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Meserve JH, Navarro MF, Ortiz EA, Granato M. Celsr3 drives development and connectivity of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583806. [PMID: 38496637 PMCID: PMC10942420 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In the developing brain, groups of neurons organize into functional circuits that direct diverse behaviors. One such behavior is the evolutionarily conserved acoustic startle response, which in zebrafish is mediated by a well-defined hindbrain circuit. While numerous molecular pathways that guide neurons to their synaptic partners have been identified, it is unclear if and to what extent distinct neuron populations in the startle circuit utilize shared molecular pathways to ensure coordinated development. Here, we show that the planar cell polarity (PCP)-associated atypical cadherins Celsr3 and Celsr2, as well as the Celsr binding partner Frizzled 3a/Fzd3a, are critical for axon guidance of two neuron types that form synapses with each other: the command-like neuron Mauthner cells that drive the acoustic startle escape response, and spiral fiber neurons which provide excitatory input to Mauthner cells. We find that Mauthner axon growth towards synaptic targets is vital for Mauthner survival. We also demonstrate that symmetric spiral fiber input to Mauthner cells is critical for escape direction, which is necessary to respond to directional threats. Moreover, we identify distinct roles for Celsr3 and Celsr2, as Celsr3 is required for startle circuit development while Celsr2 is dispensable, though Celsr2 can partially compensate for loss of Celsr3 in Mauthner cells. This contrasts with facial branchiomotor neuron migration in the hindbrain, which requires Celsr2 while we find that Celsr3 is dispensable. Combined, our data uncover critical and distinct roles for individual PCP components during assembly of the acoustic startle hindbrain circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Meserve
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria F Navarro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elelbin A Ortiz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Bandekar SJ, Garbett K, Kordon SP, Dintzner E, Shearer T, Sando RC, Araç D. Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577439. [PMID: 38328199 PMCID: PMC10849658 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cadherin EGF Laminin G seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs or ADGRCs) are conserved adhesion G protein-coupled receptors which are essential for animal development. CELSRs have extracellular regions (ECRs) containing 23 adhesion domains which couple adhesion to intracellular signaling. However, molecular-level insight into CELSR function is sparsely available. We report the 4.3 Å cryo-EM reconstruction of the mCELSR1 ECR with 13 domains resolved in the structure. These domains form a compact module mediated by interdomain interactions with contact between the N- and C-terminal domains. We show the mCELSR1 ECR forms an extended species in the presence of Ca 2+ , which we propose represents the antiparallel cadherin repeat dimer. Using assays for adhesion and G protein-coupling, we assign the N-terminal CADH1-8 module as necessary for cell adhesion and we show the C-terminal CAHD9-GAIN module regulates signaling. Our work provides important molecular context to the literature on CELSR function and opens the door towards further mechanistic studies.
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3
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Nishiguchi S, Kasai RS, Uchihashi T. Antiparallel dimer structure of CELSR cadherin in solution revealed by high-speed atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302047120. [PMID: 37094146 PMCID: PMC10160967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302047120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSR) cadherins, members of the cadherin superfamily, and adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors, play a vital role in cell-cell adhesion. The mutual binding of the extracellular domains (ectodomains) of CELSR cadherins between cells is crucial for tissue formation, including the establishment of planar cell polarity, which directs the proper patterning of cells. CELSR cadherins possess nine cadherin ectodomains (EC1-EC9) and noncadherin ectodomains. However, the structural and functional mechanisms of the binding mode of CELSR cadherins have not been determined. In this study, we investigated the binding mode of CELSR cadherins using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), and bead aggregation assay. The fluorescence microscopy analysis results indicated that the trans-dimer of the CELSR cadherin constitutes the essential adhesive unit between cells. HS-AFM analysis and bead aggregation assay results demonstrated that EC1-EC8 entirely overlap and twist to form antiparallel dimer conformations and that the binding of EC1-EC4 is sufficient to sustain bead aggregation. The interaction mechanism of CELSR cadherin may elucidate the variation of the binding mechanism within the cadherin superfamily and physiological role of CELSR cadherins in relation to planar cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Nishiguchi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
| | - Rinshi S. Kasai
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research, Gifu University, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8602, Japan
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4
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Basta LP, Sil P, Jones RA, Little KA, Hayward-Lara G, Devenport D. Celsr1 and Celsr2 exhibit distinct adhesive interactions and contributions to planar cell polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1064907. [PMID: 36712970 PMCID: PMC9878842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1064907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor (Celsr) proteins 1-3 comprise a subgroup of adhesion GPCRs whose functions range from planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling to axon pathfinding and ciliogenesis. Like its Drosophila ortholog, Flamingo, mammalian Celsr1 is a core component of the PCP pathway, which, among other roles, is responsible for the coordinated alignment of hair follicles across the skin surface. Although the role of Celsr1 in epidermal planar polarity is well established, the contribution of the other major epidermally expressed Celsr protein, Celsr2, has not been investigated. Here, using two new CRISPR/Cas9-targeted Celsr1 and Celsr2 knockout mouse lines, we define the relative contributions of Celsr1 and Celsr2 to PCP establishment in the skin. We find that Celsr1 is the major Celsr family member involved in epidermal PCP. Removal of Celsr1 function alone abolishes PCP protein asymmetry and hair follicle polarization, whereas epidermal PCP is unaffected by loss of Celsr2. Further, elimination of both Celsr proteins only minimally enhances the Celsr1 -/- phenotype. Using FRAP and junctional enrichment assays to measure differences in Celsr1 and Celsr2 adhesive interactions, we find that compared to Celsr1, which stably enriches at junctional interfaces, Celsr2 is much less efficiently recruited to and immobilized at junctions. As the two proteins seem equivalent in their ability to interact with core PCP proteins Vangl2 and Fz6, we suggest that perhaps differences in homophilic adhesion contribute to the differential involvement of Celsr1 and Celsr2 in epidermal PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena P. Basta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Parijat Sil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Katherine A. Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Gabriela Hayward-Lara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States,Current Affiliation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Danelle Devenport,
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Alkailani MI, Aittaleb M, Tissir F. WNT signaling at the intersection between neurogenesis and brain tumorigenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017568. [PMID: 36267699 PMCID: PMC9577257 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis and tumorigenesis share signaling molecules/pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. Self-renewal of neural stem cells is a tightly regulated process that secures the accuracy of cell division and eliminates cells that undergo mitotic errors. Abnormalities in the molecular mechanisms controlling this process can trigger aneuploidy and genome instability, leading to neoplastic transformation. Mutations that affect cell adhesion, polarity, or migration enhance the invasive potential and favor the progression of tumors. Here, we review recent evidence of the WNT pathway’s involvement in both neurogenesis and tumorigenesis and discuss the experimental progress on therapeutic opportunities targeting components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa I. Alkailani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadel Tissir
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Fadel Tissir,
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Li C, Wei JA, Wang D, Luo Z, Pang C, Chen K, Duan J, Chen B, Zhou L, Tissir F, Shi L, So KF, Zhang L, Qu Y. Planar cell polarity protein Celsr2 maintains structural and functional integrity of adult cortical synapses. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102352. [PMID: 36089108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A few developmental genes remain persistently expressed in the adult stage, whilst their potential functions in the mature brain remain underappreciated. Here, we report the unexpected importance of Celsr2, a core Planar cell polarity (PCP) component, in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of adult neocortex. Celsr2 is highly expressed during development and remains expressed in adult neocortex. In vivo synaptic imaging in Celsr2 deficient mice revealed alterations in spinogenesis and reduced neuronal calcium activities, which are associated with impaired motor learning. These phenotypes were accompanied with anomalies of both postsynaptic organization and presynaptic vesicles. Knockout of Celsr2 in adult mice recapitulated those features, further supporting the role of Celsr2 in maintaining the integrity of mature cortex. In sum, our data identify previously unrecognized roles of Celsr2 in the maintenance of synaptic function and motor learning in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ji-An Wei
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Diyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhihua Luo
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Chaoqin Pang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Juan Duan
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Bailing Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fadel Tissir
- College of Health and Life Sciences, HBKU, Doha, Qatar; Universite catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, PR China; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, PR China; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Yibo Qu
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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8
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ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency causes a variable spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and alters synaptic activity and behavior in a mouse model. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1436-1457. [PMID: 35907405 PMCID: PMC9388395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ADGRL1 (latrophilin 1), a well-characterized adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, has been implicated in synaptic development, maturation, and activity. However, the role of ADGRL1 in human disease has been elusive. Here, we describe ten individuals with variable neurodevelopmental features including developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy, all heterozygous for variants in ADGRL1. In vitro, human ADGRL1 variants expressed in neuroblastoma cells showed faulty ligand-induced regulation of intracellular Ca2+ influx, consistent with haploinsufficiency. In vivo, Adgrl1 was knocked out in mice and studied on two genetic backgrounds. On a non-permissive background, mice carrying a heterozygous Adgrl1 null allele exhibited neurological and developmental abnormalities, while homozygous mice were non-viable. On a permissive background, knockout animals were also born at sub-Mendelian ratios, but many Adgrl1 null mice survived gestation and reached adulthood. Adgrl1-/- mice demonstrated stereotypic behaviors, sexual dysfunction, bimodal extremes of locomotion, augmented startle reflex, and attenuated pre-pulse inhibition, which responded to risperidone. Ex vivo synaptic preparations displayed increased spontaneous exocytosis of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, but Adgrl1-/- neurons formed synapses in vitro poorly. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency leads to consistent developmental, neurological, and behavioral abnormalities in mice and humans.
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9
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Chen B, Wang L, Li X, Shi Z, Duan J, Wei JA, Li C, Pang C, Wang D, Zhang K, Chen H, Na W, Zhang L, So KF, Zhou L, Jiang B, Yuan TF, Qu Y. Celsr2 regulates NMDA receptors and dendritic homeostasis in dorsal CA1 to enable social memory. Mol Psychiatry 2022:10.1038/s41380-022-01664-x. [PMID: 35789199 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social recognition and memory are critical for survival. The hippocampus serves as a central neural substrate underlying the dynamic coding and transmission of social information. Yet the molecular mechanisms regulating social memory integrity in hippocampus remain unelucidated. Here we report unexpected roles of Celsr2, an atypical cadherin, in regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity and social memory in mice. Celsr2-deficient mice exhibited defective social memory, with rather intact levels of sociability. In vivo fiber photometry recordings disclosed decreased neural activity of dorsal CA1 pyramidal neuron in Celsr2 mutants performing social memory task. Celsr2 deficiency led to selective impairment in NMDAR but not AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission, and to neuronal hypoactivity in dorsal CA1. Those activity changes were accompanied with exuberant apical dendrites and immaturity of spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Strikingly, knockdown of Celsr2 in adult hippocampus recapitulated the behavioral and cellular changes observed in knockout mice. Restoring NMDAR transmission or CA1 neuronal activities rescued social memory deficits. Collectively, these results show a critical role of Celsr2 in orchestrating dorsal hippocampal NMDAR function, dendritic and spine homeostasis, and social memory in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laijian Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Juan Duan
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ji-An Wei
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cunzheng Li
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chaoqin Pang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Diyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kejiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wanying Na
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yibo Qu
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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10
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Niu F, Han P, Zhang J, She Y, Yang L, Yu J, Zhuang M, Tang K, Shi Y, Yang B, Liu C, Peng B, Ji SJ. The m 6A reader YTHDF2 is a negative regulator for dendrite development and maintenance of retinal ganglion cells. eLife 2022; 11:75827. [PMID: 35179492 PMCID: PMC8906807 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise control of growth and maintenance of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrite arborization is critical for normal visual functions in mammals. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we find that the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader YTHDF2 is highly expressed in the mouse RGCs. Conditional knockout (cKO) of Ythdf2 in the retina leads to increased RGC dendrite branching, resulting in more synapses in the inner plexiform layer. Interestingly, the Ythdf2 cKO mice show improved visual acuity compared with control mice. We further demonstrate that Ythdf2 cKO in the retina protects RGCs from dendrite degeneration caused by the experimental acute glaucoma model. We identify the m6A-modified YTHDF2 target transcripts which mediate these effects. This study reveals mechanisms by which YTHDF2 restricts RGC dendrite development and maintenance. YTHDF2 and its target mRNAs might be valuable in developing new treatment approaches for glaucomatous eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Niu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanchu She
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Yang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengru Zhuang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kezhen Tang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuwei Shi
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baisheng Yang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Rosa M, Noel T, Harris M, Ladds G. Emerging roles of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1695-1709. [PMID: 34282836 PMCID: PMC8421042 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a sub-group within the GPCR superfamily. Their distinctive structure contains an abnormally large N-terminal, extracellular region with a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. In most aGPCRs, the GAIN domain constitutively cleaves the receptor into two fragments. This process is often required for aGPCR signalling. Over the last two decades, much research has focussed on aGPCR-ligand interactions, in an attempt to deorphanize the family. Most ligands have been found to bind to regions N-terminal to the GAIN domain. These receptors may bind a variety of ligands, ranging across membrane-bound proteins and extracellular matrix components. Recent advancements have revealed a conserved method of aGPCR activation involving a tethered ligand within the GAIN domain. Evidence for this comes from increased activity in receptor mutants exposing the tethered ligand. As a result, G protein-coupling partners of aGPCRs have been more extensively characterised, making use of their tethered ligand to create constitutively active mutants. This has led to demonstrations of aGPCR function in, for example, neurodevelopment and tumour growth. However, questions remain around the ligands that may bind many aGPCRs, how this binding is translated into changes in the GAIN domain, and the exact mechanism of aGPCR activation following GAIN domain conformational changes. This review aims to examine the current knowledge around aGPCR activation, including ligand binding sites, the mechanism of GAIN domain-mediated receptor activation and how aGPCR transmembrane domains may relate to activation. Other aspects of aGPCR signalling will be touched upon, such as downstream effectors and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Timothy Noel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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12
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Silencing Celsr2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells through suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:623-630. [PMID: 32988580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
After a peripheral nerve injury, the remaining Schwann cells undergo proliferation and adopt a migratory phenotype to prepare for the regeneration of nerves. Celsr2 has been reported to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the function of the nervous system. However, the role and mechanism of Celsr2 during peripheral nerve regeneration remain unknown. Here, we showed that after sciatic nerve injury, Celsr2 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in nerve tissues. In addition, silencing Celsr2 decreased the ki67-positve portion and the migration distance of Schwann cells in vivo. In vitro, the results of MTT and EdU staining, transwell and wound healing assays indicated that Celsr2 siRNA-transfected primary Schwann cells showed significant decrease in proliferation and migration compared to that seen in negative control (NC)-transfected cells. Furthermore, we found that Wnt/β-catenin luciferase activity was reduced, as were the expression of β-catenin in the nucleus and the mRNA levels of its downstream genes Cyclin D1 and MMP-7 in Celsr2 siRNA-transfected primary Schwann cells. Further investigations showed that silencing Celsr2 inhibited the phosphorylation of GSK3β. Moreover, specific activators of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, LiCl or mutant β-catenin (S33Y), partially reversed the inhibitory effect of Celsr2 siRNA. Taken together, our data indicated that silencing Celsr2 inhibited Schwann cells migration and proliferation through the suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway, providing a potential target for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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13
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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14
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Nazarko O, Kibrom A, Winkler J, Leon K, Stoveken H, Salzman G, Merdas K, Lu Y, Narkhede P, Tall G, Prömel S, Araç D. A Comprehensive Mutagenesis Screen of the Adhesion GPCR Latrophilin-1/ADGRL1. iScience 2018; 3:264-278. [PMID: 30428326 PMCID: PMC6137404 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play critical roles in diverse cellular processes in neurobiology, development, immunity, and numerous diseases. The lack of molecular understanding of their activation mechanisms, especially with regard to the transmembrane domains, hampers further studies to facilitate aGPCR-targeted drug development. Latrophilin-1/ADGRL1 is a model aGPCR that regulates synapse formation and embryogenesis, and its mutations are associated with cancer and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Here, we established functional assays to monitor latrophilin-1 function and showed the activation of latrophilin-1 by its endogenous agonist peptide. Via a comprehensive mutagenesis screen, we identified transmembrane domain residues essential for latrophilin-1 basal activity and for agonist peptide response. Strikingly, a cancer-associated mutation exhibited increased basal activity and failed to rescue the embryonic developmental phenotype in transgenic worms. These results provide a mechanistic foundation for future aGPCR-targeted drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Nazarko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amanuel Kibrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jana Winkler
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Salzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katarzyna Merdas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pradnya Narkhede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregory Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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15
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Singh M, Venugopal C, Tokar T, Brown KR, McFarlane N, Bakhshinyan D, Vijayakumar T, Manoranjan B, Mahendram S, Vora P, Qazi M, Dhillon M, Tong A, Durrer K, Murty N, Hallet R, Hassell JA, Kaplan DR, Cutz JC, Jurisica I, Moffat J, Singh SK. RNAi screen identifies essential regulators of human brain metastasis-initiating cells. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:923-940. [PMID: 28766011 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain tumor in adults and are a leading cause of cancer mortality. Metastatic lesions contain subclones derived from their primary lesion, yet their functional characterization is limited by a paucity of preclinical models accurately recapitulating the metastatic cascade, emphasizing the need for a novel approach to BM and their treatment. We identified a unique subset of stem-like cells from primary human patient brain metastases, termed brain metastasis-initiating cells (BMICs). We now establish a BMIC patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDXT) model as an investigative tool to comprehensively interrogate human BM. Using both in vitro and in vivo RNA interference screens of these BMIC models, we identified SPOCK1 and TWIST2 as essential BMIC regulators. SPOCK1 in particular is a novel regulator of BMIC self-renewal, modulating tumor initiation and metastasis from the lung to the brain. A prospective cohort of primary lung cancer specimens showed that SPOCK1 was overexpressed only in patients who ultimately developed BM. Protein-protein interaction network mapping between SPOCK1 and TWIST2 identified novel pathway interactors with significant prognostic value in lung cancer patients. Of these genes, INHBA, a TGF-β ligand found mutated in lung adenocarcinoma, showed reduced expression in BMICs with knockdown of SPOCK1. In conclusion, we have developed a useful preclinical model of BM, which has served to identify novel putative BMIC regulators, presenting potential therapeutic targets that block the metastatic process, and transform a uniformly fatal systemic disease into a locally controlled and eminently more treatable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Singh
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thusyanth Vijayakumar
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Branavan Manoranjan
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sujeivan Mahendram
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maleeha Qazi
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manvir Dhillon
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathrin Durrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naresh Murty
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Hallet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John A Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Anatomic Pathology, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, IBM Life Sciences Discovery Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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16
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Ledda F, Paratcha G. Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4511-4537. [PMID: 28735442 PMCID: PMC11107629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Lefebvre JL. Neuronal territory formation by the atypical cadherins and clustered protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Ebnet K, Kummer D, Steinbacher T, Singh A, Nakayama M, Matis M. Regulation of cell polarity by cell adhesion receptors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:2-12. [PMID: 28739340 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to polarize is an intrinsic property of almost all cells and is required for the devlopment of most multicellular organisms. To develop cell polarity, cells integrate various signals derived from intrinsic as well as extrinsic sources. In the recent years, cell-cell adhesion receptors have turned out as important regulators of cellular polarization. By interacting with conserved cell polarity proteins, they regulate the recruitment of polarity complexes to specific sites of cell-cell adhesion. By initiating intracellular signaling cascades at those sites, they trigger their specific subcellular activation. Not surprisingly, cell-cell adhesion receptors regulate diverse aspects of cell polarity, including apico-basal polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells, front-to-rear polarity in collectively migrating cells, and planar cell polarity during organ development. Here, we review the recent developments highlighting the central roles of cell-cell adhesion molecules in the development of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group: Cell adhesion and cell polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany; Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Germany; Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-associated Research Group: Cell adhesion and cell polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany; Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-associated Research Group: Cell adhesion and cell polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany; Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Amrita Singh
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany.
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19
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Seven pass Cadherins CELSR1-3. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:102-110. [PMID: 28716607 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors 1, 2 and 3 (CELSR1-3) form a family of three atypical cadherins with multiple functions in epithelia and in the nervous system. During the past decade, evidence has accumulated for a key role of CELSR1 in epithelial planar cell polarity (PCP), and for CELSR2 and CELSR3 in ciliogenesis and neural development, especially neuron migration and axon guidance in the central, peripheral and enteric nervous systems. Phenotypes in mutant mice indicate that CELSR proteins work in concert with FZD3 and FZD6, but several questions remain. Apart from PCP signaling pathways implicating CELSR1 that begin to be unraveled, little is known about other signals generated by CELSR2 and CELSR3. A crucial question concerns the putative ligands that trigger signaling, in particular what is the role of WNT factors. Another critical issue is the identification of novel intracellular pathways and effectors that relay and transmit signals in receptive cells? Answers to those questions should further our understanding of the role of those important molecules not only in development but also in regeneration and disease.
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20
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Langenhan T, Piao X, Monk KR. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in nervous system development and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:550-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Oishi K, Nakagawa N, Tachikawa K, Sasaki S, Aramaki M, Hirano S, Yamamoto N, Yoshimura Y, Nakajima K. Identity of neocortical layer 4 neurons is specified through correct positioning into the cortex. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26880563 PMCID: PMC4764574 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell-intrinsic mechanisms have been shown to regulate neuronal subtype specification in the mammalian neocortex. However, how much cell environment is crucial for subtype determination still remained unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of Protocadherin20 (Pcdh20), which is expressed in post-migratory neurons of layer 4 (L4) lineage, caused the cells to localize in L2/3. The ectopically positioned "future L4 neurons" lost their L4 characteristics but acquired L2/3 characteristics. Knockdown of a cytoskeletal protein in the future L4 neurons, which caused random disruption of positioning, also showed that those accidentally located in L4 acquired the L4 characteristics. Moreover, restoration of positioning of the Pcdh20-knockdown neurons into L4 rescued the specification failure. We further suggest that the thalamocortical axons provide a positional cue to specify L4 identity. These results suggest that the L4 identity is not completely determined at the time of birth but ensured by the surrounding environment after appropriate positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Oishi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Nakagawa
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kashiko Tachikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aramaki
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirano
- Department of Cell Biology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Adhesion GPCRs as Novel Actors in Neural and Glial Cell Functions: From Synaptogenesis to Myelination. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:275-298. [PMID: 27832492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as key regulators of nervous system development and health. aGPCRs can regulate many aspects of neural development, including cell signaling, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and, potentially, mechanosensation. Here, we specifically focus on the roles of several aGPCRs in synapse biology, dendritogenesis, and myelinating glial cell development. The lessons learned from these examples may be extrapolated to other contexts in the nervous system and beyond.
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23
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Müller A, Winkler J, Fiedler F, Sastradihardja T, Binder C, Schnabel R, Kungel J, Rothemund S, Hennig C, Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Oriented Cell Division in the C. elegans Embryo Is Coordinated by G-Protein Signaling Dependent on the Adhesion GPCR LAT-1. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005624. [PMID: 26505631 PMCID: PMC4624771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation of spindles and cell division planes during development of many species ensures that correct cell-cell contacts are established, which is vital for proper tissue formation. This is a tightly regulated process involving a complex interplay of various signals. The molecular mechanisms underlying several of these pathways are still incompletely understood. Here, we identify the signaling cascade of the C. elegans latrophilin homolog LAT-1, an essential player in the coordination of anterior-posterior spindle orientation during the fourth round of embryonic cell division. We show that the receptor mediates a G protein-signaling pathway revealing that G-protein signaling in oriented cell division is not solely GPCR-independent. Genetic analyses showed that through the interaction with a Gs protein LAT-1 elevates intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in the C. elegans embryo. Stimulation of this G-protein cascade in lat-1 null mutant nematodes is sufficient to orient spindles and cell division planes in the embryo in the correct direction. Finally, we demonstrate that LAT-1 is activated by an intramolecular agonist to trigger this cascade. Our data support a model in which a novel, GPCR-dependent G protein-signaling cascade mediated by LAT-1 controls alignment of cell division planes in an anterior-posterior direction via a metabotropic Gs-protein/adenylyl cyclase pathway by regulating intracellular cAMP levels. During embryogenesis an entire organism develops from a single cell. This process is vital for the formation of life, thus cell division occurs with a very distinct orientation and pattern that is tightly controlled by several signaling pathways. The mechanisms underlying these pathways are complex and not yet fully understood. In the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a common genetic model, the patterns and orientations in which cells divide in the embryo have been well characterized offering an ideal model to study the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that the signal mediated by the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor LAT-1 is based on cAMP. This second messenger is essential for the orientation of distinct cell division planes in the early embryo. Studies based on a lat-1 knockout mutant reveal that LAT-1 signaling affects the levels of the second messenger cAMP in the cells via a specific G protein. Thereby the receptor is activated by an intrinsic sequence. This pathway is the first one clearly shown to involve a G protein-coupled receptor-dependent G-protein signal in orientation of embryonic cell division, offering a novel level of regulation of this process among other described pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Fiedler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Binder
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institute of Genetics, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Kungel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bruining H, Matsui A, Oguro-Ando A, Kahn RS, Van't Spijker HM, Akkermans G, Stiedl O, van Engeland H, Koopmans B, van Lith HA, Oppelaar H, Tieland L, Nonkes LJ, Yagi T, Kaneko R, Burbach JPH, Yamamoto N, Kas MJ. Genetic Mapping in Mice Reveals the Involvement of Pcdh9 in Long-Term Social and Object Recognition and Sensorimotor Development. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:485-95. [PMID: 25802080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative genetic analysis of basic mouse behaviors is a powerful tool to identify novel genetic phenotypes contributing to neurobehavioral disorders. Here, we analyzed genetic contributions to single-trial, long-term social and nonsocial recognition and subsequently studied the functional impact of an identified candidate gene on behavioral development. METHODS Genetic mapping of single-trial social recognition was performed in chromosome substitution strains, a sophisticated tool for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) of complex traits. Follow-up occurred by generating and testing knockout (KO) mice of a selected QTL candidate gene. Functional characterization of these mice was performed through behavioral and neurological assessments across developmental stages and analyses of gene expression and brain morphology. RESULTS Chromosome substitution strain 14 mapping studies revealed an overlapping QTL related to long-term social and object recognition harboring Pcdh9, a cell-adhesion gene previously associated with autism spectrum disorder. Specific long-term social and object recognition deficits were confirmed in homozygous (KO) Pcdh9-deficient mice, while heterozygous mice only showed long-term social recognition impairment. The recognition deficits in KO mice were not associated with alterations in perception, multi-trial discrimination learning, sociability, behavioral flexibility, or fear memory. Rather, KO mice showed additional impairments in sensorimotor development reflected by early touch-evoked biting, rotarod performance, and sensory gating deficits. This profile emerged with structural changes in deep layers of sensory cortices, where Pcdh9 is selectively expressed. CONCLUSIONS This behavior-to-gene study implicates Pcdh9 in cognitive functions required for long-term social and nonsocial recognition. This role is supported by the involvement of Pcdh9 in sensory cortex development and sensorimotor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilgo Bruining
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Asuka Matsui
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen M Van't Spijker
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Akkermans
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Herman van Engeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hein A van Lith
- Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Program Emotion and Cognition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Oppelaar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Tieland
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Nonkes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Neuroscience Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martien J Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Optimization of cerebellar purkinje neuron cultures and development of a plasmid-based method for purkinje neuron-specific, miRNA-mediated protein knockdown. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:177-97. [PMID: 26794514 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple and efficient method to knock down proteins specifically in Purkinje neurons (PN) present in mixed mouse primary cerebellar cultures. This method utilizes the introduction via nucleofection of a plasmid encoding a specific miRNA downstream of the L7/Pcp2 promoter, which drives PN-specific expression. As proof-of-principle, we used this plasmid to knock down the motor protein myosin Va, which is required for the targeting of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into PN spines. Consistent with effective knockdown, transfected PNs robustly phenocopied PNs from dilute-lethal (myosin Va-null) mice with regard to the ER targeting defect. Importantly, our plasmid-based approach is less challenging technically and more specific to PNs than several alternative methods (e.g., biolistic- and lentiviral-based introduction of siRNAs). We also present a number of improvements for generating mixed cerebellar cultures that shorten the procedure and improve the total yield of PNs, and of transfected PNs, considerably. Finally, we present a method to rescue cerebellar cultures that develop large cell aggregates, a common problem that otherwise precludes the further use of the culture.
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26
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Keeler AB, Schreiner D, Weiner JA. Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation of a γ-Protocadherin C-terminal Lipid Binding Domain Regulates Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibition and Dendrite Arborization. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20674-20686. [PMID: 26139604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs) are a family of 22 adhesion molecules with multiple critical developmental functions, including the proper formation of dendritic arbors by forebrain neurons. The γ-Pcdhs bind to and inhibit focal adhesion kinase (FAK) via a constant C-terminal cytoplasmic domain shared by all 22 proteins. In cortical neurons lacking the γ-Pcdhs, aberrantly high activity of FAK and of PKC disrupts dendrite arborization. Little is known, however, about how γ-Pcdh function is regulated by other factors. Here we show that PKC phosphorylates a serine residue situated within a phospholipid binding motif at the shared γ-Pcdh C terminus. Western blots using a novel phospho-specific antibody against this site suggest that a portion of γ-Pcdh proteins is phosphorylated in the cortex in vivo. We find that PKC phosphorylation disrupts both phospholipid binding and the γ-Pcdh inhibition of (but not binding to) FAK. Introduction of a non-phosphorylatable (S922A) γ-Pcdh construct into wild-type cortical neurons significantly increases dendrite arborization. This same S922A construct can also rescue dendrite arborization defects in γ-Pcdh null neurons cell autonomously. Consistent with these data, introduction of a phosphomimetic (S/D) γ-Pcdh construct or treatment with a PKC activator reduces dendrite arborization in wild-type cortical neurons. Together, these data identify a novel mechanism through which γ-Pcdh control of a signaling pathway important for dendrite arborization is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Dietmar Schreiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
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Valnegri P, Puram SV, Bonni A. Regulation of dendrite morphogenesis by extrinsic cues. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:439-47. [PMID: 26100142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites play a central role in the integration and flow of information in the nervous system. The morphogenesis and maturation of dendrites is hence an essential step in the establishment of neuronal connectivity. Recent studies have uncovered crucial functions for extrinsic cues in the development of dendrites. We review the contribution of secreted polypeptide growth factors, contact-mediated proteins, and neuronal activity in distinct phases of dendrite development. We also highlight how extrinsic cues influence local and global intracellular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis. Finally, we discuss how these studies have advanced our understanding of neuronal connectivity and have shed light on the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valnegri
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Keeler AB, Molumby MJ, Weiner JA. Protocadherins branch out: Multiple roles in dendrite development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:214-26. [PMID: 25869446 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2014.1000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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29
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Organisti C, Hein I, Grunwald Kadow IC, Suzuki T. Flamingo, a seven-pass transmembrane cadherin, cooperates with Netrin/Frazzled in Drosophila midline guidance. Genes Cells 2014; 20:50-67. [PMID: 25440577 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, several guidance cues and receptors, as well as cell adhesion molecules, are required for guiding axons across the midline and along the anterior-posterior axis. In Drosophila, commissural axons sense the midline attractants Netrin A and B (Net) through Frazzled (Fra) receptors. Despite their importance, lack of Net or fra affects only some commissures, suggesting that additional molecules can fulfill this function. Recently, planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins have been implicated in midline axon guidance in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Here, we report that the atypical cadherin and PCP molecule Flamingo/Starry night (Fmi/Stan) acts jointly with Net/Fra signaling during midline development. Additional removal of fmi strongly increases the guidance defects in Net/fra mutants. Rescue and domain deletion experiments suggest that Fmi signaling facilitates commissural pathfinding potentially by mediating axonal fasciculation in a partly homophilic manner. Altogether, our results indicate that contact-mediated cell adhesion via Fmi acts in addition to the Net/Fra guidance system during axon pathfinding across the midline, underlining the importance of PCP molecules during vertebrates and invertebrates midline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Organisti
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Sensory Neurogenetics Research Group, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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30
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Wang XJ, Zhang DL, Xu ZG, Ma ML, Wang WB, Li LL, Han XL, Huo Y, Yu X, Sun JP. Understanding cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors. J Neurochem 2014; 131:699-711. [PMID: 25280249 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin epidermal growth factor (EGF) laminin G (LAG) seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs) are a special subgroup of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, which are pivotal regulators of many biologic processes such as neuronal/endocrine cell differentiation, vessel valve formation, and the control of planar cell polarity during embryonic development. All three members of the CELSR family (CELSR1-3) have large ecto-domains that form homophilic interactions and encompass more than 2000 amino acids. Mutations in the ecto-domain or other gene locations of CELSRs are associated with neural tube defects and other diseases in humans. Celsr knockout (KO) animals have many developmental defects. Therefore, specific agonists or antagonists of CELSR members may have therapeutic potential. Although significant progress has been made regarding the functions and biochemical properties of CELSRs, our knowledge of these receptors is still lacking, especially considering that they are broadly distributed but have few characterized functions in a limited number of tissues. The dynamic activation and inactivation of CELSRs and the presence of endogenous ligands beyond homophilic interactions remain elusive, as do the regulatory mechanisms and downstream signaling of these receptors. Given this motivation, future studies with more advanced cell biology or biochemical tools, such as conditional KO mice, may provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying CELSR function, laying the foundation for the design of new CELSR-targeted therapeutic reagents. The cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors (CELSRs) are a special subgroup of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which have large ecto-domains that form homophilic interactions and encompass more than 2000 amino acids. Recent studies have revealed that CELSRs are pivotal regulators of many biological processes, such as neuronal/endocrine cell differentiation, vessel valve formation and the control of planar cell polarity during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
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31
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Genetic evidence that Celsr3 and Celsr2, together with Fzd3, regulate forebrain wiring in a Vangl-independent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2996-3004. [PMID: 25002511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celsr3 and Fzd3, members of "core planar cell polarity" (PCP) genes, were shown previously to control forebrain axon guidance and wiring by acting in axons and/or guidepost cells. Here, we show that Celsr2 acts redundantly with Celsr3, and that their combined mutation mimics that of Fzd3. The phenotypes generated upon inactivation of Fzd3 in different forebrain compartments are similar to those in conditional Celsr2-3 mutants, indicating that Fzd3 and Celsr2-3 act in the same population of cells. Inactivation of Celsr2-3 or Fzd3 in thalamus does not affect forebrain wiring, and joint inactivation in cortex and thalamus adds little to cortical inactivation alone in terms of thalamocortical projections. On the other hand, joint inactivation perturbs strongly the formation of the barrel field, which is unaffected upon single cortical or thalamic inactivation, indicating a role for interactions between thalamic axons and cortical neurons in cortical arealization. Unexpectedly, forebrain wiring is normal in mice defective in Vangl1 and Vangl2, showing that, contrary to epithelial PCP, axon guidance can be Vangl independent in some contexts. Our results suggest that Celsr2-3 and Fzd3 regulate axonal navigation in the forebrain by using mechanisms different from classical epithelial PCP, and require interacting partners other than Vangl1-2 that remain to be identified.
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32
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Callier P, Calvel P, Matevossian A, Makrythanasis P, Bernard P, Kurosaka H, Vannier A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Borel C, Mazaud-Guittot S, Rolland A, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Guipponi M, Zimmermann C, Stévant I, Kuhne F, Conne B, Santoni F, Lambert S, Huet F, Mugneret F, Jaruzelska J, Faivre L, Wilhelm D, Jégou B, Trainor PA, Resh MD, Antonarakis SE, Nef S. Loss of function mutation in the palmitoyl-transferase HHAT leads to syndromic 46,XY disorder of sex development by impeding Hedgehog protein palmitoylation and signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004340. [PMID: 24784881 PMCID: PMC4006744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins act as morphogens to control embryonic patterning and development in a variety of organ systems. Post-translational covalent attachment of cholesterol and palmitate to Hh proteins are critical for multimerization and long range signaling potency. However, the biological impact of lipid modifications on Hh ligand distribution and signal reception in humans remains unclear. In the present study, we report a unique case of autosomal recessive syndromic 46,XY Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) with testicular dysgenesis and chondrodysplasia resulting from a homozygous G287V missense mutation in the hedgehog acyl-transferase (HHAT) gene. This mutation occurred in the conserved membrane bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) domain and experimentally disrupted the ability of HHAT to palmitoylate Hh proteins such as DHH and SHH. Consistent with the patient phenotype, HHAT was found to be expressed in the somatic cells of both XX and XY gonads at the time of sex determination, and Hhat loss of function in mice recapitulates most of the testicular, skeletal, neuronal and growth defects observed in humans. In the developing testis, HHAT is not required for Sertoli cell commitment but plays a role in proper testis cord formation and the differentiation of fetal Leydig cells. Altogether, these results shed new light on the mechanisms of action of Hh proteins. Furthermore, they provide the first clinical evidence of the essential role played by lipid modification of Hh proteins in human testicular organogenesis and embryonic development. Disorders of gonadal development represent a clinically and genetically heterogeneous class of DSD caused by defects in gonadal development and/or a failure of testis/ovarian differentiation. Unfortunately, in many cases the genetic aetiology of DSD is unknown, indicating that our knowledge of the factors mediating sex determination is limited. Using exome sequencing on a case of autosomal recessive syndromic 46,XY DSD with testicular dysgenesis and chondrodysplasia, we found a homozygous missense mutation (G287V) within the coding sequence of the O-acetyl-transferase HHAT gene. The HHAT gene encodes an enzyme required for the attachment of palmitoyl residues that are critical for multimerization and long range signaling potency of hedgehog secreted proteins. We found that HHAT is widely expressed in human organs during fetal development, including testes and ovaries around the time of sex determination. In vitro assays show that G287V mutation impairs HHAT palmitoyl-transferase activity and mice lacking functional Hhat exhibit testicular dysgenesis as well as other skeletal, neuronal and growth defects that recapitulate most aspects of the syndromic 46,XY DSD patient. These data provide the first clinical evidence of the essential role played by lipid modification of Hedgehog proteins in human testicular organogenesis and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Callier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Calvel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armine Matevossian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anne Vannier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Rolland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Kuhne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Conne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandy Lambert
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Huet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Francine Mugneret
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marilyn D Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Feng J, Han Q, Zhou L. Planar cell polarity genes, Celsr1-3, in neural development. Neurosci Bull 2014; 28:309-15. [PMID: 22622831 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
flamingo is among the 'core' planar cell-polarity genes, protein of which belongs to a unique cadherin subfamily. In contrast to the classic cadherins, composed of several extracellular cadherin repeats, one transmembrane domain and one cytoplasmic segment linked to catenin binding, Drosophila Flamingo has seven transmembrane segments and a cytoplasmic tail with no catenin-binding sequence. In Drosophila, Flamingo has pleotropic roles in controlling epithelial polarity and neuronal morphogenesis. Three mammalian orthologs of flamingo, Celsr1-3, are widely expressed in the nervous system. Recent work has shown that Celsr1-3 play important roles in neural development, such as in axon guidance, neuronal migration, and cilium polarity. Celsr1-3 single-gene knockout mice exhibit different phenotypes, but there are cooperative interactions among these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Joint Laboratory for Brain Function and Health, Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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34
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Simundza J, Cowin P. Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors: elusive hybrids come of age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:213-26. [PMID: 24229322 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.855727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most recently identified and least understood subfamily of GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by unusually long ectodomains with adhesion-related repeats that facilitate cell- cell and cell-cell matrix contact, as well as a proteolytic cleavage site-containing domain that is a structural hallmark of the family. Their unusual chimeric structure of adhesion-related ectodomain with a seven-pass transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic signaling makes these proteins highly versatile in mediating cellular signaling in response to extracellular adhesion or cell motility events. The ligand binding and cytoplasmic signaling modes for members of this family are beginning to be elucidated, and recent studies have demonstrated critical roles for Adhesion GPCRs in planar polarity and other important cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions during development and morphogenesis, as well as heritable diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Simundza
- Department of Cell Biology and the Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
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35
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Dietrich AK, Humphreys GI, Nardulli AM. 17β-estradiol increases expression of the oxidative stress response and DNA repair protein apurinic endonuclease (Ape1) in the cerebral cortex of female mice following hypoxia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:410-20. [PMID: 23907014 PMCID: PMC3825811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While it is well established that 17β-estradiol (E2) protects the rodent brain from ischemia-induced damage, it has been unclear how this neuroprotective effect is mediated. Interestingly, convincing evidence has also demonstrated that maintaining or increasing the expression of the oxidative stress response and DNA repair protein apurinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1) is instrumental in reducing ischemia-induced damage in the brain. Since E2 increases expression of the oxidative stress response proteins Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin in the brain, we hypothesized that E2 may also increase Ape1 expression and that this E2-induced expression of Ape1 may help to mediate the neuroprotective effects of E2 in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we utilized three model systems including primary cortical neurons, brain slice cultures, and whole animals. Although estrogen receptor α and Ape1 were expressed in primary cortical neurons, E2 did not alter Ape1 expression in these cells. However, immunofluorescent staining and quantitative Western blot analysis demonstrated that estrogen receptor α and Ape1 were expressed in the nuclei of cortical neurons in brain slice cultures and that E2 increased Ape1 expression in the cerebral cortex of these cultures. Furthermore, Ape1 expression was increased and oxidative DNA damage was decreased in the cerebral cortices of ovariectomized female C57Bl/6J mice that had been treated with E2 and exposed to hypoxia. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that the neuronal microenvironment may be required for increased Ape1 expression and that E2 enhances expression of Ape1 and reduces oxidative DNA damage, which may in turn help to reduce ischemia-induced damage in the cerebral cortex and mediate the neuroprotective effects of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Dietrich
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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36
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Gpr97 is essential for the follicular versus marginal zone B-lymphocyte fate decision. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e853. [PMID: 24113187 PMCID: PMC3824656 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gpr97 is an orphan adhesion GPCR and is highly conserved among species. Up to now, its physiological function remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Gpr97 deficiency results in an extensive reduction in B220+ lymphocytes in mice. More intensive analyses reveal an expanded marginal zone but a decreased follicular B-cell population in Gpr97−/−spleen, which displays disorganized architecture characterized by diffuse, irregular B-cell areas and the absence of discrete perifollicular marginal and mantle zones. In vivo functional studies reveal that the mutant mice could generate antibody responses to T cell-dependent and independent antigens, albeit enhanced response to the former and weakened response to the latter. By screening for the molecular events involved in the observed phenotypes, we found that lambda 5 expression is downregulated and its upstream inhibitor Aiolos is increased in the spleen of mutant mice, accompanied by significantly enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of cAMP response element-binding protein. Interestingly, increased constitutive Nf-κb p50/p65 expression and activity were observed in Gpr97−/− spleen, implicating a crucial role of Gpr97 in regulating Nf-κb activity. These findings uncover a novel biological function of Gpr97 in regulating B-cell development, implying Gpr97 as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of immunological disorders.
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Li X, Roszko I, Sepich DS, Ni M, Hamm HE, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Gpr125 modulates Dishevelled distribution and planar cell polarity signaling. Development 2013; 140:3028-39. [PMID: 23821037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates polarized cell behaviors underlying convergence and extension (C&E) movements to narrow embryonic tissues mediolaterally and lengthen them anteroposteriorly. Here, we have identified Gpr125, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, as a novel modulator of the Wnt/PCP signaling system. Excess Gpr125 impaired C&E movements and the underlying cell and molecular polarities. Reduced Gpr125 function exacerbated the C&E and facial branchiomotor neuron (FBMN) migration defects of embryos with reduced Wnt/PCP signaling. At the molecular level, Gpr125 recruited Dishevelled to the cell membrane, a prerequisite for Wnt/PCP activation. Moreover, Gpr125 and Dvl mutually clustered one another to form discrete membrane subdomains, and the Gpr125 intracellular domain directly interacted with Dvl in pull-down assays. Intriguingly, Dvl and Gpr125 were able to recruit a subset of PCP components into membrane subdomains, suggesting that Gpr125 may modulate the composition of Wnt/PCP membrane complexes. Our study reveals a role for Gpr125 in PCP-mediated processes and provides mechanistic insight into Wnt/PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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38
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The adhesion-GPCR BAI3, a gene linked to psychiatric disorders, regulates dendrite morphogenesis in neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:943-50. [PMID: 23628982 PMCID: PMC3730300 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion-G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a poorly studied subgroup of the GPCRs, which have diverse biological roles and are major targets for therapeutic intervention. Among them, the Brain Angiogenesis Inhibitor (BAI) family has been linked to several psychiatric disorders, but despite their very high neuronal expression, the function of these receptors in the central nervous system has barely been analyzed. Our results, obtained using expression knockdown and overexpression experiments, reveal that the BAI3 receptor controls dendritic arborization growth and branching in cultured neurons. This role is confirmed in Purkinje cells in vivo using specific expression of a deficient BAI3 protein in transgenic mice, as well as lentivirus driven knockdown of BAI3 expression. Regulation of dendrite morphogenesis by BAI3 involves activation of the RhoGTPase Rac1 and the binding to a functional ELMO1, a critical Rac1 regulator. Thus, activation of the BAI3 signaling pathway could lead to direct reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton through RhoGTPase signaling in neurons. Given the direct link between RhoGTPase/actin signaling pathways, neuronal morphogenesis and psychiatric disorders, our mechanistic data show the importance of further studying the role of the BAI adhesion-GPCRs to understand the pathophysiology of such brain diseases.
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Tissir F, Goffinet AM. Shaping the nervous system: role of the core planar cell polarity genes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:525-35. [PMID: 23839596 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is complementary to the intrinsic polarization of single cells and refers to the global coordination of cell behaviour in the plane of a tissue and, by extension, to the signalling pathways that control it. PCP is most evident in cell sheets, and research into PCP was for years confined to studies in Drosophila melanogaster. However, PCP has more recently emerged as an important phenomenon in vertebrates, in which it regulates various developmental processes and is associated with multiple disorders. In particular, core PCP genes are crucial for the development and function of the nervous system. They are involved in neural tube closure, ependymal polarity, neuronal migration, dendritic growth and axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadel Tissir
- University of Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology Group, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Langenhan T, Aust G, Hamann J. Sticky Signaling--Adhesion Class G Protein-Coupled Receptors Take the Stage. Sci Signal 2013; 6:re3. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Tissir F, Goffinet AM. Atypical Cadherins Celsr1–3 and Planar Cell Polarity in Vertebrates. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:193-214. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Fujishima K, Horie R, Mochizuki A, Kengaku M. Principles of branch dynamics governing shape characteristics of cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites. Development 2012; 139:3442-55. [PMID: 22912417 PMCID: PMC3491647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons develop dendritic arbors in cell type-specific patterns. Using growing Purkinje cells in culture as a model, we performed a long-term time-lapse observation of dendrite branch dynamics to understand the rules that govern the characteristic space-filling dendrites. We found that dendrite architecture was sculpted by a combination of reproducible dynamic processes, including constant tip elongation, stochastic terminal branching, and retraction triggered by contacts between growing dendrites. Inhibition of protein kinase C/protein kinase D signaling prevented branch retraction and significantly altered the characteristic morphology of long proximal segments. A computer simulation of dendrite branch dynamics using simple parameters from experimental measurements reproduced the time-dependent changes in the dendrite configuration in live Purkinje cells. Furthermore, perturbation analysis to parameters in silico validated the important contribution of dendritic retraction in the formation of the characteristic morphology. We present an approach using live imaging and computer simulations to clarify the fundamental mechanisms of dendrite patterning in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Sugimura R, He XC, Venkatraman A, Arai F, Box A, Semerad C, Haug JS, Peng L, Zhong XB, Suda T, Li L. Noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains hematopoietic stem cells in the niche. Cell 2012; 150:351-65. [PMID: 22817897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in self-renewal and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the particular role of noncanonical Wnt signaling in regulating HSCs in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we show Flamingo (Fmi) and Frizzled (Fz) 8, members of noncanonical Wnt signaling, both express in and functionally maintain quiescent long-term HSCs. Fmi regulates Fz8 distribution at the interface between HSCs and N-cadherin(+) osteoblasts (N-cad(+)OBs that enrich osteoprogenitors) in the niche. We further found that N-cad(+)OBs predominantly express noncanonical Wnt ligands and inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling under homeostasis. Under stress, noncanonical Wnt signaling is attenuated and canonical Wnt signaling is enhanced in activation of HSCs. Mechanistically, noncanonical Wnt signaling mediated by Fz8 suppresses the Ca(2+)-NFAT- IFNγ pathway, directly or indirectly through the CDC42-CK1α complex and also antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling in HSCs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt signaling maintains quiescent long-term HSCs through Fmi and Fz8 interaction in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohichi Sugimura
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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44
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Prömel S, Frickenhaus M, Hughes S, Mestek L, Staunton D, Woollard A, Vakonakis I, Schöneberg T, Schnabel R, Russ AP, Langenhan T. The GPS motif is a molecular switch for bimodal activities of adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Rep 2012; 2:321-31. [PMID: 22938866 PMCID: PMC3776922 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion class G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCR) form the second largest group of seven-transmembrane-spanning (7TM) receptors whose molecular layout and function differ from canonical 7TM receptors. Despite their essential roles in immunity, tumorigenesis, and development, the mechanisms of aGPCR activation and signal transduction have remained obscure to date. Here, we use a transgenic assay to define the protein domains required in vivo for the activity of the prototypical aGPCR LAT-1/Latrophilin in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that the GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) motif, the molecular hallmark feature of the entire aGPCR class, is essential for LAT-1 signaling serving in two different activity modes of the receptor. Surprisingly, neither mode requires cleavage but presence of the GPS, which relays interactions with at least two different partners. Our work thus uncovers the versatile nature of aGPCR activity in molecular detail and places the GPS motif in a central position for diverse protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Prömel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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45
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Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules that play critical roles in animal morphogenesis. Various cadherin-related molecules have also been identified, which show diverse functions, not only for the regulation of cell adhesion but also for that of cell proliferation and planar cell polarity. During the past decade, understanding of the roles of these molecules in the nervous system has significantly progressed. They are important not only for the development of the nervous system but also for its functions and, in turn, for neural disorders. In this review, we discuss the roles of cadherins and related molecules in neural development and function in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho Kohasu, Nankoku-City 783–8505, Japan.
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46
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Xie Y, Duan Q, Wang L, Gong Z, Wang Q, Song H, Wang H. Genomic characteristics of adhesion molecules in patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:585-90. [PMID: 22684872 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the differences in the expression of cell adhesion molecule-related mRNAs between symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) and a control group, and to investigate the interactions among activated leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells. Whole human gene chip was applied to detect the expression of cell adhesion molecule-related mRNAs in symptomatic PE and in the control group, and statistical analysis was performed. In patients with PE, the expression of the majority of integrin mRNAs located on leukocytes and platelets was significantly upregulated. The expression of mRNAs related to L-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand was significantly upregulated, while the expression of mRNA related to E-selectin was significantly downregulated. The expression of mRNAs related to classic cadherins and protocadherins was downregulated, and the expression of mRNAs related to vascular endothelial cadherin was significantly downregulated; the expression of mRNAs related to the immunoglobulin superfamily had no obvious difference between the 2 groups. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, in symptomatic PE patients, the adhesion of leukocytes and platelets was enhanced; the activation of endothelial cells was obviously weakened; the adherens junctions among endothelial cells were weakened, with the endothelium becoming more permeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
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47
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Najarro EH, Wong L, Zhen M, Carpio EP, Goncharov A, Garriga G, Lundquist EA, Jin Y, Ackley BD. Caenorhabditis elegans flamingo cadherin fmi-1 regulates GABAergic neuronal development. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4196-211. [PMID: 22442082 PMCID: PMC3325105 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3094-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In a genetic screen for regulators of synaptic morphology, we identified the single Caenorhabditis elegans flamingo-like cadherin fmi-1. The fmi-1 mutants exhibit defective axon pathfinding, reduced synapse number, aberrant synapse size and morphology, as well as an abnormal accumulation of synaptic vesicles at nonsynaptic regions. Although FMI-1 is primarily expressed in the nervous system, it is not expressed in the ventral D-type (VD) GABAergic motorneurons, which are defective in fmi-1 mutants. The axon and synaptic defects of VD neurons could be rescued when fmi-1 was expressed exclusively in non-VD neighboring neurons, suggesting a cell nonautonomous action of FMI-1. FMI-1 protein that lacked its intracellular domain still retained its ability to rescue the vesicle accumulation defects of GABAergic motorneurons, indicating that the extracellular domain was sufficient for this function of FMI-1 in GABAergic neuromuscular junction development. Mutations in cdh-4, a Fat-like cadherin, cause similar defects in GABAergic motorneurons. The cdh-4 is expressed by the VD neurons and seems to function in the same genetic pathway as fmi-1 to regulate GABAergic neuron development. Thus, fmi-1 and cdh-4 cadherins might act together to regulate synapse development and axon pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianna Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mei Zhen
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Edgar Pinedo Carpio
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Alexandr Goncharov
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, and
- University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gian Garriga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Erik A. Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, and
- University of California, San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Brian D. Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Control of dendritic morphogenesis by Trio in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33737. [PMID: 22438988 PMCID: PMC3305316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abl tyrosine kinase and its effectors among the Rho family of GTPases each act to control dendritic morphogenesis in Drosophila. It has not been established, however, which of the many GTPase regulators in the cell link these signaling molecules in the dendrite. In axons, the bifunctional guanine exchange factor, Trio, is an essential link between the Abl tyrosine kinase signaling pathway and Rho GTPases, particularly Rac, allowing these systems to act coordinately to control actin organization. In dendritic morphogenesis, however, Abl and Rac have contrary rather than reinforcing effects, raising the question of whether Trio is involved, and if so, whether it acts through Rac, Rho or both. We now find that Trio is expressed in sensory neurons of the Drosophila embryo and regulates their dendritic arborization. trio mutants display a reduction in dendritic branching and increase in average branch length, whereas over-expression of trio has the opposite effect. We further show that it is the Rac GEF domain of Trio, and not its Rho GEF domain that is primarily responsible for the dendritic function of Trio. Thus, Trio shapes the complexity of dendritic arbors and does so in a way that mimics the effects of its target, Rac.
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49
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Araç D, Boucard AA, Bolliger MF, Nguyen J, Soltis SM, Südhof TC, Brunger AT. A novel evolutionarily conserved domain of cell-adhesion GPCRs mediates autoproteolysis. EMBO J 2012; 31:1364-78. [PMID: 22333914 PMCID: PMC3321182 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallographic structures encompassing GPCR autoproteolytic sequences (GPS) delineate a novel conserved structural domain called GAIN, which is found in cell-adhesion GPCRs, polycystic kidney disease proteins conserved throughout evolution. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Proteolysis Site (GPS) of cell-adhesion GPCRs and polycystic kidney disease (PKD) proteins constitutes a highly conserved autoproteolysis sequence, but its catalytic mechanism remains unknown. Here, we show that unexpectedly the ∼40-residue GPS motif represents an integral part of a much larger ∼320-residue domain that we termed GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. Crystal structures of GAIN domains from two distantly related cell-adhesion GPCRs revealed a conserved novel fold in which the GPS motif forms five β-strands that are tightly integrated into the overall GAIN domain. The GAIN domain is evolutionarily conserved from tetrahymena to mammals, is the only extracellular domain shared by all human cell-adhesion GPCRs and PKD proteins, and is the locus of multiple human disease mutations. Functionally, the GAIN domain is both necessary and sufficient for autoproteolysis, suggesting an autoproteolytic mechanism whereby the overall GAIN domain fine-tunes the chemical environment in the GPS to catalyse peptide bond hydrolysis. Thus, the GAIN domain embodies a unique, evolutionarily ancient and widespread autoproteolytic fold whose function is likely relevant for GPCR signalling and for multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptors 1, 2, and 3 (Celsr1-3) form a family of three atypical cadherins with multiple functions in epithelia and in the nervous system. During the past decade, evidence has accumulated for important and distinct roles of Celsr1-3 in planar cell polarity (PCP) and brain development and maintenance. Although the role of Celsr in PCP is conserved from flies to mammals, other functions may be more distantly related, with Celsr working only with one or a subset of the classical PCP partners. Here, we review the literature on Celsr in PCP and neural development, point to several remaining questions, and consider future challenges and possible research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Boutin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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