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Inheritance of Monogenic Hereditary Skin Disease and Related Canine Breeds. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080433. [PMID: 36006348 PMCID: PMC9412528 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of the genome is an evolutionary factor in all animal species, including canines, but it can also be the origin of diseases caused by hereditary genetic mutation. Genetic changes, or mutations, that give rise to a pathology in most cases result from recessive alleles that are normally found with minority allelic frequency. The use of genetic improvement increases the consanguinity within canine breeds and, on many occasions, also increases the frequency of these recessive alleles, increasing the prevalence of these pathologies. This prevalence has been known for a long time, but mutations differ according to the canine breed. These genetic diseases, including skin diseases, or genodermatosis, which is narrowly defined as monogenic hereditary dermatosis. In this review, we focus on genodermatosis sensu estricto, i.e., monogenic, and hereditary dermatosis, in addition to the clinical features, diagnosis, pathogeny, and treatment. Specifically, this review analyzes epidermolytic and non-epidermolytic ichthyosis, junctional epidermolysis bullosa, nasal parakeratosis, mucinosis, dermoid sinus, among others, in canine breeds, such as Golden Retriever, German Pointer, Australian Shepherd, American Bulldog, Great Dane, Jack Russell Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Shar-Pei, and Rhodesian Ridgeback.
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Müller L, Hatzfeld M, Keil R. Desmosomes as Signaling Hubs in the Regulation of Cell Behavior. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745670. [PMID: 34631720 PMCID: PMC8495202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions, which preserve tissue integrity during homeostatic and stress conditions. These functions rely on their unique structural properties, which enable them to respond to context-dependent signals and transmit them to change cell behavior. Desmosome composition and size vary depending on tissue specific expression and differentiation state. Their constituent proteins are highly regulated by posttranslational modifications that control their function in the desmosome itself and in addition regulate a multitude of desmosome-independent functions. This review will summarize our current knowledge how signaling pathways that control epithelial shape, polarity and function regulate desmosomes and how desmosomal proteins transduce these signals to modulate cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Department for Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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3
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Guntreddi G, Vasudevan Nair J, Nirujogi SP. Ectodermal Dysplasia Presenting as Heat Exhaustion in an Adolescent Boy. Cureus 2021; 13:e13450. [PMID: 33767934 PMCID: PMC7983733 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare heterogenous group of ectodermal disorder, which primarily affects skin, hair, nails, eccrine glands, and teeth. Hypohidrotic ED is characterized by hypotrichosis (sparseness of scalp and body hair), hypohidrosis (reduced ability to sweat), and hypodontia (congenital decrease in the number of teeth /anodontia - complete absence of teeth). Primary care physicians and dentists play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and subsequent follow ups. A careful and thorough examination of these patients will lead to accurate diagnosis. Timely involvement of a multidisciplinary team in their care including the child psychologist, dermatologist, otorhinolaryngologist, and speech therapist would avoid fatal complications and improve the overall quality of life. In this article, we report that ED is a chronic underdiagnosed condition and can have devastating long-term complications. This is significant because with early diagnosis and prompt education of parents, patients can have better outcome in the prevention and timely management of complications such as heat exhaustion, electrolyte imbalance, heat stroke, and severe dehydration. Our case report would help clinicians familiarize with this rare condition to improve clinical acumen and better the patient outcome.
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Chacon-Camacho OF, Arce-Gonzalez R, Ordaz-Robles T, Perezpeña-Diazconti M, Nava-Castañeda A, Zenteno JC. Exome sequencing identifies a SREBF1 recurrent ARG557CYS mutation as the cause of hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia in a family with high clinical variability. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2773-2777. [PMID: 32902915 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia (HMD) is an uncommon autosomal dominant disease affecting skin, mucosae, hair, eyes, and lungs. Prominent clinical features include non-scarring alopecia, mucosal erythema, perineal erythematous intertrigo, and involvement of the conjunctival mucosa. To date, 20 familial or sporadic HMD cases have been described, most of them originating from Caucasian ethnic groups. In this study, a novel HMD pedigree, including an affected father and his daughter, is reported. Clinical expression showed significant differences in affected subjects, especially in the distribution and severity of skin lesions. Exome sequencing demonstrated that both affected subjects carried a heterozygous c.1669C>T (p.Arg557Cys) pathogenic variant in the SREBF1 gene. Our results improve the knowledge of the clinical and genetic features of HMD. In addition, a comparative review of the clinical features of all published HMD cases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Chacon-Camacho
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico.,Faculty of Superior Studies-Iztacala, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rocio Arce-Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thania Ordaz-Robles
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Angel Nava-Castañeda
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplastics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Lee JYW, McGrath JA. Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins: spectrum of cutaneous and extracutaneous abnormalities. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:596-605. [PMID: 32593191 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The desmosome is a type of intercellular junction found in epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes and other specialized cell types. Composed of a network of transmembranous cadherins and intracellular armadillo, plakin and other proteins, desmosomes contribute to cell-cell adhesion, signalling, development and differentiation. Mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins result in a spectrum of erosive skin and mucosal phenotypes that also may affect hair or heart. This review summarizes the molecular pathology and phenotypes associated with desmosomal dysfunction with a focus on inherited disorders that involve the skin/hair, as well as associated extracutaneous pathologies. We reviewed the relevant literature to collate studies of pathogenic human mutations in desmosomes that have been reported over the last 25 years. Mutations in 12 different desmosome genes have been documented, with mutations in nine genes affecting the skin/mucous membranes (DSG1, DSG3, DSC2, DSC3, JUP, PKP1, DSP, CDSN, PERP) and eight resulting in hair abnormalities (DSG4, DSC2, DSC3, JUP, PKP1, DSP, CDSN, PERP). Mutations in three genes can result in cardiocutaneous syndromes (DSC2, JUP, DSP), although mutations have been described in five genes in inherited heart disorders that may lack any dermatological manifestations (DSG2, DSC2, JUP, PKP2, DSP). Understanding the diverse nature of these clinical phenotypes, as well as the desmosome gene mutation(s), has clinical value in managing and counselling patients, as well as demonstrating the biological role and activity of specific components of desmosomes in skin and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y W Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - J A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Sun B, Ran X, Wen P, Liu L, Wang X, Li M, Wang S. Novel homozygous deletion of the plakophilin-1 gene in a Chinese patient with ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome. J Dermatol 2020; 47:779-781. [PMID: 32346906 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility (EDSF) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by skin fragility, chronic cheilitis, palmoplantar keratoderma, abnormal hair growth and nail dystrophy. EDSF syndrome is caused by mutations in the PKP1 gene encoding plakophilin-1, which result in desmosomal abnormality and poor intercellular cohesion between epidermal cells. Herein, we report a novel homozygous deletion of the PKP1 gene in a Chinese boy with EDSF syndrome. Our study expands the database on PKP1 mutations and emphasizes the key role played by PKP1 in the structure and function of the epidermal desmosomes. In addition, we describe the ultrastructural changes of the curly hair in patients with EDSF syndrome for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Ran
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Doolan BJ, Gomaa NS, Fawzy MM, Dogheim NN, Liu L, Mellerio JE, Onoufriadis A, McGrath JA. Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome: Two new cases and review of this desmosomal genodermatosis. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:520-530. [PMID: 32248567 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desmosomes are intercellular cadherin-mediated adhesion complexes that anchor intermediate filaments to the cell membrane and are required for strong adhesion for tissues under mechanical stress. One specific component of desmosomes is plakophilin 1 (PKP1), which is mainly expressed in the spinous layer of the epidermis. Loss-of-function autosomal recessive mutations in PKP1 result in ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility (EDSF) syndrome, the initial inherited Mendelian disorder of desmosomes first reported in 1997. METHODS To investigate two new cases of EDSF syndrome and to perform a literature review of pathogenic PKP1 mutations from 1997 to 2019. RESULTS Sanger sequencing of PKP1 identified two new homozygous frameshift mutations: c.409_410insAC (p.Thr137Thrfs*61) and c.1213delA (p.Arg411Glufs*22). Comprehensive analyses were performed for the 18 cases with confirmed bi-allelic PKP1 gene mutations, but not for one mosaic case or 6 additional cases that lacked gene mutation studies. All pathogenic germline mutations were loss-of-function (splice site, frameshift, nonsense) with mutations in the intron 1 consensus acceptor splice site (c.203-1>A or G>T) representing recurrent findings. Skin fragility and nail involvement were present in all affected individuals (18/18), with most cases showing palmoplantar keratoderma (16/18), alopecia/hypotrichosis (16/18) and perioral fissuring/cheilitis (12/15; not commented on in 3 cases). Further observations in some individuals included pruritus, failure to thrive with low height/weight centiles, follicular hyperkeratosis, hypohidrosis, walking difficulties, dysplastic dentition and recurrent chest infections. CONCLUSION These data expand the molecular basis of EDSF syndrome and help define the spectrum of both the prototypic and variable manifestations of this desmosomal genodermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Doolan
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nesrin S Gomaa
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Fawzy
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Noha N Dogheim
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Lu Liu
- Viapath, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jemima E Mellerio
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandros Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
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9
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Fuchs M, Foresti M, Radeva MY, Kugelmann D, Keil R, Hatzfeld M, Spindler V, Waschke J, Vielmuth F. Plakophilin 1 but not plakophilin 3 regulates desmoglein clustering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3465-3476. [PMID: 30949721 PMCID: PMC11105395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plakophilins (Pkp) are desmosomal plaque proteins crucial for desmosomal adhesion and participate in the regulation of desmosomal turnover and signaling. However, direct evidence that Pkps regulate clustering and molecular binding properties of desmosomal cadherins is missing. Here, keratinocytes lacking either Pkp1 or 3 in comparison to wild type (wt) keratinocytes were characterized with regard to their desmoglein (Dsg) 1- and 3-binding properties and their capability to induce Dsg3 clustering. As revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), both Pkp-deficient keratinocyte cell lines showed reduced membrane availability and binding frequency of Dsg1 and 3 at cell borders. Extracellular crosslinking and AFM cluster mapping demonstrated that Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering. Accordingly, Dsg3 overexpression reconstituted cluster formation in Pkp3- but not Pkp1-deficient keratinocytes as shown by AFM and STED experiments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that both Pkp1 and 3 regulate Dsg membrane availability, whereas Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Foresti
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rene Keil
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Gupta V, Sharma VK. Woolly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma, skin fragility, and perioral fissures in a toddler. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:255-257. [PMID: 30895675 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod K Sharma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Dev T, Mahajan VK, Sethuraman G. Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma: A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:365-379. [PMID: 31334055 PMCID: PMC6615398 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_367_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ridged skin of the palms and soles has several unique features: (i) presence of dermatoglyphics created by alternating ridges and grooves forming a unique pattern, (ii) presence of the highest density of eccrine sweat glands and absence of pilosebaceous units, and (iii) differential expression of keratins compared to the glabrous skin. These features explain the preferential localization of palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) and several of its characteristic clinical features. PPK develops as a compensatory hyperproliferation of the epidermis and excessive production of stratum corneum in response to altered cornification of the palmoplantar skin due to mutations in the genes encoding several of the proteins involved in it. PPK can manifest as diffuse, focal, striate, or punctate forms per se or as a feature of several dermatological or systemic diseases. There is a wide genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in hereditary PPK, due to which reaching an accurate diagnosis only on the basis of clinical features may be sometimes challenging for the clinicians in the absence of molecular studies. Nevertheless, recognizing the clinical patterns of keratoderma, extent of involvement, degree of mutilation, and associated appendageal and systemic involvement may help in delineating different forms. Molecular studies, despite high cost, are imperative for accurate classification, recognizing clinical patterns in resource poor settings is important for appropriate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management. This review intends to develop a practical approach for clinical diagnosis of different types of hereditary PPK with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dev
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram K Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Dr. R. P. Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gomathy Sethuraman
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Sinha AA, Sajda T. The Evolving Story of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of the "Super Compensation Hypothesis". Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:218. [PMID: 30155465 PMCID: PMC6102394 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data and innovative technologies are re-shaping our understanding of the scope and specificity of the autoimmune response in Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a prototypical humorally mediated autoimmune skin blistering disorder. Seminal studies identified the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 3 and 1 (Dsg3 and Dsg1), cadherin family proteins which function to maintain cell adhesion, as the primary targets of pathogenic autoAbs. Consequently, pathogenesis in PV has primarily considered to be the result of anti-Dsg autoAbs alone. However, accumulating data suggesting that anti-Dsg autoAbs by themselves cannot adequately explain the loss of cell-cell adhesion seen in PV, nor account for the disease heterogeneity exhibited across PV patients has spurred the notion that additional autoAb specificities may contribute to disease. To investigate the role of non-Dsg autoAbs in PV, an increasing number of studies have attempted to characterize additional targets of PV autoAbs. The recent advent of protein microarray technology, which allows for the rapid, highly sensitive, and multiplexed assessment of autoAb specificity has facilitated the comprehensive classification of the scope and specificity of the autoAb response in PV. Such detailed deconstruction of the autoimmune response in PV, beyond simply tracking anti-Dsg autoAbs, has provided invaluable new insights concerning disease mechanisms and enhanced disease classification which could directly translate into superior tools for prognostics and clinical management, as well as the development of novel, disease specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Garcia MA, Nelson WJ, Chavez N. Cell-Cell Junctions Organize Structural and Signaling Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029181. [PMID: 28600395 PMCID: PMC5773398 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration. Defects in cell-cell junctions give rise to a wide range of tissue abnormalities that disrupt homeostasis and are common in genetic abnormalities and cancers. Here, we discuss the organization and function of cell-cell junctions primarily involved in adhesion (tight junction, adherens junction, and desmosomes) in two different epithelial tissues: a simple epithelium (intestine) and a stratified epithelium (epidermis). Studies in these tissues reveal similarities and differences in the organization and functions of different cell-cell junctions that meet the requirements for the specialized functions of each tissue. We discuss cell-cell junction responses to genetic and environmental perturbations that provide further insights into their roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Natalie Chavez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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14
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Hsu CK, Lin HH, Harn HIC, Hughes MW, Tang MJ, Yang CC. Mechanical forces in skin disorders. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:232-240. [PMID: 29567352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are known to regulate homeostasis of the skin and play a role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. The epidermis consists of keratinocytes that are tightly adhered to each other by cell junctions. Defects in keratins or desmosomal/hemidesmosomal proteins lead to the attenuation of mechanical strength and formation of intraepidermal blisters in the case of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. The dermis is rich in extracellular matrix, especially collagen, and provides the majority of tensile force in the skin. Keloid and hypertrophic scar, which is the result of over-production of collagen by fibroblasts during the wound healing, are associated with extrinsic tensile forces and changes of intrinsic mechanical properties of the cell. Increasing evidences shows that stiffness of the skin environment determines the regenerative ability during wound healing process. Mechanotransduction pathways are also involved in the morphogenesis and cyclic growth of hair follicles. The development of androgenetic alopecia is correlated to tensile forces generated by the fibrous tissue underlying the scalp. Acral melanoma predominantly occurs in the weight-bearing area of the foot suggesting the role of mechanical stress. Increased dermal stiffness from fibrosis might be the cause of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa associated squamous cell carcinoma. Strategies to change the mechanical forces or modify the mechanotransduction signals may lead to a new way to treat skin diseases and promote skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hui Lin
- International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Hughes
- International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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15
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Peled A, Sarig O, Samuelov L, Bertolini M, Ziv L, Weissglas-Volkov D, Eskin-Schwartz M, Adase CA, Malchin N, Bochner R, Fainberg G, Goldberg I, Sugawara K, Baniel A, Tsuruta D, Luxenburg C, Adir N, Duverger O, Morasso M, Shalev S, Gallo RL, Shomron N, Paus R, Sprecher E. Mutations in TSPEAR, Encoding a Regulator of Notch Signaling, Affect Tooth and Hair Follicle Morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006369. [PMID: 27736875 PMCID: PMC5065119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of ectodermal dysplasias (EDs), the molecular basis of many of these disorders remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating the genetic basis of a new form of ED featuring facial dysmorphism, scalp hypotrichosis and hypodontia. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified 2 frameshift and 2 missense mutations in TSPEAR segregating with the disease phenotype in 3 families. TSPEAR encodes the thrombospondin-type laminin G domain and EAR repeats (TSPEAR) protein, whose function is poorly understood. TSPEAR knock-down resulted in altered expression of genes known to be regulated by NOTCH and to be involved in murine hair and tooth development. Pathway analysis confirmed that down-regulation of TSPEAR in keratinocytes is likely to affect Notch signaling. Accordingly, using a luciferase-based reporter assay, we showed that TSPEAR knock-down is associated with decreased Notch signaling. In addition, NOTCH1 protein expression was reduced in patient scalp skin. Moreover, TSPEAR silencing in mouse hair follicle organ cultures was found to induce apoptosis in follicular epithelial cells, resulting in decreased hair bulb diameter. Collectively, these observations indicate that TSPEAR plays a critical, previously unrecognized role in human tooth and hair follicle morphogenesis through regulation of the Notch signaling pathway. Ectodermal dysplasias refer to a large group of inherited disorders characterized by developmental defects in tissues of ectodermal origin. The study of these conditions has been instrumental in the discovery of biological pathways involved in the regulation of epithelial tissue morphogenesis. In this report, through the delineation of the molecular basis of a novel form of autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia, we identified a new key player in ectodermal development. We detected a number of mutations in TSPEAR co-segregating with abnormal hair and tooth development in three families. TSPEAR encodes the thrombospondin-type laminin G domain and EAR repeats (TSPEAR) protein, whose function is poorly understood. TSPEAR was found to be strongly expressed in murine hair and tooth. Using a reporter assay, we showed that it regulates Notch activity. Accordingly, NOTCH1 expression was altered in patient skin, and NOTCH1, as well as many of its known targets, was down-regulated in TSPEAR deficient keratinocytes. Moreover, Tspear silencing in mouse hair follicle organ cultures was found to induce apoptosis in follicular epithelial cells, resulting in decreased hair bulb diameter. Collectively, these observations indicate that TSPEAR plays a critical, previously unrecognized role in human tooth and hair follicle morphogenesis through regulation of the Notch pathway. As such, these new data are likely to lead to further investigations aimed at characterizing the role of Notch signaling pathway in other forms of ectodermal dysplasias as well as acquired hair and tooth pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Samuelov
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marta Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Limor Ziv
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Marina Eskin-Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christopher A. Adase
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia Malchin
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Bochner
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilad Fainberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Avital Baniel
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olivier Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stavit Shalev
- Institute of Human Genetics, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Hsu CK, Liu L, Can PK, Kocatürk E, McMillan JR, Güngör Ş, Hürdoğan Ö, Sargan A, Degirmentepe EN, Lee JYW, Simpson MA, McGrath JA. Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome resulting from a new atypical homozygous cryptic acceptor splice site mutation in PKP1. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:210-212. [PMID: 27554337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Kai Hsu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institue of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lu Liu
- Viapath, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pelin K Can
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emek Kocatürk
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Şule Güngör
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Hürdoğan
- Istanbul University Of Medicine, Histology and Embriology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytul Sargan
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - John Y W Lee
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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18
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Kashyap S, Shanker V, Sharma N. Ectodermal Dysplasia-Skin Fragility Syndrome: A Rare Case Report. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60:421. [PMID: 26288439 PMCID: PMC4533569 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.160525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome (ED-SFS) is a newly described autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skin fragility and blistering, palmoplantar keratoderma, abnormal hair growth, nail dystrophy, and occasionally defective sweating. It results from mutations in the PKP1 gene encoding plakophilin 1 (PKP1), which is an important component of stratifying epithelial desmosomes and a nuclear component of many cell types. Only 12 cases of this rare genodermatosis have been reported so far. We present an unusual case of ED-SFS in a 12-year boy who was normal at birth but subsequently developed skin fragility, hair and nail deformities, abnormal dentition, palmoplantar keratoderma, and abnormal sweating but no systemic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kashyap
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay Shanker
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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19
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Abdalla EM, Has C. A plakophilin-1 gene mutation in an egyptian family with ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:304-6. [PMID: 25565931 DOI: 10.1159/000369267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome (ED-SFS) is a rare genodermatosis caused by mutations in the PKP1 gene, encoding the desmosomal plaque protein plakophilin-1. Since its initial description in 1997, few individuals with this disorder have been reported to date. Here, we present the first Egyptian cases of ED-SFS, carrying a novel homozygous mutation in the PKP1 gene. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA from the affected cases disclosed a G-to-T transversion at nucleotide position c.203-1 within intron 1 of PKP1 (c.203-1G>T). To the best of our knowledge, this mutation has not been previously described in the databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam M Abdalla
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Todorovic V, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Green KJ. Plakophilin 3 mediates Rap1-dependent desmosome assembly and adherens junction maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3749-64. [PMID: 25208567 PMCID: PMC4230782 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomal Armadillo family member Pkp3 is established as a coordinator of desmosome and adherens junction assembly and maturation through its physical and functional association with Rap1. It thus functions in a manner distinct from the closely related Pkp2. The pathways driving desmosome and adherens junction assembly are temporally and spatially coordinated, but how they are functionally coupled is poorly understood. Here we show that the Armadillo protein plakophilin 3 (Pkp3) mediates both desmosome assembly and E-cadherin maturation through Rap1 GTPase, thus functioning in a manner distinct from the closely related plakophilin 2 (Pkp2). Whereas Pkp2 and Pkp3 share the ability to mediate the initial phase of desmoplakin (DP) accumulation at sites of cell–cell contact, they play distinct roles in later steps: Pkp3 is required for assembly of a cytoplasmic population of DP-enriched junction precursors, whereas Pkp2 is required for transfer of the precursors to the membrane. Moreover, Pkp3 forms a complex with Rap1 GTPase, promoting its activation and facilitating desmosome assembly. We show further that Pkp3 deficiency causes disruption of an E-cadherin/Rap1 complex required for adherens junction sealing. These findings reveal Pkp3 as a coordinator of desmosome and adherens junction assembly and maturation through its functional association with Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Todorovic
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 R.H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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21
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Inherited epidermolysis bullosa: updated recommendations on diagnosis and classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:1103-26. [PMID: 24690439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.01.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several new targeted genes and clinical subtypes have been identified since publication in 2008 of the report of the last international consensus meeting on diagnosis and classification of epidermolysis bullosa (EB). As a correlate, new clinical manifestations have been seen in several subtypes previously described. OBJECTIVE We sought to arrive at an updated consensus on the classification of EB subtypes, based on newer data, both clinical and molecular. RESULTS In this latest consensus report, we introduce a new approach to classification ("onion skinning") that takes into account sequentially the major EB type present (based on identification of the level of skin cleavage), phenotypic characteristics (distribution and severity of disease activity; specific extracutaneous features; other), mode of inheritance, targeted protein and its relative expression in skin, gene involved and type(s) of mutation present, and--when possible--specific mutation(s) and their location(s). LIMITATIONS This classification scheme critically takes into account all published data through June 2013. Further modifications are likely in the future, as more is learned about this group of diseases. CONCLUSION The proposed classification scheme should be of value both to clinicians and researchers, emphasizing both clinical and molecular features of each EB subtype, and has sufficient flexibility incorporated in its structure to permit further modifications in the future.
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22
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Hatzfeld M, Wolf A, Keil R. Plakophilins in Desmosomal Adhesion and Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:25-42. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Frank J, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Giehl K. [Genetic hair diseases. An update]. Hautarzt 2013; 64:830-42. [PMID: 24177665 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from hair loss or undesirable excessive hair growth are a challenge for dermatologists because the pathogenesis of most hair diseases is not well understood and therapeutic options are limited. This particularly holds true for genetic hair disorders, in which all current treatment attempts are unsuccessful. Furthermore, these diseases also pose a diagnostic challenge due to a broad range of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. However, the enormous progress in molecular biology over the past 20 years, in particular the availability of different new techniques such as whole exome and genome sequencing, has enabled us to elucidate the genetic basis of most monogenic hair disorders, given the availability of suitable index patients and families as well as adequate technical equipment and sufficient financial resources. In this review we provide an update on clinical and genetic aspects of selected monogenic and polygenic hair diseases manifesting with hypertrichosis and hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frank
- Hautklinik und Sektion für Genodermatosen, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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24
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An alternative promoter of the human plakophilin-3 gene controls the expression of the new isoform PKP3b. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 355:143-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Tucker DK, Stahley SN, Kowalczyk AP. Plakophilin-1 protects keratinocytes from pemphigus vulgaris IgG by forming calcium-independent desmosomes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1033-1043. [PMID: 24056861 PMCID: PMC3961504 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plakophilin-1 (PKP-1) is an armadillo family protein critical for desmosomal adhesion and epidermal integrity. In the autoimmune skin-blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), autoantibodies (IgG) target the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and compromise keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. Here, we report that enhanced expression of PKP-1 protects keratinocytes from PV IgG-induced loss of cell-cell adhesion. PKP-1 prevents loss of Dsg3 and other desmosomal proteins from cell-cell borders and prevents alterations in desmosome ultrastructure in keratinocytes treated with PV IgG. Using a series of Dsg3 chimeras and deletion constructs, we find that PKP-1 clusters Dsg3 with the desmosomal plaque protein desmoplakin in a manner dependent on the plakoglobin-binding domain of the Dsg3 tail. Furthermore, PKP-1 expression transforms desmosome adhesion from a calcium-dependent to a calcium-independent and hyperadhesive state. These results demonstrate that manipulating the expression of a single desmosomal plaque protein can block the pathogenic effects of PV IgG on keratinocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara N Stahley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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26
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Koetsier JL, Amargo EV, Todorović V, Green KJ, Godsel LM. Plakophilin 2 affects cell migration by modulating focal adhesion dynamics and integrin protein expression. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:112-122. [PMID: 23884246 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plakophilin 2 (PKP2), a desmosome component, modulates the activity and localization of the small GTPase RhoA at sites of cell-cell contact. PKP2 regulates cortical actin rearrangement during junction formation, and its loss is accompanied by an increase in actin stress fibers. We hypothesized that PKP2 may regulate focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration. Here we show that PKP2-deficient cells bind efficiently to the extracellular matrix, but upon spreading display total cell areas ≈ 30% smaller than control cells. Focal adhesions in PKP2-deficient cells are ≈ 2 × larger and more stable than in control cells, and vinculin displays an increased time for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Furthermore, β4 and β1 integrin protein and mRNA expression is elevated in PKP2-silenced cells. Normal focal adhesion phenotypes can be restored in PKP2-null cells by dampening the RhoA pathway or silencing β1 integrin. However, integrin expression levels are not restored by RhoA signaling inhibition. These data uncover a potential role for PKP2 upstream of β1 integrin and RhoA in integrating cell-cell and cell-substrate contact signaling in basal keratinocytes necessary for the morphogenesis, homeostasis, and reepithelialization of the stratified epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evangeline V Amargo
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Viktor Todorović
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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27
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What's new in pediatric dermatology? J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68:885.e1-12; quiz 897-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Wolf A, Rietscher K, Glaß M, Hüttelmaier S, Schutkowski M, Ihling C, Sinz A, Wingenfeld A, Mun A, Hatzfeld M. Insulin signaling via Akt2 switches plakophilin 1 function from stabilizing cell adhesion to promoting cell proliferation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1832-44. [PMID: 23444369 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of adherens junction proteins is a frequent event in carcinogenesis. How desmosomal proteins contribute to tumor formation by regulating the balance between adhesion and proliferation is not well understood. The desmosomal protein plakophilin 1 can increase intercellular adhesion by recruiting desmosomal proteins to the plasma membrane or stimulate proliferation by enhancing translation rates. Here, we show that these dual functions of plakophilin 1 are regulated by growth factor signaling. Insulin stimulation induced the phosphorylation of plakophilin 1, which correlated with reduced intercellular adhesion and an increased activity of plakophilin 1 in the stimulation of translation. Phosphorylation was mediated by Akt2 at four motifs within the plakophilin 1 N-terminal domain. A plakophilin 1 phospho-mimetic mutant revealed reduced intercellular adhesion and accumulated in the cytoplasm, where it increased translation and proliferation rates and conferred the capacity of anchorage-independent growth. The cytoplasmic accumulation was mediated by the stabilization of phosphorylated plakophilin 1, which displayed a considerably increased half-life, whereas non-phosphorylated plakophilin 1 was more rapidly degraded. Our data indicate that upon activation of growth factor signaling, plakophilin 1 switches from a desmosome-associated growth-inhibiting to a cytoplasmic proliferation-promoting function. This supports the view that the deregulation of plakophilin 1, as observed in several tumors, directly contributes to hyperproliferation and carcinogenesis in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
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30
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Hamada T, Tsuruta D, Fukuda S, Ishii N, Teye K, Numata S, Dainichi T, Karashima T, Ohata C, Furumura M, Hashimoto T. How do keratinizing disorders and blistering disorders overlap? Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:83-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Wex T, Mönkemüller K, Stahr A, Kuester D, Fry LC, Völkel S, Kandulski A, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is associated with up-regulation of desmosomal components in oesophageal mucosa. Histopathology 2012; 60:405-15. [PMID: 22276604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with impaired epithelial barrier function. This study was aimed at investigating the role of desmosomal proteins in relation to GERD. METHODS AND RESULTS Ninety-five patients with GERD-related symptoms (erosive, n = 51; non-erosive, n = 44) and 27 patients lacking those symptoms were included. Endoscopic and histological characterization of oesophagitis was performed according to the Los Angeles and Ismeil-Beigi criteria, respectively. Multiple biopsies were taken from the oesophageal mucosa of each patient. Gene expression analysis of plakoglobin, desmoglein-1, desmoglein-2 and desmoglein-3 was performed by quantitative real time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in the oesophageal mucosa. Routine histology revealed specific GERD-related alterations, such as dilatation of intercellular spaces (DIS), basal cell hyperplasia (BCH), and elongation of the papillae, in the oesophageal mucosa of patients with GERD, as compared with controls (all parameters: P < 0.05). All four genes and corresponding proteins were found to be up-regulated by between 1.7 and 8.1-fold (transcript level, P < 0.05; protein level, P < 0.05). Induced gene expression levels of plakoglobin, desmoglein-1 and desmoglein-2 correlated significantly with DIS and BCH. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the uniform up-regulation of desmosomal genes/proteins in the oesophageal mucosa of patients with GERD supports the concept of architectural and molecular changes in the desmosomal compartment in the pathogenesis of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wex
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that contribute to cell-cell adhesion, signalling, development and differentiation in various tissues, including the skin. Composed of a network of transmembranous and intracellular plaque proteins, pathogenic autosomal dominant or recessive mutations have been reported in 10 different desmosomal genes, resulting in a spectrum of phenotypes variably affecting skin, hair and heart. This review summarizes the molecular pathology and phenotypes that predominantly affect the skin/hair. Recent desmosomal genodermatoses described include lethal congenital epidermolysis bullosa (plakoglobin), cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (plakoglobin), hypotrichosis with scalp vesicles (desmocollin 3), and generalized peeling skin disease (corneodesmosin). Understanding the range of clinical phenotypes in combination with knowledge of the inherent desmosome gene mutation(s) is helpful in managing and counselling patients, as well as providing insight into the biological function of specific components of desmosomes in skin and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Petrof
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London SE1 9RT, UK
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33
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A consensus approach to wound care in epidermolysis bullosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:904-17. [PMID: 22387035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound care is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB); however, there are currently no guidelines to help practitioners care for these patients. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to generate a list of recommendations that will enable practitioners to better care for patients with EB. METHODS An expert panel generated a list of recommendations based on the best evidence available. The recommendations were translated into a survey, and sent to other EB experts to generate consensus using an online-based modified Delphi method. The list was refined and grouped into themes and specific recommendations. RESULTS There were 15 respondents (45% response rate), with significant experience in the EB field (>10 years [67%]). Respondents included physicians (67%), nurses (17%), and allied health professionals (7%). There was more than 85% agreement for all the proposed items. These were further refined and grouped into 5 main themes (assessment and management of factors that impair healing, patient-centered concerns, local wound care, development of an individualized care plan, and organizational support) and 17 specific recommendations. LIMITATIONS There is a paucity of scientific evidence with most recommendations based on expert opinion. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations will provide practitioners with a framework for caring for these patients. Additional scientific research including effectiveness studies for everyday practice and expert consensus, may further refine these recommendations.
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Deficient plakophilin-1 expression due to a mutation in PKP1 causes ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome in Chesapeake Bay retriever dogs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32072. [PMID: 22384142 PMCID: PMC3284538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, congenital and hereditary skin diseases associated with epidermal cell-cell separation (acantholysis) are very rare, and spontaneous animal models of these diseases are exceptional. Our objectives are to report a novel congenital acantholytic dermatosis that developed in Chesapeake Bay retriever dogs. Nine affected puppies in four different litters were born to eight closely related clinically normal dogs. The disease transmission was consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Clinical signs occurred immediately after birth with superficial epidermal layers sloughing upon pressure. At three month of age, dogs exhibited recurrent superficial skin sloughing and erosions at areas of friction and mucocutaneous junctions; their coat was also finer than normal and there were patches of partial hair loss. At birth, histopathology revealed severe suprabasal acantholysis, which became less severe with ageing. Electron microscopy demonstrated a reduced number of partially formed desmosomes with detached and aggregated keratin intermediate filaments. Immunostaining for desmosomal adhesion molecules revealed a complete lack of staining for plakophilin-1 and anomalies in the distribution of desmoplakin and keratins 10 and 14. Sequencing revealed a homozygous splice donor site mutation within the first intron of PKP1 resulting in a premature stop codon, thereby explaining the inability to detect plakophilin-1 in the skin. Altogether, the clinical and pathological findings, along with the PKP1 mutation, were consistent with the diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome with plakophilin-1 deficiency. This is the first occurrence of ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome in an animal species. Controlled mating of carrier dogs would yield puppies that could, in theory, be tested for gene therapy of this rare but severe skin disease of children.
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Boyce AE, McGrath JA, Techanukul T, Murrell DF, Chow CW, McGregor L, Warren LJ. Ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome due to a new homozygous internal deletion mutation in the PKP1 gene. Australas J Dermatol 2011; 53:61-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2011.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tsuruta D, Sowa J, Tateishi C, Obase Y, Tsubura A, Fukumoto T, Ishii M, Kobayashi H, Sakaguchi S, Hashimoto T, Hamada T. Atypical epidermolysis bullosa simplex with a missense keratin 14 mutation p.Arg125Cys. J Dermatol 2011; 38:1177-9. [PMID: 21967011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of hereditary autosomal dominant bullous diseases. EB is divided into four major phenotypes: intraepidermal EB (or EB simplex), junctional EB, dermolytic EB and mixed EB (Kindler syndrome). EB simplex is further divided into three subtypes: localized EB simplex, Dowling-Meara EB simplex and other generalized EB simplex. We report a 28-year-old man with EB simplex with a missense keratin 14 mutation p.Arg125Cys associated with clumping of keratin filaments and acantholysis in mainly the spinous cells and basal cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the broader expression of keratin 5 and 14 was observed in the epidermis, while the expression of keratin 1/10 was quite normal. Dysregulated expression of keratin 5/14 may hinder some functions or roles of keratin 1/10, namely filament assembly of keratin 1/10 in spinous cell integrity, although the expression of keratin 1/10 was not affected and this has not been demonstrated before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, and Kurume University Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Fukuoka, Japan.
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