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Kwon J, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23841. [PMID: 34903784 PMCID: PMC8668921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infection in utero predisposes towards psychiatric diseases such as autism, depression and schizophrenia in later life. The mechanisms involved are typically studied by administering mimetics of double-stranded (ds) virus or bacterial infection to pregnant rats or mice. The effect of single-stranded (ss) virus mimetics has been largely ignored, despite evidence linking prenatal ss virus exposure with psychiatric disease. Understanding the effects of gestational ss virus exposure has become even more important with recent events. In this study, in pregnant mice, we compare directly the effects, on the maternal blood, placenta and the embryonic brain, of maternal administration of ds-virus mimetic poly I:C (to activate Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) and ss-virus mimetic resiquimod (to activate TLR7/8). We find that, 4 h after the administration, both poly I:C and resiquimod elevated the levels of IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines including CCL2 and CCL5, in maternal plasma. Both agents also increased placental mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but only resiquimod increased placental TNFα mRNA. In foetal brain, poly I:C produced no detectable immune-response-related increases, whereas pronounced increases in cytokine (e.g. Il-6, Tnfα) and chemokine (e.g. Ccl2, Ccl5) expression were observed with maternal resiquimod administration. The data show substantial differences between the effect of maternal exposure to a TLR7/8 activator as compared to a TLR3 activator. There are significant implications for future modelling of diseases where maternal ss virus exposure contributes to environmental disease risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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2
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Zhou J, Liu G, Zhang X, Wu C, Ma M, Wu J, Hou L, Yin B, Qiang B, Shu P, Peng X. Comparison of the Spatiotemporal Expression Patterns of Three Cre Lines, Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre, Commonly Used in Neocortical Development Research. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1668-1681. [PMID: 34550336 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre are commonly used to conditionally manipulate gene expression or lineage tracing because of their specificity in the dorsal telencephalon during early neurogenesis as previously described. However, the spatiotemporal differences in Cre recombinase activity would lead to divergent phenotypes. Here, we compared the patterns of Cre activity in the early embryos among the three lines by mating with reporter mice. The activities of Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre were observed in the dorsal telencephalon, starting from approximately embryonic day 9.5, 11.5 and 12.5, respectively. Although all the three lines have activity in radial glial cells, Emx1IRES-Cre fully covers the dorsal and medial telencephalon, including the archicortex and cortical hem. D6-Cre is highly restricted to the dorsal telencephalon with anterior-low to posterior-high gradients, partially covers the hippocampus, and absent in the cortical hem. Moreover, both Emx1IRES-Cre and hGFAP-Cre exhibit Cre activity outside the dorsal neocortex. Meanwhile, we used the three Cre lines to mediate Dicer knockout and observed inconsistent phenotypes, including discrepancies in radial glial cell number, survival and neurogenesis in the neocortex and hippocampus. Together we proved differences in Cre activity can perturb the resultant phenotypes, which aid researchers in appropriate experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Gaoao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Center, Medical Primate Research Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Institute of Medical Biology of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
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3
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Borodinova AA, Balaban PM, Bezprozvanny IB, Salmina AB, Vlasova OL. Genetic Constructs for the Control of Astrocytes' Activity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071600. [PMID: 34202359 PMCID: PMC8306323 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we aim to discuss the principles and the perspectives of using the genetic constructs based on AAV vectors to regulate astrocytes’ activity. Practical applications of optogenetic approaches utilizing different genetically encoded opsins to control astroglia activity were evaluated. The diversity of astrocytic cell-types complicates the rational design of an ideal viral vector for particular experimental goals. Therefore, efficient and sufficient targeting of astrocytes is a multiparametric process that requires a combination of specific AAV serotypes naturally predisposed to transduce astroglia with astrocyte-specific promoters in the AAV cassette. Inadequate combinations may result in off-target neuronal transduction to different degrees. Potentially, these constraints may be bypassed with the latest strategies of generating novel synthetic AAV serotypes with specified properties by rational engineering of AAV capsids or using directed evolution approach by searching within a more specific promoter or its replacement with the unique enhancer sequences characterized using modern molecular techniques (ChIP-seq, scATAC-seq, snATAC-seq) to drive the selective transgene expression in the target population of cells or desired brain regions. Realizing these strategies to restrict expression and to efficiently target astrocytic populations in specific brain regions or across the brain has great potential to enable future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Borodinova
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel M. Balaban
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilya B. Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L. Vlasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.B.B.); (A.B.S.); (O.L.V.)
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Astrocyte-derived Wnt growth factors are required for endothelial blood-brain barrier maintenance. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101937. [PMID: 33383106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of the endothelial blood-brain-barrier (BBB) through Wnt/β-catenin signalling is essential for neuronal function. The cells however, providing Wnt growth factors at the adult neurovascular unit (NVU) are poorly explored. Here we show by conditionally knocking out the evenness interrupted (Evi) gene in astrocytes (EviΔAC) that astrocytic Wnt release is crucial for BBB and NVU integrity. EviΔAC mice developed brain oedema and increased vascular tracer leakage. While brain vascularization and endothelial junctions were not altered in 10 and 40 week-old mice, endothelial caveolin(Cav)-1-mediated vesicle formation was increased in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, astrocytic end-feet were swollen, and aquaporin-4 distribution was disturbed, coinciding with decreased astrocytic Wnt activity. Vascular permeability correlated with increased neuronal activation by c-fos staining, indicative of altered neuronal function. Astrocyte-derived Wnts thus serve to maintain Wnt/β-catenin activity in endothelia and in astrocytes, thereby controlling Cav-1 expression, vesicular abundance, and end-feet integrity at the NVU.
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Xu ZX, Kim GH, Tan JW, Riso AE, Sun Y, Xu EY, Liao GY, Xu H, Lee SH, Do NY, Lee CH, Clipperton-Allen AE, Kwon S, Page DT, Lee KJ, Xu B. Elevated protein synthesis in microglia causes autism-like synaptic and behavioral aberrations. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1797. [PMID: 32286273 PMCID: PMC7156673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations that inactivate negative translation regulators cause autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which predominantly affect males and exhibit social interaction and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. However, the cells that cause ASD through elevated protein synthesis resulting from these mutations remain unknown. Here we employ conditional overexpression of translation initiation factor eIF4E to increase protein synthesis in specific brain cells. We show that exaggerated translation in microglia, but not neurons or astrocytes, leads to autism-like behaviors in male mice. Although microglial eIF4E overexpression elevates translation in both sexes, it only increases microglial density and size in males, accompanied by microglial shift from homeostatic to a functional state with enhanced phagocytic capacity but reduced motility and synapse engulfment. Consequently, cortical neurons in the mice have higher synapse density, neuroligins, and excitation-to-inhibition ratio compared to control mice. We propose that functional perturbation of male microglia is an important cause for sex-biased ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Gyu Hyun Kim
- Synaptic Circuit Plasticity Lab, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Korea
| | - Ji-Wei Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Anna E Riso
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Integrative Program in Biology and Neuroscience, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ethan Y Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Guey-Ying Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Advanced Neural Imaging Center, Department of Structure & Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Korea
| | - Na-Young Do
- Synaptic Circuit Plasticity Lab, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Synaptic Circuit Plasticity Lab, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Korea
| | - Amy E Clipperton-Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Soonwook Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, 42472, Korea
| | - Damon T Page
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Kea Joo Lee
- Synaptic Circuit Plasticity Lab, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Korea
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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6
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Cell necrosis, intrinsic apoptosis and senescence contribute to the progression of exencephaly to anencephaly in a mice model of congenital chranioschisis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31558708 PMCID: PMC6763477 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exencephaly/anencephaly is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and the most extreme open neural tube defect with no current treatments and limited mechanistic understanding. We hypothesized that exencephaly leads to a local neurodegenerative process in the brain exposed to the amniotic fluid as well as diffuse degeneration in other encephalic areas and the spinal cord. To evaluate the consequences of in utero neural tissue exposure, brain and spinal cord samples from E17 exencephalic murine fetuses (maternal intraperitoneal administration of valproic acid at E8) were analyzed and compared to controls and saline-injected shams (n = 11/group). Expression of apoptosis and senescence genes (p53, p21, p16, Rbl2, Casp3, Casp9) was determined by qRT-PCR and protein expression analyzed by western blot. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assay and PI/AV flow cytometry. Valproic acid at E8 induced exencephaly in 22% of fetuses. At E17 the fetuses exhibited the characteristic absence of cranial bones. The brain structures from exencephalic fetuses demonstrated a loss of layers in cortical regions and a complete loss of structural organization in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, dental gyrus and septal cortex. E17 fetuses had reduced expression of NeuN, GFAP and Oligodendrocytes in the brain with primed microglia. Intrinsic apoptotic activation (p53, Caspase9 and 3) was upregulated and active Caspase3 localized to the layer of brain exposed to the amniotic fluid. Senescence via p21-Rbl2 was increased in the brain and in the spinal cord at the lamina I-II of the somatosensory dorsal horn. The current study characterizes CNS alterations in murine exencephaly and demonstrates that degeneration due to intrinsic apoptosis and senescence occurs in the directly exposed brain but also remotely in the spinal cord.
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7
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Zhang T, Hou C, Zhang S, Liu S, Li Z, Gao J. Lgl1 deficiency disrupts hippocampal development and impairs cognitive performance in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12605. [PMID: 31415124 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular polarity is crucial for brain development and morphogenesis. Lethal giant larvae 1 (Lgl1) plays a crucial role in the establishment of cell polarity from Drosophila to mammalian cells. Previous studies have found the importance of Lgl1 in the development of cerebellar, olfactory bulb, and cerebral cortex. However, the role of Lgl1 in hippocampal development during the embryonic stage and function in adult mice is still unknown. In our study, we created Lgl1-deficient hippocampus mice by using Emx1-Cre mice. Histological analysis showed that the Emx1-Lgl1-/- mice exhibited reduced size of the hippocampus with severe malformations of hippocampal cytoarchitecture. These defects mainly originated from the disrupted hippocampal neuroepithelium, including increased cell proliferation, abnormal interkinetic nuclear migration, reduced differentiation, increased apoptosis, gradual disruption of adherens junctions, and abnormal neuronal migration. The radial glial scaffold was disorganized in the Lgl1-deficient hippocampus. Thus, Lgl1 plays a distinct role in hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, the Emx1-Lgl1-/- mice displayed impaired behavioral performance in the Morris water maze and fear conditioning test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Congzhe Hou
- Department of Reproductive medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuoyang Liu
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzu Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shandong Polytechnic, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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8
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Docampo-Seara A, Santos-Durán GN, Candal E, Rodríguez Díaz MÁ. Expression of radial glial markers (GFAP, BLBP and GS) during telencephalic development in the catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:33-56. [PMID: 30242506 PMCID: PMC6373381 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the first cell populations of glial nature to appear during brain ontogeny. They act as primary progenitor (stem) cells as well as a scaffold for neuronal migration. The proliferative capacity of these cells, both in development and in adulthood, has been subject of interest during past decades. In contrast with mammals where RGCs are restricted to specific ventricular areas in the adult brain, RGCs are the predominant glial element in fishes. However, developmental studies on the RGCs of cartilaginous fishes are scant. We have studied the expression patterns of RGCs markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), and glutamine synthase (GS) in the telencephalic hemispheres of catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) from early embryos to post-hatch juveniles. GFAP, BLBP and GS are first detected, respectively, in early, intermediate and late embryos. Expression of these glial markers was observed in cells with radial glia morphology lining the telencephalic ventricles, as well as in their radial processes and endfeet at the pial surface and their expression continue in ependymal cells (or tanycytes) in early juveniles. In addition, BLBP- and GS-immunoreactive cells morphologically resembling oligodendrocytes were observed. In late embryos, most of the GFAP- and BLBP-positive RGCs also coexpress GS and show proliferative activity. Our results indicate the existence of different proliferating subpopulations of RGCs in the embryonic ventricular zone of catshark. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these proliferative RGCs could act as neurogenic and/or gliogenic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Docampo-Seara
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G N Santos-Durán
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Candal
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Díaz
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Hol EM, Capetanaki Y. Type III Intermediate Filaments Desmin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Vimentin, and Peripherin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/12/a021642. [PMID: 29196434 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SummaryType III intermediate filament (IF) proteins assemble into cytoplasmic homopolymeric and heteropolymeric filaments with other type III and some type IV IFs. These highly dynamic structures form an integral component of the cytoskeleton of muscle, brain, and mesenchymal cells. Here, we review the current ideas on the role of type III IFs in health and disease. It turns out that they not only offer resilience to mechanical strains, but, most importantly, they facilitate very efficiently the integration of cell structure and function, thus providing the necessary scaffolds for optimal cellular responses upon biochemical stresses and protecting against cell death, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yassemi Capetanaki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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10
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Chandrasekaran A, Avci HX, Leist M, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Astrocyte Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: New Tools for Neurological Disorder Research. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:215. [PMID: 27725795 PMCID: PMC5035736 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have a central role in brain development and function, and so have gained increasing attention over the past two decades. Consequently, our knowledge about their origin, differentiation and function has increased significantly, with new research showing that astrocytes cultured alone or co-cultured with neurons have the potential to improve our understanding of various central nervous system diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, or Alexander disease. The generation of astrocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) opens up a new area for studying neurologic diseases in vitro; these models could be exploited to identify and validate potential drugs by detecting adverse effects in the early stages of drug development. However, as it is now known that a range of astrocyte populations exist in the brain, it will be important in vitro to develop standardized protocols for the in vitro generation of astrocyte subsets with defined maturity status and phenotypic properties. This will then open new possibilities for co-cultures with neurons and the generation of neural organoids for research purposes. The aim of this review article is to compare and summarize the currently available protocols and their strategies to generate human astrocytes from PSCs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of human-induced PSCs derived astrocytes in disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum LtdGödöllő, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Marcel Leist
- Dorenkamp-Zbinden Chair, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Andras Dinnyés
- BioTalentum LtdGödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent Istvan UniversityGödöllő, Hungary
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11
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Kuboyama K, Fujikawa A, Suzuki R, Tanga N, Noda M. Role of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) Modification in the Regulation of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z (PTPRZ) Activity: PLEIOTROPHIN-PTPRZ-A SIGNALING IS INVOLVED IN OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18117-28. [PMID: 27445335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is predominantly expressed in the developing brain as a CS proteoglycan. PTPRZ has long (PTPRZ-A) and short type (PTPRZ-B) receptor forms by alternative splicing. The extracellular CS moiety of PTPRZ is required for high-affinity binding to inhibitory ligands, such as pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, and interleukin-34; however, its functional significance in regulating PTPRZ activity remains obscure. We herein found that protein expression of CS-modified PTPRZ-A began earlier, peaking at approximately postnatal days 5-10 (P5-P10), and then that of PTN peaked at P10 at the developmental stage corresponding to myelination onset in the mouse brain. Ptn-deficient mice consistently showed a later onset of the expression of myelin basic protein, a major component of the myelin sheath, than wild-type mice. Upon ligand application, PTPRZ-A/B in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells exhibited punctate localization on the cell surface instead of diffuse distribution, causing the inactivation of PTPRZ and oligodendrocyte differentiation. The same effect was observed with the removal of CS chains with chondroitinase ABC but not polyclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain of PTPRZ. These results indicate that the negatively charged CS moiety prevents PTPRZ from spontaneously clustering and that the positively charged ligand PTN induces PTPRZ clustering, potentially by neutralizing electrostatic repulsion between CS chains. Taken altogether, these data indicate that PTN-PTPRZ-A signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in vivo, in which the CS moiety of PTPRZ receptors maintains them in a monomeric active state until its ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuboyama
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Naomi Tanga
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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12
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Dentate Gyrus Development Requires ERK Activity to Maintain Progenitor Population and MAPK Pathway Feedback Regulation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:6836-48. [PMID: 25926459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4196-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERK/MAPK pathway is an important developmental signaling pathway. Mutations in upstream elements of this pathway result in neuro-cardio-facial cutaneous (NCFC) syndromes, which are typified by impaired neurocognitive abilities that are reliant upon hippocampal function. The role of ERK signaling during hippocampal development has not been examined and may provide critical insight into the cause of hippocampal dysfunction in NCFC syndromes. In this study, we have generated ERK1 and conditional ERK2 compound knock-out mice to determine the role of ERK signaling during development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We found that loss of both ERK1 and ERK2 resulted in 60% fewer granule cells and near complete absence of neural progenitor pools in the postnatal dentate gyrus. Loss of ERK1/2 impaired maintenance of neural progenitors as they migrate from the dentate ventricular zone to the dentate gyrus proper, resulting in premature depletion of neural progenitor cells beginning at E16.5, which prevented generation of granule cells later in development. Finally, loss of ERK2 alone does not impair development of the dentate gyrus as animals expressing only ERK1 developed a normal hippocampus. These findings establish that ERK signaling regulates maintenance of progenitor cells required for development of the dentate gyrus.
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13
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Orr AG, Hsiao EC, Wang MM, Ho K, Kim DH, Wang X, Guo W, Kang J, Yu GQ, Adame A, Devidze N, Dubal DB, Masliah E, Conklin BR, Mucke L. Astrocytic adenosine receptor A2A and Gs-coupled signaling regulate memory. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:423-34. [PMID: 25622143 PMCID: PMC4340760 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes express a variety of G protein-coupled receptors and might influence cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. However, the roles of astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in cognitive function are not known. We found that humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) had increased levels of the Gs-coupled adenosine receptor A2A in astrocytes. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced long-term memory in young and aging mice and increased the levels of Arc (also known as Arg3.1), an immediate-early gene that is required for long-term memory. Chemogenetic activation of astrocytic Gs-coupled signaling reduced long-term memory in mice without affecting learning. Like humans with AD, aging mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) showed increased levels of astrocytic A2A receptors. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced memory in aging hAPP mice. Together, these findings establish a regulatory role for astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in memory and suggest that AD-linked increases in astrocytic A2A receptor levels contribute to memory loss.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Memory, Long-Term/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/metabolism
- Recognition, Psychology/drug effects
- Recognition, Psychology/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Max M. Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kaitlyn Ho
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel H. Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Xin Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Weikun Guo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jing Kang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anthony Adame
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nino Devidze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dena B. Dubal
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bruce R. Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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14
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Mousa A, Bakhiet M. Role of cytokine signaling during nervous system development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13931-57. [PMID: 23880850 PMCID: PMC3742226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling proteins that were first characterized as components of the immune response, but have been found to have pleiotropic effects in diverse aspects of body function in health and disease. They are secreted by numerous cells and are used extensively in intercellular communications to produce different activities, including intricate processes engaged in the ontogenetic development of the brain. This review discusses factors involved in brain growth regulation and recent findings exploring cytokine signaling pathways during development of the central nervous system. In view of existing data suggesting roles for neurotropic cytokines in promoting brain growth and repair, these molecules and their signaling pathways might become targets for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative processes due to diseases, toxicity, or trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Mousa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait; E-Mail:
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671 Manama, Bahrain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +973-1723-7300
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15
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Harris L, Dixon C, Cato K, Heng YHE, Kurniawan ND, Ullmann JFP, Janke AL, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ, Burne THJ, Piper M. Heterozygosity for nuclear factor one x affects hippocampal-dependent behaviour in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65478. [PMID: 23776487 PMCID: PMC3679126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the genes that regulate the development and subsequent functioning of the hippocampus is pivotal to understanding the role of this cortical structure in learning and memory. One group of genes that has been shown to be critical for the early development of the hippocampus is the Nuclear factor one (Nfi) family, which encodes four site-specific transcription factors, NFIA, NFIB, NFIC and NFIX. In mice lacking Nfia, Nfib or Nfix, aspects of early hippocampal development, including neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus, are delayed. However, due to the perinatal lethality of these mice, it is not clear whether this hippocampal phenotype persists to adulthood and affects hippocampal-dependent behaviour. To address this we examined the hippocampal phenotype of mice heterozygous for Nfix (Nfix (+/-)), which survive to adulthood. We found that Nfix (+/-) mice had reduced expression of NFIX throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, and that early hippocampal development in these mice was disrupted, producing a phenotype intermediate to that of wild-type mice and Nfix(-/-) mice. The abnormal hippocampal morphology of Nfix (+/-) mice persisted to adulthood, and these mice displayed a specific performance deficit in the Morris water maze learning and memory task. These findings demonstrate that the level of Nfix expression during development and within the adult is essential for the function of the hippocampus during learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chantelle Dixon
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kathleen Cato
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yee Hsieh Evelyn Heng
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nyoman D. Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Andrew L. Janke
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry and the Program in Neuroscience, Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Richards
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas H. J. Burne
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Astrocyte GRK2 as a novel regulator of glutamate transport and brain damage. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:206-15. [PMID: 23313319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates cellular signaling via desensitization of GPCRs and by direct interaction with intracellular signaling molecules. We recently described that ischemic brain injury decreases cerebral GRK2 levels. Here we studied the effect of astrocyte GRK2-deficiency on neonatal brain damage in vivo. As astrocytes protect neurons by taking up glutamate via plasma-membrane transporters, we also studied the effect of GRK2 on the localization of the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter (GLAST). Brain damage induced by hypoxia-ischemia was significantly reduced in GFAP-GRK2(+/-) mice, which have a 60% reduction in astrocyte GRK2 compared to GFAP-WT littermates. In addition, GRK2-deficient astrocytes have higher plasma-membrane levels of GLAST and an increased capacity to take up glutamate in vitro. In search for the mechanism by which GRK2 regulates GLAST expression, we observed increased GFAP levels in GRK2-deficient astrocytes. GFAP and the cytoskeletal protein ezrin are known regulators of GLAST localization. In line with this evidence, GRK2-deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the GRK2 substrate ezrin and enforced plasma-membrane GLAST association after stimulation with the group I mGluR-agonist DHPG. When ezrin was silenced, the enhanced plasma-membrane GLAST association in DHPG-exposed GRK2-deficient astrocytes was prevented. In conclusion, we identified a novel role of astrocyte GRK2 in regulating plasma-membrane GLAST localization via an ezrin-dependent route. We demonstrate that the 60% reduction in astrocyte GRK2 protein level that is observed in GFAP-GRK2(+/-) mice is sufficient to significantly reduce neonatal ischemic brain damage. These findings underline the critical role of GRK2 regulation in astrocytes for dampening the extent of brain damage after ischemia.
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17
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Mamber C, Kamphuis W, Haring NL, Peprah N, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. GFAPδ expression in glia of the developmental and adolescent mouse brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52659. [PMID: 23285135 PMCID: PMC3528700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament (IF) protein in astrocytes. In the human brain, GFAP isoforms have unique expression patterns, which indicate that they play distinct functional roles. One isoform, GFAPδ, is expressed by proliferative radial glia in the developing human brain. In the adult human, GFAPδ is a marker for neural stem cells. However, it is unknown whether GFAPδ marks the same population of radial glia and astrocytes in the developing mouse brain as it does in the developing human brain. This study characterizes the expression pattern of GFAPδ throughout mouse embryogenesis and into adolescence. Gfapδ transcripts are expressed from E12, but immunohistochemistry shows GFAPδ staining only from E18. This finding suggests a translational uncoupling. GFAPδ expression increases from E18 to P5 and then decreases until its expression plateaus around P25. During development, GFAPδ is expressed by radial glia, as denoted by the co-expression of markers like vimentin and nestin. GFAPδ is also expressed in other astrocytic populations during development. A similar pattern is observed in the adolescent mouse, where GFAPδ marks both neural stem cells and mature astrocytes. Interestingly, the Gfapδ/Gfapα transcript ratio remains stable throughout development as well as in primary astrocyte and neurosphere cultures. These data suggest that all astroglia cells in the developing and adolescent mouse brain express GFAPδ, regardless of their neurogenic capabilities. GFAPδ may be an integral component of all mouse astrocytes, but it is not a specific neural stem cell marker in mice as it is in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn Mamber
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kamphuis
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina L. Haring
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuzrat Peprah
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Astrocyte Biology & Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Li H, Jin G, Qin J, Tian M, Shi J, Yang W, Tan X, Zhang X, Zou L. Characterization and identification of Sox2+ radial glia cells derived from rat embryonic cerebral cortex. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:515-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Alternative splicing of the histone demethylase LSD1/KDM1 contributes to the modulation of neurite morphogenesis in the mammalian nervous system. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2521-32. [PMID: 20164337 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5500-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of chromatin remodeling complexes are thought to orchestrate transcriptional programs that lead neuronal precursors from earliest commitment to terminal differentiation. Here we show that mammalian neurons have a specialized chromatin remodeling enzyme arising from a neurospecific splice variant of LSD1/KDM1, histone lysine specific demethylase 1, whose demethylase activity on Lys4 of histone H3 has been related to gene repression. We found that alternative splicing of LSD1 transcript generates four full-length isoforms from combinatorial retention of two identified exons: the 4 aa exon E8a is internal to the amine oxidase domain, and its inclusion is restricted to the nervous system. Remarkably, the expression of LSD1 splice variants is dynamically regulated throughout cortical development, particularly during perinatal stages, with a progressive increase of LSD1 neurospecific isoforms over the ubiquitous ones. Notably, the same LSD1 splice dynamics can be fairly recapitulated in cultured cortical neurons. Functionally, LSD1 isoforms display in vitro a comparable demethylase activity, yet the inclusion of the sole exon E8a reduces LSD1 repressor activity on a reporter gene. Additional distinction among isoforms is supported by the knockdown of neurospecific variants in cortical neurons resulting in the inhibition of neurite maturation, whereas overexpression of the same variants enhances it. Instead, perturbation of LSD1 isoforms that are devoid of the neurospecific exon elicits no morphogenic effect. Collectively, results demonstrate that the arousal of neuronal LSD1 isoforms pacemakes early neurite morphogenesis, conferring a neurospecific function to LSD1 epigenetic activity.
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20
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Yabut O, Domogauer J, D'Arcangelo G. Dyrk1A overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces premature neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4004-14. [PMID: 20237271 PMCID: PMC3842457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4711-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyrk1A is a member of the mammalian Dyrk [dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase] family of protein kinases that is expressed at high levels in the brain, but its role in the development and function of this organ is not well understood. The human DYRK1A gene is located on trisomic chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) patients, leading to its overexpression. Dyrk1A is also overexpressed in animal models of DS and in gene-specific transgenic mice that consistently exhibit cognitive impairment. To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are affected by increased levels of Dyrk1A in the developing brain, we overexpressed this kinase in the embryonic mouse neocortex using the in utero electroporation technique. We found that Dyrk1A overexpression inhibits neural cell proliferation and promotes premature neuronal differentiation in the developing cerebral cortex without affecting cell fate and layer positioning. These effects are dependent on the Dyrk1A kinase activity and are mediated by the nuclear export and degradation of cyclin D1. This study identifies specific Dyrk1A-induced mechanisms that disrupt the normal process of corticogenesis and possibly contribute to cognitive impairment observed in DS patients and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa Yabut
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jason Domogauer
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
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21
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Hoenicka J, Quiñones-Lombraña A, España-Serrano L, Alvira-Botero X, Kremer L, Pérez-González R, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Ponce G, Palomo T. The ANKK1 gene associated with addictions is expressed in astroglial cells and upregulated by apomorphine. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:3-11. [PMID: 19853839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TaqIA, the most widely analyzed genetic polymorphism in addictions, has traditionally been considered a gene marker for association with D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2). TaqIA is located in the coding region of the ANKK1 gene that overlaps DRD2 and encodes a predicted kinase ANKK1. The ANKK1 protein nonetheless had yet to be identified. This study examined the ANKK1 expression pattern as a first step to uncover the biological bases of TaqIA-associated phenotypes. METHODS Northern blot and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed to analyze the ANKK1 mRNA. To study ANKK1 protein expression, we developed two polyclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptides contained in the putative Ser/Thr kinase domain. RESULTS We demonstrate that ANKK1 mRNA and protein were expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS) in human and rodents, exclusively in astrocytes. Ankk1 mRNA level in mouse astrocyte cultures was upregulated by apomorphine, suggesting a potential relationship with the dopaminergic system. Developmental studies in mice showed that ANKK1 protein was ubiquitously located in radial glia in the CNS, with an mRNA expression pick around embryonic Day 15. This time expression pattern coincided with that of the Drd2 mRNA. On induction of differentiation by retinoic acid, a sequential expression was found in human neuroblastoma, where ANKK1 was expressed first, followed by that of DRD2. An opposite time expression pattern was found in rat glioma. CONCLUSIONS Spatial and temporal regulation of the expression of ANKK1 suggest an involvement of astroglial cells in TaqIA-related neuropsychiatric phenotypes both during development and adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hoenicka
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Temporal distribution of mRNA expression levels of various genes in the developing human inferior colliculus. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in spatial navigation, learning and memory, and is a major site for adult neurogenesis. Critical to these functions is the proper organization of the hippocampus during development. Radial glia are known to regulate hippocampal formation, but their precise function in this process is yet to be defined. We find that in Nuclear Factor I b (Nfib)-deficient mice, a subpopulation of glia from the ammonic neuroepithelium of the hippocampus fail to develop. This results in severe morphological defects, including a failure of the hippocampal fissure, and subsequently the dentate gyrus, to form. As in wild-type mice, immature nestin-positive glia, which encompass all types of radial glia, populate the hippocampus in Nfib-deficient mice at embryonic day 15. However, these fail to mature into GLAST- and GFAP-positive glia, and the supragranular glial bundle is absent. In contrast, the fimbrial glial bundle forms, but alone is insufficient for proper hippocampal morphogenesis. Dentate granule neurons are present in the mutant hippocampus but their migration is aberrant, likely resulting from the lack of the complete radial glial scaffold usually provided by both glial bundles. These data demonstrate a role for Nfib in hippocampal fissure and dentate gyrus formation, and that distinct glial bundles are critical for correct hippocampal morphogenesis.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) self-renew and are multipotent, producing neurons and glia. Recent studies have shown that brain tumors (BT) contain cells that, like NSC, self-renew and are multipotent, producing the different types of cells found within the brain tumors. These brain tumor stem cells are a kind of cancer stem cell, competent to form tumors that mimic the parent tumor in experimental animals. Studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that brain tumor stem cells and NSC share similar mechanisms and pathways for proliferation. For example, we have identified that one of the AMPK/snf1 kinases, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), is highly expressed in NSC and malignant brain tumors, as well as in brain tumor stem cell-enriched cell cultures. Analysis of transgenic MELK-reporter mice indicated that MELK is expressed in NSC in vivo, and our in vitro studies demonstrated that MELK is required for NSC self-renewal. We have also found that MELK is required for proliferation of putative BT stem cells. Utilizing our studies with MELK as an example, this chapter describes methods to culture NSC and BT stem cells, and to analyze the pathways, which regulate self-renewal of those cells.
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25
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Watanabe J, Nakamachi T, Matsuno R, Hayashi D, Nakamura M, Kikuyama S, Nakajo S, Shioda S. Localization, characterization and function of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide during brain development. Peptides 2007; 28:1713-9. [PMID: 17719696 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural development is controlled by region-specific factors that regulate cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that exerts a wide range of effects on different cell types in the brain as early as the fetal stage. Here we review current knowledge concerning several aspects of PACAP expression in embryonic and neonatal neural tissue: (i) the distribution of PACAP and PACAP receptors mRNA in the developing brain; (ii) the characteristic generation of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in brain areas where the PACAP receptor is expressed and (iii) the role of PACAP as a regulator of neural development, inducing differentiation and proliferation in association with other trophic factors or signal transduction molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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26
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Nakano I, Dougherty JD, Kim K, Klement I, Geschwind DH, Kornblum HI. Phosphoserine phosphatase is expressed in the neural stem cell niche and regulates neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1975-84. [PMID: 17495110 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) metabolizes the conversion of l-phosphoserine to l-serine, classically known as an amino acid necessary for protein and nucleotide synthesis and more recently suggested to be involved in cell-to-cell signaling. Previously, we identified PSP as being enriched in proliferating neural progenitors and highly expressed by embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting a general role in stem cells. Here we demonstrate that PSP is highly expressed in periventricular neural progenitors in the embryonic brain. In the adult brain, PSP expression was observed in slowly dividing or quiescent glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and CD24-positive ependymal cells in the forebrain germinal zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle and within GFAP-positive cells of the hippocampal subgranular zone, consistent with expression in adult neural stem cells. In vitro, PSP overexpression promoted proliferation, whereas small interfering RNA-induced knockdown inhibited proliferation of neural stem cells derived from embryonic cortex and adult striatal subventricular zone. The effects of PSP knockdown were partially rescued by exogenous l-serine. These data support a role for PSP in neural stem cell proliferation and suggest that in the adult periventricular germinal zones, PSP may regulate signaling between neural stem cells and other cells within the stem cell niche. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
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27
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Abstract
Neural stem cells self-renew and give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These cells hold great promise for neural repair after injury or disease. However, a great deal of information needs to be gathered before optimally using neural stem cells for neural repair. This brief review provides an introduction to neural stem cells and briefly describes some advances in neural stem-cell biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley I Kornblum
- Semel Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angles, CA, USA.
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28
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Gilbertson JA, Sen A, Behie LA, Kallos MS. Scaled-up production of mammalian neural precursor cell aggregates in computer-controlled suspension bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:783-92. [PMID: 16489624 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of neural precursor cells (NPCs) for the treatment of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, requires overcoming the scarcity of these cells through controlled expansion. The main objective of the present study was to develop a large-scale computer-controlled bioprocess for the expansion of mammalian NPCs in suspension culture by scaling up existing reactor protocols. In order to support the oxygen demands of the maximum cell densities achieved, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was kept above 1.10/h while scaling-up from small-scale 125 mL vessels to large-scale 500 mL bioreactors. In addition, the maximum shear stress at the impeller tip was maintained between 0.30 and 0.75 Pa to reduce damage to the cells. The resulting large-scale bioprocess achieved maximum viable cell densities of 1.2 x 10(6) cells/mL and a batch multiplication ratio of 9.1. Moreover, the process successfully maintained the NPC characteristics observed in small-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Gilbertson
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Nakano I, Paucar AA, Bajpai R, Dougherty JD, Zewail A, Kelly TK, Kim KJ, Ou J, Groszer M, Imura T, Freije WA, Nelson SF, Sofroniew MV, Wu H, Liu X, Terskikh AV, Geschwind DH, Kornblum HI. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) regulates multipotent neural progenitor proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 170:413-27. [PMID: 16061694 PMCID: PMC2171475 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200412115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) was previously identified in a screen for genes enriched in neural progenitors. Here, we demonstrate expression of MELK by progenitors in developing and adult brain and that MELK serves as a marker for self-renewing multipotent neural progenitors (MNPs) in cultures derived from the developing forebrain and in transgenic mice. Overexpression of MELK enhances (whereas knockdown diminishes) the ability to generate neurospheres from MNPs, indicating a function in self-renewal. MELK down-regulation disrupts the production of neurogenic MNP from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)–positive progenitors in vitro. MELK expression in MNP is cell cycle regulated and inhibition of MELK expression down-regulates the expression of B-myb, which is shown to also mediate MNP proliferation. These findings indicate that MELK is necessary for proliferation of embryonic and postnatal MNP and suggest that it regulates the transition from GFAP-expressing progenitors to rapid amplifying progenitors in the postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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