had a significant influence on the immune defense of flounder against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teng-Fei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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11
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Interleukin 39: a new member of interleukin 12 family. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:214-217. [PMID: 33456334 PMCID: PMC7792434 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.97911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 family member is a heterodimer glycoprotein, composed of two covalently linked subunits, α and β chains. The α subunit consists of IL-23p19, IL-27p28, and IL-12p35, and the β subunit includes IL-12p40 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene (Ebi3). IL-39 is a new heterodimeric IL-12 family member composed of IL-23p19 and Ebi3 subunits. IL-39 is secreted by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells. Other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, express IL-39 mRNA. In lupus-like mice, GL7+B cells and CD138+plasma cells are highly activated and widely expressed, promoting high expression of IL-39. IL-39 mediates inflammatory responses through binding to a heterodimer of IL-23R/gp130 receptor and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/STAT3 signal molecules. The serum levels of IL-39 were significantly increased in patients with acute coronary syndrome compared with patients with normal coronary arteries. This review discusses the biological characteristics, receptor, and signal pathway as well as biological activity of IL-39 and its potential role in inflammation and other diseases.
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12
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Zhang S, Xu B, Gan Y. Seed Treatment with Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Promotes Wheat Seedling Growth under NaCl Stress Through Activating the Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3729. [PMID: 31366159 PMCID: PMC6696296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and productivity worldwide. Species of Trichoderma are widely recognized for their bio-control abilities, but little information is regarding to the ability and mechanisms of their promoting plant growth and enhancing plant tolerance to different levels of salt stress. Hence, we determined (i) the role of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (TL-6) in promoting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under different levels of salt stress, and (ii) the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced tolerance of wheat to salt stress by TL-6. Wheat seeds treated with or without TL-6 were grown under different levels of salt stress in controlled environmental conditions. As such, the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%, and glutathione 28%; and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 13%. The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, leading to the increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 5%. Our results indicate that the beneficial strain of TL-6 effectively scavenged ROS under NaCl stress through modulating the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes, regulating the transcriptional levels of ROS scavenging enzyme gene expression, and enhancing the nonenzymatic antioxidants in wheat seedling in response to salt stress. Our present study provides a new insight into the mechanisms of TL-6 can activate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance wheat seedling tolerance to different levels of salt stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yantai Gan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada Swift Current Research & Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
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Zhang XY, Cui ZW, Wu N, Lu XB, Lu LF, Chen DD, Geng H, Zhang YA. Investigating the potential immune role of IL-35 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:78-88. [PMID: 30590066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a member of the IL-12 cytokine family and a heterodimeric protein formed by Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-12p35. Emerging evidence showed that IL-35 is a key player in the regulation of cellular communication, differentiation, and inflammation. To date, no studies on fish IL-35 have been documented. In this work, we first identify two splicing isoforms of EBI3, EBI3a and EBI3b, from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). EBI3a is composed of 299 amino acid residues and possesses an immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain and a fibronectin type 3 (FN3) domain that is a conservative domain in vertebrate EBI3. However, the EBI3b is composed of 177 amino acid residues and only contains an Ig-like domain. The result of Co-immunoprecipitation suggests that only EBI3a can associate with IL-12p35 to form IL-35 in grass carp. Like the function of IL-35 in human and mouse, recombinant grass carp IL-35 protein could induce the expression of genes EBI3a, IL-12p35, and CD25-like and downregulate the expression of genes CD4-1, CD4-2, IL-17A/F1, and RORγ2. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that a teleost IL-35 may also have the ability to induce regulatory T (Treg) cells, inhibit effector T (Teff) cell proliferation and restrict the differentiation and function of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Ma N, Fang Y, Xu R, Zhai B, Hou C, Wang X, Jiang Z, Wang L, Liu Q, Han G, Wang R. Ebi3 promotes T- and B-cell division and differentiation via STAT3. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:61-70. [PMID: 30660991 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although sharing the same subunit Ebi3, IL-27 (p28/Ebi3) and IL-35 (p35/Ebi3) have different biological functions, suggesting that Ebi3 subunit may functions as a carrier. Our data demonstrated that activated T cells and B cells effectively up-regulated Ebi3 expression. In addition, Ebi3 effectively promoted T-cell activation and the differentiation of helper T 1 (Th1), Th17, and Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells induced by Th1, Th17, and Treg polarizing condition, respectively. Naturally, Ebi3 could promote B-cell activation and the production of CD138+ plasma cells (PC) induced by LPS. Conversely, neutralizing anti-Ebi3 antibody could significantly suppress T/B-cell activation and production of Th1, Th17, Tregs, and PC induced by Th1, Th17, Treg polarizing condition, and LPS, respectively. Furthermore, we found that Ebi3 time-dependently induced STAT3 activation in CD4+T cells and B cells. Conversely, STAT3-/- effectively reduced Ebi3 expression and the production of Th1, Th17, Tregs, and plasma cells. Finally, we showed that gp130 but not IL-27Rα mediates Ebi3-induced STAT3 activation. These results suggest that Ebi3 promotes Th- and B-cell differentiation via gp130-STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, autocrine Ebi3 may play an important role in the differentiation of Th and B cells and thus in infection, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Rheumatology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Bing Zhai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Qilin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Gencheng Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
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Chaves-Pozo E, Valero Y, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Dabad M, Alioto T, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Innate Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity of European Sea Bass Leucocytes Against Nodavirus-Infected Cells: A Functional and RNA-seq Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15396. [PMID: 29133947 PMCID: PMC5684396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes high mortalities in several marine species. We aimed to evaluate the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) activity of head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) isolated from naïve European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a very susceptible and resistant fish species to NNV, respectively, against fish cell lines infected with NNV. Seabream HKLs showed significantly increased innate CMC activity against NNV-infected cells, compared to those uninfected, while sea bass HKLs failed to do so. Thus, we performed a RNA-seq study to identify genes related to the CMC activity of sea bass leucocytes. Thus, we found that sea bass HKLs incubated with DLB-1 cells alone (CMC_DLB1) or with NNV-infected DLB-1 cells (CMC_DLB1-NNV) showed very similar transcriptomic profiles and the GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes were related to immunity. Strikingly, when the CMC samples with and without NNV were compared, GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes in CMC_DLB1-NNV samples were related to metabolism and very few to immunity. This is also in agreement with the functional data. These data point to the escape of CMC activity by NNV infection as an important factor involved in the high susceptibility to nodavirus infections of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Hasegawa H, Mizoguchi I, Chiba Y, Ohashi M, Xu M, Yoshimoto T. Expanding Diversity in Molecular Structures and Functions of the IL-6/IL-12 Heterodimeric Cytokine Family. Front Immunol 2016; 7:479. [PMID: 27867385 PMCID: PMC5095122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-6/IL-12 family cytokines have pleiotropic functions and play critical roles in multiple immune responses. This cytokine family has very unique characteristics in that they comprise two distinct subunits forming a heterodimer and each cytokine and receptor subunit shares with each other. The members of this cytokine family are increasing; currently, there are more than six cytokines, including the tentatively named cytokines IL-Y (p28/p40), IL-12 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), IL-27 [p28/Epstein–Barr virus-induced protein 3 (EBI3)], IL-35 (p35/EBI3), and IL-39 (p19/EBI3). This family of cytokines covers a very broad range of immune responses, including pro-inflammatory responses, such as helper T (Th)1, Th2, and Th17, to anti-inflammatory responses, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and IL-10-producing Treg cells. IL-12 is the first member of this family, and IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 are mainly produced by activated antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. IL-12 plays a critical role in the promotion of Th1 immune responses by inducing interferon-γ production to combat pathogens and malignant tumors. IL-23 induces IL-17 production and is necessary to maintain pathogenic Th17 cells that cause inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IL-27 was initially reported to play a critical role in promotion of Th1 differentiation; however, subsequent studies revealed that IL-27 has broader stimulatory and inhibitory roles by inducing IL-10-producing Treg cells. IL-35 is produced by forkhead box P3+ Treg cells and activated B cells and has immunosuppressive functions to maintain immune tolerance. The most recently identified cytokine, IL-39, is produced by activated B cells and has pro-inflammatory functions. The cytokine tentatively named IL-Y seems to have anti-inflammatory functions by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation. In addition, individual cytokine subunits were also shown to have self-standing activities. Thus, promiscuity within the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines complicates structural and functional clarification and assignment of individual cytokines. A better understanding of the recent advances and expanding diversity in molecular structures and functions of the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines could allow the creation of novel therapeutic strategies by using them as tools and targeted molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Hasegawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Izuru Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yukino Chiba
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mio Ohashi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mingli Xu
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
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17
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Zhang S, Gan Y, Xu B. Application of Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Enhances Tolerance of Wheat to Salt Stress through Improvement of Antioxidative Defense System and Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1405. [PMID: 27695475 PMCID: PMC5023664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a serious problem worldwide that reduces agricultural productivity. Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (T6) has been shown to promote wheat growth and induce plant resistance to parasitic nematodes, but whether the plant-growth-promoting fungi T6 can enhance plant tolerance to salt stress is unknown. Here, we determined the effect of plant-growth-promoting fungi T6 on wheat seedlings' growth and development under salt stress, and investigated the role of T6 in inducing the resistance to NaCl stress at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with the strain of T6 and then compared with non-inoculated controls. Shoot height, root length, and shoot and root weights were measured on 15 days old wheat seedlings grown either under 150 mM NaCl or in a controlled setting without any NaCl. A number of colonies were re-isolated from the roots of wheat seedlings under salt stress. The relative water content in the leaves and roots, chlorophyll content, and root activity were significantly increased, and the accumulation of proline content in leaves was markedly accelerated with the plant growth parameters, but the content of leaf malondialdehyde under saline condition was significantly decreased. The antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in wheat seedlings were increased by 29, 39, and 19%, respectively, with the application of the strain of T6 under salt stress; the relative expression of SOD, POD, and CAT genes in these wheat seedlings were significantly up-regulated. Our results indicated that the strain of T6 ameliorated the adverse effects significantly, protecting the seedlings from salt stress during their growth period. The possible mechanisms by which T6 suppresses the negative effect of NaCl stress on wheat seedling growth may be due to the improvement of the antioxidative defense system and gene expression in the stressed wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwu Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, The Ministry of Education of ChinaLanzhou, China
- Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystems SustainabilityLanzhou, China
| | - Yantai Gan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Sciences, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystems, The Ministry of Education of ChinaLanzhou, China
- Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystems SustainabilityLanzhou, China
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18
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Zou P, Li K, Liu S, He X, Zhang X, Xing R, Li P. Effect of Sulfated Chitooligosaccharides on Wheat Seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salt Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2815-21. [PMID: 26927620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sulfated chitooligosaccharide (SCOS) was applied to wheat seedlings to investigate its effect on the plants' defense response under salt stress. The antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll contents, and fluorescence characters of wheat seedlings were determined at a certain time. The results showed that treatment with exogenous SCOS could decrease the content of malondialdehyde, increase the chlorophyll contents, and modulate fluorescence characters in wheat seedlings under salt stress. In addition, SCOS was able to regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase. Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of several antioxidant enzymes were efficiently modulated by SCOS. The results indicated that SCOS could alleviate the damage of salt stress by adjusting the antioxidant enzyme activities of plant. The effect of SCOS on the photochemical efficiency of wheat seedlings was associated with its enhanced capacity for antioxidant enzymes, which prevented structure degradation of the photosynthetic apparatus under NaCl stress. Furthermore, the effective activities of alleviating salt stress indicated the activities of SCOS were closely related with the sulfate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zou
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Tobacco Research of CAAS , Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071, China
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19
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Sun Y, Sun L. CsBAFF, a Teleost B Cell Activating Factor, Promotes Pathogen-Induced Innate Immunity and Vaccine-Induced Adaptive Immunity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136015. [PMID: 26295165 PMCID: PMC4546598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family that is known to play an important role in B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation in mammals. However, studies of BAFF in teleosts are very limited and its function, in particular that under in vivo conditions, is essentially unknown. In this study, we conducted in vivo as well as in vitro functional analyses of a BAFF homologue (CsBAFF) from the teleost fish tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsBAFF is composed of 261 residues and shares moderate sequence identities with known BAFFs of other teleosts. CsBAFF expression was most abundant in immune organs and was upregulated during bacterial infection. Purified recombinant CsBAFF (rCsBAFF) bound to tongue sole lymphocytes and promoted cellular proliferation and survival. The results of an in vivo study showed that CsBAFF overexpression in tongue sole significantly enhanced macrophage activation and reduced bacterial infection in fish tissues, whereas knockdown of CsBAFF expression resulted in increased bacterial dissemination and colonization in fish tissues. Furthermore, vaccination studies showed that CsBAFF enhanced the immunoprotection of a DNA vaccine and augmented the production of specific serum antibodies. Taken together, these results provide the first in vivo evidence to indicate that teleost BAFF is an immunostimulator that significantly contributes to the innate antibacterial immune response and vaccine-induced adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Exploitation of Tropical Biotic Resources, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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Zou P, Li K, Liu S, Xing R, Qin Y, Yu H, Zhou M, Li P. Effect of chitooligosaccharides with different degrees of acetylation on wheat seedlings under salt stress. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 126:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Hu YH, Zhang J. CsCCL17, a CC chemokine of Cynoglossus semilaevis, induces leukocyte trafficking and promotes immune defense against viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:771-779. [PMID: 26052018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokines are the largest subfamily of chemokines, which are important components of the innate immune system. To date, sequences of several CC chemokines have been identified in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis); however, the activities and functions of these putative chemokines remain unknown. Herein, we characterized a CC chemokine, CsCCL17, from tongue sole, and examined its activity. CsCCL17 contains a 303 bp open reading frame, which encodes a polypeptide of 100 amino acids with a molecular mass of 12 kDa CsCCL17 is phylogenetically related to the CCL17/22 group of CC chemokines and possesses the typical arrangement of four cysteines and an SCCR motif found in known CC chemokines. Under normal physiological conditions, CsCCL17 expression was detected in spleen, liver, heart, gill, head kidney, muscle, brain, and intestine. When the fish were infected by bacterial and viral pathogens, CsCCL17 expression was significantly up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. Chemotactic analysis showed that recombinant CsCCL17 (rCsCCL17) induced migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. A mutagenesis study showed that when the two cysteine residues in the SCCR motif were replaced by serine, no apparent chemotactic activity was observed in the mutant protein rCsCCL17M. rCsCCL17 enhanced the resistance of tongue sole against viral infection, but rCsCCL17M lacked this antiviral effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that CsCCL17 is a functional CC chemokine with the ability to recruit leukocytes and enhance host immune defense in a manner that requires the conserved SCCR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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22
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Zhang J, Li YX, Hu YH. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of eleven interferon regulatory factors in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:272-282. [PMID: 25731919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) act as transcription mediators in virus-, bacteria-, and interferon (IFN)-induced signaling pathways and play diverse functions in antimicrobial defense, immune modulation, hematopoietic differentiation, and cell apoptosis. In this study, we described for the first time eleven IRFs (IRF1, IRF1L, IRF2X1, IRF3, IRF4a, IRF4b, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9) from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and examined their tissue distributions and expression patterns under different conditions. The deduced protein sequences of these IRFs (except IRF1) share high identities (71.8-86.6%) with other corresponding IRFs in other teleosts, whereas the sequence identity of IRF1 with the corresponding IRF1 in other teleosts is only 58.1%. A conserved N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD), which is characterized by a winged type helix-loop-helix motif with four to six tryptophan repeats, is present in all IRFs. Another conserved IRF associated domain (IAD), which mediates the interactions in the C-terminal part of the protein, is present in all IRFs except IRF1 and IRF2X1, which instead contain the IAD2 domain. Several special domains also were found, including a serine-rich domain (SRD) in IRF3, IRF4a, IRF4b, and IRF7; a proline-rich domain (PRD) in IRF9; nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in IRF5, IRF8, and IRF9; and a virus activated domain (VAD) in IRF5. Quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that expression of all IRFs occurred in multiple tissues. IRF1, IRF2X1, IRF4a, IRF5, IRF7, and IRF8 exhibited relatively high levels of expression in immune organs, whereas the other five IRFs displayed high levels of expression in non-immune organs. Infection with extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens and virus upregulated the expression of IRFs in a manner that depended on tissue type, pathogen, and infection stage. Specifically, IRF1 and IRF2X1 were highly induced by bacterial and viral pathogens; IRF1L and IRF6 responded mainly to extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens; IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9 were markedly induced by intracellular bacterial pathogen and virus; IRF4a and IRF4b were mainly induced by virus and intracellular bacterial pathogen respectively. These results indicate that the IRFs of C. semilaevis can be categorized into several groups which exhibit different expression patterns in response to the infection of different microbial pathogens. These results provide new insights into the roles of teleost IRFs in antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, 8 Ying Sheng East Road, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Jiang Y, Husain M, Qi Z, Bird S, Wang T. Identification and expression analysis of two interleukin-23α (p19) isoforms, in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:216-28. [PMID: 25841173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23 is a heterodimeric IL-12 family cytokine composed of a p19 α-chain, linked to a p40 β-chain that is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is distinguished functionally from IL-12 by its ability to induce the production of IL-17, and differentiation of Th17 cells in mammals. Three isoforms of p40 (p40a, p40b and p40c) have been found in some 3R teleosts. Salmonids also possess three p40 isoforms (p40b1, p40b2 and p40c) although p40a is missing, and two copies (paralogues) of p40b are present that have presumably been retained following the 4R duplication in this fish lineage. Teleost p19 has been discovered recently in zebrafish, but to date there is limited information on expression and modulation of this molecule. In this report we have cloned two p19 paralogues (p19a and p19b) in salmonids, suggesting that a salmonid can possess six potential IL-23 isoforms. Whilst Atlantic salmon has two active p19 genes, the rainbow trout p19b gene may have been pseudogenized. The salmonid p19 translations share moderate identities (22.8-29.9%) to zebrafish and mammalian p19 molecules, but their identity was supported by structural features, a conserved 4 exon/3 intron gene organisation, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The active salmonid p19 genes are highly expressed in blood and gonad. Bacterial (Yersinia ruckeri) and viral infection in rainbow trout induces the expression of p19a, suggesting pathogen-specific induction of IL-23 isoforms. Trout p19a expression was also induced by PAMPs (poly IC and peptidoglycan) and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in primary head kidney macrophages. These data may indicate diverse functional roles of trout IL-23 isoforms in regulating the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Jiang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mansourah Husain
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Zhitao Qi
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal pool in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Steve Bird
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Molecular Genetics, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Husain M, Martin SAM, Wang T. Identification and characterisation of the IL-27 p28 subunits in fish: Cloning and comparative expression analysis of two p28 paralogues in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:102-112. [PMID: 24981291 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-27 is an IL-6/IL-12 family member with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of an α-chain p28 and a β-chain Ebi3 (Epstein-Barr virus induce gene 3). The p28 subunit can also be secreted as a monomer and function as IL-30 that acts as an inhibitor of IL-27 signalling. At present, the p28 gene has only been described in mammals. Thus, for the first time outwith mammals, we have identified seven p28 molecules in six divergent teleost fish species, Atlantic salmon, two cichlids, two cyprinids and a yellowtail. The fish p28 molecules have higher similarities to mammalian p28 than other IL-6/12 family members. Critical residues involved in the interaction with Ebi3 and the receptor gp130 are highly conserved. The prediction that these are true orthologues is supported by phylogenetic and synteny analysis. Two p28 paralogues (p28a and p28b) sharing 72% aa identity have been identified and characterised in Atlantic salmon. There are multiple upstream ATGs in the 5'-UTR and ATTTA motifs in the 3'-UTR of both cDNA sequences, suggesting regulation at the post-transcriptional and translational level. Both salmon p28 genes are highly expressed in immune relevant tissues, such as thymus, gills, spleen and head kidney. Conversely salmon Ebi3 is highly expressed in other organs, such as liver and caudal kidney. The expression of p28 but not Ebi3 was induced by PAMPs and recombinant cytokines in head kidney cells, and in spleen by Poly I:C challenge in vivo. The dissociation of the expression and modulation of p28 and Ebi3 suggest that both p28 and Ebi3 may be secreted alone or with other partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansourah Husain
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Wang T, Husain M. The expanding repertoire of the IL-12 cytokine family in teleost fish: Identification of three paralogues each of the p35 and p40 genes in salmonids, and comparative analysis of their expression and modulation in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:194-207. [PMID: 24759618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 family cytokines are heterodimers of an α-chain (p19, p28 and p35) and a β-chain (p40 and Ebi3), present as IL-12 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), IL-27 (p28/Ebi3) and IL-35 (p35/Ebi3), and play key roles in immune responses in mammals. One p35 and up to three p40 genes have been cloned in some fish species. The identification of three active p35 genes, along with three p40 paralogues in salmonids in the current study further expands the repertoire of IL-12, IL-23 and IL-35 molecules in these species. The multiple p35 genes in teleost fish appear to have arisen via whole genome duplications. The different paralogues of the subunits are divergent, and differentially expressed and modulated by PAMPs and proinflammatory cytokines, hinting that distinct isoforms could be produced in response to infection. Therefore, the expanded IL-12 cytokine family may provide an unprecedented level of regulation to fine tune the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Mansourah Husain
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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