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Duan X, Fu T, Liu C, Wang F, Liu C, Zhao L, Yu J, Wang X, Zhang R. The role of a novel secretory peptidoglycan recognition protein with antibacterial ability from the Chinese Oak Silkworm Antheraea pernyi in humoral immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 171:104151. [PMID: 38880307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in the immune response of invertebrates and vertebrates. Herein, the short ApPGRP-D gene was cloned from the model lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) confirmed that ApPGRP-D is an immune-related protein and that the expression of ApPGRP-D can be induced by microorganisms. ApPGRP-D is a broad-spectrum pattern recognition protein that activates the prophenoloxidase cascade activation system and promotes the agglutination of microbial cells. Likely due to its amidase activity, ApPGRP-D can inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that zinc ions, as important metal coenzymes, could promote multiple functions of ApPGRP-D but not its amidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Duan
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Fu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuhui Wang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengbao Liu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - JinZhu Yu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Ma B, Wang X, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Su Z, Chen Y, Hou Y, Shi Z. A peptidoglycan recognition protein regulates the immune response of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) during exposure to pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104705. [PMID: 37019349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a tremendously destructive insect pest of palm trees worldwide. Although some biological agents have been used to fight against RPW larvae, the control efficiency is still dissatisfactory. This study aimed to determine the role of a peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), RfPGRP-S3, in RPW immunity. RfPGRP-S3 is a secreted protein with a DF (Asp85-Phe86) motif, implying that it can discriminate Gram-positive bacteria. The abundance of RfPGRP-S3 transcripts in the hemolymph was significantly higher than that in other tissues. The expression of RfPGRP-S3 can be markedly induced by challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Beauveria bassiana. After RfPGRP-S3 was silenced, the ability of individuals to clear the pathogenic bacteria in the body cavity and gut was significantly compromised. Furthermore, silencing RfPGRP-S3 dramatically impaired the survival rate of RPW larvae upon challenge with S. aureus. RT‒qPCR revealed that the expression levels of RfDefensin in the fat body and gut were decreased by RfPGRP-S3 silencing. Taken together, these results demonstrated that RfPGRP-S3 acts as a circulating receptor to promote the expression of the antimicrobial peptide gene upon the discrimination of pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qianxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centerfor Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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3
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Liang Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Tang T, Liu F, Zhang F. Peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (PGRP-SC) shapes gut microbiota richness, diversity and composition by modulating immunity in the house fly Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:200-212. [PMID: 36522831 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of all animals, including insects, is colonized by a remarkable array of microorganisms which are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. The hosts establish mutually beneficial interactions with the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms shaping these interactions remain to be better understood. Here, we investigated the roles of Musca domestica peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (MdPGRP-SC), a secreted pattern recognition receptor, in shaping the gut microbial community structure by using biochemical and high-throughput sequencing approaches. The recombinant MdPGRP-SC (rMdPGRP-SC) could strongly bind various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and D-galactose, and exhibited mild affinity to β-1, 3-glucan and D-mannose. Meanwhile, rMdPGRP-SC could also bind different kinds of microorganisms, including gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Pichia pastoris). rMdPGRP-SC also exhibited weak antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. Knockdown of MdPGRP-SC by RNAi reduced the persistence of ingested E. coli and a load of indigenous microbiota in the larval gut significantly. In addition, depleted MdPGRP-SC also altered the gut microbiota composition and led to increased ratios of Gram-negative bacteria. We hypothesize that MdPGRP-SC is involved in maintaining gut homeostasis by modulating the immune intensity of the gut through multiple mechanisms, including degrading or neutralizing various PAMPs and selectively suppressing the growth of some bacteria. Considering the functional conservation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family in insects, the catalytic PGRPs might be promising candidate targets not only for pest and vector control but also for the treatment of bacterial infection in insect farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongpeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ting Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Attarianfar M, Mikani A, Mehrabadi M. The endocrine disruptor, fenoxycarb modulates gut immunity and gut bacteria titer in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109507. [PMID: 36368508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine system modulates several physiological functions such as development and metamorphosis in insects. The normal growth and development of insects is interfered with insect growth regulators (IGRs), which act as mimics of insect hormones like juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone hormone. The effects of JH and its analogs on systemic immunity have been identified. However the effect of these compounds on local gut immunity is largely unknown. In this study, the effects of JH analog fenoxycarb on the local gut immunity of Helicoverpa armigera, gut bacteria population, and their role in the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were analyzed. The results showed that feeding fenoxycarb causes a decrease in the transcription level of IMD (Relish and PGPR-LC), ROS (DUOX and SOD) related genes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), followed by an overpopulation of gut bacteria. The fenoxycarb-treated larvae showed higher susceptibility to Bt compared to the control larvae. Overall, these findings collectively suggest that JH analog affects local gut immunity and gut bacteria titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Attarianfar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran. https://twitter.com/@attarianfar
| | - Azam Mikani
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran.
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Li J, Li J, Jing Z, Yu Q, Zheng G, Zhang B, Xing L, Zhang H, Wan F, Li C. Antiviral function of peptidoglycan recognition protein in Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36464632 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a class of molecules that play a critical role in insect immunity. Understanding the function of PGRPs is important to improve the efficiency of microbial insecticides. In this study, we investigated the role of PGRP-LB (a long type PGRP) in insect immunity against viruses using Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) as an insect-virus model. We cloned and identified a PGRP-LB gene from S. exigua; the gene consisted of 7 exons that encoded a polypeptide of 234 amino acids with a signal peptide and a typical amidase domain. Expression analysis revealed that the abundance of SePGRP-LB transcripts in the fat body was greater than in other tissues. Overexpression of SePGRP-LB resulted in a significant decrease of 49% in the rate of SeMNPV-infected cells. In addition, the multiplication of SeMNPV was significantly decreased: a decrease of 79% in the production of occlusion-derived virion (ODV), and a maximum decrease of 50% in the production of budded virion (BV). In contrast, silencing of SePGRP-LB expression by RNA interference resulted in a significant 1.65-fold increase in the rate of SeMNPV-infected cells, a significant 0.54-fold increase in ODV production, a maximum 1.57-fold increase in BV production, and the larval survival dropped to 21%. Our findings show that SePGRP-LB has an antiviral function against SeMNPV, and therefore this gene may provide a target for lepidopteran pest control using virus insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaohao Jing
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianlong Yu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiling Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Longsheng Xing
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyou Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Mei X, Peng P, Li C, Qiao P, He E, Qiu Z, Xia D, Zhao Q, Shen D. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (PGRP6) from Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) serve as a pattern recognition receptor in innate immune response. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21955. [PMID: 35927931 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) recognize invading microbes via detecting peptidoglycans from microbial cell walls. PGRPs are highly conserved from insects to vertebrates and all play roles during the immune defensive response. Ten putative PGRPs have been identified through transcriptome analysis in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Whereas, the biochemical functions of most of them have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we found PGRP6 messenger RNA exhibited extremely high expression levels in the midgut, and its transcript level increased dramatically upon bacterial infection. Moreover, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated recombinant PGRP6 exhibited a strong binding affinity to peptidoglycans from Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, which could agglutinate M. luteus and yeast Pichia pastoris. Additionally, we demonstrated that PGRP6 was involved in the pathway of antimicrobial peptides synthesis, but could not enhance encapsulation and melanization of hemocytes. Overall, our results indicated that O. furnacalis PGRP6 serves as a pattern recognition receptor and detects peptidoglycans from microbes to initiate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peilin Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peitong Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enxi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongxu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Ali Mohammadie Kojour M, Jang HA, Lee YS, Jo YH, Han YS. Immunological Roles of TmToll-2 in Response to Escherichia coli Systemic Infection in Tenebrio molitor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214490. [PMID: 36430968 PMCID: PMC9699188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial roles of Toll-like receptors have been mainly identified in mammalian models and Drosophila. However, its immunological function in other insects has yet to be fully clarified. Here, we determined the innate immune response involvement of TmToll-2 encountering Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and fungal infection. Our data revealed that TmToll-2 expression could be induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans infections in the fat bodies, gut, Malpighian tubules, and hemolymph of Tenebrio molitor young larvae. However, TmToll-2 silencing via RNAi technology revealed that sole E. coli systemic infection caused mortality in the double-strand RNA TmToll-2-injected group compared with that in the control group. Further investigation indicated that in the absence of TmToll-2, the final effector of Toll signaling pathway, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes and relevant transcription factors were significantly downregulated, mainly E. coli post-insult. We showed that the expression of all AMP genes was suppressed in the main immune organ of insects, namely, fat bodies, in silenced individuals, while the relevant expressions were not affected after fungal infection. Thus, our research revealed the immunological roles of TmToll-2 in different organs of T. molitor in response to pathogenic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.H.J.); (Y.S.H.)
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.H.J.); (Y.S.H.)
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Yin Y, Cao K, Zhao X, Cao C, Dong X, Liang J, Shi W. Bt Cry1Ab/2Ab toxins disrupt the structure of the gut bacterial community of Locusta migratoria through host immune responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113602. [PMID: 35526455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of insects plays a vital role in digestion, nutrient acquisition, metabolism of dietary toxins, pathogen immunity and maintenance of gut homeostasis. Bacillus thuringinensis (Bt) poisons target insects through its toxins that are activated in the insect gut. The effects of Bt toxins on gut microbiota of insects and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we found that Cry1Ab/2Ab toxins significantly changed the gut bacterial community's structure and reduced the total load of gut bacteria in the Locusta migratoria. In addition, Cry toxins significantly increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut of locusts. Our results also showed that Cry1Ab/2Ab toxins induced the host gut's immune response by up-regulating of key genes in the Immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathway. RNA interference showed that knocking down Relish could narrow the difference in the load, diversity, and composition in gut bacteria caused by Cry toxins. Our findings suggest that Bt potentially influences the gut bacterial community of L. migratoria through host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Kaili Cao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Chuan Cao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Xuehui Dong
- Department of Agriculture Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Jingang Liang
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.
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9
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Liu QX, Su ZP, Liu HH, Lu SP, Zhao Y, Ma B, Hou YM, Shi ZH. Current understanding and perspectives on the potential mechanisms of immune priming in beetles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104305. [PMID: 34718077 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beetles are the most diverse group of insects in Insecta which can be found in almost every habitat and environment on Earth. The possessing of the rapid and effective immune defenses is one of the important factors for their success. It is generally recognized that beetles only rely on the non-specific innate immune defense, without immunological memory, to fight against pathogens. However, there was cumulative evidence for the innate immune memory in invertebrates, including beetles, over the last decades, implying that insect innate immunity is more complex and has more features than previously thought. In beetles, it has been well documented that the specific or nonspecific enhanced immunocompetence can persist throughout development within generations and can even be transferred to the descendents in the next generation. Although insect immune priming might be shaped by epigenetic modifications and transferring effectors, mRNA and microbial signals, the solid experimental evidence to support the causal relationship between any of them and immune priming is still scarce. The combined usage of 'omics' approaches and CRISPR/Cas9 in the appropriate insect models with well-known genetic background, Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor, will help us to decipher the molecular mechanisms by which immune priming occurs in beetles in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhang-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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10
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Zhang P, Yao Z, Bai S, Zhang H. The Negative Regulative Roles of BdPGRPs in the Imd Signaling Pathway of Bactrocera dorsalis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010152. [PMID: 35011714 PMCID: PMC8750024 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are key regulators in insects' immune response, functioning as sensors to detect invading pathogens and as scavengers of peptidoglycan (PGN) to reduce immune overreaction. However, the exact function of PGRPs in Bactrocera dorsalis is still unclear. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the genes BdPGRP-LB, BdPGRP-SB1 and BdPGRP-SC2 in B. dorsalis. The results showed that BdPGRP-LB, BdPGRP-SB1 and BdPGRP-SC2 all have an amidase-2 domain, which has been shown to have N-Acetylmuramoyl-l-Alanine amidase activity. The transcriptional levels of BdPGRP-LB and BdPGRP-SC2 were both high in adult stages and midgut tissues; BdPGRP-SB1 was found most abundantly expressed in the 2nd instar larvae stage and adult fat body. The expression of BdPGRP-LB and BdPGRP-SB1 and AMPs were significantly up-regulated after injury infected with Escherichia coli at different time points; however, the expression of BdPGRP-SC2 was reduced at 9 h, 24 h and 48 h following inoculation with E. coli. By injection of dsRNA, BdPGRP-LB, BdPGRP-SB1 and BdPGRP-SC2 were knocked down by RNA-interference. Silencing of BdPGRP-LB, BdPGRP-SB1 and BdPGRP-SC2 separately in flies resulted in over-activation of the Imd signaling pathway after bacterial challenge. The survival rate of the ds-PGRPs group was significantly reduced compared with the ds-egfp group after bacterial infection. Taken together, our results demonstrated that three catalytic PGRPs family genes, BdPGRP-LB, BdPGRP-SB1 and BdPGRP-SC2, are important negative regulators of the Imd pathway in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongyu Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87286962; Fax: +86-27-87384670
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11
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Zhang C, Wickham JD, Zhao L, Sun J. A new bacteria-free strategy induced by MaGal2 facilitates pinewood nematode escape immune response from its vector beetle. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1087-1102. [PMID: 32443173 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes play a crucial role in regulating parasite-host interactions; however, the role of bacterial associates in parasite-host interactions requires elucidation. In this study, we showed that, instead of introducing numerous symbiotic bacteria, dispersal of 4th-stage juvenile (JIV ) pinewood nematodes (PWNs), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, only introduced few bacteria to its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus (Ma). JIV showed weak binding ability to five dominant bacteria species isolated from the beetles' pupal chamber. This was especially the case for binding to the opportunistic pathogenic species Serratia marcescens; the nematodes' bacteria binding ability at this critical stage when it infiltrates Ma for dispersal was much weaker compared with Caenorhabditis elegans, Diplogasteroides asiaticus, and propagative-stage PWN. The associated bacterium S. marcescens, which was isolated from the beetles' pupal chambers, was unfavorable to Ma, because it caused a higher mortality rate upon injection into tracheae. In addition, S. marcescens in the tracheae caused more immune effector disorders compared with PWN alone. Ma_Galectin2 (MaGal2), a pattern-recognition receptor, was up-regulated following PWN loading. Recombinant MaGal2 protein formed aggregates with five dominant associated bacteria in vitro. Moreover, MaGal2 knockdown beetles had up-regulated prophenoloxidase gene expression, increased phenoloxidase activity, and decreased PWN loading. Our study revealed a previously unknown strategy for immune evasion of this plant pathogen inside its vector, and provides novel insights into the role of bacteria in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jacob D Wickham
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Liu QX, Su ZP, Liu HH, Lu SP, Ma B, Zhao Y, Hou YM, Shi ZH. The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070594. [PMID: 34208921 PMCID: PMC8307761 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhang-Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.-X.L.); (Z.-P.S.); (H.-H.L.); (S.-P.L.); (B.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.-M.H.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Bai S, Yao Z, Raza MF, Cai Z, Zhang H. Regulatory mechanisms of microbial homeostasis in insect gut. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:286-301. [PMID: 32888254 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insects live in incredibly complex environments. The intestinal epithelium of insects is in constant contact with microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some harmful to the host. Insect gut health and function are maintained through multidimensional mechanisms that can proficiently remove foreign pathogenic microorganisms while effectively maintaining local symbiotic microbial homeostasis. The basic immune mechanisms of the insect gut, such as the dual oxidase-reactive oxygen species (Duox-ROS) system and the immune deficiency (Imd)-signaling pathway, are involved in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. This paper reviews the role of physical defenses, the Duox-ROS and Imd signaling pathways, the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway, and intestinal symbiotic flora in the homeostatic maintenance of the insect gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Fahim Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Horticultural and Urban Pests, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Bacterial Symbionts of Tsetse Flies: Relationships and Functional Interactions Between Tsetse Flies and Their Symbionts. Results Probl Cell Differ 2021; 69:497-536. [PMID: 33263885 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) act as the sole vectors of the African trypanosome species that cause Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT or African Sleeping Sickness) and Nagana in animals. These flies have undergone a variety of specializations during their evolution including an exclusive diet consisting solely of vertebrate blood for both sexes as well as an obligate viviparous reproductive biology. Alongside these adaptations, Glossina species have developed intricate relationships with specific microbes ranging from mutualistic to parasitic. These relationships provide fundamental support required to sustain the specializations associated with tsetse's biology. This chapter provides an overview on the knowledge to date regarding the biology behind these relationships and focuses primarily on four bacterial species that are consistently associated with Glossina species. Here their interactions with the host are reviewed at the morphological, biochemical and genetic levels. This includes: the obligate symbiont Wigglesworthia, which is found in all tsetse species and is essential for nutritional supplementation to the blood-specific diet, immune system maturation and facilitation of viviparous reproduction; the commensal symbiont Sodalis, which is a frequently associated symbiont optimized for survival within the fly via nutritional adaptation, vertical transmission through mating and may alter vectorial capacity of Glossina for trypanosomes; the parasitic symbiont Wolbachia, which can manipulate Glossina via cytoplasmic incompatibility and shows unique interactions at the genetic level via horizontal transmission of its genetic material into the genome in two Glossina species; finally, knowledge on recently observed relations between Spiroplasma and Glossina is explored and potential interactions are discussed based on knowledge of interactions between this bacterial Genera and other insect species. These flies have a simple microbiome relative to that of other insects. However, these relationships are deep, well-studied and provide a window into the complexity and function of host/symbiont interactions in an important disease vector.
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15
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Salcedo-Porras N, Noor S, Cai C, Oliveira PL, Lowenberger C. Rhodnius prolixus uses the peptidoglycan recognition receptor rpPGRP-LC/LA to detect Gram-negative bacteria and activate the IMD pathway. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:100006. [PMID: 36003603 PMCID: PMC9387487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2020.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely on an innate immune system to recognize and eliminate pathogens. Key components of this system are highly conserved across all invertebrates. To detect pathogens, insects use Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind to signature motifs on the surface of pathogens called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). In general, insects use peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in the Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathway to detect Gram-negative bacteria, and other PGRPs and Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) in the Toll pathway to detect Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, although there is crosstalk and cooperation between these and other pathways. Once pathogens are recognized, these pathways activate the production of potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Most PRRs in insects have been reported from genome sequencing initiatives but few have been characterized functionally. The initial studies on insect PRRs were done using established dipteran model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, but there are differences in the numbers and functional role of PRRs in different insects. Here we describe the genomic repertoire of PGRPs in Rhodnius prolixus, a hemimetabolous hemipteran vector of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi that causes Chagas disease in humans. Using a de novo transcriptome from the fat body of immune activated insects, we found 5 genes encoding PGRPs. Phylogenetic analysis groups R. prolixus PGRPs with D. melanogaster PGRP-LA, which is involved in the IMD pathway in the respiratory tract. A single R. prolixus PGRP gene encodes isoforms that contain an intracellular region or motif (cryptic RIP Homotypic Interaction Motif-cRHIM) that is involved in the IMD signaling pathway in D. melanogaster. We characterized and silenced this gene using RNAi and show that the PGRPs that contain cRHIMs are involved in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria, and activation of the IMD pathway in the fat body of R. prolixus, similar to the PGRP-LC of D. melanogaster. This is the first functional characterization of a PGRP containing a cRHIM motif that serves to activate the IMD pathway in a hemimetabolous insect.
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Key Words
- AMP, Antimicrobial Peptide
- Antimicrobial peptides
- GNBP, Gram-negative Binding Protein
- Gr+, Gram-positive
- Gr-, Gram-negative
- IMD pathway
- IMD, Immune Deficiency
- Innate immunity
- ML, Maximum Likelihood
- PAMP, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern
- PGN, Peptidoglycan
- PGRP
- PGRP, Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein
- PRR, Pattern Recognition Receptor
- RHIM
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SMOC, Supramolecular Organizing Centres
- TPM, Transcripts Per Million
- Triatomines
- cRHIM, cryptic RIP Homotypic Interaction Motif
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salcedo-Porras
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shireen Noor
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charley Cai
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Pedro L. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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16
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The Tripartite Interaction of Host Immunity- Bacillus thuringiensis Infection-Gut Microbiota. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080514. [PMID: 32806491 PMCID: PMC7472377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an important cosmopolitan bacterial entomopathogen, which produces various protein toxins that have been expressed in transgenic crops. The evolved molecular interaction between the insect immune system and gut microbiota is changed during the Bt infection process. The host immune response, such as the expression of induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the melanization response, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), varies with different doses of Bt infection. Moreover, B. thuringiensis infection changes the abundance and structural composition of the intestinal bacteria community. The activated immune response, together with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, also has an important effect on Bt pathogenicity and insect resistance to Bt. In this review, we attempt to clarify this tripartite interaction of host immunity, Bt infection, and gut microbiota, especially the important role of key immune regulators and symbiotic bacteria in the Bt killing activity. Increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents by interfering with insect resistance and controlling symbiotic bacteria can be important steps for the successful application of microbial biopesticides.
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17
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Muhammad A, Habineza P, Wang X, Xiao R, Ji T, Hou Y, Shi Z. Spätzle Homolog-Mediated Toll-Like Pathway Regulates Innate Immune Responses to Maintain the Homeostasis of Gut Microbiota in the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 32523559 PMCID: PMC7261851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spätzle (Spz) is a dimeric ligand that responds to the Gram-positive bacterial or fungal infection by binding Toll receptors to induce the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. However, whether the Toll-like signaling pathway mediates the innate immunity of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota has not been determined. In this study, we found that a Spz homolog, RfSpätzle, is a secretory protein comprising a signal peptide and a conservative Spz domain. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that RfSpätzle was significantly induced to be expressed in the fat body and gut by the systemic and oral infection with pathogenic microbes. The expression levels of two antimicrobial peptide genes, RfColeoptericin and RfCecropin, were downregulated significantly by RfSpätzle knockdown, indicating that their secretion is under the regulation of the RfSpätzle-mediated signaling pathway. After being challenged by pathogenic microbes, the cumulative mortality rate of RfSpätzle-silenced individuals was drastically increased as compared to that of the controls. Further analysis indicated that these larvae possessed the diminished antibacterial activity. Moreover, RfSpätzle knockdown altered the relative abundance of gut bacteria at the phylum and family levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that RfSpätzle is involved in RPW immunity to confer protection and maintain the homeostasis of gut microbiota by mediating the production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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18
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Zhang H, Bai J, Huang S, Liu H, Lin J, Hou Y. Neuropeptides and G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Front Physiol 2020; 11:159. [PMID: 32184735 PMCID: PMC7058690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a devastating, invasive pest that causes serious damages to palm trees, and its invasiveness depends on its strong ability of physiological and behavioral adaptability. Neuropeptides and their receptors regulate physiology and behavior of insects, but these protein partners have not been identified from many insects. Here, we systematically identified neuropeptide precursors and the corresponding receptors in the red palm weevil, and analyzed their tissue expression patterns under control conditions and after pathogen infection. A total of 43 putative neuropeptide precursors were identified, including an extra myosuppressin peptide was identified with amino acid substitutions at two conserved sites. Forty-four putative neuropeptide receptors belonging to three classes were also identified, in which neuropeptide F receptors and insulin receptors were expanded compared to those in other insects. Based on qRT-PCR analyses, genes coding for several neuropeptide precursors and receptors were highly expressed in tissues other than the nervous system, suggesting that these neuropeptides and receptors play other roles in addition to neuro-reception. Some of the neuropeptides and receptors, like the tachykinin-related peptide and receptor, were significantly induced by pathogen infection, especially sensitive to Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae. Systemic identification and initial characterization of neuropeptides and their receptors in the red palm weevil provide a framework for further studies to reveal the functions of these ligand- and receptor-couples in regulating physiology, behavior, and immunity in this important insect pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Shuning Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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19
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Identification of Novel ARSB Genes Necessary for p-Benzoquinone Biosynthesis in the Larval Oral Secretion Participating in External Immune Defense in the Red Palm Weevil. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051610. [PMID: 32111099 PMCID: PMC7084252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
External secretions, composed of a variety of chemical components, are among the most important traits that endow insects with the ability to defend themselves against predators, parasites, or other adversities, especially pathogens. Thus, these exudates play a crucial role in external immunity. Red palm weevil larvae are prolific in this regard, producing large quantities of p-benzoquinone, which is present in their oral secretion. Benzoquinone with antimicrobial activity has been proven to be an active ingredient and key factor for external immunity in a previous study. To obtain a better understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of external immune secretions, we identify genes necessary for p-benzoquinone synthesis. Three novel ARSB genes, namely, RfARSB-0311, RfARSB-11581, and RfARSB-14322, are screened, isolated, and molecularly characterized on the basis of transcriptome data. To determine whether these genes are highly and specifically expressed in the secretory gland, we perform tissue/organ-specific expression profile analysis. The functions of these genes are further determined by examining the antimicrobial activity of the secretions and quantification of p-benzoquinone after RNAi. All the results reveal that the ARSB gene family can regulate the secretory volume of p-benzoquinone by participating in the biosynthesis of quinones, thus altering the host’s external immune inhibitory efficiency.
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Muhammad A, Habineza P, Hou Y, Shi Z. Preparation of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Germ-free Larvae for Host-gut Microbes Interaction Studies. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3456. [PMID: 33654951 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a devastating pest of palm trees worldwide. RPW gut is colonized by diverse bacterial species which profoundly influence host development and nutritional metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota remain mostly unknown. Antibiotics are usually employed to remove gut bacteria to investigate the impact of gut bacteria on insect fitness. However, administration of antibiotics cannot thoroughly remove gut bacteria for most insect species. Therefore, establishing germfree (GF) organisms is a powerful way to reveal the mutual interactions between gut bacteria and their insect hosts. Here, we describe a protocol to generate and maintain RPW GF larvae, being completely devoid of gut bacteria in laboratory. RPW GF larvae were established from the dechorionated fresh eggs which were reared on the sterilized artificial food under axenic conditions. The establishment of GF larvae set a solid foundation to deeply elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Muhammad A, Habineza P, Ji T, Hou Y, Shi Z. Intestinal Microbiota Confer Protection by Priming the Immune System of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). Front Physiol 2019; 10:1303. [PMID: 31681013 PMCID: PMC6805723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of animals, including insects, is the vital factor to maintain the symbiotic interactions between animals and their associated microbes. However, the effects of gut microbiota on insect immunity remain mostly elusive. Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a destructive pest of palm trees worldwide, which has forged alliances with its gut microbiota. Here, we found that the aposymbiotic insects succumbed at a significantly faster rate than conventionally reared (CR) ones upon bacterial infection. Physiological assays confirmed that CR insects had stronger antimicrobial activity and higher phenoloxidase activity in contrast to germfree (GF) ones, indicating that the systemic immune responses of GF individuals were compromised markedly. Interestingly, under the bacterial challenge conditions, the reassociation of gut microbiota with GF insects could enhance their survival rate by rescuing their immunocompetence. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis uncovered that 35 immune-related genes, including pathogen recognition receptors, effectors and immune signaling pathway, were significantly downregulated in GF insects as compared to CR ones. Collectively, our findings corrobate that intestinal commensal bacteria have profound immunostimulatory effects on RPW larvae. Therefore, knowledge on the effects of gut microbiota on RPW immune defenses may contribute to of set up efficient control strategies of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Xiao R, Wang X, Xie E, Ji T, Li X, Muhammad A, Yin X, Hou Y, Shi Z. An IMD-like pathway mediates the intestinal immunity to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 97:20-27. [PMID: 30914318 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most animals have established the mutualistic interactions with their intestinal microbes which provide multiple benefits to their host physiology. However, the mechanisms behind hosts determine the load and composition of gut microbiota are still poorly understood outside dipteran insects. Here, the gene, encoding the NF-κB-like transcription factor Relish, being designated as RfRelish, was identified and analyzed in red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. We revealed that the abundance of RfRelish transcripts in the fat body, hemolymph and gut are significantly higher than that in non-immunity-related tissues, and its expression level can be markedly induced by bacterial challenges. When RfRelish was silenced, the ability of individuals to clear the pathogenic bacteria in body cavity and gut was significantly compromised, suggesting that both the systemic and gut local immunity were impaired dramatically by RfRelish knockdown. Additionally, the silenced insects exhibited increased gut bacterial load, and the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was changed as compared to controls. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the IMD-like pathway restricts the proliferation of gut bacteria and shapes the commensal community structure in the intestine of R. ferrugineus by mediating the secretion of antimicrobial peptides. We provide a striking example on how an insect pest maintains the homeostasis of gut microbiota via a conserved immune pathway without compromising the advantages of the mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Erming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xianyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Microbial Communities in Different Developmental Stages of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, Are Associated with Differentially Expressed Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-Encoding Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00803-19. [PMID: 31028032 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00803-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect microbiota can change dramatically to enable adaptation of the host in different developmental stages and environments; however, little is known about how the host maintains its microbiota to achieve such adaptations. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microorganisms in larvae and adults of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, are primarily Gram-negative bacteria but that the major components in pupae are Gram-positive bacteria. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome analysis, we screened two specifically expressed genes encoding peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP-LB and PGRP-SB1) and analyzed their relationship to B. dorsalis microbial communities. Knockdown of the PGRP-LB gene in larvae and adults led to increased ratios of Gram-positive bacteria; knockdown of the PGRP-SB1 gene in pupae led to increased ratios of Gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that maintenance of the microbiota in different developmental stages of B. dorsalis may be associated with the PGRP-LB and PGRP-SB1 genes.IMPORTANCE Microorganisms are ubiquitous in insects and have widespread impacts on multiple aspects of insect biology. However, the microorganisms present in insects can change dramatically in different developmental stages, and it is critical to maintain the appropriate microorganisms in specific host developmental stages. Therefore, analysis of the factors associated with the microbiota in specific development stages of the host is needed. In this study, we applied suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) combined with transcriptome analysis to investigate whether the microbiota in development stages of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is associated with expression of PGRP genes. We found that two different PGRP genes were specifically expressed during development and that these genes may be associated with changes in microbial communities in different developmental stages of B. dorsalis.
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Zhang RN, Li CT, Ren FF, Ye MQ, Deng XJ, Yi HY, Cao Y, Yang WY. Functional characterization of short-type peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) from silkworm Bombyx mori in innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:59-67. [PMID: 30708025 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are members of an important class of pattern recognition receptors in insects that can specifically recognize peptidoglycan (PGN) in bacterial cell walls and participate in immune regulation and bacterial clearance. Although the role of PGRPs in regulating the innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster has been studied, little is known regarding PGRPs in Lepidoptera species. In this study, five short (S)-type Bombyx mori PGRPs (BmPGRPs) were cloned, expressed, and evaluated for their function in innate immunity. B. mori larvae that were injected with the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium or the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli exhibited a rapid and significant upregulation in S-type BmPGRP expression. The results showed that the five evaluated BmPGRPs have significant agglutination activity toward E. coli and B. megaterium and more notable amidase activity toward meso-diaminopimelic acid peptidoglycan (DAP-PGN). Furthermore, only in the presence of BmPGRP-S5 did B. mori larval hemocytes exhibit significant phagocytosis against E. coli and B. megaterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cai-Ting Li
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fei-Fei Ren
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Habineza P, Muhammad A, Ji T, Xiao R, Yin X, Hou Y, Shi Z. The Promoting Effect of Gut Microbiota on Growth and Development of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) by Modulating Its Nutritional Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1212. [PMID: 31191510 PMCID: PMC6549218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a destructive pest for palm trees worldwide. Recent studies have shown that RPW gut is colonized by microbes and alterations in gut microbiota can significantly modify its hemolymph nutrition content. However, the exact effects of gut microbiota on RPW phenotype and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here germ-free (GF) RPW larvae were generated from dechorionated eggs which were reared on sterilized artificial food under axenic conditions. Compared with controls, the larval development of GF RPW individuals was markedly depressed and their body mass was reduced as well. Furthermore, the content of hemolymph protein, glucose and triglyceride were dropped significantly in GF RPW larvae. Interestingly, introducing gut microbiota into GF individuals could significantly increase the levels of the three nutrition indices. Additionally, it has also been demonstrated that RPW larvae monoassociated with Lactococcus lactis exhibited the same level of protein content with the CR (conventionally reared) insects while feeding Enterobacter cloacae to GF larvae increased their hemolymph triglyceride and glucose content markedly. Consequently, our findings suggest that gut microbiota profoundly affect the development of this pest by regulating its nutrition metabolism and different gut bacterial species show distinct impact on host physiology. Taken together, the establishment of GF and gnotobiotic RPW larvae will advance the elucidation of molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Xianyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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Maire J, Vincent-Monégat C, Balmand S, Vallier A, Hervé M, Masson F, Parisot N, Vigneron A, Anselme C, Perrin J, Orlans J, Rahioui I, Da Silva P, Fauvarque MO, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Weevil pgrp-lb prevents endosymbiont TCT dissemination and chronic host systemic immune activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5623-5632. [PMID: 30819893 PMCID: PMC6431197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821806116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term intracellular symbiosis (or endosymbiosis) is widely distributed across invertebrates and is recognized as a major driving force in evolution. However, the maintenance of immune homeostasis in organisms chronically infected with mutualistic bacteria is a challenging task, and little is known about the molecular processes that limit endosymbiont immunogenicity and host inflammation. Here, we investigated peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-encoding genes in the cereal weevil Sitophilus zeamais's association with Sodalis pierantonius endosymbiont. We discovered that weevil pgrp-lb generates three transcripts via alternative splicing and differential regulation. A secreted isoform is expressed in insect tissues under pathogenic conditions through activation of the PGRP-LC receptor of the immune deficiency pathway. In addition, cytosolic and transmembrane isoforms are permanently produced within endosymbiont-bearing organ, the bacteriome, in a PGRP-LC-independent manner. Bacteriome isoforms specifically cleave the tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a peptidoglycan monomer released by endosymbionts. pgrp-lb silencing by RNAi results in TCT escape from the bacteriome to other insect tissues, where it chronically activates the host systemic immunity through PGRP-LC. While such immune deregulations did not impact endosymbiont load, they did negatively affect host physiology, as attested by a diminished sexual maturation of adult weevils. Whereas pgrp-lb was first described in pathogenic interactions, this work shows that, in an endosymbiosis context, specific bacteriome isoforms have evolved, allowing endosymbiont TCT scavenging and preventing chronic endosymbiont-induced immune responses, thus promoting host homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maire
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Vincent-Monégat
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Séverine Balmand
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Vallier
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mireille Hervé
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florent Masson
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Anselme
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jackie Perrin
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1038, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Orlans
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Odile Fauvarque
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1038, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- UMR0203, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2i), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Lyon (Univ Lyon), F-69621 Villeurbanne, France;
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27
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Wang Q, Ren M, Liu X, Xia H, Chen K. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins in insect immunity. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:69-76. [PMID: 30590209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insects lack an acquired immune system and rely solely on the innate immune system to combat microbial infection. The innate immunity of insects mainly depends on the interaction between the host's pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) family is the most important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) for insects. It can recognize the main component of the cell wall of the pathogenic microorganism, peptidoglycan (PGN), and plays an important role in the innate immunity of insects. In this paper, the structure, classification, and function of PGRPs is summarized, and the role of PGRPs in the innate immunity of insects is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijia Ren
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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