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Yang C, Fan J, Chen K, Zhang Z. Joint contributions from brain activity and activity-independent functional connectivity to working memory aging. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14449. [PMID: 37813678 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairment has been well characterized in normal aging. Various studies have explored changes in either the regional activity or the interregional connectivity underlying the aging process of WM. We proposed that brain activity and connectivity would independently alter with aging and affect WM performance. WM was assessed with a classical N-back task during functional magnetic resonance imaging in a community-based sample comprising 168 elderly subjects (aged 55-86 years old). Following the rationale of background functional connectivity, we assessed age-related alterations in brain activity and seed-based interregional connectivity independently. Analyses revealed age-related decrease in positive activity of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and an increase in the negative activity of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the local functional dysfunctions were accompanied by alterations in their connectivity to other cortical regions. Importantly, regional activity impairments in the IPL and ACC could mediate age-related effects on accuracy rate and reaction time, respectively, and those effects were further counterbalanced by enhancement of their background functional connectivity. We thus claimed that age-induced alterations in regional activity and interregional connectivity occurred independently and contributed to WM changes in aging. Our findings presented the way brain activity and functional connectivity interact in the late adulthood, thus providing a new perspective for understanding WM and cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Liu P, Hayden EP, Dougherty LR, Leung HC, Goldstein B, Klein DN. The development of depressogenic self-schemas: Associations with children's regional grey matter volume in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1000-1010. [PMID: 34521484 PMCID: PMC8920949 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression contend that biased cognitive information processing plays a causal role in the development of depression. Extensive research shows that deeper processing of negative and/or shallower processing of positive self-descriptors (i.e., negative and positive self-schemas) predicts current and future depression in adults and children. However, the neural correlates of the development of self-referent encoding are poorly understood. We examined children's self-referential processing using the self-referent encoding task (SRET) collected from 74 children at ages 6, 9, and 12; around age 10, these children also contributed structural magnetic resonance imaging data. From age 6 to age 12, both positive and negative self-referential processing showed mean-level growth, with positive self-schemas increasing relatively faster than negative ones. Further, voxel-based morphometry showed that slower growth in positive self-schemas was associated with lower regional gray matter volume (GMV) in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Our results suggest that smaller regional GMV within vlPFC, a critical region for regulatory control in affective processing and emotion development, may have implications for the development of depressogenic self-referential processing in mid-to-late childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University
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3
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Banihashemi L, Schmithorst VJ, Bertocci MA, Samolyk A, Zhang Y, Lima Santos JP, Versace A, Taylor M, English G, Northrup JB, Lee VK, Stiffler R, Aslam H, Panigrahy A, Hipwell AE, Phillips ML. Neural Network Functional Interactions Mediate or Suppress White Matter-Emotional Behavior Relationships in Infants. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:57-67. [PMID: 36918062 PMCID: PMC10365319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the neural basis of infant positive emotionality and negative emotionality can identify biomarkers of pathophysiological risk. Our goal was to determine how functional interactions among large-scale networks supporting emotional regulation influence white matter (WM) microstructural-emotional behavior relationships in 3-month-old infants. We hypothesized that microstructural-emotional behavior relationships would be differentially mediated or suppressed by underlying resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), particularly between default mode network and central executive network structures. METHODS The analytic sample comprised primary caregiver-infant dyads (52 infants [42% female, mean age at scan = 15.10 weeks]), with infant neuroimaging and emotional behavior assessments conducted at 3 months. Infant WM and rsFC were assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging/tractography and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging during natural, nonsedated sleep. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised provided measures of infant positive emotionality and negative emotionality. RESULTS After significant WM-emotional behavior relationships were observed, multimodal analyses were performed using whole-brain voxelwise mediation. Results revealed that greater cingulum bundle volume was significantly associated with lower infant positive emotionality (β = -0.263, p = .031); however, a pattern of lower rsFC between central executive network and default mode network structures suppressed this otherwise negative relationship. Greater uncinate fasciculus volume was significantly associated with lower infant negative emotionality (β = -0.296, p = .022); however, lower orbitofrontal cortex-amygdala rsFC suppressed this otherwise negative relationship, while greater orbitofrontal cortex-central executive network rsFC mediated this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Functional interactions among neural networks have an important influence on WM microstructural-emotional behavior relationships in infancy. These relationships can elucidate neural mechanisms that contribute to future behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Banihashemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Vanessa J Schmithorst
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michele A Bertocci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alyssa Samolyk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - João Paulo Lima Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabrielle English
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessie B Northrup
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent K Lee
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richelle Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Haris Aslam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Chen M, He Y, Hao L, Xu J, Tian T, Peng S, Zhao G, Lu J, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Jiang M, Gao JH, Tan S, He Y, Liu C, Tao S, Uddin LQ, Dong Q, Qin S. Default mode network scaffolds immature frontoparietal network in cognitive development. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:5251-5263. [PMID: 36320154 PMCID: PMC10152054 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a workspace for convergence of internal and external information. The frontal parietal network (FPN) is indispensable to executive functioning. Yet, how they interplay to support cognitive development remains elusive. Using longitudinal developmental fMRI with an n-back paradigm, we show a heterogeneity of maturational changes in multivoxel activity and network connectivity among DMN and FPN nodes in 528 children and 103 young adults. Compared with adults, children exhibited prominent longitudinal improvement but still inferior behavioral performance, which paired with less pronounced DMN deactivation and weaker FPN activation in children, but stronger DMN coupling with FPN regions. Children's DMN reached an adult-like level earlier than FPN at both multivoxel activity pattern and intranetwork connectivity levels. Intrinsic DMN-FPN internetwork coupling in children mediated the relationship between age and working memory-related functional coupling of these networks, with posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) coupling emerging as most prominent pathway. Coupling of PCC-DLPFC may further work together with task-invoked activity in PCC to account for longitudinal improvement in behavioral performance in children. Our findings suggest that the DMN provides a scaffolding effect in support of an immature FPN that is critical for the development of executive functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Hao
- College of Teacher Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Qiongtai Normal University Key Laboratory of Child Cognition & Behavior Development of Hainan Province, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siya Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100069, China
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5
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Bertocci MA, Afriyie-Agyemang Y, Rozovsky R, Iyengar S, Stiffler R, Aslam HA, Bebko G, Phillips ML. Altered patterns of central executive, default mode and salience network activity and connectivity are associated with current and future depression risk in two independent young adult samples. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1046-1056. [PMID: 36481935 PMCID: PMC10530634 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural markers of pathophysiological processes underlying the dimension of subsyndromal-syndromal-level depression severity can provide objective, biologically informed targets for novel interventions to help prevent the onset of depressive and other affective disorders in individuals with subsyndromal symptoms, and prevent worsening symptom severity in those with these disorders. Greater functional connectivity (FC) among the central executive network (CEN), supporting emotional regulation (ER) subcomponent processes such as working memory (WM), the default mode network (DMN), supporting self-related information processing, and the salience network (SN), is thought to interfere with cognitive functioning and predispose to depressive disorders. We examined in young adults (1) relationships among activity and FC in these networks and current depression severity, using a paradigm designed to examine WM and ER capacity in n = 90, age = 21.7 (2.0); (2) the extent to which these relationships were specific to depression versus mania/hypomania; (3) whether findings in a first, "discovery" sample could be replicated in a second, independent, "test" sample of young adults n = 96, age = 21.6 (2.1); and (4) whether such relationships also predicted depression at up to 12 months post scan and/or mania/hypomania severity in (n = 61, including participants from both samples, age = 21.6 (2.1)). We also examined the extent to which there were common depression- and anxiety-related findings, given that depression and anxiety are highly comorbid. In the discovery sample, current depression severity was robustly predicted by greater activity and greater positive functional connectivity among the CEN, DMN, and SN during working memory and emotional regulation tasks (all ps < 0.05 qFDR). These findings were specific to depression, replicated in the independent sample, and predicted future depression severity. Similar neural marker-anxiety relationships were shown, with robust DMN-SN FC relationships. These data help provide objective, neural marker targets to better guide and monitor early interventions in young adults at risk for, or those with established, depressive and other affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Bertocci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Renata Rozovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richelle Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haris A Aslam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Genna Bebko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Sisakhti M, Sachdev PS, Batouli SAH. The Effect of Cognitive Load on the Retrieval of Long-Term Memory: An fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:700146. [PMID: 34720904 PMCID: PMC8548369 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the less well-understood aspects of memory function is the mechanism by which the brain responds to an increasing load of memory, either during encoding or retrieval. Identifying the brain structures which manage this increasing cognitive demand would enhance our knowledge of human memory. Despite numerous studies about the effect of cognitive loads on working memory processes, whether these can be applied to long-term memory processes is unclear. We asked 32 healthy young volunteers to memorize all possible details of 24 images over a 12-day period ending 2 days before the fMRI scan. The images were of 12 categories relevant to daily events, with each category including a high and a low load image. Behavioral assessments on a separate group of participants (#22) provided the average loads of the images. The participants had to retrieve these previously memorized images during the fMRI scan in 15 s, with their eyes closed. We observed seven brain structures showing the highest activation with increasing load of the retrieved images, viz. parahippocampus, cerebellum, superior lateral occipital, fusiform and lingual gyri, precuneus, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Some structures showed reduced activation when retrieving higher load images, such as the anterior cingulate, insula, and supramarginal and postcentral gyri. The findings of this study revealed that the mechanism by which a difficult-to-retrieve memory is handled is mainly by elevating the activation of the responsible brain areas and not by getting other brain regions involved, which is a help to better understand the LTM retrieval process in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Sisakhti
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Fournier JC, Bertocci M, Ladouceur CD, Bonar L, Monk K, Abdul-Waalee H, Versace A, Santos JPL, Iyengar S, Birmaher B, Phillips ML. Neural function during emotion regulation and future depressive symptoms in youth at risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1340-1347. [PMID: 33782511 PMCID: PMC8134479 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Affective disorders (AD, including bipolar disorder, BD, and major depressive disorder) are severe recurrent illnesses. Identifying neural markers of processes underlying AD development in at-risk youth can provide objective, "early-warning" signs that may predate onset or worsening of symptoms. Using data (n = 34) from the Bipolar Offspring Study, we examined relationships between neural response in regions supporting executive function, and those supporting self-monitoring, during an emotional n-back task (focusing on the 2-back face distractor versus the 0-back no-face control conditions) and future depressive and hypo/manic symptoms across two groups of youth at familial risk for AD: Offspring of parents with BD (n = 15, age = 14.15) and offspring of parents with non-BD psychopathology (n = 19, age = 13.62). Participants were scanned and assessed twice, approximately 4 years apart. Across groups, less deactivation in the mid-cingulate cortex during emotional regulation (Rate Ratio = 3.07(95% CI:1.09-8.66), χ2(1) = 4.48, p = 0.03) at Time-1, and increases in functional connectivity from Time-1 to 2 (Rate Ratio = 1.45(95% CI:1.15-1.84), χ2(1) = 8.69, p = 0.003) between regions that showed deactivation during emotional regulation and the right caudate, predicted higher depression severity at Time-2. Both effects were robust to sensitivity analyses controlling for clinical characteristics. Decreases in deactivation between Times 1 and 2 in the right putamen tail were associated with increases in hypo/mania at Time-2, but this effect was not robust to sensitivity analyses. Our findings reflect neural mechanisms of risk for worsening affective symptoms, particularly depression, in youth across a range of familial risk for affective disorders. They may serve as potential objective, early-warning signs of AD in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C. Fournier
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Michele Bertocci
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Lisa Bonar
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kelly Monk
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Halimah Abdul-Waalee
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Amelia Versace
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - João Paulo Lima Santos
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Satish Iyengar
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Boris Birmaher
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mary L. Phillips
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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8
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Bednarek H, Przedniczek M, Olszewska JM, Niewiarowski J, Orzechowski J. The near- and far-transfer effects of cognitive training on attentional networks in women and men. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1916508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bednarek
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Przedniczek
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Niewiarowski
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Orzechowski
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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Iordan AD, Moored KD, Katz B, Cooke KA, Buschkuehl M, Jaeggi SM, Polk TA, Peltier SJ, Jonides J, Reuter‐Lorenz PA. Age differences in functional network reconfiguration with working memory training. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1888-1909. [PMID: 33534925 PMCID: PMC7978135 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demanding cognitive functions like working memory (WM) depend on functional brain networks being able to communicate efficiently while also maintaining some degree of modularity. Evidence suggests that aging can disrupt this balance between integration and modularity. In this study, we examined how cognitive training affects the integration and modularity of functional networks in older and younger adults. Twenty three younger and 23 older adults participated in 10 days of verbal WM training, leading to performance gains in both age groups. Older adults exhibited lower modularity overall and a greater decrement when switching from rest to task, compared to younger adults. Interestingly, younger but not older adults showed increased task-related modularity with training. Furthermore, whereas training increased efficiency within, and decreased participation of, the default-mode network for younger adults, it enhanced efficiency within a task-specific salience/sensorimotor network for older adults. Finally, training increased segregation of the default-mode from frontoparietal/salience and visual networks in younger adults, while it diffusely increased between-network connectivity in older adults. Thus, while younger adults increase network segregation with training, suggesting more automated processing, older adults persist in, and potentially amplify, a more integrated and costly global workspace, suggesting different age-related trajectories in functional network reorganization with WM training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle D. Moored
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Human Development and Family ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | | | - Susanne M. Jaeggi
- School of EducationUniversity of California‐IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thad A. Polk
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Scott J. Peltier
- Functional MRI LaboratoryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - John Jonides
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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10
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Hubachek S, Botdorf M, Riggins T, Leong HC, Klein DN, Dougherty LR. Hippocampal subregion volume in high-risk offspring is associated with increases in depressive symptoms across the transition to adolescence. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:358-366. [PMID: 33348179 PMCID: PMC7856102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. This study examined whether youth hippocampal subregion volumes were differentially associated with maternal depression history and youth's depressive symptoms across the transition to adolescence. METHODS 74 preadolescent offspring (Mage=10.74+/-0.84 years) of mothers with (n = 33) and without a lifetime depression history (n = 41) completed a structural brain scan. Youth depressive symptoms were assessed with clinical interviews and mother- and youth-reports prior to the neuroimaging assessment at age 9 (Mage=9.08+/-0.29 years), at the neuroimaging assessment, and in early adolescence (Mage=12.56+/-0.40 years). RESULTS Maternal depression was associated with preadolescent offspring's reduced bilateral hippocampal head volumes and increased left hippocampal body volume. Reduced bilateral head volumes were associated with offspring's increased concurrent depressive symptoms. Furthermore, reduced right hippocampal head volume mediated associations between maternal depression and increases in offspring depressive symptoms from age 9 to age 12. LIMITATIONS This study included a modest-sized sample that was oversampled for early temperamental characteristics, one neuroimaging assessment, and no correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Findings implicate reductions in hippocampal head volume in the intergenerational transmission of risk from parents to offspring.
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11
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Wang C, Hu Y, Weng J, Chen F, Liu H. Modular segregation of task-dependent brain networks contributes to the development of executive function in children. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116334. [PMID: 31704295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers as to a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are critical to many aspects of daily life. Despite its importance in human daily life, the neural networks responsible for the development of EF in childhood are not well understood. The present study thus aimed to examine the development of task-dependent brain network organization and its relationship to age-related improvements in EF. To address this issue, we recruited eighty-eight Chinese children ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old, and collected their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data when they performed an EF task. By utilizing graph theory, we found that the task-dependent brain network modules became increasingly segregated with age. Specifically, the intra-module connections within the default-mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN) and sensorimotor network (SMN) increased significantly with age. In contrast, the inter-module connections of the visual network to both the FPN/SMN decreased significantly with age. Most importantly, modular segregation of the FPN significantly mediated the relationship between age and EF performance. These findings add to our growing understanding of how development changes in task-dependent brain network organization support vast behavioral improvements in EF observed during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Center of Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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12
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Discourse management during speech perception: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Salami A, Rieckmann A, Karalija N, Avelar-Pereira B, Andersson M, Wåhlin A, Papenberg G, Garrett DD, Riklund K, Lövdén M, Lindenberger U, Bäckman L, Nyberg L. Neurocognitive Profiles of Older Adults with Working-Memory Dysfunction. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2525-2539. [PMID: 29901790 PMCID: PMC5998950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in how they perceive, remember, and think. There is evidence for the existence of distinct subgroups that differ in cognitive performance within the older population. However, it is less clear how individual differences in cognition in old age are linked to differences in brain-based measures. We used latent-profile analysis on n-back working-memory (WM) performance to identify subgroups in a large sample of older adults (n = 181; age = 64–68 years). Our analysis identified one larger normal subgroup with higher performance (n = 113; 63%), and a second smaller subgroup (n = 55; 31%) with lower performance. The low-performing subgroup showed weaker load-dependent BOLD modulation and lower connectivity within the fronto-parietal network (FPN) as well as between FPN and striatum during n-back, along with lower FPN connectivity at rest. This group also exhibited lower FPN structural integrity, lower frontal dopamine D2 binding potential, inferior performance on offline WM tests, and a trend-level genetic predisposition for lower dopamine-system efficiency. By contrast, this group exhibited relatively intact episodic memory and associated brain measures (i.e., hippocampal volume, structural, and functional connectivity within the default-mode network). Collectively, these data provide converging evidence for the existence of a group of older adults with impaired WM functioning characterized by reduced cortico-striatal coupling and aberrant cortico-cortical integrity within FPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Salami
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Rieckmann
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nina Karalija
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bárbara Avelar-Pereira
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Wåhlin
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Goran Papenberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Douglas D Garrett
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrine Riklund
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Toornstra A, Hurks PPM, Van der Elst W, Kok G, Curfs LMG. [Formula: see text] Measuring visual matching and short-term recognition memory with the CANTAB® Delayed Matching to Sample task in schoolchildren: Effects of demographic influences, multiple outcome measures and regression-based normative data. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:189-218. [PMID: 31328631 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1642316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to establish demographically corrected, pediatric norms for the computerized Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS) test, a measure of "visual matching ability and short-term visual recognition memory, for non-verbalisable problems". The DMS was administered to n = 184 children aged 5.10 to 14.5 years old. The DMS is a 4-choice recognition task of non-verbal, abstract patterns. The child has "to select, among four different choice patterns, the one that matches a complex visual pattern presented," i.e., (the target stimulus). The DMS consists of two conditions: a) the overt condition in which the target stimulus and four choice patterns are shown simultaneously and b) the covert condition, in which the choice patterns are shown after the target pattern is covered. The DMS test provides three outcome measures: the accuracy score (i.e., the number of correct patterns selected), latency (i.e., the response speed) and the probability of making an error after an incorrect response. These outcome measures were calculated for both conditions and for both conditions combined. Results showed that demographic variables, such as age, sex, and/or level of parental education (LPE) affected scores on these outcome measures. Based on these data, demographically corrected norms were established for all outcome measures, per condition and for both conditions combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet Toornstra
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra P M Hurks
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Van der Elst
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Social, Work and Organizational Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leopold M G Curfs
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Liu S, Poh JH, Koh HL, Ng KK, Loke YM, Lim JKW, Chong JSX, Zhou J. Carrying the past to the future: Distinct brain networks underlie individual differences in human spatial working memory capacity. Neuroimage 2018; 176:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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16
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Zhang Z, Yan T, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Chen X, Zhai J, Chen M, Du B, Deng X, Ji F, Xiang Y, Wu H, Song J, Dong Q, Chen C, Li J. Polymorphism in schizophrenia risk gene MIR137 is associated with the posterior cingulate Cortex's activation and functional and structural connectivity in healthy controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:160-166. [PMID: 30035013 PMCID: PMC6051762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
MIR137 gene has been repeatedly reported as a schizophrenia risk gene in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A polymorphism (rs1625579) at the MIR137 gene has been associated with both neural activation and behavioral performance during a working memory task. This study examined MIR137's associations with task-related (N-back working memory) fMRI, resting state fMRI, and diffusion tensor images (DTI) data in 177 healthy adults. We found less deactivation of the PCC in risk allele homozygotes (TT) as compared to the GT heterozygotes (cluster size = 630 voxels, cluster level PFWE < 0.001) during the N-back task, which replicated previous findings. Using the identified cluster within the PCC as the seed, we further found decreased functional connectivity between the PCC and the anterior cingulate cortex and its adjacent medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/MPFC) in risk allele homozygotes during both resting state (cluster size = 427 voxels, cluster level PFWE = 0.001) and the N-back task (cluster size = 73 voxels, cluster level PFWE = 0.05). Finally, an analysis of our DTI data showed decreased white matter integrity of the posterior cingulum in risk allele homozygotes (cluster size = 214 voxels, cluster level PFWE = 0.03). Taken together, rs1625579 seems to play an important role in both functional and structural connectivity between the PCC and the ACC/MPFC, which may serve as the brain mechanisms for the link between rs1625579 and schizophrenia. This study replicated the association between the risk allele of rs1625579 and altered activations at the PCC. This study found decreased functional connectivity between the PCC and the ACC/MPFC in the risk allele homozygotes. This study found decreased FA value in the posterior cingulum in the risk allele homozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Tongjun Yan
- The PLA 102nd Hospital and Mental Health Center of Military, Changzhou 213003, PR China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- The PLA 102nd Hospital and Mental Health Center of Military, Changzhou 213003, PR China
| | - Qiumei Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Jinguo Zhai
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Boqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Feng Ji
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yutao Xiang
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing 100088, PR China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hongjie Wu
- Shengli Hospital of Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, Dongying 257022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Shengli Hospital of Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, Dongying 257022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China.
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17
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Identification of Two Distinct Working Memory-Related Brain Networks in Healthy Young Adults. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-CFN-0222-17. [PMID: 29464194 PMCID: PMC5815845 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0222-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is an important cognitive domain for everyday life functioning and is often disturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans show that distributed brain areas typically described as fronto-parietal regions are implicated in WM tasks. Based on data from a large sample of healthy young adults (N = 1369), we applied independent component analysis (ICA) to the WM-fMRI signal and identified two distinct networks that were relevant for differences in individual WM task performance. A parietally-centered network was particularly relevant for individual differences in task measures related to WM performance (“WM dependent”) and a frontally-centered network was relevant for differences in attention-dependent task performance. Importantly, frontal areas that are typically considered as key regions for WM were either involved in both WM-dependent and attention-dependent performance, or in attention-dependent performance only. The networks identified here are provided as publicly available datasets. These networks can be applied in future studies to derive a low-dimensional representation of the overall WM brain activation.
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18
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Kennedy KM, Boylan MA, Rieck JR, Foster CM, Rodrigue KM. Dynamic range in BOLD modulation: lifespan aging trajectories and association with performance. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:153-163. [PMID: 28946019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of dynamic range of modulation to cognitive difficulty has been proposed as a salient predictor of cognitive aging. Here, we examine in 171 adults (aged 20-94 years) the effects of age on dynamic modulation of blood oxygenation-level dependent activation to difficulty in parametrically increasing working memory (WM) load (0-, 2-, 3-, and 4-back conditions). First, we examined parametric increases and decreases in activation to increasing WM load (positive modulation effect and negative modulation effect). Second, we examined the effect of age on modulation to difficulty (WM load) to identify regions that differed with age as difficulty increased (age-related positive and negative modulation effects). Weakened modulation to difficulty with age was found in both the positive modulation (middle frontal, superior/inferior parietal) and negative modulation effect (deactivated) regions (insula, cingulate, medial superior frontal, fusiform, and parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, and lateral occipital cortex). Age-related alterations to positive modulation emerged later in the lifespan than negative modulation. Furthermore, these effects were significantly coupled in that greater upmodulation was associated with lesser downmodulation. Importantly, greater fronto-parietal upmodulation to difficulty and greater downmodulation of deactivated regions were associated with better task accuracy and upmodulation with better WM span measured outside the scanner. These findings suggest that greater dynamic range of modulation of activation to cognitive challenge is in service of current task performance, as well as generalizing to cognitive ability beyond the scanner task, lending support to its utility as a marker of successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Kennedy
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Maria A Boylan
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jenny R Rieck
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chris M Foster
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karen M Rodrigue
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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