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Pereira RP, de Oliveira D, Rocha MG, Roulet JF, Geraldeli S, Sinhoreti M. Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) concentrations on polymerization shrinkage stress and other physicochemical properties of experimental resin composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 157:106652. [PMID: 38970944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined different concentrations of the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibitor on the kinetics of conversion, polymerization shrinkage stress, and other correlated physicochemical properties of experimental resin composites (ERC). A model composite was formulated with 75 wt% filler containing 0.5 wt% camphorquinone and 1 wt% amine with BHT concentrations of 0.01 wt% (BHT-0.01); 0.1 wt% (BHT-0.1); 0.25 wt% (BHT-0.25); 0.5 wt% (BHT-0.5); 1 wt% (BHT-1), and control (no BHT). They were tested on polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS; n = 5), degree of conversion (DC; n = 3), maximum polymerization rate (RpMAX; n = 5), water sorption (Wsp; n = 0), and solubility (Wsl; n = 10), flexural strength (FS; n = 10), flexural modulus (FM; n = 10), Knoop microhardness (KH; n = 10), and microhardness reduction (HR; n = 10). Data concerning these tests were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05; β = 0.2). BHT-0.25, BHT-0.5, and BHT-1 showed a gradually significant decrease in PSS (p = 0.037); however, BHT-1 demonstrated a decrease in the physicochemical properties tested. Thus, within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that BHT concentrations between 0.25 and 0.5 wt% are optimal for reducing shrinkage stress without affecting other physicochemical properties of ERCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pinto Pereira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Dayane de Oliveira
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mateus Garcia Rocha
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-François Roulet
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Saulo Geraldeli
- Division of Biomedical Materials, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Mário Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Hatamleh MM, Furuse AY. Bis-EMA/Bis-GMA ratio effects on resin-properties and impregnated fiber-bundles. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00186-6. [PMID: 39084956 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of different ratios of Bis-EMA/Bis-GMA resin mixtures on the inherent viscosity and curing-related properties: including degree of cure (DC%), shrinkage strain, Knoop micro-hardness (KH) and flexural strength of resin-impregnated fiber-bundles. METHODS Bis-EMA/Bis-GMA monomers were mixed (by weight) in the following ratios: M1 = 30 %/70 %, M2 = 50 %/50 %, M3 = 70 %/30 %, and M4 = 100 %/0 %. Standard measurements were made of refractive index, viscosity, degree of conversion, shrinkage strain and Knoop hardness (KHN). For 60 % glass fiber-bundles impregnated with 40 % resin, three-point bending test for flexural strength and shrinkage strain were measured. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS For resin mixtures, increasing Bis-EMA proportion decreased refractive index (p < 0.05), and viscosity (p < 0.05), and increased monomer conversion (DC%), shrinkage strain and KHN (p < 0.05). DC% increased after 1 h for all resin mixtures. The shrinkage strain and flexural strength of resin-impregnated fiber-bundles reduced with increased Bis-EMA. SIGNIFICANCE Monomeric mixtures with highest amounts of Bis-EMA showed enhancement in several clinically-relevant properties and polymerization of respective resin-impregnated glass fibers. This makes them potential candidates for impregnating glass fibers in fiber-reinforced restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanad M Hatamleh
- Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Adilson Yoshio Furuse
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisola - 9-75, Bauru, SP CEP 17012-901, Brazil
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Marovic D, Bota M, Tarle F, Par M, Haugen HJ, Zheng K, Pavić D, Miloš M, Čižmek L, Babić S, Čož-Rakovac R, Trebše P, Boccaccini AR. The influence of copper-doped mesoporous bioactive nanospheres on the temperature rise during polymerization, polymer cross-linking density, monomer release and embryotoxicity of dental composites. Dent Mater 2024; 40:1078-1087. [PMID: 38797613 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Composites with copper-doped mesoporous bioactive nanospheres (Cu-MBGN) were developed to prevent secondary caries by imparting antimicrobial and ion-releasing/remineralizing properties. METHODS Seven experimental composites containing 1, 5 or 10 wt% Cu-MBGN, the corresponding inert controls (silica) and bioactive controls (bioactive glass 45S5) were prepared. The temperature rise during light curing, cross-linking density by ethanol softening test, monomer elution and their potential adverse effects on the early development of zebrafish Danio rerio was investigated. RESULTS Materials combining Cu-MBGN and silica showed the highest resistance to ethanol softening, as did the bioactive controls. Cu-MBGN composites showed significant temperature rise and reached maximum temperature in the shortest time. Bisphenol A was not detected, while bis-GMA was found only in the control materials and TEGDMA in the eluates of all materials. There was no increase in zebrafish mortality and abnormality rates during exposure to the eluates of any of the materials. CONCLUSIONS The composite with 5 wt% Cu-MBGN combined with nanosilica fillers showed the lowest ethanol softening, indicating the polymer's highest durability and cross-linking density. Despite the TEGDMA released from all tested materials, no embryotoxic effect was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Marovic
- University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maria Bota
- student, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Frano Tarle
- student, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matej Par
- University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kai Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Rd., 210029 Nanjing, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lara Čižmek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Chen WC, Lai TW, Li CL, Chen TYF, Chang CH, Chuang SF. Assessments of polymerization shrinkage by optical coherence tomography-based digital image correlation analysis-Part II: Effects of restorative composites. Dent Mater 2024; 40:1064-1071. [PMID: 38777732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the polymerization shrinkage of different resin-based composite (RBC) restorations using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image-based digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. METHODS The refractive index (RI) of three RBCs, Filtek Z350XT (Z350), Z350Flowable (Z350F), and BulkFill Posterior (Bulkfill), was measured before and after polymerization to calibrate their axial dimensions under OCT. Class I cavities were prepared in bovine incisors and individually filled with these RBCs under nonbonded and bonded conditions. A series of OCT images of these restorations were captured during 20-s light polymerization and then input into DIC software to analyze their shrinkage behaviors. The interfacial adaptation was also examined using these OCT images. RESULTS The RI of the three composites ranged from 1.52 to 1.53, and photopolymerization caused neglectable increases in the RI values. For nonbonded restorations, Z350F showed maximal vertical displacements on the top surfaces (-16.75 µm), followed by Bulkfill (-8.81 µm) and Z350 (-5.97 µm). In their bonded conditions, all showed increased displacements. High variations were observed in displacement measurements on the bottom surfaces. In the temporal analysis, the shrinkage of nonbonded Z350F and Bulkfill decelerated after 6-10 s. However, Z350 showed a rebounding upward displacement after 8.2 s. Significant interfacial gaps were found in nonbonded Z350 and Z350F restorations. SIGNIFICANCE The novel OCT image-based DIC analysis provided a comprehensive examination of the shrinkage behaviors and debonding of the composite restorations throughout the polymerization process. The flowable composite showed the highest shrinkage displacements. Changes in the shrinkage direction may occur in nonbonded conventional composite restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chi Chen
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Weng Lai
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Li
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Terry Yuan-Fang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Han Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chuang
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Saadat Sarmadi B, Schmidt F, Beuer F, Metin DS, Simeon P, Nicic R, Unkovskiy A. The Effect of Build Angle and Artificial Aging on the Accuracy of SLA- and DLP-Printed Occlusal Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1714. [PMID: 38932064 PMCID: PMC11207952 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of printing material, build angle, and artificial aging on the accuracy of SLA- and DLP-printed occlusal devices in comparison to each other and to subtractively manufactured devices. A total of 192 occlusal devices were manufactured by one SLA-printing and two DLP-printing methods in 5 different build angles as well as milling. The specimens were scanned and superimposed to their initial CAD data and each other to obtain trueness and precision data values. A second series of scans were performed after the specimens underwent an artificial aging simulation by thermocycling. Again, trueness and precision were investigated, and pre- and post-aging values were compared. A statistically significant influence was found for all main effects: manufacturing method, build angle, and thermocycling, confirmed by two-way ANOVA. Regarding trueness, overall tendency indicated that subtractively manufactured splints were more accurate than the 3D-printed, with mean deviation values around ±0.15 mm, followed by the DLP1 group, with ±0.25 mm at 0 degree build angle. Within the additive manufacturing methods, DLP splints had significantly higher trueness for all build angles compared to SLA, which had the highest mean deviation values, with ±0.32 mm being the truest to the original CAD file. Regarding precision, subtractive manufacturing showed better accuracy than additive manufacturing. The artificial aging demonstrated a significant influence on the dimensional accuracy of only SLA-printed splints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Saadat Sarmadi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Florian Beuer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Dilan Seda Metin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Philipp Simeon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Robert Nicic
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Street 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (B.S.S.); (F.S.); (F.B.); (D.S.M.); (P.S.); (R.N.)
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 19c1, Moscow 119146, Russia
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Alharbi G, Al Nahedh HNA, Al-Saud LM, Shono N, Maawadh A. Flexural strength and degree of conversion of universal single shade resin-based composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32557. [PMID: 38961985 PMCID: PMC11219500 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Recently, a group of universal single-shade resin-based composites (RBCs) has been developed to simplify the process of shade selection. Excellent mechanical and physical properties are crucial for the ultimate success and clinical longevity of restorations. Therefore, evaluating the properties of the single-shaded RBCs is imperative. This study aimed to determine the flexural strength (FS) and degree of conversion (DC) of universal single-shade RBCs. Materials and methods In this study, four commercial RBCs were used; three universal single-shade RBCs; Omnichroma (OC), Charisma® Diamond ONE (CD), and Vittra APS Unique (VU), and a conventional nanohybrid composite Filtek™ Z250 XT (FT) which was used as a control. Sixty composite beams and 40 composite discs were used for FS and DC, respectively. A universal test machine with a three-point bending test was used to measure the FS, whereas the DC was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Three fractured specimens from each resin composite group were qualitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of FS and DC among the four RBCs (OC, CD, VU, and FT). Highly significant differences were observed in the mean FS and DC values (F = 673.043, p < 0.001 and F (=782.4, p < 0.0001), respectively. The highest FS was observed in the CD group, followed by FT and VU groups; the lowest value was observed in the OC group. In addition, a statistically significant difference was identified in DC values. The highest DC value was observed in VU, followed by OC and CD, and the lowest DC value was observed in FT. Conclusion Universal single-shade RBCs demonstrated a good FS, except for OC, which exhibited a significantly low FS. The DC of the universal single-shade RBCs was higher than that of the conventional nanohybrid composite restorative material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alharbi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University. PO Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend NA Al Nahedh
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loulwa M. Al-Saud
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Shono
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Maawadh
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Fares MM, Jabani ZH, Abu-Haniyi LA. Synthesis of novel bioadhesive hydrogels via facile Thiol-Ene click chemistry for wound healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132501. [PMID: 38763241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Development of outstanding, cost-effective and elastic hydrogels as bioadhesive using Thiol-Ene click chemistry was verified. The visible light photocrosslinkable hydrogels composed of methacrylated chitosan/2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy) diethanethiol formed in presence of eosin-Y photoinitiator. Such hydrogels hold great promise for wound healing applications due to their tunable properties. Main components of hydrogels were extensively characterized using spectroscopic techniques for chemical analysis, thermal analysis, and topologic nanostructure. Various optimization conditions for best gelation time were investigated. Mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation at break (%) were verified for best wound healing applications. Optimum hydrogel was subjected to for cytotoxicity and microbial suppression evaluation and in-vivo wound healing test for efficient wound healing evaluations. Our results demonstrate the potential use of injectable hydrogels as valuable bioadhesives in bioengineering and biomedical applications, particularly in wound closure and patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Fares
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Arts, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Zaid H Jabani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Arts, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
| | - Laith A Abu-Haniyi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, 22110 Irbid, Jordan
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Novta E, Pantelić D, Blažić L, Tóth E, Cvejić Ž, Grujić D, Savić-Šević S, Lainović T. Impact of optical fiber-based photo-activation on dental composite polymerization. J Dent 2024; 145:104998. [PMID: 38636650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to introduce a novel two-step optical fiber-based photo-activation of dental resin-based composites (RBCs) for reducing polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS). METHODS Proposed protocol design - in the first step, two flexible plastic optical fibers connected to a dental light curing unit (LCU), were used as light guides inserted into the filling to initiate low-irradiance polymerization from within; in the second step, fibers were extracted and remaining voids were filled with RBC, followed by conventional high-irradiance curing to finalize polymerization. Three bulk-fill RBCs were tested (Beautifil-Bulk Restorative, Filtek Bulk-fill Posterior, Tetric PowerFill) using tooth cavity models. Three non-invasive examination techniques were employed: Digital Holographic Interferometry, Infrared Thermography, and Raman spectroscopy for monitoring model deformation, RBC temperature change, and degree of conversion (DC), respectively. A control group (for each examined RBC) underwent conventional photo-activation. RESULTS The experimental protocol significantly reduced model deformation by 15 - 35 %, accompanied by an 18 - 54 % reduction in RBC temperature change, emphasizing the impact of thermal shrinkage on PSS. Real-time measurements of deformation and temperature provided indirect insights into reaction dynamics and illuminated potential mechanisms underlying PSS reduction. After a 24-hour dark-storage period, DC outcomes comparable to conventional curing were observed, affirming the clinical applicability of the method. CONCLUSIONS Protocol involving the use of two 1.5 mm fibers in the first step (300 mW/cm2 x 10 s), followed by a second conventional curing step (1000 mW/cm2 x 10 s), is recommended to achieve the desired PSS reduction, while maintaining adequate DC and ensuring efficient clinical application. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Obtained PSS reduction offers promise in potentially improving the performance of composite restorations. Additionally, leveraging the flexibility of optical fibers improves light guide approach for restorations on posterior teeth. Meanwhile, implementation in clinical practice is easily achievable by coupling the fibers with commercial dental LCUs using the provided plastic adapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenije Novta
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 12, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Physics, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Larisa Blažić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 12, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dental clinic of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 12, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elvira Tóth
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Željka Cvejić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dušan Grujić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Physics, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tijana Lainović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 12, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Yang X, Yang Y, Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, He X, Yang J. Real-time imaging and quantitative analysis of internal gap formation in bulk-fill and conventional resin composites: An OCT evaluation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 47:104103. [PMID: 38677500 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to observe real-time internal gap formation in both bulk-fill and conventional resin composites. It aimed to provide a quantitative analysis of variations, addressing the inconclusive nature of microleakage assessment caused by differences in testing methods. METHODS Fifty extracted third molars prepared with Class I cavities, were divided into five groups (n = 10). Conventional resin Filtek Z350 XT (FZX) was applied with a double-layer filling of 2 mm per layer. Bulk-fill resins X-tra fil (XTF), Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative (FBP), Surefil SDR Flow + (SDR), and Filtek Flowable Restorative (FFR) were applied with a single-layer filling of 4 mm. Real-time OCT imaging was conducted during light curing. Post-curing, the entire sample was OCT-scanned. Following this, ImageJ software was used to measure the gap (G1 %). Subsequently, thermal cycling (TC) (5000 times, 5 °C-55 °C) was applied, followed by OCT scanning to calculate the gap (G2 %) and ΔG%. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Duncan's test (α=0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in G1 % among the groups (p > 0.05). Following TC, FZX exhibited the highest G2 %, succeeded by FFR, FBP, XTF, and SDR, with SDR demonstrating the lowest G2 % (p < 0.05). FZX showed the highest ΔG% (p < 0.05), while SDR exhibited the lowest ΔG% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION OCT proves to be a promising tool for detecting microleakage. TC exerted a more significant negative impact on conventional resin. Surefil SDR Flow + displayed the least microleakage, both before and after TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Department of Cariology & Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuhao Yang
- Department of Cariology & Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingji Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province and Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Optoelectronics Testing Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zekun Li
- Department of Cariology & Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yubao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province and Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Optoelectronics Testing Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province and Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for Optoelectronics Testing Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cariology & Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Ahmadi M, Ehrmann K, Koch T, Liska R, Stampfl J. From Unregulated Networks to Designed Microstructures: Introducing Heterogeneity at Different Length Scales in Photopolymers for Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3978-4020. [PMID: 38546847 PMCID: PMC11009961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Photopolymers have been optimized as protective and decorative coating materials for decades. However, with the rise of additive manufacturing technologies, vat photopolymerization has unlocked the use of photopolymers for three-dimensional objects with new material requirements. Thus, the originally highly cross-linked, amorphous architecture of photopolymers cannot match the expectations for modern materials anymore, revealing the largely unanswered question of how diverse properties can be achieved in photopolymers. Herein, we review how microstructural features in soft matter materials should be designed and implemented to obtain high performance materials. We then translate these findings into chemical design suggestions for enhanced printable photopolymers. Based on this analysis, we have found microstructural heterogenization to be the most powerful tool to tune photopolymer performance. By combining the chemical toolbox for photopolymerization and the analytical toolbox for microstructural characterization, we examine current strategies for physical heterogenization (fillers, inkjet printing) and chemical heterogenization (semicrystalline polymers, block copolymers, interpenetrating networks, photopolymerization induced phase separation) of photopolymers and put them into a material scientific context to develop a roadmap for improving and diversifying photopolymers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ehrmann
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute
of Materials Science and Technology, Technische
Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9BE, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Trifan IS, Chibac-Scutaru AL, Melinte V, Coseri S. Photopolymerization Pattern of New Methacrylate Cellulose Acetate Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:560. [PMID: 38399938 PMCID: PMC10892540 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric photocrosslinked networks, of particular interest in the design of materials with targeted characteristics, can be easily prepared by grafting light-sensitive moieties, such as methacrylates, on polymeric chains and, after photochemical reactions, provide materials with multiple applications via photopolymerization. In this work, photopolymerizable urethane-methacrylate sequences were attached to free hydroxyl units of cellulose acetate chains in various proportions (functionalization degree from 5 to 100%) to study the properties of the resulting macromolecules and the influence of the cellulosic material structure on the double bond conversion degree. Additionally, to manipulate the properties of the photocured systems, the methacrylate-functionalized cellulose acetate derivatives were mixed with low molecular weight dimethacrylate derivatives (containing castor oil and polypropylene glycol flexible chains), and the influence of UV-curable composition on the photopolymerization parameters being studied. The achieved data reveal that the addition of dimethacrylate comonomers augmented the polymerization rates and conversion degrees, leading to polymer networks with various microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Violeta Melinte
- Polyaddition and Photochemistry Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.-S.T.); (A.L.C.-S.)
| | - Sergiu Coseri
- Polyaddition and Photochemistry Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (I.-S.T.); (A.L.C.-S.)
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12
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Drejka P, Chrószcz-Porębska M, Kazek-Kęsik A, Chladek G, Barszczewska-Rybarek I. Chemical Modification of Dental Dimethacrylate Copolymer with Tetramethylxylylene Diisocyanate-Based Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates-Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:298. [PMID: 38255466 PMCID: PMC10817292 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two novel quaternary ammonium urethane-dimethacrylates (QAUDMAs) were designed for potential use as comonomers in antibacterial dental composite restorative materials. QAUDMAs were synthesized via the reaction of 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene with 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-decylhydroxyethylmethylammonium bromide (QA10+TMXDI) and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-dodecylhydroxyethylmethylammonium bromide (QA12+TMXDI). Their compositions with common dental dimethacrylates comprising QAUDMA 20 wt.%, urethane-dimethacrylate monomer (UDMA) 20 wt.%, bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 40 wt.%, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 20 wt.%, were photocured. The achieved copolymers were characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties, including their degree of conversion (DC), glass transition temperature (Tg), polymerization shrinkage (S), water contact angle (WCA), flexural modulus (E), flexural strength (FS), hardness (HB), water sorption (WS), and water leachability (WL). The antibacterial activity of the copolymers was characterized by the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The achieved results were compared to the properties of a typical dental copolymer comprising UDMA 40 wt.%, Bis-GMA 40 wt.%, and TEGDMA 20 wt.%. The introduction of QAUDMAs did not deteriorate physicochemical and mechanical properties. The WS and WL increased; however, they were still satisfactory. The copolymer comprising QA10+TMXDI showed a higher antibacterial effect than that comprising QA12+TMXDI and that of the reference copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Drejka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Marta Chrószcz-Porębska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chladek
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Izabela Barszczewska-Rybarek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
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13
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Alrahlah A, Khan R, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, Bautista LS, Alnofaiy IA, De Vera MAT. Advancing Dimethacrylate Dental Composites by Synergy of Pre-Polymerized TEGDMA Co-Filler: A Physio-Mechanical Evaluation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:577. [PMID: 38132515 PMCID: PMC10741395 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites (DRCs) have gained immense popularity as filling material in direct dental restorations. They are highly valued for their ability to closely resemble natural teeth and withstand harsh oral conditions. To increase the clinical performance of dental restorations, various fillers are incorporated into DRCs. Herein, the effect of incorporating pre-polymerized triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (P-TEGDMA) as a co-filler in varying proportions (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% by weight) into bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA)/TEGDMA/SiO2 resin composite was investigated. The obtained DRCs were examined for morphology, rheological properties, degree of crosslinking (DC), Vickers microhardness (VMH), thermal stability, and flexural strength (FS). The results revealed that SiO2 and P-TEGDMA particles were uniformly dispersed. The introduction of P-TEGDMA particles (2.5 wt.%) into the resin composite had a remarkable effect, leading to a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in complex viscosity, decreasing from 393.84 ± 21.65 Pa.s to 152.84 ± 23.94 Pa.s. As a result, the DC was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved from 61.76 ± 3.80% to 68.77 ± 2.31%. In addition, the composite mixture demonstrated a higher storage modulus (G') than loss modulus (G″), indicative of its predominantly elastic nature. Moreover, the thermal stability of the DRCs was improved with the addition of P-TEGDMA particles by increasing the degradation temperature from 410 °C to 440 °C. However, the VMH was negatively affected. The study suggests that P-TEGDMA particles have the potential to be used as co-fillers alongside other inorganic fillers, offering a means to fine-tune the properties of DRCs and optimize their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alrahlah
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (W.S.S.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (W.S.S.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (W.S.S.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (W.S.S.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Leonel S. Bautista
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (W.S.S.); (L.S.B.)
| | - Ibraheem A. Alnofaiy
- Research Center, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (M.A.T.D.V.)
| | - Merry Angelyn Tan De Vera
- Research Center, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (M.A.T.D.V.)
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14
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Khan MA, Delgado AH, Young AM. Modifying dental composites to formulate novel methacrylate-based bone cements with improved polymerisation kinetics, and mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2023; 39:1067-1075. [PMID: 37821331 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to develop bone composites with similar working times, faster polymerisation and higher final conversion in comparison to Cortoss™. Additionally, low shrinkage/heat generation and improved short and longer-term mechanical properties are desirable. METHODS Four urethane dimethacrylate based composites were prepared using tri-ethylene-glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) or polypropylene dimethacrylate (PPGDMA) diluent and 0 or 20 wt% fibres in the glass filler particles. FTIR was used to determine reaction kinetics, final degrees of conversions, and polymerisation shrinkage/heat generation at 37 °C. Biaxial flexural strength, Young's modulus and compressive strength were evaluated after 1 or 30 days in water. RESULTS Experimental materials all had similar inhibition times to Cortoss™ (140 s) but subsequent maximum polymerisation rate was more than doubled. Average experimental composite final conversion (76%) was higher than that of Cortoss™ (58%) but with less heat generation and shrinkage. Replacement of TEGDMA by PPGDMA gave higher polymerisation rates and conversions while reducing shrinkage. Early and aged flexural strengths of Cortoss™ were 93 and 45 MPa respectively. Corresponding compressive strengths were 164 and 99 MPa. Early and lagged experimental composite flexural strengths were 164-186 and 240-274 MPa whilst compressive strengths were 240-274 MPa and 226-261 MPa. Young's modulus for Cortoss™ was 3.3 and 2.2 GPa at 1 day and 1 month. Experimental material values were 3.4-4.8 and 3.0-4.1 GPa, respectively. PPGDMA and fibres marginally reduced strength but caused greater reduction in modulus. Fibres also made the composites quasi-ductile instead of brittle. SIGNIFICANCE The improved setting and higher strengths of the experimental materials compared to Cortoss™, could reduce monomer leakage from the injection site and material fracture, respectively. Lowering modulus may reduce stress shielding whilst quasi-ductile properties may improve fracture tolerance. The modified dental composites could therefore be a promising approach for future bone cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Khan
- Dental Materials Department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - António Hs Delgado
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Almada, Portugal.
| | - Anne M Young
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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15
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Rosello Jimenez JR, Fuchs F, Schmohl L, Schulz-Siegmund M, Koenig A. Aging Processes and Their Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Printable Occlusal Splint Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4574. [PMID: 38232021 PMCID: PMC10707959 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed occlusal splints are becoming more prevalent in the treatment of tooth substance loss due to their fast and cost-effective production. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate whether the mechanical properties (tensile strength-TS, modulus of elasticity in tension-ME, and Vickers hardness-HV) vary between the materials (printed dimethacrylate-based resins: Keyprint KeySplint soft-KEY, Luxaprint Ortho Plus-LUX, V-Print splint-VPR, printed methacrylate-based resins Freeprint splint 2.0-FRE, and milled methacrylate-based material, CLEAR splint-CLE), and the influence of aging processes (extraoral storage conditions and nightly or daily use) was examined. The printed methacrylate-based resins (FRE, LUX, and VPR) had much higher TS (43.7-48.5 MPa compared to 12.3-13.3 MPa), higher ME (2.01-2.37 GPa compared to 0.43-0.72 GPa), and higher HV (11.8-15.0 HV compared to 3.3-3.5 HV) than both of the methacrylate-based resins (KEY and CLE) after the production process. Although the TS, ME, and HV of the printed dimethacrylate resins (FRE, LUX, and VPR) decreased significantly under humid conditions with possibly elevated temperatures (thermocycling as well as 37 °C), these mechanical properties were significantly higher than both methacrylate-based resins (KEY and CLE). Therefore, printed dimethacrylate resins should be used rather than methacrylate-based resins for high expected masticatory forces, low wall thicknesses, or very long wearing times (≥6 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Raffael Rosello Jimenez
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Private Practice, Zahnarztpraxis Jan Rosello, 04654 Frohburg, Germany
| | - Florian Fuchs
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonie Schmohl
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Koenig
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Derigi LP, Barros LS, Sugii MM, Turssi CP, França F, Basting RT, Vieira WF. Effect of Commercial Mouth Rinses on Physical Properties of Conventional and Bulk-fill Resin Composites. Oper Dent 2023; 48:720-731. [PMID: 37881067 DOI: 10.2341/23-041-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of commercial mouth rinses on color, roughness, sorption (SR), and solubility (SL) of resin composites. METHODS AND MATERIALS Disc-shaped specimens (stage I: 6 mm × 2 mm; stage II: 10 mm × 1.5 mm) were made from the following resin composites (n=10): conventional nanofilled (Filtek Z350XT, 3M Oral Care), conventional nanohybrid (Luna, SDI), bulk-fill nanofilled (Filtek One Bulk-Fill, 3M Oral Care), and bulk-fill nanohybrid (Aura Bulk-Fill, SDI) exposed to distilled water (control), blue mouth rinse without alcohol (Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint, Colgate-Palmolive), or blue mouth rinse with alcohol and essential oil (Listerine Tartar Control, Johnson & Johnson). In stage I, tests were performed at the baseline, and after the immersion in solution time points to evaluate coordinates of the CIEL*a*b* system (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*), general color change (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔSGU), and surface roughness (Ra). In stage II, SR and SL were evaluated (ISO 4049:2019) after immersion in the solutions for 7 days. The results were evaluated by generalized linear models (Ra, SR), Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests (color, SL), with α = 0.05. RESULTS There were no significative differences for Ra between the solutions. Both mouth rinses promoted significantly negative ΔL* (Luna), Δa* (Filtek One Bulk-fill), and Δb* (all materials except conventional nanofilled resin composite). Mouth rinse without alcohol promoted significantly negative Δa* on all resin composites tested. Both mouth rinses promoted higher ΔEab and ΔE00 for bulk-fill resin composites compared to control. Mouth rinse with alcohol caused higher ΔSGU for bulk-fill nanofilled resin composite. It also promoted greater SR in all the resin composites compared with mouth rinse without alcohol and higher SR in nanohybrid resin composites compared with control. Both mouth rinses promoted higher SL values in Luna and differed significantly from control. CONCLUSIONS The physical properties were manufacturer dependent and mediated by mouth rinses. The mouth rinses promoted color changes in the resin composites, pointing out that bulk-fill resin composites were more affected by these effects, especially when the mouth rinse contained essential oil and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Derigi
- Leonardo Pinheiro Derigi, MSc student, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Barros
- Leonardo Santos Barros, MSc student, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M M Sugii
- Mari Miura Sugii, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - C P Turssi
- Cecilia Pedroso Turssi, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fmg França
- Fabiana Mantovani Gomes França, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - R T Basting
- Roberta Tarkany Basting, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - W F Vieira
- *Waldemir Francisco Vieira-Junior, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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17
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Fidalgo-Pereira R, Carvalho Ó, Catarino SO, Henriques B, Torres O, Braem A, Souza JCM. Effect of inorganic fillers on the light transmission through traditional or flowable resin-matrix composites for restorative dentistry. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5679-5693. [PMID: 37592003 PMCID: PMC10492747 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the light transmission through five different resin-matrix composites regarding the inorganic filler content. METHODS Resin-matrix composite disc-shaped specimens were prepared on glass molds. Three traditional resin-matrix composites contained inorganic fillers at 74, 80, and 89 wt. % while two flowable composites revealed 60 and 62.5 wt. % inorganic fillers. Light transmission through the resin-matrix composites was assessed using a spectrophotometer with an integrated monochromator before and after light curing for 10, 20, or 40s. Elastic modulus and nanohardness were evaluated through nanoindentation's tests, while Vicker's hardness was measured by micro-hardness assessment. Chemical analyses were performed by FTIR and EDS, while microstructural analysis was conducted by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Data were evaluated using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS After polymerization, optical transmittance increased for all specimens above 650-nm wavelength irradiation since higher light exposure time leads to increased light transmittance. At 20- or 40-s irradiation, similar light transmittance was recorded for resin composites with 60, 62, 74, or 78-80 wt. % inorganic fillers. The lowest light transmittance was recorded for a resin-matrix composite reinforced with 89 wt. % inorganic fillers. Thus, the size of inorganic fillers ranged from nano- up to micro-scale dimensions and the high content of micro-scale inorganic particles can change the light pathway and decrease the light transmittance through the materials. At 850-nm wavelength, the average ratio between polymerized and non-polymerized specimens increased by 1.6 times for the resin composite with 89 wt. % fillers, while the composites with 60 wt. % fillers revealed an increased ratio by 3.5 times higher than that recorded at 600-nm wavelength. High mean values of elastic modulus, nano-hardness, and micro-hardness were recorded for the resin-matrix composites with the highest inorganic content. CONCLUSIONS A high content of inorganic fillers at 89 wt.% decreased the light transmission through resin-matrix composites. However, certain types of fillers do not interfere on the light transmission, maintaining an optimal polymerization and the physical properties of the resin-matrix composites. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The type and content of inorganic fillers in the chemical composition of resin-matrix composites do affect their polymerization mode. As a consequence, the clinical performance of resin-matrix composites can be compromised, leading to variable physical properties and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fidalgo-Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana O Catarino
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Department of Mechanical Engineering (EMC), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), SC, 88040-900, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Orlanda Torres
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
- LABBELS Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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18
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Topa-Skwarczyńska M, Jankowska M, Gruchała-Hałat A, Petko F, Galek M, Ortyl J. High-performance photoinitiating systems for new generation dental fillings. Dent Mater 2023; 39:729. [PMID: 37393151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To obtain new generation dental composites with improved performance properties compared to currently available dental fillings on the market and to determine the influence of new initiating systems on final product parameters such as degree of cure, hardness, color, and shrinkage. METHODS In order to verify the effectiveness of the developed initiating systems, typical spectroscopic, electrochemical, and kinetic studies using the real-time FT-IR method were shown. Moreover, paste dental fillings were prepared, the compositions were irradiated with the dental lamp, and the degrees of cross-linking were measured by Raman spectroscopy. The polymerization shrinkage was also determined using the rheometer. In addition, their hardness was examined on the Shore scale. Finally, the color analysis of the composites in the L*a*b* color space was compared with the VITA CLASSIC colorant. RESULTS It was shown that, due to their excellent spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, new quinazolin-2-one can act as co-initiators in cationic and radical photopolymerization. It was demonstrated that the most effective composite containing the initiator system in the form of 3-SCH3Ph-Q, IOD, MDEA, and an inorganic filler as nanometric silica and a bonding agent is cured more than 90% after just 1 cycle of dental lamp exposure (30 s), the hardness of the composite after curing on the Shor Scale is 82 ± 4, and the polymerization shrinkage is less than 2.8%. SIGNIFICANCE The article demonstrates effective new initiator systems as an alternative to CQ/amine for obtaining new-generation dental composites. The developed dental composites are a big competition to the currently used dental fillings on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa-Skwarczyńska
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jankowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alicja Gruchała-Hałat
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Filip Petko
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Galek
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland; Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland.
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Alrahlah A, Khan R, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, Bautista LS, Haider S, De Vera MAT, Alshabib A. Fabrication of Novel Pre-Polymerized BisGMA/Silica Nanocomposites: Physio-Mechanical Considerations. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:323. [PMID: 37367287 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resin composite mimics tooth tissues both in structure and properties, and thus, they can withstand high biting force and the harsh environmental conditions of the mouth. Various inorganic nano- and micro-fillers are commonly used to enhance these composites' properties. In this study, we adopted a novel approach by using pre-polymerized bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) ground particles (XL-BisGMA) as fillers in a BisGMA/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) resin system in combination with SiO2 nanoparticles. The BisGMA/TEGDMA/SiO2 mixture was filled with various concentrations of XL-BisGMA (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.%). The XL-BisGMA added composites were evaluated for viscosity, degree of conversion (DC), microhardness, and thermal properties. The results demonstrated that the addition of a lower concentration of XL-BisGMA particles (2.5 wt.%) significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) the complex viscosity from 374.6 (Pa·s) to 170.84. (Pa·s). Similarly, DC was also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) by the addition of 2.5 wt.% XL-BisGMA, with the pristine composite showing a DC of (62.19 ± 3.2%) increased to (69.10 ± 3.4%). Moreover, the decomposition temperature has been increased from 410 °C for the pristine composite (BT-SB0) to 450 °C for the composite with 10 wt.% of XL-BisGMA (BT-SB10). The microhardness has also been significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) from 47.44 HV for the pristine composite (BT-SB0) to 29.91 HV for the composite with 2.5 wt.% of XL-BisGMA (BT-SB2.5). These results suggest that a XL-BisGMA could be used to a certain percentage as a promising filler in combination with inorganic fillers to enhance the DC and flow properties of the corresponding resin-based dental composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alrahlah
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonel S Bautista
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Sreevarun M, Ajay R, Suganya G, Rakshagan V, Bhanuchander V, Suma K. Formulation, Configuration, and Physical Properties of Dental Composite Resin Containing a Novel 2π + 2π Photodimerized Crosslinker - Cinnamyl Methacrylate: An In Vitro Research. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:364-371. [PMID: 37534502 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To formulate and characterize the chemical structure of a new dental composite with photodimerized cinnamyl methacrylate (PD-CMA) photo-crosslinking comonomer and to evaluate the monomer-to-polymer conversion (MPC) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the new composite copolymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS CMA was PD by ultraviolet C-type (UVC) irradiation. The research groups were a control group C0 without PD-CMA and two trial groups: E10 (10 wt. % PD-CMA substituted in the base comonomers (B) and diluent (D) mixture); E20 (20 wt.% PD-CMA completely replacing the diluent (D) monomer). Infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were employed for ascertaining copolymerization (CP). The surface features and composition of the copolymers were explained by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. The MPC and Tg of the copolymers were assessed using FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Statistical tests were used to compare the groups. RESULTS The configuration of the new copolymers P (BD-Co-CMA) and P(B-Co-CMA) was confirmed. The MPC% and T g of the copolymers were better than the control. PD-CMA at 20 wt. % in the P (B-Co-CMA) copolymer exhibited the highest MPC% and Tg. CONCLUSION The incorporation of PD-CMA in the composite resin resulted in new P (BD-Co-CMA) and P (B-Co-CMA) copolymers with improved MPC% and Tg. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The substitution with PD-CMA offset the shortcomings of the conventional BD comonomers concerning the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the restorative composite resin. This might ameliorate the restorations in vivo longevity and serviceability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sreevarun
- Department of Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions Medical College & Hospital (VMRF-DU), Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Ranganathan Ajay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 8754120490, e-mail:
| | - Ganesan Suganya
- Department of Pharmacology, Vinayaka Missions Medical College & Hospital (VMRF-DU), Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Vikraman Rakshagan
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vayadadi Bhanuchander
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karthigeyan Suma
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Nascimento Batista JM, Sinhoreti MAC, Alves Fraga MA, Manoel da Silva MV, Correr AB, Roulet JF, Geraldeli S. Effect of preheating on mechanical properties of a resin-based composite containing elastomeric urethane monomer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105758. [PMID: 36934689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of preheating an elastomeric urethane monomer (Exothane-24) experimental resin composite on its physicochemical properties. Two resin matrices were formulated: (a) 50 wt% Bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and 50 wt% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); and (b) 20 wt% Exothane-24, 40 wt% Bis-GMA and 40 wt% TEGDMA. A photoinitiator system (0.25 wt% camphorquinone and 0.50 wt% ethyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate) and 65 wt% of the inorganic filler (20 wt% 0.05 μm silica and 80 wt% 0.7 μm BaBSiO2 glass) were added to both matrices. These formulations were then assigned to four groups: Exothane-24 (E); Exothane-24 plus preheating (EH); no Exothane-24 (NE); and no Exothane-24 plus preheating (NEH). NEH and EH were preheated at 69 °C. The dependent variables were as follows: film thickness (FT); polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS); gap width (GW); maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax); and degree of conversion (DC). Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Preheating reduced FT for both composites. PSS and GW were significantly lower for EH, when compared with E. The DC for EH and NEH and the Rpmax for EH increased significantly. Preheating improved most of the physicochemical properties (FT, PSS, GW, and DC) of the experimental resin composite containing Exothane-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos Nascimento Batista
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - May Anny Alves Fraga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Manoel da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Américo Bortolazzo Correr
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Roulet
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Saulo Geraldeli
- Division of Biomedical Materials, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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22
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Dimitriadi M, Petropoulou A, Vakou D, Zinelis S, Eliades G. In vitro evaluation of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent. Dent Mater 2023; 39:181-191. [PMID: 36642688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the setting characteristics, wettability and bonding capacity with a lithium disilicate ceramic of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent (Panavia SA Universal-PU). METHODS The degree of conversion (DC %) and extent of acid neutralization (SY %) of PU were measured on dual- (DC) and self-cured (SC) specimens after 10, 30 and 60 min storage by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, whereas the presence of silanols was traced by curve-fitting the 60 min spectra, using the silane-free analog (Panavia SA Plus-PS) as a control. The role of a dedicated adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-CU) in assisting the early DC % in PU-SC was investigated on 10 min-stored specimens. The water contact angles on polished and HF acid-etched lithium disilicate surfaces (IPS e.max Press), were assessed before and after silanization by unset PU or a silane primer (Ultradent Silane-SL). Finally, the shear strength of PU-DC specimens bonded to the acid-etched ceramic surfaces was determined before and after SL treatment. RESULTS The DC % was higher in DC than SC (PU, PS; all time intervals), in PU-SC than PS-SC (30, 60 min) and in the CU assisted PU-SC group. The SY % was lower in DC than SC (PU, PS) and higher in PS-SC than PU-SC groups. Silanols were found only in unset PU and PU-DC groups. SL treatment provided higher water contact angles on polished and acid-etched ceramic surfaces and higher shear bond strength on acid-etched ceramic surfaces than PU (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). SIGNIFICANCE Although the degree of conversion of the silane containing luting agent was improved in the self-curing mode, especially in the adhesive assisted group, it was still inferior to light-curing. Acid-neutralization and presence of silanols were affected by the setting modes. The use of a silane primer enhanced the hydrophobicity and bond strength of the silane containing luting agent with the etched ceramic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitriadi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Petropoulou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Vakou
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Eliades
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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23
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Rodrigues RAA, Silva RMFDCE, Ferreira LDAQ, Branco NTT, Ávila ÉDS, Peres AM, Fernandes-Braga W, Sette-Dias AC, Andrade ÂL, Palma-Dibb RG, Magalhães CSD, Ladeira LO, Silveira RRD, Moreira AN, Martins Júnior PA, Yamauti M, Diniz IMA. Enhanced mechanical properties, anti-biofilm activity, and cytocompatibility of a methacrylate-based polymer loaded with native multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105511. [PMID: 36252425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to optimize the mechanical and biological properties of a conventional methacrylate-based dental polymer by loading it with double- and triple-walled carbon nanotubes as growth (DTWCNTG). METHODS A formulation of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (mass ratio = 2:1) was mixed with DTWCNTG at concentrations of 0.0% (control), 0.001%, 0.005%, and 0.010%. The concentrations were physicochemical and morphologically evaluated, and antibacterial activity was assessed by seeding a Streptococcus mutans strain (ATCC 25175) on the experimental polymeric surfaces. Cellular survival and osteodifferentiation were evaluated in epithelial (HaCat) and preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1). RESULTS The 0.001% DTWCNTG concentration yielded higher compressive strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, water sorption, and solubility than the control. The degree of conversion and color did not significantly change with a low amount of DTWCNTG incorporated into the polymer. Antibacterial activity significantly improved when tested on the 0.001% DTWCNTG discs. No groups showed cytotoxicity in a short-term analysis and adding DTWCNTG favored MC3T3-E1 mineralization over the control, particularly in the 0.001% formulation. SIGNIFICANCE The micro-addition of 0.001% DTWCNTG confers mechanical resistance, antimicrobial properties, and bioactivity to methacrylate-based polymers without significantly compromising color. Incorporating DTWCNTG improved dental composite properties and could be a biomodified material for minimally invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Antonio Alpino Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza de Almeida Queiroz Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natália Tavares Teixeira Branco
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Érick de Souza Ávila
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson Maia Peres
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Augusto César Sette-Dias
- School of Dentistry, Centro Universitário Newton Paiva, Av. Silva Lobo, 1730, 30431-259, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ângela Leão Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Rua Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Silami de Magalhães
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Orlando Ladeira
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Richard da Silveira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allyson Nogueira Moreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Antônio Martins Júnior
- Department of Child and Adolescent Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mônica Yamauti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, 060-8586, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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24
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Yang J, Silikas N, Watts DC. Polymerization and shrinkage kinetics and fracture toughness of bulk-fill resin-composites. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1934-1941. [PMID: 38709119 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine degree of conversion (DC), maximum polymerization rate (RPmax), polymerization shrinkage (PS), maximum shrinkage rate (PS Rmax) and fracture toughness (KIC) of different types of bulk-fill (BF) composites plus the effect of viscosity reduction techniques. METHODS BF specimens were created in 2 mm deep molds: SonicFill 3 (SF3), Viscalor (VC), One Bulk Fill (OBF) and Beautifil Bulk (BBR). SF3 was applied via sonic insertion using a SonicFill handpiece (Kerr Corp. USA). Viscalor was pre-heated in a Caps Warmer in T3 mode (at 68 °C) for 30 s (T3-30 s) and 3 min (T3-3 min), respectively. Specimens were irradiated at zero distance from the upper surface with an Elipar S10 LED unit (3 M ESPE, USA) of mean irradiance 1200 mW/cm2 for 40 s. Real-time polymerization kinetics and DC at 5 min and 24 h post-irradiation (DC5 min and DC24 h) were measured using ATR-FTIR (n = 3). PS was measured up to 1 h on 1 mm thick discs via the bonded-disk technique (n = 3) and PS Rmax obtained by numerical differentiation (n = 3). For fracture toughness, single-edge-notched specimens (32 × 6 ×3 mm) of each BF composite were prepared and measured by three-point bending after 7 d water storage (n = 5). Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, independent T-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS SF3 showed the significantly highest DC5 min, DC24 h and RPmax (p < 0.05), followed by OBF (p < 0.05). Regardless of pre-heating, VC showed comparable conversion kinetics to BBR (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in PS of these BF composites, except OBF had the highest PS (p > 0.05). However, PS Rmax significantly varied among materials (p = 0.047) and SF3 had the highest PS Rmax. Regarding fracture toughness, BBR had the lowest KIC (p < 0.05), whereas other composites showed similar KIC (p > 0.05). Strong correlations of filler content (wt%)-PS/KIC were found. Different pre-heating times had no significant influences on DC %, RPmax, PS, PS Rmax and KIC of VC (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Different types of bulk-fill composites showed comparable shrinkage. A highly filled BF giomer composite (BBR) had the lowest fracture toughness, whereas others had similar KIC. Pre-heating had no adverse effects on Viscalor properties. Sonication and pre-heating are beneficial techniques to enhance composite flowability without either increasing shrinkage or reducing fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nick Silikas
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Yılmaz Atalı P, Doğu Kaya B, Manav Özen A, Tarçın B, Şenol AA, Tüter Bayraktar E, Korkut B, Bilgin Göçmen G, Tağtekin D, Türkmen C. Assessment of Micro-Hardness, Degree of Conversion, and Flexural Strength for Single-Shade Universal Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224987. [PMID: 36433113 PMCID: PMC9697557 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-shade universal resin composites (SsURC) are preferred in clinical practice to reduce time for shade selection and obtain good esthetic results. In this study, the static mechanical properties of seven new SsURCs were investigated, their spectral analyzes were performed and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations were presented. Charisma Diamond One/DO, Admira Fusion x-tra/AFX, Omnichroma/OC, OptiShade/OS, Essentia Universal/EU, Zenchroma/ZC, Vittra APS Unique/VU were used in a three-point bending test to determine flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (EM); Vickers micro-hardness (VHN) and hardness-ratio (HR) were performed with a micro-hardness tester from top/bottom after 24-h/15-days of storage in distilled water at 37 °C (±1 °C). The degree of conversion (DC) was assessed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structure of the resin matrix and filler content were assessed by SEM. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V23 and the R program and the significance level was taken as p < 0.05. The main effect of the tested SsURCs was found to be statistically significant on FS, EM, VHN, and DC values (p < 0.001). Bis-GMA free SsURCs (AFX, DO, VU) showed better DC and HR except for OC. All seven tested SsURCs conform to the requirements of ISO standards for dental resin composites for all tested categories.
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26
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Kwaśny M, Polkowski J, Bombalska A. A Study on the Photopolymerization Kinetics of Selected Dental Resins Using Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5850. [PMID: 36079232 PMCID: PMC9457181 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the presented study was a comparative analysis of the polymerization kinetics of dental resin-based composites currently used in dentistry in different environmental conditions (irradiance, activation time, layer thickness). The photopolymerization kinetics of eleven dental resins were investigated using a Woodpecker LED source. The DC was measured by FTIR in transmission mode and attenuated total reflection (ATR) from 5 s to 7 days. In the transmission mode, the spectra from parallel optical layers (about 0.2 mm thick) of samples placed between the KBr crystals were recorded. In the reflection mode, an ATR attachment with a diamond window was used. The DC calculation method was applied based on the application of a monomer absorption band at 1638 cm-1 (stretching vibration double bond C=C of the vinyl group) without using a reference band. The data were analyzed by performing an ANOVA test comparison between sample groups at the significance level α = 0.05. For all tested materials, the polymerization kinetics consist of three stages. The fastest stage occurs during the irradiation, and the achieved DC value is 70-75% of the maximum value 5 s after the irradiation. Another 15-20% DC increase at a moderate speed takes about 15-20 min. There is also a very slow further increase in DC of 5-10% within 5 days after irradiation. For 8 out of the 11 tested fillings, the optimal photopolymerization conditions are as follows: a power density of 400 or 1000 mW/cm2; an exposure time of 10 s; and a thickness of the irradiated resin layer of up to 2 mm. The influence of various conditions and factors on the reaction kinetics is dominant only in the early, rapid phase of the conversion. After longer times, the DC values gradually level out under different light conditions. The DC of the dental resins are dependent on the irradiance, light source, filler type, time after irradiance, and monomer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Kwaśny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2 Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Polkowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2 Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Bombalska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, S. Kaliskiego 2 Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Sun Y, Sun L, Hong L, Li J, Tang S, Zhao C. Bio-based Non-estrogenic Dimethacrylate Dental Composite from Cloves. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1613-1619. [PMID: 35923076 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), as an endocrine disruptor derived from petroleum-based chemicals, has been prohibited by several regulatory agencies for use in a wide variety of consumer products. For the sake of reducing human exposure to BPA derivatives and in the context of sustainability, it is far-reaching to develop high-performance and low-toxic materials from bountiful biomass sources. The objective of this work was to synthesize 2 bio-based dimethacrylate monomers, 2,2'-dially-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-diglycerolate acrylatediphenylmethane (BEF-EA) and 2,2'-dially-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-diglycerolate methacrylatediphenylmethane (BEF-GMA), using eugenol as the raw material. The estrogenic activity of bio-based bisphenol 2,2'-dially-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane (BEF) was evaluated and compared with estrogen and commercial bisphenols. After photopolymerization of the di(meth)acrylates diluted with tri(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), bio-based visible light-curing materials were prepared, and their properties were systematically investigated. Notably, di(meth)acrylates BEF-GMA and BEF-EA derived from these nonestrogenic bio-based phenols exhibited improved biocompatibility and low viscosity (down to 220-280 Pa.s). BEF-GMA and BEF-EA resin matrix exhibits lower volumetric polymerization shrinkage (about 8.5%), high photopolymerization reactivity (>50% in 60 s), and mechanical properties (fracture energy >5.5 N mm; flexural strength of 87-91 MPa, etc), which were comparable or superior to commercial Bis-GMA. The respective bio-based composites still exhibit adequate properties. Therefore, introducing eugenol-based visible light-curable dimethacrylate monomers into dental materials is a potential strategy to establish green sustainability and biocompatible dental materials without BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - L Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - L Hong
- Endodontics Department of Stomatological Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - S Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Marovic D, Par M, Tauböck TT, Haugen HJ, Negovetic Mandic V, Wüthrich D, Burrer P, Zheng K, Attin T, Tarle Z, Boccaccini AR. Impact of Copper-Doped Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanospheres on the Polymerisation Kinetics and Shrinkage Stress of Dental Resin Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158195. [PMID: 35897771 PMCID: PMC9332616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We embedded copper-doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres (Cu-MBGN) with antibacterial and ion-releasing properties into experimental dental composites and investigated the effect of Cu-MBGN on the polymerisation properties. We prepared seven composites with a BisGMA/TEGDMA (60/40) matrix and 65 wt.% total filler content, added Cu-MBGN or a combination of Cu-MBGN and silanised silica to the silanised barium glass base, and examined nine parameters: light transmittance, degree of conversion (DC), maximum polymerisation rate (Rmax), time to reach Rmax, linear shrinkage, shrinkage stress (PSS), maximum PSS rate, time to reach maximum PSS rate, and depth of cure. Cu-MBGN without silica accelerated polymerisation, reduced light transmission, and had the highest DC (58.8 ± 0.9%) and Rmax (9.8 ± 0.2%/s), but lower shrinkage (3 ± 0.05%) and similar PSS (0.89 ± 0.07 MPa) versus the inert reference (0.83 ± 0.13 MPa). Combined Cu-MBGN and silica slowed the Rmax and achieved a similar DC but resulted in higher shrinkage. However, using a combined 5 wt.% Cu-MBGN and silica, the PSS resembled that of the inert reference. The synergistic action of 5 wt.% Cu-MBGN and silanised silica in combination with silanised barium glass resulted in a material with the highest likelihood for dental applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Marovic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +385-14899203 (D.M. & M.P.)
| | - Matej Par
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +385-14899203 (D.M. & M.P.)
| | - Tobias T. Tauböck
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (D.W.); (P.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Håvard J. Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Visnja Negovetic Mandic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Damian Wüthrich
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (D.W.); (P.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Phoebe Burrer
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (D.W.); (P.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Kai Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Thomas Attin
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (D.W.); (P.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Zrinka Tarle
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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Hot Lithography Vat Photopolymerisation 3D Printing: Vat Temperature vs. Mixture Design. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152988. [PMID: 35893951 PMCID: PMC9330564 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vat photopolymerisation 3D printing technique, the properties of the printed parts are highly dependent on the degree of conversion of the monomers. The mechanisms and advantages of vat photopolymerisation at elevated temperatures, or so called “hot lithography”, were investigated in this paper. Two types of photoresins, commercially used as highly accurate castable resins, with different structural and diluent monomers, were employed in this study. Samples were printed at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 55 °C. The results show that hot lithography can significantly enhance the mechanical and dimensional properties of the printed parts and is more effective when there is a diluent with a network Tg close to the print temperature. When processed at 55 °C, Mixture A, which contains a diluent with a network Tg = 53 °C, was more readily impacted by heat compared to Mixture B, whose diluent had a network Tg = 105. As a result, a higher degree of conversion, followed by an increased Tg of the diluents, and improvements in the tensile strength and dimensional stability of the printed parts were observed, which enhanced the outcomes of the prints for the intended application in investment casting of complex components used in the aero and energy sectors. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the hot lithography process is contained by a correlation between the process temperature and the characteristics of the monomers in the mixture.
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Fidalgo-Pereira R, Carpio D, Torres O, Carvalho O, Silva F, Henriques B, Özcan M, Souza JCM. The influence of inorganic fillers on the light transmission through resin-matrix composites during the light-curing procedure: an integrative review. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5575-5594. [PMID: 35767045 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to perform an integrative review on the effect the inorganic fillers on the light transmission through the resin-matrix composites during the light-curing procedure. METHOD A bibliographic review was performed on PubMed using the following search terms: "fillers" OR "particle" AND "light curing" OR "polymerization" AND "light transmission" OR "light absorption" OR "light irradiance" OR "light attenuation" OR "light diffusion" AND "resin composite." The search involved articles published in English language in the last 10 years. RESULTS Selected studies reported a decrease in biaxial strength and hardness in traditional resin-matrix composites in function of the depth of polymerization. However, there were no significant differences in biaxial strength and hardness recorded along the polymerization depth of Bulk-Fill™ composites. Strength and hardness were enhanced by increasing the size and content of inorganic fillers although some studies revealed a progressive decrease in the degree of conversion on increasing silica particle size. The translucency of glass-ceramic spherical fillers promoted light diffusion mainly in critical situations such as in the case of deep proximal regions of resin-matrix composites. CONCLUSIONS The amount of light transmitted through the resin-matrix composites is influenced by the size, content, microstructure, and shape of the inorganic filler particles. The decrease of the degree of conversion affects negatively the physical and mechanical properties of the resin-matrix composites. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The type and content of inorganic fillers in the chemical composition of resin-matrix composites do affect their polymerization. As a consequence, the clinical performance of resin-matrix composites can be compromised leading to variable physical properties and degradation. The polymerization mode of resin-matrix composites can be improved according to the type of inorganic fillers in their chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fidalgo-Pereira
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Daniela Carpio
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Orlanda Torres
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Oscar Carvalho
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Dental Materials Unit, Center of Dental Medicine, Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal.
- Center for Microelectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.
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Marovic D, Par M, Posavec K, Marić I, Štajdohar D, Muradbegović A, Tauböck TT, Attin T, Tarle Z. Long-Term Assessment of Contemporary Ion-Releasing Restorative Dental Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4042. [PMID: 35744101 PMCID: PMC9227571 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate new commercially available ion-releasing restorative materials and compare them to established anti-cariogenic materials. Four materials were tested: alkasite Cention (Ivoclar Vivadent) in self-cure or light-cure mode, giomer Beautifil II (Shofu), conventional glass-ionomer Fuji IX (GC), and resin composite Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar Vivadent) as a control. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Weibull modulus were measured one day, three months, and after three months with accelerated aging in ethanol. Water sorption and solubility were evaluated for up to one year. Degree of conversion was measured during 120 min for self-cured and light-cured Cention. In this study, Beautifil II was the ion-releasing material with the highest flexural strength and modulus and with the best resistance to aging. Alkasite Cention showed superior mechanical properties to Fuji IX. Weibull analysis showed that the glass-ionomer had the least reliable distribution of mechanical properties with the highest water sorption. The solubility of self-cured alkasite exceeded the permissible values according to ISO 4049. Degree of conversion of light-cured Cention was higher than in self-cure mode. The use of alkasite Cention is recommended only in the light-cure mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Marovic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (D.Š.); (Z.T.)
| | - Matej Par
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (D.Š.); (Z.T.)
| | - Karlo Posavec
- Private Dental Practice, Dr. Ivana Novaka 28, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Marić
- Private Dental Practice, Odranska 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dominik Štajdohar
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (D.Š.); (Z.T.)
| | - Alen Muradbegović
- Private Dental Practice, Malkočeva 3, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Tobias T. Tauböck
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.T.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Zrinka Tarle
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (D.Š.); (Z.T.)
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Touchet T, Briggs S, Graul L, Maitland DJ. Development and Characterization of Oxidatively Responsive Thiol-Ene Networks for Bone Graft Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2633-2642. [PMID: 35658422 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
First metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) arthroplasty procedures are a common podiatric procedure. However, almost one-third of cases require revision surgeries because of nonunions. Revision or salvage surgery requires more extensive hardware and bone grafts to recreate the first metatarsal. Unfortunately, salvage surgeries have a similar rate of failure attributed to delayed healing, bone graft dissolution, and the lack of bone ingrowth. Furthermore, patients who suffer from neuropathic comorbidities such as diabetes suffer from a diminished healing capacity. An increase in proinflammatory factors and the high presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in diabetics are linked to lower fusion rates. To this end, there is a need for a clinically relevant bone graft to promote bone fusions in patients with neuropathic comorbidities. Incorporating thiol-ene networks for bone scaffolds has demonstrated increased osteogenic biomarkers over traditional polymeric materials. Furthermore, thiol-ene networks can act as antioxidants. Sulfide linkages within the network have an inherent ability to consume radical oxygen to create sulfoxide and sulfone groups. These unique properties of thiol-ene networks make them a promising candidate as bone grafts for diabetic patients. In this work, we propose a thiol-ene biomaterial to address the current limitations of MPJ fusion in diabetics by characterizing mechanical properties, degradation rates under accelerated conditions, and oxidative responsiveness under pathophysiologic conditions. We also demonstrated that thiol-ene-based materials could reduce the number of hydroxyl radicals associated with neuropathic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Touchet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77480, United States.,DJO Foot and Ankle, 727 N. Shepherd Drive Suite 100, Houston, Texas 77007, United States
| | - Samuel Briggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77480, United States
| | - Lance Graul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77480, United States
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77480, United States
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Nanthananon P, Tanodekaew S, Tesavibul P, Manotham S, Kaewkong P, Channasanon S. Enhancing the mechanical properties of photosensitive binder jetting
PLA
via dual curing and thermal treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phornwalan Nanthananon
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tanodekaew
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Passakorn Tesavibul
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Supalak Manotham
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Pakkanun Kaewkong
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Somruethai Channasanon
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group National Metal and Materials Technology Center Pathum Thani Thailand
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Kosewski J, Kosewski P, Mielczarek A. Influence of Instrument Lubrication on Properties of Dental Composites. Eur J Dent 2022; 16:719-728. [PMID: 35395691 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resin composites are one of the most commonly used materials in restorative dentistry. To improve their handling and facilitate restoration sculpting, clinicians began to lubricate modeling instruments with various substances like alcohol, unfilled resins, or even bonding agents. Although the technique is commonly present in daily clinical practice, it has not been precisely described in the literature and both application methods and lubricating materials vary across the available studies. This study aims to summarize the currently available knowledge about influence of instrument lubrication on properties of dental composites. Literature selection was conducted within MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and EBSCO databases. Instrument lubrication seems not to be indifferent for composite mechanical and optical properties. Moreover, various lubricants can differently affect the composite material, so the choice of lubricating agent should be deliberate and cautious. Available in vitro studies suggest possible incorporation of lubricant into the composite structure. Unfilled resins based on bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) seem to be the best choice for the lubricant, as bonding agents containing hydrophilic molecules and alcohols carry a bigger risk of altering the composite properties. Further research is necessary to evaluate lubricants' influence in clinical practice conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Kosewski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Mielczarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Time-lapse submicrometer particle motion reveals residual strain evolution and damaging stress relaxation in clinical resin composites sealing human root canals. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:350-363. [PMID: 34740856 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer based composites are widely used for treatment, for example as biofilm resistant seals of root canal fillings. Such clinical use, however, fails more frequently than other dental composite restorations, due to stress-related misfits. The reason for this is that the biomaterials used are inserted as viscous masses that may bond to the substrate, yet shrinkage stresses arising during setting of the cross-linking polymer, work against durable adhesion. Here we combine phase contrast enhanced time-lapse radiography (radioscopy), digital image correlation (DIC) and submicrometer resolution phase-contrast enhanced microtomography (PCE-CT), to reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics of composite polymerization and strain evolution. Radioscopy of cavities located in the upper part of human root canals demonstrates how the composite post-gelation "densification" is dominated by viscous flow with quantifiable motion of both particles and entrapped voids. Thereafter, these composites enter a "stress-relaxation" stage and exhibit several structural adaptations, induced by residual shrinkage stresses. Consequently critical alterations to the final biomaterial geometry emerge: (i) entrapped bubbles expand; (ii) microscopic root filling pull-out occurs; (iii) the cavity walls deform inwards, and (iv) occasionally delamination ensues, propagating out from the root canal filling along buried restoration-substrate interfaces. Our findings shed new light on the interactions between confined spaces and biomedical composites that cross-link in situ, highlighting the crucial role of geometry in channeling residual stresses. They further provide new insights into the emergence of structural flaws, calling attention to the need to find new treatment options. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work quantifies recurring spatial and temporal material redistribution in composites used clinically to fill internal spaces in teeth. This knowledge is important for both promoting biomaterial resistance against potentially pathologic biofilms and for improving structural capacity to endure years of mechanical function. Our study demonstrates the significant role of geometry and the need for improved control over stress raisers to develop better treatment protocols and new space filling materials. The use of high-brilliance X-rays for time-lapse imaging at submicrometer resolution provides dynamic information about the damaging effects of stress relaxation due to polymerization shrinkage.
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Kim GT, Go HB, Yu JH, Yang SY, Kim KM, Choi SH, Kwon JS. Cytotoxicity, Colour Stability and Dimensional Accuracy of 3D Printing Resin with Three Different Photoinitiators. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050979. [PMID: 35267799 PMCID: PMC8912826 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility is important for the 3D printing of resins used in medical devices and can be affected by photoinitiators, one of the key additives used in the 3D printing process. The choice of ingredients must be considered, as the toxicity varies depending on the photoinitiator, and unreacted photoinitiator may leach out of the polymerized resin. In this study, the use of ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate (TPO-L) as a photoinitiator for the 3D printing of resin was considered for application in medical device production, where the cytotoxicity, colour stability, dimensional accuracy, degree of conversion, and mechanical/physical properties were evaluated. Along with TPO-L, two conventional photoinitiators, phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO) and diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), were considered. A total of 0.1 mol% of each photoinitiator was mixed with the resin matrix to prepare a resin mixture for 3D printing. The specimens were printed using a direct light processing (DLP) type 3D printer. The 3D-printed specimens were postprocessed and evaluated for cytotoxicity, colour stability, dimensional accuracy, degree of conversion, and mechanical properties in accordance with international standards and the methods described in previous studies. The TPO-L photoinitiator showed excellent biocompatibility and colour stability and possessed with an acceptable dimensional accuracy for use in the 3D printing of resins. Therefore, the TPO-L photoinitiator can be sufficiently used as a photoinitiator for dental 3D-printed resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Tae Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (H.-B.G.); (S.-Y.Y.); (K.-M.K.)
- BK21 FOUR Program, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Hye-Bin Go
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (H.-B.G.); (S.-Y.Y.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Jae-Hun Yu
- BK21 FOUR Program, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Yang
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (H.-B.G.); (S.-Y.Y.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (H.-B.G.); (S.-Y.Y.); (K.-M.K.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- BK21 FOUR Program, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-3102 (S.-H.C.); +82-2-2228-8301 (J.-S.K.)
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (H.-B.G.); (S.-Y.Y.); (K.-M.K.)
- BK21 FOUR Program, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-H.C.); (J.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-3102 (S.-H.C.); +82-2-2228-8301 (J.-S.K.)
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Muralidharan A, McLeod RR, Bryant SJ. Hydrolytically degradable Poly (β-amino ester) resins with tunable degradation for 3D printing by projection micro-stereolithography. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2106509. [PMID: 35813039 PMCID: PMC9268535 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Applications of 3D printing that range from temporary medical devices to environmentally responsible manufacturing would benefit from printable resins that yield polymers with controllable material properties and degradation behavior. Towards this goal, poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE)-diacrylate resins were investigated due to the wide range of available chemistries and tunable material properties. PBAE-diacrylate resins were synthesized from hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemistries and with varying electron densities on the ester bond to provide control over degradation. Hydrophilic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors characteristic of bulk degradation while hydrophobic PBAE-diacrylates led to degradation behaviors dominated initially by surface degradation and then transitioned to bulk degradation. Depending on chemistry, the crosslinked PBAE-polymers exhibited a range of degradation times under accelerated conditions, from complete mass loss in 90 min to minimal mass loss at 45 days. Patterned features with 55 μm resolution were achieved across all resins, but their fidelity was dependent on PBAE-diacrylate molecular weight, reactivity, and printing parameters. In summary, simple chemical modifications in the PBAE-diacrylate resins coupled with projection microstereolithography enables high resolution 3D printed parts with similar architectures and initial properties, but widely different degradation rates and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Hampe T, Wiessner A, Frauendorf H, Alhussein M, Karlovsky P, Bürgers R, Krohn S. A comparative in vitro study on monomer release from bisphenol A-free and conventional temporary crown and bridge materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12826. [PMID: 34879174 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the release of common monomers from two conventional and two bisphenol A (BPA)-free temporary crown and bridge materials. Cylindrical samples of all materials were prepared (N = 90; five samples for each material and cycle of analysis). All samples were immersed in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade water and incubated for 1 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 7 days in an incubation shaker at 37°C and 112 rpm. Extraction was performed in accordance with ISO 10993-12. Eluted monomers were detected and quantified by HPLC coupled with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/Vis-MS). Analysis of BPA was performed by HPLC coupled with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (HPLC-UV/Vis) and positive results were verified by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Neither bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) nor BPA was quantifiable in any of the crown and bridge samples investigated in the present study. However, all samples contained triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and/or urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) after 24 h of incubation. Statistical analysis showed that significantly more UDMA was released from the BPA-free materials than from the conventional materials. All concentrations of UDMA measured were below the effective cytotoxic concentrations previously reported. However, for a few materials, especially BPA-free temporary crown and bridge materials, the levels of UDMA were above previously reported potentially harmful concentrations for local cells. As BPA-free materials were introduced as being more biocompatible than materials containing BPA, substitution of Bis-GMA with UDMA should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Hampe
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Wiessner
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Alhussein
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Bürgers
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krohn
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Sullivan B, Kalliecharan D, Kostylev I, Earle G, Stansbury JW, Price RB, Labrie D. Photo-polymerization kinetics of a dental resin at a high temporal resolution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104884. [PMID: 34638087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study: 1) aims to measure with high temporal resolution the intrinsic rate of the degree of conversion (DC) of a dental resin-based composite (RBC) photo-cured at two irradiances; 2) aims to determine the transition time at which the DC rate is maximum; 3) used two different irradiances to measure the shift in transition time; 4) aims to compare transition times measured using DC and shrinkage strain. METHODS Samples (n = 20) 1 mm thick by 10 mm diameter of Filtek One bulk-fill restorative A2 shade (3M Oral Care) were photocured for 20 s with a single emission peak (wavelength centered at 455 nm) light-emitting-diode-based light-curing unit at irradiance levels of 890 mW/cm2 and 209 mW/cm2, and initial sample temperature of T = 23 °C. The DC was measured in real-time using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy with a sampling rate of 13 DC data points per second. The data were analyzed within a phenomenological autocatalytic model. In addition, the axial shrinkage strain was measured using 3 samples of the RBC with the same outer dimensions and under similar experimental conditions using the bonded disk method and an interferometric technique. RESULTS For the 890 mW/cm2 and 209 mW/cm2 irradiance levels, the DC with time was found to agree with the model enabling the determination of transition times of 0.66 ± 0.05 s and 2.3 ± 0.2 s, and the DC at these times of 5.5 ± 0.2% and 6.4 ± 0.2%. The maximum linear strain rate at 0.76 ± 0.01 s and 1.98 ± 0.02 s for the 890 mW/cm2 and 209 mW/cm2 irradiance levels, respectively, are within two standard deviations of the corresponding transition times. SIGNIFICANCE At an irradiance level much greater than 1000 mW/cm2, the photo-polymerization kinetics of a dental RBC may be too fast to be measured accurately using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. A viable alternative to monitor the kinetics is through the measurements of the axial shrinkage strain employing the bonded disk method and an interferometric technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden Sullivan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David Kalliecharan
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ivan Kostylev
- Quantum Dynamics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha 1919-1, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Guy Earle
- IObIO Inc., 1676 Edward Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3J3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0596, United States
| | - Richard B Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Daniel Labrie
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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de Araújo Neto VG, Soto-Montero J, de Castro EF, Feitosa VP, Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M. Effects of shades of a multilayered zirconia on light transmission, monomer conversion, and bond strength of resin cement. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 34:412-422. [PMID: 34569699 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of shades of a multilayered zirconia on light transmission, resin cement degree of conversion, and shear bond strength of resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS The light transmission through opaque (OPQ) and translucent (TNS) regions of Katana UTML zirconia (Kuraray Noritake Dental) were evaluated for using a spectroradiometer (n = 5). Degree of conversion of dual-cure resin cement (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was measured after light-activation through OPQ or TNS regions and direct exposure. Composition of the zirconia was analyzed with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated on the OPQ and TNS regions after 24 h and 1 year from specimen preparation (n = 15). RESULTS The OPQ region produced higher irradiance loss (95.1%) than TNS one (92.9%), and lower degree of conversion (52.4%) than TNS (71.2%) at 24 h post-light activation. EDS analysis did not show differences on the microstructure of the OPQ and TNS regions. There were no significant differences on the SBS between zirconia regions. For both zirconia regions, a significant reduction on the SBS occurred after aging, being 31.7% for OPQ and 38% for TNS. CONCLUSION Both OPQ and TNS regions affected the light transmission through the multilayered zirconia. The OPQ region yielded the highest light attenuation and the lowest degree of conversion of resin cement. Different regions of the zirconia did not influence the SBS. Clinical significance Although opaque and translucent regions of the multilayered zirconia reduced the light transmission from LED curing unit and the degree of conversion of resin cement, the regions did not affect the resin cement adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Soto-Montero
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Kim K, Sinha J, Stansbury JW, Musgrave CB. Visible-Light Photoinitiation of (Meth)acrylate Polymerization with Autonomous Post-conversion. Macromolecules 2021; 54:7702-7715. [PMID: 35938043 PMCID: PMC9351574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conversion plateaus rapidly in radical photopolymerizations (RPPs) following discontinuation of irradiation due to rapid termination of reactive radicals, which restricts the wider use of RPPs in applications that involve nonuniform light access including those with attenuated light transmission or irregular surfaces. Based on our recent report of a radical dark-curing photoinitiator (DCPI) that continues polymerization beyond the cessation of irradiation by enabling latent redox initiation with photo-released amine in the presence of a suitable oxidant, we developed a new DCPI with an absorption spectrum that extends well into the visible range. Our design process involved a series of computational investigations of candidate molecules, including a systematic study of substituents and their position-dependent effects on absorption characteristics, electronic transitions, and the photochemical mechanism and its associated energetics. Our quantum chemical computations identified the target compound 5,7-dimethoxy-6-bromo-3-aroylcoumarin-DMPT/BPh4 and predicted that it would facilitate the dark-curing mechanism by concurrent photo-radical generation and photo-induced release of an efficient redox reductant under visible irradiation. This reductant-tethered chromophore was then synthesized and optically characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy that revealed its strong visible-light absorption with a molar absorptivity of 5710 M-1 cm-1 at 405 nm and 50 M-1 cm-1 at 455 nm. We then demonstrated extensive dark-curing of >35% additional conversion over 25 min following brief activation of the shelf-stable one-part system by irradiation with a 455 nm LED that was ceased at 20% conversion. In contrast, shuttering irradiation of the control formulation at that same point resulted in immediate cessation of conversion, which plateaued at 20%. We determined a remarkable initiator efficiency of 2.82 that results from the additional redox-generated radicals with a 77% photo-reductant generation quantum yield. The combination of superior photo- and dark-curing efficiencies of this new visible DCPI is expected to open new application opportunities in RPP, especially those involving resins that are highly light attenuating, surfaces that possess irregular features that produce uneven irradiance, and production lines where continued dark-curing downstream of the light activation step enhances line efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Kim
- Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Chemistry, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Delgado AHS, Owji N, Ashley P, Young AM. Varying 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) level improves polymerisation kinetics and flexural strength in self-adhesive, remineralising composites. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1366-1376. [PMID: 34144796 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of systematically varying concentrations of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) versus 3% 4-META on the polymerisation kinetics and shrinkage, biaxial flexural strength (BFS) and modulus of remineralising composites. METHODS Composites were prepared by adding poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate (24 wt%), camphorquinone (1 wt%) and MDP (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 wt%) or 4-META (3%) to urethane dimethacrylate. These were mixed with glass fillers containing 8 wt% monocalcium phosphate and 4 wt% polylysine (powder-liquid ratio of 3:1). Continuous spectral changes, following 20 s light exposure (37 °C), were assessed with an ATR-FTIR to monitor polymerisation kinetics (n = 3). Final extrapolated conversions (DC,max) were employed to calculate polymerisation shrinkage. BFS and modulus of 24-h dry stored disc specimens (10 × 1 mm; n = 10) were determined using a ball-on-ring jig setup. RESULTS Maximum rate of polymerisation and DC,max increased linearly from 2.5 to 3.5% s-1 and 67 to 83%, respectively, upon increasing MDP from 0 to 20 wt%. Values with 3% 4-META were 2.6% s-1 and 78%. Shrinkage was 3.8 ± 0.3% for all formulations. Raising 4-META or MDP from 0 to 3 versus 5%, respectively, increased strength from 106 to 145 versus 136 MPa. A decreasing trend with higher MDP concentrations was noted. Elastic modulus showed no specific trend upon MDP increase. SIGNIFICANCE Whilst final conversion levels were enhanced by 3% 4-META or >5% MDP, trends did not correlate with strength. Peak strengths with 3% 4-META or 5% MDP may therefore be due to acidic monomers providing linkage between the hydrophilic, non-silane treated particles and the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- António H S Delgado
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte de Caparica, Almada, Portugal.
| | - Nazanin Owji
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul Ashley
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK; Unit of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Anne M Young
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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Delgado AHS, Young AM. Methacrylate peak determination and selection recommendations using ATR-FTIR to investigate polymerisation of dental methacrylate mixtures. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252999. [PMID: 34106972 PMCID: PMC8189511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of polymerisation kinetics using ATR-FTIR systems is common in many dental studies. However, peak selection methods to calculate monomer-polymer conversion can vary, consequently affecting final results. Thus, the aim of this study is to experimentally confirm which method is less prone to systematic errors. Three commercial restorative materials were tested-Vertise Flow (VF), Constic and Activa Bioactive Restorative Kids. Firstly, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) (Spectrum One, Perkin-Elmer, UK) spectra of monomers were acquired-10-methacryloyloxy decyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethyelene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) to investigate proportionality of methacrylate peak heights versus concentration. Spectral changes upon light exposure of 2 mm discs of the restorative materials (irradiated for 20 s, LED curing unit 1100-1330 mW/cm2) were assessed to study polymerisation kinetics (n = 3), with continuous acquisition of spectra, before, during and after light exposure. Peak differences and degrees of conversion (DC %) were calculated using 1320/1336, 1320/1350 and 1636/1648 cm-1 as reaction/reference peaks. Inferential statistics included a MANOVA and within-subjects repeated measures ANOVA design (5% significance level). Proportionality of methacrylate peak height to concentration was confirmed, with the 1320/1352 cm-1 peak combination showing the lowest coefficient of variation (8%). Difference spectra of the polymerisation reaction showed noise interference around the 1500-1800 cm-1 region. Across the different materials, DC % results are highly dependent upon peak selection (p<0.001), with higher variability associated to the 1636 cm-1. Significant differences in the materials were only detected when the 1320 cm-1 peak was used (p<0.05). Within the same materials, methods were significantly different for Constic and Activa (p<0.05). It is possible to conclude that the 1320 cm-1 peak is more adequate to assess polymerisation of methacrylates and is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- António H. S. Delgado
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anne M. Young
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Hydrophobically Modified Isosorbide Dimethacrylates as a Bisphenol-A (BPA)-Free Dental Filling Material. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092139. [PMID: 33922355 PMCID: PMC8122847 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of bio-based hydrophobically modified isosorbide dimethacrylates, with para-, meta-, and ortho- benzoate aromatic spacers (ISBGBMA), are synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential dental restorative resins. The new monomers, isosorbide 2,5-bis(4-glyceryloxybenzoate) dimethacrylate (ISB4GBMA), isosorbide 2,5-bis(3-glyceryloxybenzoate) dimethacrylate (ISB3GBMA), and isosorbide 2,5-bis(2-glyceryloxybenzoate) dimethacrylate (ISB2GBMA), are mixed with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and photopolymerized. The resulting polymers are evaluated for the degree of monomeric conversion, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption, glass transition temperature, and flexural strength. Isosorbide glycerolate dimethacrylate (ISDGMA) is synthesized, and Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) is prepared, and both are evaluated as a reference. Poly(ISBGBMA/TEGDMA) series shows lower water sorption (39-44 µg/mm3) over Poly(ISDGMA/TEGDMA) (73 µg/mm3) but higher than Poly(BisGMA/TEGDMA) (26 µg/mm3). Flexural strength is higher for Poly(ISBGBMA/TEGDMA) series (37-45 MPa) over Poly(ISDGMA/TEGDMA) (10 MPa) and less than Poly(BisGMA/TEGDMA) (53 MPa) after immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) for 24 h. Poly(ISB2GBMA/TEGDMA) has the highest glass transition temperature at 85 °C, and its monomeric mixture has the lowest viscosity at 0.62 Pa·s, among the (ISBGBMA/TEGDMA) polymers and monomer mixtures. Collectively, this data suggests that the ortho ISBGBMA monomer is a potential bio-based, BPA-free replacement for BisGMA, and could be the focus for future study.
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Characterization of Methacrylate-Based Resins Containing Methacryl-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (MA-POSS-8). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071680. [PMID: 33805511 PMCID: PMC8036278 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of functionalized dental adhesives that might prevent degradation of the dentin hybrid layer has been proposed. The aim of the study was to characterize the physicochemical properties and the potential to induce mineral precipitation of methacrylate-based resins containing methacryl-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MA-POSS-8). In total, six different compositions of resins based on bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA, 40 to 60 wt.%), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA, 5 to 35 wt.%) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, 25 or 35 wt.%) were prepared and infiltrated with 5 wt.% MA-POSS-8. Unfilled resins served as control. Degree of conversion, viscosity, Martens hardness, indentation modulus, water sorption, and sol fraction were investigated. Polymerized specimens were examined by SEM/EDX for the presence of Ca/P precipitates after immersion in artificial saliva for 28 days at 37 °C. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion ranged from 55.0 to 59.8% and was not affected by the addition of MA-POSS-8. Viscosity ranged from 60.0 to 422.3 mPa*s and was not affected by MA-POSS-8 except for one methacrylate-based resin with 60 wt.% BisGMA. Martens hardness and indentation modulus ranged from 161.3 to 138.1 N/mm2 and 4.2 to 3.9 kN/mm2 and were affected by MA-POSS-8 in only one resin (50 wt.% BisGMA, 25 wt.% TEGDMA, 25 wt.% HEMA). Water sorption was not affected by MA-POSS-8; sol fraction was below the detection limit. Formation of Ca/P precipitates was observed on all specimens of test and control groups. Material properties were not affected adversly by MA-POSS-8 except for slight differences in Martens Hardness, indentation modulus, viscosity, in some groups.
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Lin GSS, Ghani NRNA, Ismail NH, Singbal K, Noorani TY, Mamat N. New Experimental Zirconia-Reinforced Rice Husk Nanohybrid Composite and the Outcome of Its Surface Roughness and Microhardness in Comparison with Commercialized Nanofilled and Microhybrid Composite Resins. Contemp Clin Dent 2021; 12:21-27. [PMID: 33967533 PMCID: PMC8092096 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_298_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An ideal composite resin should demonstrate smooth surface after polishing and high hardness value to provide long-term success. Thus, this study aimed to compare the surface roughness and microhardness of new experimental zirconia-reinforced rice husk nanohybrid composite (Zr-Hybrid) with commercialized nanofilled (Filtek-Z350-XT) and microhybrid composite (Zmack-Comp) resins before and after artificial ageing. Methods: One hundred and eighty standardized disc samples were prepared, of which ninety samples each were used for surface roughness and microhardness test, respectively. They were divided equally into: Group 1 (Filtek-Z350-XT), Group 2 (Zmack-Comp), and Group 3 (Zr-Hybrid). For surface roughness test, all samples were polished with aluminium oxide discs and further subdivided into aged and unaged subgroups, in which composite samples in aged subgroups were subjected to 2500 thermal cycles. Next, all the samples were subjected to surface roughness test using a contact stylus profilometer. As for microhardness test, all the aged and unaged samples were tested using a Vickers hardness machine with a load of 300 kgf for 10 s and viewed under a digital microscope to obtain microhardness value. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference and paired sample t-test with significance level set at P = 0.05. Results: In both the aged and unaged groups, Zr-Hybrid showed statistically significantly lower surface roughness (P < 0.05) than Filtek-Z350-XT and Zmack-Comp, but no statistically significant difference was noted between Filtek-Z350-XT and Zmack-Comp (P > 0.05). A similar pattern was noted in microhardness test, whereby Zr-Hybrid showed the highest value (P < 0.05) followed by Filtek-Z350-XT and lastly Zmack-Comp. Besides, significant differences in surface roughness and microhardness were noted between the aged and unaged groups. Conclusion: Zr-Hybrid seems to demonstrate better surface roughness and microhardness value before and after artificial ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galvin Sim Siang Lin
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Huda Ismail
- Prosthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kiran Singbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahsa University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Yusuf Noorani
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noraida Mamat
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Delgado AHS, Young AM. Modelling ATR-FTIR Spectra of Dental Bonding Systems to Investigate Composition and Polymerisation Kinetics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:760. [PMID: 33562837 PMCID: PMC7915020 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Component ratios and kinetics are key to understanding and optimising novel formulations. This warrants investigation of valid methods. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR)-FTIR spectra of separate primers/adhesives were modelled using summed spectra of solvents (water, ethanol), methacrylate monomers (HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), Bis-GMA (bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate), and 10-MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate)), and fillers, multiplied by varying fractions. Filler loads were obtained following their separation from the adhesives, by analysing three repetitions (n = 3). Spectral changes during light exposure at 37 °C (20 s, LED 1100-1330 mW/cm2) were used to determine polymerisation kinetics (n = 3). Independent samples T-test was used for statistical analysis (significance level of 5%). FTIR modelling suggested a primer solvent percentage of OBFL (Optibond FL) (30%) was half that of CFSE (Clearfil SE 2) (60%). OBFL included ethanol and water, while CFSE included only water. Monomer peaks were largely those of HEMA with lower levels of phosphate monomers. OBFL/CFSE adhesive model spectra suggested that both contained equal volumes of Bis-GMA/HEMA, with CFSE having 10-MDP. Filler levels and spectra from OBFL (48 wt.%) and CFSE (5 wt.%) were different. Both systems reached a 50% conversion rate within seconds of light exposure. The final conversion for OBFL (74 ± 1%) was lower compared to CFSE (79 ± 2%) (p < 0.05). ATR-FTIR is a useful method to investigate relative levels of main components in bonding systems and their polymerisation kinetics. Such information is valuable to understanding such behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- António HS Delgado
- Division of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 2PF, UK;
- Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anne M. Young
- Division of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London NW3 2PF, UK;
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Padunglappisit C, Posaya-Anuwat S, Sompoch V, Piyawiwattanakoon P, Panpisut P. Effects of Different Amine Activators on the Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Color Stability of Experimental Provisional Dental Restorations. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:488-494. [PMID: 33535248 PMCID: PMC8382472 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim was to assess the effect of different amine activators including N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) or Na-N-tolyglycine glycidyl methacrylate (NTGGMA) on chemical-activated monomer conversion, biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and color stability of composites for provisional dental restorations.
Materials and Methods
Two formulations of composites containing either DMPT (D-temp) or NTGGMA (N-temp) were prepared. The degree of monomer conversion was assessed. The BFS of the materials was tested using the ball-on-ring testing jig. The color difference (∆E
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) of the materials after immersion in water was also determined. The commercial comparisons were Unifast (UF), Protemp (PT), Luxacrown, and Luxatemp (LT).
Results
The monomer conversion of D-temp (57.4 ± 1.3%) was comparable to that of N-temp (59.0 ± 1.3%). The conversion of both D-temp and N-temp were higher than that of PT (48.1 ± 3.4%) and LT (48.0 ± 1.6%). BFS of both D-temp (164.2 ± 18.1 MPa) and N-temp (168.6 ± 8.9 MPa) were comparable but higher than that of UF (119.8 ± 13.6 MPa). ∆E
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of D-temp (2.7 ± 0.7) and N-temp (2.5 ± 0.8) were comparable but higher than that of other commercial materials (0.6–1.2).
Conclusion
The use of DMPT or NTGGMA showed negligible effect on monomer conversion, BFS, and color stability of the experimental provisional restorations. The conversion and BFS of the experimental materials were in the range of that obtained from commercial bis-acryl-based materials. However, the color stability of the experimental materials was lower than that of commercial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varisara Sompoch
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Marovic D, Par M, Crnadak A, Sekelja A, Negovetic Mandic V, Gamulin O, Rakić M, Tarle Z. Rapid 3 s Curing: What Happens in Deep Layers of New Bulk-Fill Composites? MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030515. [PMID: 33494495 PMCID: PMC7866022 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of rapid 3 s light curing on the new generation of bulk-fill resin composites under the simulated aging challenge and depths up to 4 mm. Four bulk-fill materials were tested: two materials designed for rapid curing (Tetric PowerFill—PFILL; Tetric PowerFlow—PFLW) and two regular materials (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative—FIL; SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable—SDR). Three-point bending (n = 10) was used to measure flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM). In the 3 s group, two 2 mm thick specimens were stacked to obtain 4 mm thickness, while 2 mm-thick specimens were used for ISO group. Specimens were aged for 1, 30, or 30 + 3 days in ethanol. The degree of conversion (DC) up to 4 mm was measured by Raman spectroscopy. There was no difference between curing protocols in FS after 1 day for all materials except PFLW. FM was higher for all materials for ISO curing protocol. Mechanical properties deteriorated by increasing depth (2–4 mm) and aging. ISO curing induced higher DC for PFLW and FIL, while 3 s curing was sufficient for PFILL and SDR. The 3 s curing negatively affected FM of all tested materials, whereas its influence on FS and DC was highly material-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Marovic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Matej Par
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Crnadak
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Andjelina Sekelja
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Visnja Negovetic Mandic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Institute for Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
| | - Mario Rakić
- Institute of Physics, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Tarle
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.S.); (V.N.M.); (Z.T.)
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Bhadila G, Wang X, Weir MD, Melo MAS, Martinho F, Fay GG, Oates TW, Sun J, Xu HHK. Low-shrinkage-stress nanocomposite: An insight into shrinkage stress, antibacterial, and ion release properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1124-1134. [PMID: 33386668 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims are: (a) To develop the first low-shrinkage-stress nanocomposite with antibacterial and remineralization capabilities through the incorporation of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP); (b) to investigate the effects of the new composite on biofilm inhibition, mechanical properties, shrinkage stress, and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion releases. The low-shrinkage-stress resin consisted of urethane dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol divinylbenzyl ether. Composite was formulated with 3% DMAHDM and 20% NACP. Mechanical properties, shrinkage stress, and degree of conversion were evaluated. Streptococcus mutans biofilm growth on composites was assessed. Ca and P ion releases were measured. The shrinkage stress of the low-shrinkage-stress composite containing 3% DMAHDM and 20% NACP was 36% lower than that of traditional composite control (p < 0.05), with similar degrees of conversion of 73.9%. The new composite decreased the biofilm colony-forming unit by 4 log orders and substantially reduced biofilm lactic acid production compared to control composite (p < 0.05). Incorporating DMAHDM to the low-shrinkage-stress composite did not adversely affect the Ca and P ion release. A novel bioactive nanocomposite was developed with low shrinkage stress, strong antibiofilm activity, and high levels of ion release for remineralization, without undermining the mechanical properties and degree of conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Bhadila
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann S Melo
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederico Martinho
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guadalupe Garcia Fay
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jirun Sun
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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