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Menezes A, Peixoto M, Silva M, Costa-Bartuli E, Oliveira CL, Walter-Nuno AB, Kistenmacker NDC, Pereira J, Ramos I, Paiva-Silva GO, Atella GC, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M, Gomes FM. Western diet consumption by host vertebrate promotes altered gene expression on Aedes aegypti reducing its lifespan and increasing fertility following blood feeding. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:12. [PMID: 38184590 PMCID: PMC10770904 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in low- and middle-income countries is linked to an increase in Western diet consumption, characterized by a high intake of processed foods, which impacts the levels of blood sugar and lipids, hormones, and cytokines. Hematophagous insect vectors, such as the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, rely on blood meals for reproduction and development and are therefore exposed to the components of blood plasma. However, the impact of the alteration of blood composition due to malnutrition and metabolic conditions on mosquito biology remains understudied. METHODS In this study, we investigated the impact of whole-blood alterations resulting from a Western-type diet on the biology of Ae. aegypti. We kept C57Bl6/J mice on a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 20 weeks and followed biological parameters, including plasma insulin and lipid levels, insulin tolerance, and weight gain, to validate the development of metabolic syndrome. We further allowed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to feed on mice and tracked how altered host blood composition modulated parameters of vector capacity. RESULTS Our findings identified that HFHS-fed mice resulted in reduced mosquito longevity and increased fecundity upon mosquito feeding, which correlated with alteration in the gene expression profile of nutrient sensing and physiological and metabolic markers as studied up to several days after blood ingestion. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the overall effect of alterations of blood components on mosquito biology and its implications for the transmission of infectious diseases in conditions where the frequency of Western diet-induced metabolic syndromes is becoming more frequent. These findings highlight the importance of addressing metabolic health to further understand the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Menezes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia Peixoto
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emylle Costa-Bartuli
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cinara Lima Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Walter-Nuno
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathan da Cruz Kistenmacker
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Pereira
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Paiva-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geórgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zancan
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- The Metabolizsm' Group, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratorio de Ovogênese Molecular de Insetos Vetores, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ponton F, Tan YX, Forster CC, Austin AJ, English S, Cotter SC, Wilson K. The complex interactions between nutrition, immunity and infection in insects. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245714. [PMID: 38095228 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse animal group on the planet. Their success is reflected by the diversity of habitats in which they live. However, these habitats have undergone great changes in recent decades; understanding how these changes affect insect health and fitness is an important challenge for insect conservation. In this Review, we focus on the research that links the nutritional environment with infection and immune status in insects. We first discuss the research from the field of nutritional immunology, and we then investigate how factors such as intracellular and extracellular symbionts, sociality and transgenerational effects may interact with the connection between nutrition and immunity. We show that the interactions between nutrition and resistance can be highly specific to insect species and/or infection type - this is almost certainly due to the diversity of insect social interactions and life cycles, and the varied environments in which insects live. Hence, these connections cannot be easily generalised across insects. We finally suggest that other environmental aspects - such as the use of agrochemicals and climatic factors - might also influence the interaction between nutrition and resistance, and highlight how research on these is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Yin Xun Tan
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Casey C Forster
- School of Natural Sciences , Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - Sinead English
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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3
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da Costa B, Pippi B, Merkel S, Agostinetto G, Zanette RA, Fuentefria AM. Drosophila melanogaster as a model of systemic dermatophytosis. Mycoses 2023; 66:906-910. [PMID: 37434424 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is one of the most common fungal infections worldwide. The distribution of dermatophytes varies across continents, but the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum have emerged as the main isolated agents in humans and animals. OBJECTIVES To validate Drosophila melanogaster flies as a fast and feasible model to study dermatophytic infections. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Toll-deficient D. melanogaster flies were infected by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea by pricking with a needle previously dipped in inoculum concentrations ranging from 103 to 108 colony-forming units/mL. Establishment of infection was confirmed by survival curves, histopathological analysis and fungal burden. Thereafter, flies were treated with terbinafine, itraconazole and clioquinol. RESULTS WT flies were predominantly resistant to the infection, whereas Toll-deficient flies succumbed to the four dermatophyte genera tested. The antifungal drugs protected flies from the infection, except for N. gypsea whose survival curves did not differ from the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study confirms that D. melanogaster is a suitable model to study the virulence and antifungal drug efficacy in dermatophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Merkel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Agostinetto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Régis A Zanette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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4
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Ozakman Y, Raval D, Eleftherianos I. Drosophila melanogaster Imd signaling interacts with insulin signaling and alters feeding rate upon parasitic nematode infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16139. [PMID: 37251825 PMCID: PMC10208921 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years on exploring immunometabolism, a field that integrates two processes essential for maintaining tissue and organismal homeostasis, immunity and metabolism. The nematode parasite Heterorhabditis gerrardi, its mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus asymbiotica, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster constitute a unique system to investigate the molecular basis of host immunometabolic response to nematode-bacterial complexes. In this study, we explored the contribution of the two major immune signaling pathways, Toll and Imd, to sugar metabolism in D. melanogaster larvae during infection with H. gerrardi nematodes. We infected Toll or Imd signaling loss-of-function mutant larvae with H. gerrardi nematodes and assessed larval survival ability, feeding rate, and sugar metabolism. We found no significant differences in the survival ability or levels of sugar metabolites in any of the mutant larvae when responding to H. gerrardi infection. However, we found that the Imd mutant larvae have higher feeding rate than controls during the early stages of infection. In addition, feeding rates are lower in Imd mutants relative to the control larvae as the infection progresses. We further showed that Dilp2 and Dilp3 gene expression increases in Imd mutants compared to controls early in the infection, but their expression levels decrease at later times. These findings indicate that Imd signaling activity regulates the feeding rate and Dilp2 and Dilp3 expression in D. melanogaster larvae infected with H. gerrardi. Results from this study facilitate our understanding of the link between host innate immunity and sugar metabolism in the context of infectious diseases caused by parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Dhaivat Raval
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
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Ferguson LV, Adamo SA. From perplexing to predictive: are we ready to forecast insect disease susceptibility in a warming world? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:288412. [PMID: 36825944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways, including changes to their immune systems and the ability to fight infection. Whether predicted changes in temperature will contribute to insect mortality or success, and the role of disease in their future survival, remains unclear. Although heat can enhance immunity by activating the integrated defense system (e.g. via the production of protective molecules such as heat-shock proteins) and accelerating enzyme activity, heat can also compromise the immune system through energetic-resource trade-offs and damage. The responses to heat are highly variable among species. The reasons for this variability are poorly known, and we are lagging in our understanding of how and why the immune system responds to changes in temperature. In this Commentary, we highlight the variation in insect immune responses to heat and the likely underlying mechanisms. We suggest that we are currently limited in our ability to predict the effects of rising temperatures on insect immunity and disease susceptibility, largely owing to incomplete information, coupled with a lack of tools for data integration. Moreover, existing data are concentrated on a relatively small number of insect Orders. We provide suggestions for a path towards making more accurate predictions, which will require studies with realistic temperature exposures and housing design, and a greater understanding of both the thermal biology of the immune system and connections between immunity and the physiological responses to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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6
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Yang Q, Xiao G, Chen R, Huang X, Teng S. Immune responses of hemocytes in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa in response to in vivo Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108447. [PMID: 36435369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture of the blood clam Tegillarca granosa accounts for approximately 50% of Arcidae (ark shell) production in China. Vibrio infection severely threatens the sustainability of the clam aquaculture industry. Exposure to Vibrio induces an immune response in blood clams. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, immune responses of hemocytes in blood clams were detected after Vibrio infection; the immersion method was used in vivo to mimic the clam's natural infection process. After 24 h of exposure to Vibrio infection, the Vibrio load in hemolymph fluid in both the treatment Ⅰ (25,033.33 ± 19,563.11 CFU/mL) and treatment Ⅱ (122,163.33 ± 194,409.49 CFU/mL) groups were significantly higher, than that in the control group (13.67 ± 37.73 CFU/mL) (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was approximately 1.40 (treatment Ⅰ) and 2.12 (treatment Ⅱ) fold higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the induced DNA damage showed a similar trend (P < 0.05). Vibrio infection also significantly increased lysozyme content, adenosine triphosphate content, and peroxidase isozyme activity, in both the serum and hemocyte lysates (P < 0.05). The expression of immune-associated genes (ABCA3, c-Myc, Caspase 3, and HSP70) was upregulated under infection conditions. The phagocytic activity was approximately 1.99 (treatment Ⅰ) and 2.57 (treatment Ⅱ) fold that in control clams (P < 0.05). In addition, the total hemocyte count and red granulocyte percentage both significantly decreased by approximately 75-90% after Vibrio infection. These results provided novel insights into the mechanism of hemocyte immunity in T. granosa against Vibrio infection, which may aid in the future prevention and control of Vibrio infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Yang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guoqiang Xiao
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Teng
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Preservation of Coastal Bio-Resource, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetics and Breeding, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325005, China.
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7
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Adamo S. The Integrated Defense System: Optimizing Defense against Predators, Pathogens, and Poisons. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1536-1546. [PMID: 35511215 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects, like other animals, have evolved defense responses to protect against predators, pathogens, and poisons (i.e., toxins). This paper provides evidence that these three defense responses (i.e., fight-or-flight, immune, and detoxification responses) function together as part of an Integrated Defense System (IDS) in insects. The defense responses against predators, pathogens, and poisons are deeply intertwined. They share organs, resources, and signaling molecules. By connecting defense responses into an IDS, animals gain flexibility, and resilience. Resources can be redirected across fight-or-flight, immune, and detoxification defenses to optimize an individual's response to the current challenges facing it. At the same time, the IDS reconfigures defense responses that are losing access to resources, allowing them to maintain as much function as possible despite decreased resource availability. An IDS perspective provides an adaptive explanation for paradoxical phenomena such as stress-induced immunosuppression, and the observation that exposure to a single challenge typically leads to an increase in the expression of genes for all three defense responses. Further exploration of the IDS will require more studies examining how defense responses to a range of stressors are interconnected in a variety of species. Such studies should target pollinators and agricultural pests. These studies will be critical for predicting how insects will respond to multiple stressors, such as simultaneous anthropogenic threats, for example, climate change and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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8
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Windfelder AG, Müller FHH, Mc Larney B, Hentschel M, Böhringer AC, von Bredow CR, Leinberger FH, Kampschulte M, Maier L, von Bredow YM, Flocke V, Merzendorfer H, Krombach GA, Vilcinskas A, Grimm J, Trenczek TE, Flögel U. High-throughput screening of caterpillars as a platform to study host-microbe interactions and enteric immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7216. [PMID: 36433960 PMCID: PMC9700799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian models of human disease are expensive and subject to ethical restrictions. Here, we present an independent platform for high-throughput screening, using larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, combining diagnostic imaging modalities for a comprehensive characterization of aberrant phenotypes. For validation, we use bacterial/chemical-induced gut inflammation to generate a colitis-like phenotype and identify significant alterations in morphology, tissue properties, and intermediary metabolism, which aggravate with disease progression and can be rescued by antimicrobial treatment. In independent experiments, activation of the highly conserved NADPH oxidase DUOX, a key mediator of gut inflammation, leads to similar, dose-dependent alterations, which can be attenuated by pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, the developed platform could differentiate pathogens from mutualistic gastrointestinal bacteria broadening the scope of applications also to microbiomics and host-pathogen interactions. Overall, larvae-based screening can complement mammals in preclinical studies to explore innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions, thus representing a substantial contribution to improve mammalian welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Windfelder
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Zoology and Developmental Biology; Cellular Recognition and Defense Processes, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany ,grid.418010.c0000 0004 0573 9904Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Laboratory of Experimental Radiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Benedict Mc Larney
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Hentschel
- grid.411656.10000 0004 0479 0855Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Christina Böhringer
- grid.5836.80000 0001 2242 8751Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Christoph-Rüdiger von Bredow
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian H. Leinberger
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Zoology and Developmental Biology; Cellular Recognition and Defense Processes, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Laboratory of Experimental Radiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lorenz Maier
- grid.411656.10000 0004 0479 0855Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvette M. von Bredow
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Zoology and Developmental Biology; Cellular Recognition and Defense Processes, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vera Flocke
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- grid.5836.80000 0001 2242 8751Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Gabriele A. Krombach
- grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- grid.418010.c0000 0004 0573 9904Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Grimm
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XPharmacology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA ,grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Tina E. Trenczek
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute of Zoology and Developmental Biology; Cellular Recognition and Defense Processes, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991678. [PMID: 36338030 PMCID: PMC9630750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the innate arm of the immune system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models are available to study these mechanisms. Among them, we find the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This non-mammalian model has been widely used for innate immune research since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in the study of the memory mechanisms of the innate immune response using this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Romina Koiffman
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solomon Tibebu Melkie
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Corporeau C, Petton S, Vilaça R, Delisle L, Quéré C, Le Roy V, Dubreuil C, Lacas-Gervais S, Guitton Y, Artigaud S, Bernay B, Pichereau V, Huvet A, Petton B, Pernet F, Fleury E, Madec S, Brigaudeau C, Brenner C, Mazure NM. Harsh intertidal environment enhances metabolism and immunity in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 180:105709. [PMID: 35988349 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is established in the marine intertidal zone, experiencing rapid and highly dynamic environmental changes throughout the tidal cycle. Depending on the bathymetry, oysters face oxygen deprivation, lack of nutrients, and high changes in temperature during alternation of the cycles of emersion/immersion. Here we showed that intertidal oysters at a bathymetry level of 3 and 5 m delayed by ten days the onset of mortality associated with Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) as compared to subtidal oysters. Intertidal oysters presented a lower growth but similar energetic reserves to subtidal oysters but induced proteomic changes indicative of a boost in metabolism, inflammation, and innate immunity that may have improved their resistance during infection with the Ostreid herpes virus. Our work highlights that intertidal harsh environmental conditions modify host-pathogen interaction and improve oyster health. This study opens new perspectives on oyster farming for mitigation strategies based on tidal height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Corporeau
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Sébastien Petton
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Romain Vilaça
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lizenn Delisle
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Claudie Quéré
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Valérian Le Roy
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Christine Dubreuil
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, CCMA, Nice, France
| | - Yann Guitton
- Laboratoire d'étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, Oniris, INRA, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen, SFR ICORE 4206, Univ. Caen Basse-Normandie, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Vianney Pichereau
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Fabrice Pernet
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Elodie Fleury
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, IRD, Équipe soutenue par la fondation ARC, UMR 6539, LEMAR, F, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches Thérapeutiques, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie M Mazure
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 151 route St Antoine de Ginestière, 06204, Nice, France
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11
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Deshpande R, Lee B, Grewal SS. Enteric bacterial infection in Drosophila induces whole-body alterations in metabolic gene expression independently of the immune deficiency signaling pathway. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6628587. [PMID: 35781508 PMCID: PMC9635644 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
When infected by intestinal pathogenic bacteria, animals initiate both local and systemic defence responses. These responses are required to reduce pathogen burden and also to alter host physiology and behavior to promote infection tolerance, and they are often mediated through alterations in host gene expression. Here, we have used transcriptome profiling to examine gene expression changes induced by enteric infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas entomophila in adult female Drosophila. We find that infection induces a strong upregulation of metabolic gene expression, including gut and fat body-enriched genes involved in lipid transport, lipolysis, and beta-oxidation, as well as glucose and amino acid metabolism genes. Furthermore, we find that the classic innate immune deficiency (Imd)/Relish/NF-KappaB pathway is not required for, and in some cases limits, these infection-mediated increases in metabolic gene expression. We also see that enteric infection with Pseudomonas entomophila downregulates the expression of many transcription factors and cell–cell signaling molecules, particularly those previously shown to be involved in gut-to-brain and neuronal signaling. Moreover, as with the metabolic genes, these changes occurred largely independent of the Imd pathway. Together, our study identifies many metabolic, signaling, and transcription factor gene expression changes that may contribute to organismal physiological and behavioral responses to enteric pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuta Deshpande
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Byoungchun Lee
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Savraj S Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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12
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Deshpande R, Lee B, Qiao Y, Grewal SS. TOR signalling is required for host lipid metabolic remodelling and survival following enteric infection in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049551. [PMID: 35363274 PMCID: PMC9118046 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When infected by enteric pathogenic bacteria, animals need to initiate local and whole-body defence strategies. Although most attention has focused on the role of innate immune anti-bacterial responses, less is known about how changes in host metabolism contribute to host defence. Using Drosophila as a model system, we identify induction of intestinal target-of-rapamycin (TOR) kinase signalling as a key adaptive metabolic response to enteric infection. We find that enteric infection induces both local and systemic induction of TOR independently of the Immune deficiency (IMD) innate immune pathway, and we see that TOR functions together with IMD signalling to promote infection survival. These protective effects of TOR signalling are associated with remodelling of host lipid metabolism. Thus, we see that TOR is required to limit excessive infection-mediated wasting of host lipid stores by promoting an increase in the levels of gut- and fat body-expressed lipid synthesis genes. Our data support a model in which induction of TOR represents a host tolerance response to counteract infection-mediated lipid wasting in order to promote survival. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Savraj S. Grewal
- Clark H Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Calgary, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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13
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Soory A, Ratnaparkhi GS. SUMOylation of Jun fine-tunes the Drosophila gut immune response. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010356. [PMID: 35255103 PMCID: PMC8929699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO can modulate the activity of its conjugated proteins in a plethora of cellular contexts. The effect of SUMO conjugation of proteins during an immune response is poorly understood in Drosophila. We have previously identified that the transcription factor Jra, the Drosophila Jun ortholog and a member of the AP-1 complex is one such SUMO target. Here, we find that Jra is a regulator of the Pseudomonas entomophila induced gut immune gene regulatory network, modulating the expression of a few thousand genes, as measured by quantitative RNA sequencing. Decrease in Jra in gut enterocytes is protective, suggesting that reduction of Jra signaling favors the host over the pathogen. In Jra, lysines 29 and 190 are SUMO conjugation targets, with the JraK29R+K190R double mutant being SUMO conjugation resistant (SCR). Interestingly, a JraSCR fly line, generated by CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing, is more sensitive to infection, with adults showing a weakened host response and increased proliferation of Pseudomonas. Transcriptome analysis of the guts of JraSCR and JraWT flies suggests that lack of SUMOylation of Jra significantly changes core elements of the immune gene regulatory network, which include antimicrobial agents, secreted ligands, feedback regulators, and transcription factors. Mechanistically, SUMOylation attenuates Jra activity, with the TFs, forkhead, anterior open, activating transcription factor 3 and the master immune regulator Relish being important transcriptional targets. Our study implicates Jra as a major immune regulator, with dynamic SUMO conjugation/deconjugation of Jra modulating the kinetics of the gut immune response. The intestine has a resident population of commensal microorganisms against which the immune machinery is tuned to show low or no reactivity. In contrast, when pathogenic microorganisms are ingested, the gut responds by activating signaling cascades that lead to the killing and clearance of the pathogen. In this study, we examine the role played by the well-known transcription factor Jun in regulating the immune response in the Drosophila gut. We find that loss of Jun leads to the change in intensity and kinetics of the gut immune transcriptome. The transcriptional profile indicates a stronger response when Jun activity is reduced. Also, animals infected with Pseudomonas entomophila live longer when Jun signaling is reduced. Further, we find that Jun is post-translationally modified on Lys29 and Lys190 by SUMO. To understand the effect of SUMO-conjugation of Jun, we create by state-of-the-art CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing a Drosophila line where Jun is resistant to SUMOylation. This line is more sensitive to infection, with a weaker host-defense response. Our data suggest that Jun Signaling favors the pathogen by dampening the immune response. SUMO conjugation of Jun reverses the dampening and strengthens the immune response in favor of the host. Dynamic SUMOylation of Jun thus fine-tunes the gut immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendranath Soory
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
| | - Girish S. Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Pune, india
- * E-mail: (AS); (GR)
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14
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Nath AS, Parsons BD, Makdissi S, Chilvers RL, Mu Y, Weaver CM, Euodia I, Fitze KA, Long J, Scur M, Mackenzie DP, Makrigiannis AP, Pichaud N, Boudreau LH, Simmonds AJ, Webber CA, Derfalvi B, Hammon Y, Rachubinski RA, Di Cara F. Modulation of the cell membrane lipid milieu by peroxisomal β-oxidation induces Rho1 signaling to trigger inflammatory responses. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110433. [PMID: 35235794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, signal transduction, and inflammatory responses require changes in lipid metabolism. Peroxisomes have key roles in fatty acid homeostasis and in regulating immune function. We find that Drosophila macrophages lacking peroxisomes have perturbed lipid profiles, which reduce host survival after infection. Using lipidomic, transcriptomic, and genetic screens, we determine that peroxisomes contribute to the cell membrane glycerophospholipid composition necessary to induce Rho1-dependent signals, which drive cytoskeletal remodeling during macrophage activation. Loss of peroxisome function increases membrane phosphatidic acid (PA) and recruits RhoGAPp190 during infection, inhibiting Rho1-mediated responses. Peroxisome-glycerophospholipid-Rho1 signaling also controls cytoskeleton remodeling in mouse immune cells. While high levels of PA in cells without peroxisomes inhibit inflammatory phenotypes, large numbers of peroxisomes and low amounts of cell membrane PA are features of immune cells from patients with inflammatory Kawasaki disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Our findings reveal potential metabolic markers and therapeutic targets for immune diseases and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu S Nath
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Brendon D Parsons
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Makdissi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Chilvers
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yizhu Mu
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Ceileigh M Weaver
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Irene Euodia
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Katherine A Fitze
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Juyang Long
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Michal Scur
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Duncan P Mackenzie
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Université de Moncton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine (NBCPM), Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Université de Moncton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine (NBCPM), Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- University of Alberta, Department of Cell Biology, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Christine A Webber
- University of Alberta, Department of Cell Biology, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Beata Derfalvi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yannick Hammon
- INSERM au Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Marseille 13288, France
| | | | - Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada; Dalhousie University, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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15
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Schoberleitner I, Bauer I, Huang A, Andreyeva EN, Sebald J, Pascher K, Rieder D, Brunner M, Podhraski V, Oemer G, Cázarez-García D, Rieder L, Keller MA, Winkler R, Fyodorov DV, Lusser A. CHD1 controls H3.3 incorporation in adult brain chromatin to maintain metabolic homeostasis and normal lifespan. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109769. [PMID: 34610319 PMCID: PMC8607513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor CHD1 is essential for the assembly of variant histone H3.3 into paternal chromatin during sperm chromatin remodeling in fertilized eggs. It remains unclear, however, if CHD1 has a similar role in normal diploid cells. Using a specifically tailored quantitative mass spectrometry approach, we show that Chd1 disruption results in reduced H3.3 levels in heads of Chd1 mutant flies. Chd1 deletion perturbs brain chromatin structure in a similar way as H3.3 deletion and leads to global de-repression of transcription. The physiological consequences are reduced food intake, metabolic alterations, and shortened lifespan. Notably, brain-specific CHD1 expression rescues these phenotypes. We further demonstrate a strong genetic interaction between Chd1 and H3.3 chaperone Hira. Thus, our findings establish CHD1 as a factor required for the assembly of H3.3-containing chromatin in adult cells and suggest a crucial role for CHD1 in the brain as a regulator of organismal health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schoberleitner
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Ingo Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anming Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Evgeniya N Andreyeva
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna Sebald
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Katharina Pascher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rieder
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Melanie Brunner
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Valerie Podhraski
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gregor Oemer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Daniel Cázarez-García
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Leila Rieder
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Markus A Keller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Dmitry V Fyodorov
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Alexandra Lusser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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16
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Yi Y, Xu W, Fan Y, Wang HX. Drosophila as an emerging model organism for studies of food-derived antioxidants. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110307. [PMID: 33992327 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with antioxidants provides health benefits by preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress and damage. Consequently, there has been growing interest in the study of antioxidative foods and their active ingredients. Oxidative stress and antioxidative responses are mechanistically conserved from Drosophila to mammals. Therefore, as a well-established model organism with a short life cycle and advantages of genetic manipulation, the fruit fly has been increasingly employed to assess functions of antioxidants in vivo. In this review, the antioxidative defense mechanisms, methods used and assays developed in Drosophila to evaluate antioxidant supplementation, are highlighted. The main manifestations of antioxidation include reduction of reactive species, up-regulation of endogenous antioxidants, inhibition on oxidative damage to biomacromolecules, enhanced resistance against oxidative stress and extension of lifespan, which are related to the activations of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element pathway and other adaptive responses. Moreover, the key considerations and future perspectives for the application of Drosophila models in the studies of food-derived antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Hong-Xun Wang
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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17
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How insects protect themselves against combined starvation and pathogen challenges, and the implications for reductionism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110564. [PMID: 33508422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An explosion of data has provided detailed information about organisms at the molecular level. For some traits, this information can accurately predict phenotype. However, knowledge of the underlying molecular networks often cannot be used to accurately predict higher order phenomena, such as the response to multiple stressors. This failure raises the question of whether methodological reductionism is sufficient to uncover predictable connections between molecules and phenotype. This question is explored in this paper by examining whether our understanding of the molecular responses to food limitation and pathogens in insects can be used to predict their combined effects. The molecular pathways underlying the response to starvation and pathogen attack in insects demonstrates the complexity of real-world physiological networks. Although known intracellular signaling pathways suggest that food restriction should enhance immune function, a reduction in food availability leads to an increase in some immune components, a decrease in others, and a complex effect on disease resistance in insects such as the caterpillar Manduca sexta. However, our inability to predict the effects of food restriction on disease resistance is likely due to our incomplete knowledge of the intra- and extracellular signaling pathways mediating the response to single or multiple stressors. Moving from molecules to organisms will require novel quantitative, integrative and experimental approaches (e.g. single cell RNAseq). Physiological networks are non-linear, dynamic, highly interconnected and replete with alternative pathways. However, that does not make them impossible to predict, given the appropriate experimental and analytical tools. Such tools are still under development. Therefore, given that molecular data sets are incomplete and analytical tools are still under development, it is premature to conclude that methodological reductionism cannot be used to predict phenotype.
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18
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Nunes C, Sucena É, Koyama T. Endocrine regulation of immunity in insects. FEBS J 2020; 288:3928-3947. [PMID: 33021015 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have constant contact with potentially harmful agents that can compromise their fitness. However, most of the times these agents fail to cause serious disease by virtue of the rapid and efficient immune responses elicited in the host that can range from behavioural adaptations to immune system triggering. The immune system of insects does not comprise the adaptive arm, making it less complex than that of vertebrates, but key aspects of the activation and regulation of innate immunity are conserved across different phyla. This is the case for the hormonal regulation of immunity as a part of the broad organismal responses to external conditions under different internal states. In insects, depending on the physiological circumstances, distinct hormones either enhance or suppress the immune response integrating individual (and often collective) responses physiologically and behaviourally. In this review, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on the endocrine regulation of immunity in insects, its mechanisms and implications on metabolic adaptation and behaviour. We highlight the importance of this multilayered regulation of immunity in survival and reproduction (fitness) and its dependence on the hormonal integration with other mechanisms and life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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The Drosophila melanogaster Metabolic Response against Parasitic Nematode Infection Is Mediated by TGF-β Signaling. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070971. [PMID: 32610560 PMCID: PMC7409035 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, its mutualistic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster establish a unique system to study the basis of infection in relation to host metabolism. Our previous results indicate that the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against nematode parasitism. However, our understanding of whether the presence of Photorhabdus bacteria in Heterorhabditis nematodes affects the metabolic state of D. melanogaster during infection is limited. Here, we investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling branches, Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against axenic (lacking bacteria) or symbiotic (containing bacteria) H. bacteriophora infection. We show that BMP signaling mediates lipid metabolism against axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora and alters the size of fat body lipid droplets against symbiotic nematode infection. Also, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, Activin signaling modulates sugar metabolism. Our results indicate that Activin and BMP signaling interact with the D. melanogaster metabolic response to H. bacteriophora infection regardless of the presence or absence of Photorhabdus. These findings provide evidence for the role of TGF-β signaling in host metabolism, which could lead to the development of novel treatments for parasitic diseases.
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Toprak U. The Role of Peptide Hormones in Insect Lipid Metabolism. Front Physiol 2020; 11:434. [PMID: 32457651 PMCID: PMC7221030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the primary storage molecules and an essential source of energy in insects during reproduction, prolonged periods of flight, starvation, and diapause. The coordination center for insect lipid metabolism is the fat body, which is analogous to the vertebrate adipose tissue and liver. The fat body is primarily composed of adipocytes, which accumulate triacylglycerols in intracellular lipid droplets. Genomics and proteomics, together with functional analyses, such as RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9-targeted genome editing, identified various genes involved in lipid metabolism and elucidated their functions. However, the endocrine control of insect lipid metabolism, in particular the roles of peptide hormones in lipogenesis and lipolysis are relatively less-known topics. In the current review, the neuropeptides that directly or indirectly affect insect lipid metabolism are introduced. The primary lipolytic and lipogenic peptide hormones are adipokinetic hormone and the brain insulin-like peptides (ILP2, ILP3, ILP5). Other neuropeptides, such as insulin-growth factor ILP6, neuropeptide F, allatostatin-A, corazonin, leucokinin, tachykinins and limostatin, might stimulate lipolysis, while diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, short neuropeptide F, CCHamide-2, and the cytokines Unpaired 1 and Unpaired 2 might induce lipogenesis. Most of these peptides interact with one another, but mostly with insulin signaling, and therefore affect lipid metabolism indirectly. Peptide hormones are also involved in lipid metabolism during reproduction, flight, diapause, starvation, infections and immunity; these are also highlighted. The review concludes with a discussion of the potential of lipid metabolism-related peptide hormones in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Entomology Lab., Department of Plant Protection Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Renal Purge of Hemolymphatic Lipids Prevents the Accumulation of ROS-Induced Inflammatory Oxidized Lipids and Protects Drosophila from Tissue Damage. Immunity 2020; 52:374-387.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Thioester-containing Proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster Immune Response against the Pathogen Photorhabdus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020085. [PMID: 32013030 PMCID: PMC7073583 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster forms a magnificent model for interpreting conserved host innate immune signaling and functional processes in response to microbial assaults. In the broad research field of host-microbe interactions, model hosts are used in conjunction with a variety of pathogenic microorganisms to disentangle host immune system activities and microbial pathogenicity strategies. The pathogen Photorhabdus is considered an established model for analyzing bacterial virulence and symbiosis due to its unique life cycle that extends between two invertebrate hosts: an insect and a parasitic nematode. In recent years, particular focus has been given to the mechanistic participation of the D. melanogaster thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) in the overall immune capacity of the fly upon response against the pathogen Photorhabdus alone or in combination with its specific nematode vector Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The original role of certain TEPs in the insect innate immune machinery was linked to the antibacterial and antiparasite reaction of the mosquito malaria vector Anopheles gambiae; however, revamped interest in the immune competence of these molecules has recently emerged from the D. melanogaster-Photorhabdus infection system. Here, we review the latest findings on this topic with the expectation that such information will refine our understanding of the evolutionary immune role of TEPs in host immune surveillance.
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Frochaux MV, Bou Sleiman M, Gardeux V, Dainese R, Hollis B, Litovchenko M, Braman VS, Andreani T, Osman D, Deplancke B. cis-regulatory variation modulates susceptibility to enteric infection in the Drosophila genetic reference panel. Genome Biol 2020; 21:6. [PMID: 31948474 PMCID: PMC6966807 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to enteric pathogens is a complex trait at the crossroads of multiple biological processes. We have previously shown in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) that resistance to infection is highly heritable, but our understanding of how the effects of genetic variants affect different molecular mechanisms to determine gut immunocompetence is still limited. RESULTS To address this, we perform a systems genetics analysis of the gut transcriptomes from 38 DGRP lines that were orally infected with Pseudomonas entomophila. We identify a large number of condition-specific, expression quantitative trait loci (local-eQTLs) with infection-specific ones located in regions enriched for FOX transcription factor motifs. By assessing the allelic imbalance in the transcriptomes of 19 F1 hybrid lines from a large round robin design, we independently attribute a robust cis-regulatory effect to only 10% of these detected local-eQTLs. However, additional analyses indicate that many local-eQTLs may act in trans instead. Comparison of the transcriptomes of DGRP lines that were either susceptible or resistant to Pseudomonas entomophila infection reveals nutcracker as the only differentially expressed gene. Interestingly, we find that nutcracker is linked to infection-specific eQTLs that correlate with its expression level and to enteric infection susceptibility. Further regulatory analysis reveals one particular eQTL that significantly decreases the binding affinity for the repressor Broad, driving differential allele-specific nutcracker expression. CONCLUSIONS Our collective findings point to a large number of infection-specific cis- and trans-acting eQTLs in the DGRP, including one common non-coding variant that lowers enteric infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Frochaux
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maroun Bou Sleiman
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current Address: Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gardeux
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Dainese
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Hollis
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina USA
| | - Maria Litovchenko
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie S. Braman
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Andreani
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300 Lebanon
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The composition of insect hemolymph can change depending on many factors, e.g. access to nutrients, stress conditions, and current needs of the insect. In this chapter, insect immune-related polypeptides, which can be permanently or occasionally present in the hemolymph, are described. Their division into peptides or low-molecular weight proteins is not always determined by the length or secondary structure of a given molecule but also depends on the mode of action in insect immunity and, therefore, it is rather arbitrary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with their role in immunity, modes of action, and classification are presented in the chapter, followed by a short description of some examples: cecropins, moricins, defensins, proline- and glycine-rich peptides. Further, we will describe selected immune-related proteins that may participate in immune recognition, may possess direct antimicrobial properties, or can be involved in the modulation of insect immunity by both abiotic and biotic factors. We briefly cover Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs), Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecules (Dscam), Hemolin, Lipophorins, Lysozyme, Insect Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (IMPI), and Heat Shock Proteins. The reader will obtain a partial picture presenting molecules participating in one of the most efficient immune strategies found in the animal world, which allow insects to inhabit all ecological land niches in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Yu J, Wang H, Yue X, Liu B. Dynamic immune and metabolism response of clam Meretrix petechialis to Vibrio challenge revealed by a time series of transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:17-26. [PMID: 31465871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Meretrix petechialis is an important commercial aquaculture species in China. During the clam culture period, mass mortality events often occurred due to the Vibrio infection. In this paper, M. petechialis were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus immersion to simulate a natural infection, and the infection process were divided into four phases including latency, prodrome, onset and recovery phases based on the clam mortality data. Then, the dynamic response of clams to Vibrio infection at different infection phases were investigated by transcriptome analysis. A total of 38,067 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at different infection phases. DEG annotations showed that immune-related and metabolism-related signaling pathways were enriched, indicating that immune defense and metabolism process play key roles during bacterial infection. Three kinds of expression pattern were classified by cluster analysis, including U-shape, L-shape and inverted V-shape. Anabolism and cellular growth proliferation related signaling pathways were repressed (long-lasting or transient) during bacterial infection. However, the immune related signaling pathways with different immune functions showed induction expression or repression expression against bacterial infection, which indicated that immune system take different strategies against bacterial infection. Furthermore, some signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway both involved in immune defense and cell metabolism. This study provides a sight that the dynamic immunity and metabolic responses may be integrated to improve the host survival and shift more energy for immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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26
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Dolezal T, Krejcova G, Bajgar A, Nedbalova P, Strasser P. Molecular regulations of metabolism during immune response in insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:31-42. [PMID: 30959109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mounting an immune response is an energy-consuming process. Activating immune functions requires the synthesis of many new molecules and the undertaking of numerous cellular tasks and it must happen rapidly. Therefore, immune cells undergo a metabolic switch, which enables the rapid production of ATP and new biomolecules. Such metabolism is very nutrient-demanding, especially of glucose and glutamine, and thus the immune response is associated with a systemic metabolic switch, redirecting nutrient flow towards immunity and away from storage and consumption by non-immune processes. The immune system during its activation becomes privileged in terms of using organismal resources and the activated immune cells usurp nutrients by producing signals which reduce the metabolism of non-immune tissues. The insect fat body plays a dual role in which it is both a metabolic organ, storing energy and providing energy to the rest of the organism, but also an organ important for humoral immunity. Therefore, the internal switch from anabolism to the production of antimicrobial peptides occurs in the fat body during infection. The mechanisms regulating metabolism during the immune response ensure adequate energy for an effective response (resistance) but they must be properly regulated because energy is not unlimited and the energy needs of the immune system thus interfere with the needs of other physiological traits. If not properly regulated, the immune response may in the end decrease fitness via decreasing disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Dolezal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Krejcova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Strasser
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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