1
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Mouilleau V, Solak AC, Garcia J, Chen X, Wilkinson CJ, Royer L, Dong Z, Guo S. PCM1 conveys centrosome asymmetry to polarized endosome dynamics in regulating daughter cell fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599416. [PMID: 38948739 PMCID: PMC11212863 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate radial glia progenitors (RGPs), the principal neural stem cells, balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which unequal inheritance of centrosomes is observed. Mechanistically, how centrosome asymmetry leads to distinct daughter cell fate remains largely unknown. Here we find that the centrosome protein Pericentriolar Material 1 (Pcm1), asymmetrically distributed at the centrosomes, regulates polarized endosome dynamics and RGP fate. In vivo time-lapse imaging and nanoscale-resolution expansion microscopy of zebrafish embryonic RGPs detect Pcm1 on Notch ligand-containing endosomes, in a complex with the polarity regulator Par-3 and dynein motor. Loss of pcm1 disrupts endosome dynamics, with clonal analysis uncovering increased neuronal production at the expense of progenitors. Pcm1 facilitates an exchange of Rab5b (early) for Rab11a (recycling) endosome markers and promotes the formation of Par-3 and dynein macromolecular complexes on recycling endosomes. Finally, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, PCM1 shows asymmetry and co-localization with PARD3 and RAB11A in mitotic neural progenitors. Our data reveal a new mechanism by which centrosome asymmetry is conveyed by Pcm1 to polarize endosome dynamics and Notch signaling in regulating ACD and progenitor fate.
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2
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Hannaford MR, Rusan NM. Positioning centrioles and centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311140. [PMID: 38512059 PMCID: PMC10959756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the primary microtubule organizer in eukaryotic cells. In addition to shaping the intracellular microtubule network and the mitotic spindle, centrosomes are responsible for positioning cilia and flagella. To fulfill these diverse functions, centrosomes must be properly located within cells, which requires that they undergo intracellular transport. Importantly, centrosome mispositioning has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer, and infertility. The mechanisms by which centrosomes migrate are diverse and context dependent. In many cells, centrosomes move via indirect motor transport, whereby centrosomal microtubules engage anchored motor proteins that exert forces on those microtubules, resulting in centrosome movement. However, in some cases, centrosomes move via direct motor transport, whereby the centrosome or centriole functions as cargo that directly binds molecular motors which then walk on stationary microtubules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of centrosome motility and the consequences of centrosome mispositioning and identify key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Chao S, Yan H, Bu P. Asymmetric division of stem cells and its cancer relevance. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:5. [PMID: 38411768 PMCID: PMC10897644 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric division is a fundamental process for generating cell diversity and maintaining the stem cell population. During asymmetric division, proteins, organelles, and even RNA are distributed unequally between the two daughter cells, determining their distinct cell fates. The mechanisms orchestrating this process are extremely complex. Dysregulation of asymmetric division can potentially trigger cancer progression. Cancer stem cells, in particular, undergo asymmetric division, leading to intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which contributes to treatment refractoriness. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern asymmetric division and explore its relevance to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Fang J, Tian W, Quintanilla MA, Beach JR, Lerit DA. The PCM scaffold enables RNA localization to centrosomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.13.575509. [PMID: 38469150 PMCID: PMC10926663 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.13.575509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
As microtubule-organizing centers, centrosomes direct assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle required for chromosome segregation and genome stability. Centrosome activity requires the dynamic assembly of pericentriolar material (PCM), the composition and organization of which changes throughout the cell cycle. Recent studies highlight the conserved localization of several mRNAs encoded from centrosome-associated genes enriched at centrosomes, including Pericentrin-like protein (Plp) mRNA. However, relatively little is known about how RNAs localize to centrosomes and influence centrosome function. Here, we examine mechanisms underlying the subcellular localization of Plp mRNA. We find that Plp mRNA localization is puromycin-sensitive, and the Plp coding sequence is both necessary and sufficient for RNA localization, consistent with a co-translational transport mechanism. We identify regions within the Plp coding sequence that regulate Plp mRNA localization. Finally, we show that protein-protein interactions critical for elaboration of the PCM scaffold permit RNA localization to centrosomes. Taken together, these findings inform the mechanistic basis of Plp mRNA localization and lend insight into the oscillatory enrichment of RNA at centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Equal contributions
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Equal contributions
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Melissa A. Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Jordan R. Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Dorothy A. Lerit
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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5
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Berisha AM, Eot-Houllier G, Giet R. Imaging and Analysis of Drosophila Neural Stem Cell Asymmetric Division. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2740:229-242. [PMID: 38393479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3557-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cell division is a conserved process among eukaryotes. It is designed to segregate chromosomes into future daughter cells and involves a complex rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules and actin filaments. An additional level of complexity is present in asymmetric dividing stem cells because cytoskeleton elements are also regulated by polarity cues. The neural stem cell system of the fruit fly represents a simple model to dissect the mechanisms that control cytoskeleton reorganization during asymmetric division. In this chapter, we propose to describe protocols that allow accurate analysis of microtubule reorganization during cell division in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Berisha
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290-U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Gregory Eot-Houllier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290-U1305, Rennes, France
| | - Régis Giet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290-U1305, Rennes, France.
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6
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Wen JH, He XH, Feng ZS, Li DY, Tang JX, Liu HF. Cellular Protein Aggregates: Formation, Biological Effects, and Ways of Elimination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108593. [PMID: 37239937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein aggregates is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. The dysregulation of protein homeostasis (or proteostasis) caused by acute proteotoxic stresses or chronic expression of mutant proteins can lead to protein aggregation. Protein aggregates can interfere with a variety of cellular biological processes and consume factors essential for maintaining proteostasis, leading to a further imbalance of proteostasis and further accumulation of protein aggregates, creating a vicious cycle that ultimately leads to aging and the progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Over the long course of evolution, eukaryotic cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to rescue or eliminate aggregated proteins. Here, we will briefly review the composition and causes of protein aggregation in mammalian cells, systematically summarize the role of protein aggregates in the organisms, and further highlight some of the clearance mechanisms of protein aggregates. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target protein aggregates in the treatment of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hao Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Ze-Sen Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Dong-Yi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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7
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Cheng T, Agwu C, Shim K, Wang B, Jain S, Mahjoub MR. Aberrant centrosome biogenesis disrupts nephron progenitor cell renewal and fate resulting in fibrocystic kidney disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.04.535568. [PMID: 37066373 PMCID: PMC10104032 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that disrupt centrosome structure or function cause congenital kidney developmental defects and fibrocystic pathologies. Yet, it remains unclear how mutations in proteins essential for centrosome biogenesis impact embryonic kidney development. Here, we examined the consequences of conditional deletion of a ciliopathy gene, Cep120 , in the two nephron progenitor niches of the embryonic kidney. Cep120 loss led to reduced abundance of both metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud progenitor populations. This was due to a combination of delayed mitosis, increased apoptosis, and premature differentiation of progenitor cells. These defects resulted in dysplastic kidneys at birth, which rapidly formed cysts, displayed increased interstitial fibrosis, and decline in filtration function. RNA sequencing of embryonic and postnatal kidneys from Cep120-null mice identified changes in pathways essential for branching morphogenesis, cystogenesis and fibrosis. Our study defines the cellular and developmental defects caused by centrosome dysfunction during kidney development, and identifies new therapeutic targets for renal centrosomopathies. Highlights Defective centrosome biogenesis in nephron progenitors causes:Reduced abundance of metanephric mesenchyme and premature differentiation into tubular structuresAbnormal branching morphogenesis leading to reduced nephron endowment and smaller kidneysChanges in cell-autonomous and paracrine signaling that drive cystogenesis and fibrosisUnique cellular and developmental defects when compared to Pkd1 knockout models.
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8
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Meghini F, Martins T, Zhang Q, Loyer N, Trickey M, Abula Y, Yamano H, Januschke J, Kimata Y. APC/C-dependent degradation of Spd2 regulates centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neural stem cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55607. [PMID: 36852890 PMCID: PMC10074082 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A functional centrosome is vital for the development and physiology of animals. Among numerous regulatory mechanisms of the centrosome, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is known to be critical for the precise regulation of centriole duplication. However, its significance beyond centrosome copy number control remains unclear. Using an in vitro screen for centrosomal substrates of the APC/C ubiquitin ligase in Drosophila, we identify several conserved pericentriolar material (PCM) components, including the inner PCM protein Spd2. We show that Spd2 levels are controlled by the interphase-specific form of APC/C, APC/CFzr , in cultured cells and developing brains. Increased Spd2 levels compromise neural stem cell-specific asymmetric PCM recruitment and microtubule nucleation at interphase centrosomes, resulting in partial randomisation of the division axis and segregation patterns of the daughter centrosome in the following mitosis. We further provide evidence that APC/CFzr -dependent Spd2 degradation restricts the amount and mobility of Spd2 at the daughter centrosome, thereby facilitating the accumulation of Polo-dependent Spd2 phosphorylation for PCM recruitment. Our study underpins the critical role of cell cycle-dependent proteolytic regulation of the PCM in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torcato Martins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Yusanjiang Abula
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jens Januschke
- School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuu Kimata
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Asymmetric chromatin retention and nuclear envelopes separate chromosomes in fused cells in vivo. Commun Biol 2022; 5:953. [PMID: 36123528 PMCID: PMC9485224 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid cells derived through fertilization or somatic cell fusion recognize and separate chromosomes of different origins. The underlying mechanisms are unknown but could prevent aneuploidy and tumor formation. Here, we acutely induce fusion between Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts; NBs) and differentiating ganglion mother cells (GMCs) in vivo to define how epigenetically distinct chromatin is recognized and segregated. We find that NB-GMC hybrid cells align both endogenous (neuroblast-origin) and ectopic (GMC-origin) chromosomes at the metaphase plate through centrosome derived dual-spindles. Physical separation of endogenous and ectopic chromatin is achieved through asymmetric, microtubule-dependent chromatin retention in interphase and physical boundaries imposed by nuclear envelopes. The chromatin separation mechanisms described here could apply to the first zygotic division in insects, arthropods, and vertebrates or potentially inform biased chromatid segregation in stem cells. A hybrid fly cell model to test the separation of chromosomes of different origin. Neural stem cell (NB) - ganglion mother cell (GMC) hybrids align the respective chromosomes independently, supported by NB- or GMC-derived centrosomes and their spindles.
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10
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Thomas A, Giet R. Live imaging of Drosophila melanogaster neural stem cells with photo-ablated centrosomes. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101493. [PMID: 35776653 PMCID: PMC9249821 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ERL U1305, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Régis Giet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes)-UMR6290, ERL U1305, 35000 Rennes, France.
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11
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Hannaford MR, Liu R, Billington N, Swider ZT, Galletta BJ, Fagerstrom CJ, Combs C, Sellers JR, Rusan NM. Pericentrin interacts with Kinesin-1 to drive centriole motility. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213380. [PMID: 35929834 PMCID: PMC9361567 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome positioning is essential for their function. Typically, centrosomes are transported to various cellular locations through the interaction of centrosomal microtubules (MTs) with motor proteins anchored at the cortex or the nuclear surface. However, it remains unknown how centrioles migrate in cellular contexts in which they do not nucleate MTs. Here, we demonstrate that during interphase, inactive centrioles move directly along the interphase MT network as Kinesin-1 cargo. We identify Pericentrin-Like-Protein (PLP) as a novel Kinesin-1 interacting molecule essential for centriole motility. In vitro assays show that PLP directly interacts with the cargo binding domain of Kinesin-1, allowing PLP to migrate on MTs. Binding assays using purified proteins revealed that relief of Kinesin-1 autoinhibition is critical for its interaction with PLP. Finally, our studies of neural stem cell asymmetric divisions in the Drosophila brain show that the PLP-Kinesin-1 interaction is essential for the timely separation of centrioles, the asymmetry of centrosome activity, and the age-dependent centrosome inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rong Liu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zachary T. Swider
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian J. Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carey J. Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christian Combs
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James R. Sellers
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nasser M. Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence to Nasser M. Rusan:
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12
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Krishnan N, Swoger M, Rathbun LI, Fioramonti PJ, Freshour J, Bates M, Patteson AE, Hehnly H. Rab11 endosomes and Pericentrin coordinate centrosome movement during pre-abscission in vivo. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202201362. [PMID: 35304423 PMCID: PMC8933627 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division completes when the two daughter cells move their oldest centrosome towards the cytokinetic bridge, which is then cleaved during abscission. The GTPase, Rab11, and the centrosome protein, Pericentrin, work together to coordinate this movement. The last stage of cell division involves two daughter cells remaining interconnected by a cytokinetic bridge that is cleaved during abscission. Conserved between the zebrafish embryo and human cells, we found that the oldest centrosome moves in a Rab11-dependent manner towards the cytokinetic bridge sometimes followed by the youngest. Rab11-endosomes are organized in a Rab11-GTP dependent manner at the mother centriole during pre-abscission, with Rab11 endosomes at the oldest centrosome being more mobile compared with the youngest. The GTPase activity of Rab11 is necessary for the centrosome protein, Pericentrin, to be enriched at the centrosome. Reduction in Pericentrin expression or optogenetic disruption of Rab11-endosome function inhibited both centrosome movement towards the cytokinetic bridge and abscission, resulting in daughter cells prone to being binucleated and/or having supernumerary centrosomes. These studies suggest that Rab11-endosomes contribute to centrosome function during pre-abscission by regulating Pericentrin organization resulting in appropriate centrosome movement towards the cytokinetic bridge and subsequent abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila Krishnan
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maxx Swoger
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Physics Building, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay I Rathbun
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Peter J Fioramonti
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Judy Freshour
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Michael Bates
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alison E Patteson
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Physics Building, Syracuse, NY, USA.,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA .,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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13
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Centrosomes and Centrosome Equivalents in Other Systems. THE CENTROSOME AND ITS FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUNCTIONS 2022; 235:85-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-20848-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Sugioka K. Symmetry-breaking of animal cytokinesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:100-109. [PMID: 34955355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a mechanism that separates dividing cells via constriction of a supramolecular structure, the contractile ring. In animal cells, three modes of symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis result in unilateral cytokinesis, asymmetric cell division, and oriented cell division. Each mode of cytokinesis plays a significant role in tissue patterning and morphogenesis by the mechanisms that control the orientation and position of the contractile ring relative to the body axis. Despite its significance, the mechanisms involved in the symmetry-breaking of cytokinesis remain unclear in many cell types. Classical embryologists have identified that the geometric relationship between the mitotic spindle and cell cortex induces cytokinesis asymmetry; however, emerging evidence suggests that a concerted flow of compressional cell-cortex materials (cortical flow) is a spindle-independent driving force in spatial cytokinesis control. This review provides an overview of both classical and emerging mechanisms of cytokinesis asymmetry and their roles in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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15
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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16
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Ryniawec JM, Rogers GC. Centrosome instability: when good centrosomes go bad. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6775-6795. [PMID: 34476544 PMCID: PMC8560572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is a tiny cytoplasmic organelle that organizes and constructs massive molecular machines to coordinate diverse cellular processes. Due to its many roles during both interphase and mitosis, maintaining centrosome homeostasis is essential to normal health and development. Centrosome instability, divergence from normal centrosome number and structure, is a common pathognomonic cellular state tightly associated with cancers and other genetic diseases. As novel connections are investigated linking the centrosome to disease, it is critical to understand the breadth of centrosome functions to inspire discovery. In this review, we provide an introduction to normal centrosome function and highlight recent discoveries that link centrosome instability to specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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17
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Thomas A, Gallaud E, Pascal A, Serre L, Arnal I, Richard-Parpaillon L, Savoian MS, Giet R. Peripheral astral microtubules ensure asymmetric furrow positioning in neural stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109895. [PMID: 34706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblast division is characterized by asymmetric positioning of the cleavage furrow, resulting in a large difference in size between the future daughter cells. In animal cells, furrow placement and assembly are governed by centralspindlin that accumulates at the equatorial cell cortex of the future cleavage site and at the spindle midzone. In neuroblasts, these two centralspindlin populations are spatially and temporally separated. A leading pool is located at the basal cleavage site and a second pool accumulates at the midzone before traveling to the cleavage site. The cortical centralspindlin population requires peripheral astral microtubules and the chromosome passenger complex for efficient recruitment. Loss of this pool does not prevent cytokinesis but enhances centralspindlin signaling at the midzone, leading to equatorial furrow repositioning and decreased size asymmetry. These data show that basal furrow positioning in neuroblasts results from a competition between different centralspindlin pools in which the cortical pool is dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Serre
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Inserm U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences (GIN), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matthew Scott Savoian
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, 4410 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Régis Giet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR17 6290, 35000 Rennes, France.
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18
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Goutas A, Trachana V. Stem cells' centrosomes: How can organelles identified 130 years ago contribute to the future of regenerative medicine? World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1177-1196. [PMID: 34630857 PMCID: PMC8474719 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the core of regenerative medicine lies the expectation of repair or replacement of damaged tissues or whole organs. Donor scarcity and transplant rejection are major obstacles, and exactly the obstacles that stem cell-based therapy promises to overcome. These therapies demand a comprehensive understanding of the asymmetric division of stem cells, i.e. their ability to produce cells with identical potency or differentiated cells. It is believed that with better understanding, researchers will be able to direct stem cell differentiation. Here, we describe extraordinary advances in manipulating stem cell fate that show that we need to focus on the centrosome and the centrosome-derived primary cilium. This belief comes from the fact that this organelle is the vehicle that coordinates the asymmetric division of stem cells. This is supported by studies that report the significant role of the centrosome/cilium in orchestrating signaling pathways that dictate stem cell fate. We anticipate that there is sufficient evidence to place this organelle at the center of efforts that will shape the future of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece.
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19
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Villa-Fombuena G, Lobo-Pecellín M, Marín-Menguiano M, Rojas-Ríos P, González-Reyes A. Live imaging of the Drosophila ovarian niche shows spectrosome and centrosome dynamics during asymmetric germline stem cell division. Development 2021; 148:271223. [PMID: 34370012 PMCID: PMC8489027 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) are found inside the cellular niche at the tip of the ovary. They undergo asymmetric divisions to renew the stem cell lineage and to produce sibling cystoblasts that will in turn enter differentiation. GSCs and cystoblasts contain spectrosomes, membranous structures essential for orientation of the mitotic spindle and that, particularly in GSCs, change shape depending on the cell cycle phase. Using live imaging and a fusion protein of GFP and the spectrosome component Par-1, we follow the complete spectrosome cycle throughout GSC division and quantify the relative duration of the different spectrosome shapes. We also determine that the Par-1 kinase shuttles between the spectrosome and the cytoplasm during mitosis and observe the continuous addition of new material to the GSC and cystoblast spectrosomes. Next, we use the Fly-FUCCI tool to define, in live and fixed tissues, that GSCs have a shorter G1 compared with the G2 phase. The observation of centrosomes in dividing GSCs allowed us to determine that centrosomes separate very early in G1, before centriole duplication. Furthermore, we show that the anterior centrosome associates with the spectrosome only during mitosis and that, upon mitotic spindle assembly, it translocates to the cell cortex, where it remains anchored until centrosome separation. Finally, we demonstrate that the asymmetric division of GSCs is not an intrinsic property of these cells, as the spectrosome of GSC-like cells located outside of the niche can divide symmetrically. Thus, GSCs display unique properties during division, a behaviour influenced by the surrounding niche. Summary: Imaging of live Drosophila germline stem cells in the ovarian niche reveals their asymmetric division and centrosome behaviour, whereas tumorous stem cells divide symmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Villa-Fombuena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Lobo-Pecellín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miriam Marín-Menguiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Understanding microcephaly through the study of centrosome regulation in Drosophila neural stem cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2101-2115. [PMID: 32897294 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly is a rare, yet devastating, neurodevelopmental condition caused by genetic or environmental insults, such as the Zika virus infection. Microcephaly manifests with a severely reduced head circumference. Among the known heritable microcephaly genes, a significant proportion are annotated with centrosome-related ontologies. Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers, and they play fundamental roles in the proliferation of the neuronal progenitors, the neural stem cells (NSCs), which undergo repeated rounds of asymmetric cell division to drive neurogenesis and brain development. Many of the genes, pathways, and developmental paradigms that dictate NSC development in humans are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. As such, studies of Drosophila NSCs lend invaluable insights into centrosome function within NSCs and help inform the pathophysiology of human microcephaly. This mini-review will briefly survey causative links between deregulated centrosome functions and microcephaly with particular emphasis on insights learned from Drosophila NSCs.
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21
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Deng Q, Tan YS, Chew LY, Wang H. Msps governs acentrosomal microtubule assembly and reactivation of quiescent neural stem cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104549. [PMID: 34368973 PMCID: PMC8488572 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to switch between quiescence and proliferation is crucial for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Drosophila quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) extend a primary cellular protrusion from the cell body prior to their reactivation. However, the structure and function of this protrusion are not well established. Here, we show that in the protrusion of quiescent NSCs, microtubules are predominantly acentrosomal and oriented plus‐end‐out toward the tip of the primary protrusion. We have identified Mini Spindles (Msps)/XMAP215 as a key microtubule regulator in quiescent NSCs that governs NSC reactivation via regulating acentrosomal microtubule growth and orientation. We show that quiescent NSCs form membrane contact with the neuropil and E‐cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, localizes to these NSC‐neuropil junctions. Msps and a plus‐end directed motor protein Kinesin‐2 promote NSC cell cycle re‐entry and target E‐cadherin to NSC‐neuropil contact during NSC reactivation. Together, this work establishes acentrosomal microtubule organization in the primary protrusion of quiescent NSCs and the Msps‐Kinesin‐2 pathway that governs NSC reactivation, in part, by targeting E‐cad to NSC‐neuropil contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School - Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:256-266. [PMID: 34303132 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the primary microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, centrosomes regulate microtubule cytoskeleton to support various cellular behaviors. They also serve as the base for nucleating primary cilia, the hub of diverse signaling pathways. Cells typically possess one centrosome that contains two inequal centrioles and undergoes semi-conservative duplication during cell division, resulting in two centrosomes with an inherent asymmetry in age and properties. While the centrosome is ubiquitously present, mutations of centrosome proteins are strongly associated with human microcephaly characterized by a small cerebral cortex, underscoring the importance of an intact centrosome in supporting cortical neurogenesis. Here we review recent advances on centrosome regulation and function in mammalian cortical neural progenitors and discuss the implications for a better understanding of cortical neurogenesis and related disease mechanisms.
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23
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Qi F, Zhou J. Multifaceted roles of centrosomes in development, health, and disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:611-621. [PMID: 34264337 PMCID: PMC8648388 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a membrane-less organelle consisting of a pair of barrel-shaped centrioles and pericentriolar material and functions as the major microtubule-organizing center and signaling hub in animal cells. The past decades have witnessed the functional complexity and importance of centrosomes in various cellular processes such as cell shaping, division, and migration. In addition, centrosome abnormalities are linked to a wide range of human diseases and pathological states, such as cancer, reproductive disorder, brain disease, and ciliopathies. Herein, we discuss various functions of centrosomes in development and health, with an emphasis on their roles in germ cells, stem cells, and immune responses. We also discuss how centrosome dysfunctions are involved in diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating centrosome functions may lead the way to potential therapeutic targeting of this organelle in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence to: Feifei Qi, E-mail: ; Jun Zhou, E-mail:
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24
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Kimura K, Motegi F. Fluid flow dynamics in cellular patterning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:3-9. [PMID: 34274213 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of complex forms of multicellular organisms depends on the spatial arrangement of cellular architecture and functions. The interior design of the cell is patterned by spatially biased distributions of molecules and biochemical reactions in the cytoplasm and/or on the plasma membrane. In recent years, a dynamic change in the cytoplasmic fluid flow has emerged as a key physical process of driving long-range transport of molecules to particular destinations within the cell. Here, recent experimental advances in the understanding of the generation of the various types of cytoplasmic flows and contributions to intracellular patterning are reviewed with a particular focus on feedback mechanisms between the mechanical properties of fluid flow and biochemical signaling during animal cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kimura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan.
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Instiute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan; Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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25
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Shoda T, Yamazoe K, Tanaka Y, Asano Y, Inoue YH. Orbit/CLASP determines centriole length by antagonising Klp10A in Drosophila spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs251231. [PMID: 33674447 PMCID: PMC8015252 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After centrosome duplication, centrioles elongate before M phase. To identify genes required for this process and to understand the regulatory mechanism, we investigated the centrioles in Drosophila premeiotic spermatocytes expressing fluorescently tagged centriolar proteins. We demonstrated that an essential microtubule polymerisation factor, Orbit (the Drosophila CLASP orthologue, encoded by chb), accumulated at the distal end of centrioles and was required for the elongation. Conversely, a microtubule-severing factor, Klp10A, shortened the centrioles. Genetic analyses revealed that these two proteins functioned antagonistically to determine centriole length. Furthermore, Cp110 in the distal tip complex was closely associated with the factors involved in centriolar dynamics at the distal end. We observed loss of centriole integrity, including fragmentation of centrioles and earlier separation of the centriole pairs, in Cp110-null mutant cells either overexpressing Orbit or depleted of Klp10A Excess centriole elongation in the absence of the distal tip complex resulted in the loss of centriole integrity, leading to the formation of multipolar spindle microtubules emanating from centriole fragments, even when they were unpaired. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanism of centriole integrity, disruption of which leads to chromosome instability in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shoda
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Centre for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kanta Yamazoe
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Centre for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Centre for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Asano
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Centre for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Department of Insect Biomedical Research, Centre for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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26
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Abstract
The centrosome is a unique organelle: the semi-conservative nature of its duplication generates an inherent asymmetry between ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ centrosomes, which differ in their age. This asymmetry has captivated many cell biologists, but its meaning has remained enigmatic. In the last two decades, many stem cell types have been shown to display stereotypical inheritance of either the mother or daughter centrosome. These observations have led to speculation that the mother and daughter centrosomes bear distinct information, contributing to differential cell fates during asymmetric cell divisions. This review summarizes recent progress and discusses how centrosome asymmetry may promote asymmetric fates during stem cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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Gonzalez C. Centrosomes in asymmetric cell division. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:178-182. [PMID: 33279730 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a strategy for achieving cell diversity. Research carried out over the last two decades has shown that in some cell types that divide asymmetrically, mother and daughter centrosomes are noticeably different from one another in structure, behaviour, and fate, and that robust ACD depends upon centrosome function. Here, I review the latest advances in this field with special emphasis on the complex structure-function relationship of centrosomes with regards to ACD and on mechanistic insight derived from cell types that divide symmetrically but is likely to be relevant in ACD. I also include a comment arguing for the need to investigate the centrosome cycle in other cell types that divide asymmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Delgado ILS, Carmona B, Nolasco S, Santos D, Leitão A, Soares H. MOB: Pivotal Conserved Proteins in Cytokinesis, Cell Architecture and Tissue Homeostasis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120413. [PMID: 33255245 PMCID: PMC7761452 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The MOB family proteins are constituted by highly conserved eukaryote kinase signal adaptors that are often essential both for cell and organism survival. Historically, MOB family proteins have been described as kinase activators participating in Hippo and Mitotic Exit Network/ Septation Initiation Network (MEN/SIN) signaling pathways that have central roles in regulating cytokinesis, cell polarity, cell proliferation and cell fate to control organ growth and regeneration. In metazoans, MOB proteins act as central signal adaptors of the core kinase module MST1/2, LATS1/2, and NDR1/2 kinases that phosphorylate the YAP/TAZ transcriptional co-activators, effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway. More recently, MOBs have been shown to also have non-kinase partners and to be involved in cilia biology, indicating that its activity and regulation is more diverse than expected. In this review, we explore the possible ancestral role of MEN/SIN pathways on the built-in nature of a more complex and functionally expanded Hippo pathway, by focusing on the most conserved components of these pathways, the MOB proteins. We discuss the current knowledge of MOBs-regulated signaling, with emphasis on its evolutionary history and role in morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity from unicellular to multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês L. S. Delgado
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal or (I.L.S.D.); or (S.N.); (D.S.); (A.L.)
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carmona
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; or
- Centro de Química Estrutural–Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal or (I.L.S.D.); or (S.N.); (D.S.); (A.L.)
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; or
| | - Dulce Santos
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal or (I.L.S.D.); or (S.N.); (D.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal or (I.L.S.D.); or (S.N.); (D.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; or
- Centro de Química Estrutural–Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: or
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29
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Matellán L, Manzano-López J, Monje-Casas F. Polo-like kinase acts as a molecular timer that safeguards the asymmetric fate of spindle microtubule-organizing centers. eLife 2020; 9:61488. [PMID: 33135999 PMCID: PMC7669271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubules that form the mitotic spindle originate from microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) located at either pole. After duplication, spindle MTOCs can be differentially inherited during asymmetric cell division in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. Problems with establishing predetermined spindle MTOC inheritance patterns during stem cell division have been associated with accelerated cellular aging and the development of both cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we expand the repertoire of functions Polo-like kinase family members fulfill in regulating pivotal cell cycle processes. We demonstrate that the Plk1 homolog Cdc5 acts as a molecular timer that facilitates the timely and sequential recruitment of two key determinants of spindle MTOCs distribution, that is the γ-tubulin complex receptor Spc72 and the protein Kar9, and establishes the fate of these structures, safeguarding their asymmetric inheritance during Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matellán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER) / Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - University of Seville - University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Manzano-López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER) / Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - University of Seville - University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER) / Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) - University of Seville - University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Chippalkatti R, Egger B, Suter B. Mms19 promotes spindle microtubule assembly in Drosophila neural stem cells. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008913. [PMID: 33211700 PMCID: PMC7714366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic divisions depend on the timely assembly and proper orientation of the mitotic spindle. Malfunctioning of these processes can considerably delay mitosis, thereby compromising tissue growth and homeostasis, and leading to chromosomal instability. Loss of functional Mms19 drastically affects the growth and development of mitotic tissues in Drosophila larvae and we now demonstrate that Mms19 is an important factor that promotes spindle and astral microtubule (MT) growth, and MT stability and bundling. Mms19 function is needed for the coordination of mitotic events and for the rapid progression through mitosis that is characteristic of neural stem cells. Surprisingly, Mms19 performs its mitotic activities through two different pathways. By stimulating the mitotic kinase cascade, it triggers the localization of the MT regulatory complex TACC/Msps (Transforming Acidic Coiled Coil/Minispindles, the homolog of human ch-TOG) to the centrosome. This activity of Mms19 can be rescued by stimulating the mitotic kinase cascade. However, other aspects of the Mms19 phenotypes cannot be rescued in this way, pointing to an additional mechanism of Mms19 action. We provide evidence that Mms19 binds directly to MTs and that this stimulates MT stability and bundling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Chippalkatti
- Cell Biology, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Boris Egger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Suter
- Cell Biology, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
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31
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Geymonat M, Peng Q, Guo Z, Yu Z, Unruh JR, Jaspersen SL, Segal M. Orderly assembly underpinning built-in asymmetry in the yeast centrosome duplication cycle requires cyclin-dependent kinase. eLife 2020; 9:59222. [PMID: 32851976 PMCID: PMC7470843 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric astral microtubule organization drives the polarized orientation of the S. cerevisiae mitotic spindle and primes the invariant inheritance of the old spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast centrosome) by the bud. This model has anticipated analogous centrosome asymmetries featured in self-renewing stem cell divisions. We previously implicated Spc72, the cytoplasmic receptor for the gamma-tubulin nucleation complex, as the most upstream determinant linking SPB age, functional asymmetry and fate. Here we used structured illumination microscopy and biochemical analysis to explore the asymmetric landscape of nucleation sites inherently built into the spindle pathway and under the control of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). We show that CDK enforces Spc72 asymmetric docking by phosphorylating Nud1/centriolin. Furthermore, CDK-imposed order in the construction of the new SPB promotes the correct balance of nucleation sites between the nuclear and cytoplasmic faces of the SPB. Together these contributions by CDK inherently link correct SPB morphogenesis, age and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuran Peng
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiang Guo
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
| | - Marisa Segal
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Gallaud E, Ramdas Nair A, Horsley N, Monnard A, Singh P, Pham TT, Salvador Garcia D, Ferrand A, Cabernard C. Dynamic centriolar localization of Polo and Centrobin in early mitosis primes centrosome asymmetry. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000762. [PMID: 32760088 PMCID: PMC7433902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes, the main microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of metazoan cells, contain an older "mother" and a younger "daughter" centriole. Stem cells either inherit the mother or daughter-centriole-containing centrosome, providing a possible mechanism for biased delivery of cell fate determinants. However, the mechanisms regulating centrosome asymmetry and biased centrosome segregation are unclear. Using 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) and live-cell imaging, we show in fly neural stem cells (neuroblasts) that the mitotic kinase Polo and its centriolar protein substrate Centrobin (Cnb) accumulate on the daughter centriole during mitosis, thereby generating molecularly distinct mother and daughter centrioles before interphase. Cnb's asymmetric localization, potentially involving a direct relocalization mechanism, is regulated by Polo-mediated phosphorylation, whereas Polo's daughter centriole enrichment requires both Wdr62 and Cnb. Based on optogenetic protein mislocalization experiments, we propose that the establishment of centriole asymmetry in mitosis primes biased interphase MTOC activity, necessary for correct spindle orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gallaud
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Horsley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Monnard
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tri Thanh Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
| | | | - Alexia Ferrand
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Cabernard
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
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33
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike to control cell fate and generate cell diversity. A detailed mechanistic understanding of ACD is therefore necessary to understand cell fate decisions in health and disease. ACD can be manifested in the biased segregation of macromolecules, the differential partitioning of cell organelles, or differences in sibling cell size or shape. These events are usually preceded by and influenced by symmetry breaking events and cell polarization. In this Review, we focus predominantly on cell intrinsic mechanisms and their contribution to cell polarization, ACD and binary cell fate decisions. We discuss examples of polarized systems and detail how polarization is established and, whenever possible, how it contributes to ACD. Established and emerging model organisms will be considered alike, illuminating both well-documented and underexplored forms of polarization and ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Sunchu
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Clemens Cabernard
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Life Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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34
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Xing M, Zhang F, Liao H, Chen S, Che L, Wang X, Bao Z, Ji F, Chen G, Zhang H, Li W, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hickson ID, Shen H, Ying S. Replication Stress Induces ATR/CHK1-Dependent Nonrandom Segregation of Damaged Chromosomes. Mol Cell 2020; 78:714-724.e5. [PMID: 32353258 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom DNA segregation (NDS) is a mitotic event in which sister chromatids carrying the oldest DNA strands are inherited exclusively by one of the two daughter cells. Although this phenomenon has been observed across various organisms, the mechanism and physiological relevance of this event remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that DNA replication stress can trigger NDS in human cells. This biased inheritance of old template DNA is associated with the asymmetric DNA damage response (DDR), which derives at least in part from telomeric DNA. Mechanistically, we reveal that the ATR/CHK1 signaling pathway plays an essential role in mediating NDS. We show that this biased segregation process leads to cell-cycle arrest and cell death in damaged daughter cells inheriting newly replicated DNA. These data therefore identify a key role for NDS in the maintenance of genomic integrity within cancer cell populations undergoing replication stress due to oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luanqing Che
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhengqiang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Gaoying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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35
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Marthiens V, Basto R. Centrosomes: The good and the bad for brain development. Biol Cell 2020; 112:153-172. [PMID: 32170757 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate and organise the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells. These membraneless organelles are key structures for tissue organisation, polarity and growth. Centrosome dysfunction, defined as deviation in centrosome numbers and/or structural integrity, has major impact on brain size and functionality, as compared with other tissues of the organism. In this review, we discuss the contribution of centrosomes to brain growth during development. We discuss in particular the impact of centrosome dysfunction in Drosophila and mammalian neural stem cell division and fitness, which ultimately underlie brain growth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Marthiens
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France
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36
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Loyer N, Januschke J. Where does asymmetry come from? Illustrating principles of polarity and asymmetry establishment in Drosophila neuroblasts. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Palumbo V, Tariq A, Borgal L, Metz J, Brancaccio M, Gatti M, Wakefield JG, Bonaccorsi S. Drosophila Morgana is an Hsp90-interacting protein with a direct role in microtubule polymerisation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs236786. [PMID: 31907206 PMCID: PMC6983718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morgana (Mora, also known as CHORD in flies) and its mammalian homologue, called CHORDC1 or CHP1, is a highly conserved cysteine and histidine-rich domain (CHORD)-containing protein that has been proposed to function as an Hsp90 co-chaperone. Morgana deregulation promotes carcinogenesis in both mice and humans while, in Drosophila, loss of mora causes lethality and a complex mitotic phenotype that is rescued by a human morgana transgene. Here, we show that Drosophila Mora localises to mitotic spindles and co-purifies with the Hsp90-R2TP-TTT supercomplex and with additional well-known Hsp90 co-chaperones. Acute inhibition of Mora function in the early embryo results in a dramatic reduction in centrosomal microtubule stability, leading to small spindles nucleated from mitotic chromatin. Purified Mora binds to microtubules directly and promotes microtubule polymerisation in vitro, suggesting that Mora directly regulates spindle dynamics independently of its Hsp90 co-chaperone role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ammarah Tariq
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Lori Borgal
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - James G Wakefield
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
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38
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Crews ST. Drosophila Embryonic CNS Development: Neurogenesis, Gliogenesis, Cell Fate, and Differentiation. Genetics 2019; 213:1111-1144. [PMID: 31796551 PMCID: PMC6893389 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila embryonic central nervous system (CNS) is a complex organ consisting of ∼15,000 neurons and glia that is generated in ∼1 day of development. For the past 40 years, Drosophila developmental neuroscientists have described each step of CNS development in precise molecular genetic detail. This has led to an understanding of how an intricate nervous system emerges from a single cell. These studies have also provided important, new concepts in developmental biology, and provided an essential model for understanding similar processes in other organisms. In this article, the key genes that guide Drosophila CNS development and how they function is reviewed. Features of CNS development covered in this review are neurogenesis, gliogenesis, cell fate specification, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Crews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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39
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a conserved strategy for achieving cell diversity. A cell can undergo an intrinsic ACD through asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants or cellular organelles. Recently, a new biophysical concept known as biomolecular phase separation, through which proteins and/or RNAs autonomously form a highly concentrated non-membrane-enclosed compartment via multivalent interactions, has provided new insights into the assembly and regulation of many membrane-less or membrane-attached organelles. Intriguingly, biomolecular phase separation is suggested to drive asymmetric condensation of cell fate determinants during ACD as well as organization of cellular organelles involved in ACD. In this Perspective, I first summarize recent findings on the molecular basis governing intrinsic ACD. Then I will discuss how ACD might be regulated by formation of dense molecular assemblies via phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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40
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Soares H, Carmona B, Nolasco S, Viseu Melo L. Polarity in Ciliate Models: From Cilia to Cell Architecture. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:240. [PMID: 31681771 PMCID: PMC6813674 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahymena and Paramecium are highly differentiated unicellular organisms with elaborated cortical patterns showing a regular arrangement of hundreds to thousands of basal bodies in longitudinal rows that extend from the anterior to the posterior region of the cell. Thus both ciliates exhibit a permanent antero–posterior axis and left–right asymmetry. This cell polarity is reflected in the direction of the structures nucleated around each basal body such as the ciliary rootlets. Studies in these ciliates showed that basal bodies assemble two types of cilia, the cortical cilia and the cilia of the oral apparatus, a complex structure specialized in food capture. These two cilia types display structural differences at their tip domain. Basal bodies possessing distinct compositions creating specialized landmarks are also present. Cilia might be expected to express and transmit polarities throughout signaling pathways given their recognized role in signal transduction. This review will focus on how local polarities in basal bodies/cilia are regulated and transmitted through cell division in order to maintain the global polarity and shape of these cells and locally constrain the interpretation of signals by different cilia. We will also discuss ciliates as excellent biological models to study development and morphogenetic mechanisms and their relationship with cilia diversity and function in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica/Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica/Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Viseu Melo
- Physics Department and CEFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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41
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Manzano-López J, Matellán L, Álvarez-Llamas A, Blanco-Mira JC, Monje-Casas F. Asymmetric inheritance of spindle microtubule-organizing centres preserves replicative lifespan. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:952-965. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Gambarotto D, Pennetier C, Ryniawec JM, Buster DW, Gogendeau D, Goupil A, Nano M, Simon A, Blanc D, Racine V, Kimata Y, Rogers GC, Basto R. Plk4 Regulates Centriole Asymmetry and Spindle Orientation in Neural Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2019; 50:11-24.e10. [PMID: 31130353 PMCID: PMC6614718 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in mitotic spindle orientation (MSO) disrupt the organization of stem cell niches impacting tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Mutations in centrosome genes reduce MSO fidelity, leading to tissue dysplasia and causing several diseases such as microcephaly, dwarfism, and cancer. Whether these mutations perturb spindle orientation solely by affecting astral microtubule nucleation or whether centrosome proteins have more direct functions in regulating MSO is unknown. To investigate this question, we analyzed the consequences of deregulating Plk4 (the master centriole duplication kinase) activity in Drosophila asymmetrically dividing neural stem cells. We found that Plk4 functions upstream of MSO control, orchestrating centriole symmetry breaking and consequently centrosome positioning. Mechanistically, we show that Plk4 acts through Spd2 phosphorylation, which induces centriole release from the apical cortex. Overall, this work not only reveals a role for Plk4 in regulating centrosome function but also links the centrosome biogenesis machinery with the MSO apparatus. Drosophila Plk4 mutant NSCs show defects in centriole asymmetry and spindle positioning Apical centriole anchoring requires the PCM protein Spd-2 and the APC/C activator Fzr Movement of the centriole toward the basal side of the cell requires Plk4 activity At the mother centriole, Plk4 phosphorylates Spd2 to trigger PCM shedding and Fzr loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gambarotto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - Carole Pennetier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Daniel W Buster
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Delphine Gogendeau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alix Goupil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anthony Simon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France
| | - Damien Blanc
- QuantaCell, 2 Allée du Doyen Georges Brus, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Victor Racine
- QuantaCell, 2 Allée du Doyen Georges Brus, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Yuu Kimata
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Biology of centrosomes and Genetic instability lab, Paris 75005, France.
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43
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Raff JW. Phase Separation and the Centrosome: A Fait Accompli? Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:612-622. [PMID: 31076235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is currently intense interest in the idea that many membraneless organelles might assemble through phase separation of their constituent molecules into biomolecular 'condensates' that have liquid-like properties. This idea is intuitively appealing, especially for complex organelles such as centrosomes, where a liquid-like structure would allow the many constituent molecules to diffuse and interact with one another efficiently. I discuss here recent studies that either support the concept of a liquid-like centrosome or suggest that centrosomes are assembled upon a more solid, stable scaffold. I suggest that it may be difficult to distinguish between these possibilities. I argue that the concept of biomolecular condensates is an important advance in cell biology, with potentially wide-ranging implications, but it seems premature to conclude that centrosomes, and perhaps other membraneless organelles, are necessarily best described as liquid-like phase-separated condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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44
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Métivier M, Monroy BY, Gallaud E, Caous R, Pascal A, Richard-Parpaillon L, Guichet A, Ori-McKenney KM, Giet R. Dual control of Kinesin-1 recruitment to microtubules by Ensconsin in Drosophila neuroblasts and oocytes. Development 2019; 146:dev.171579. [PMID: 30936181 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Ensconsin (also known as MAP7) controls spindle length, centrosome separation in brain neuroblasts (NBs) and asymmetric transport in oocytes. The control of spindle length by Ensconsin is Kinesin-1 independent but centrosome separation and oocyte transport require targeting of Kinesin-1 to microtubules by Ensconsin. However, the molecular mechanism used for this targeting remains unclear. Ensconsin contains a microtubule (MT)-binding domain (MBD) and a Kinesin-binding domain (KBD). Rescue experiments show that only full-length Ensconsin restores the spindle length phenotype. KBD expression rescues ensc centrosome separation defects in NBs, but not the fast oocyte streaming and the localization of Staufen and Gurken. Interestingly, the KBD can stimulate Kinesin-1 targeting to MTs in vivo and in vitro We propose that a KBD and Kinesin-1 complex is a minimal activation module that increases Kinesin-1 affinity for MTs. Addition of the MBD present in full-length Ensconsin allows this process to occur directly on the MT and triggers higher Kinesin-1 targeting. This dual regulation by Ensconsin is essential for optimal Kinesin-1 targeting to MTs in oocytes, but not in NBs, illustrating the importance of adapting Kinesin-1 recruitment to different biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métivier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Brigette Y Monroy
- University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Emmanuel Gallaud
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Renaud Caous
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Pascal
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Richard-Parpaillon
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Guichet
- Institut Jacques Monod-Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Régis Giet
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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45
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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46
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Saade M, Blanco-Ameijeiras J, Gonzalez-Gobartt E, Martí E. A centrosomal view of CNS growth. Development 2018; 145:145/21/dev170613. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.170613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the proliferation of neural progenitor cells to be tightly regulated, allowing the formation of an organ with the right size and shape. This includes regulation of both the spatial distribution of mitosis and the mode of cell division. The centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells, contributes to both of these processes. Here, we discuss the impact that centrosome-mediated control of cell division has on the shape of the overall growing CNS. We also review the intrinsic properties of the centrosome, both in terms of its molecular composition and its signalling capabilities, and discuss the fascinating notion that intrinsic centrosomal asymmetries in dividing neural progenitor cells are instructive for neurogenesis. Finally, we discuss the genetic links between centrosome dysfunction during development and the aetiology of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Saade
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jose Blanco-Ameijeiras
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri i Reixac 20, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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47
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Galis F, Metz JA, van Alphen JJ. Development and Evolutionary Constraints in Animals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We review the evolutionary importance of developmental mechanisms in constraining evolutionary changes in animals—in other words, developmental constraints. We focus on hard constraints that can act on macroevolutionary timescales. In particular, we discuss the causes and evolutionary consequences of the ancient metazoan constraint that differentiated cells cannot divide and constraints against changes of phylotypic stages in vertebrates and other higher taxa. We conclude that in all cases these constraints are caused by complex and highly controlled global interactivity of development, the disturbance of which has grave consequences. Mutations that affect such global interactivity almost unavoidably have many deleterious pleiotropic effects, which will be strongly selected against and will lead to long-term evolutionary stasis. The discussed developmental constraints have pervasive consequences for evolution and critically restrict regeneration capacity and body plan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frietson Galis
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A.J. Metz
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden; 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J.M. van Alphen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Loyer N, Januschke J. The last-born daughter cell contributes to division orientation of Drosophila larval neuroblasts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3745. [PMID: 30218051 PMCID: PMC6138640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of cell division is important in the context of cell fate choices and tissue morphogenesis. However, the mechanisms providing the required positional information remain incompletely understood. Here we use stem cells of the Drosophila larval brain that stably maintain their axis of polarity and division between cell cycles to identify cues that orient cell division. Using live cell imaging of cultured brains, laser ablation and genetics, we reveal that division axis maintenance relies on their last-born daughter cell. We propose that, in addition to known intrinsic cues, stem cells in the developing fly brain are polarized by an extrinsic signal. We further find that division axis maintenance allows neuroblasts to maximize their contact area with glial cells known to provide protective and proliferative signals to neuroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loyer
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, MSI/WTB3 Complex, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, MSI/WTB3 Complex, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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49
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Tillery MML, Blake-Hedges C, Zheng Y, Buchwalter RA, Megraw TL. Centrosomal and Non-Centrosomal Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs) in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2018; 7:E121. [PMID: 30154378 PMCID: PMC6162459 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the best-understood microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and is essential in particular cell types and at specific stages during Drosophila development. The centrosome is not required zygotically for mitosis or to achieve full animal development. Nevertheless, centrosomes are essential maternally during cleavage cycles in the early embryo, for male meiotic divisions, for efficient division of epithelial cells in the imaginal wing disc, and for cilium/flagellum assembly in sensory neurons and spermatozoa. Importantly, asymmetric and polarized division of stem cells is regulated by centrosomes and by the asymmetric regulation of their microtubule (MT) assembly activity. More recently, the components and functions of a variety of non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) have begun to be elucidated. Throughout Drosophila development, a wide variety of unique ncMTOCs form in epithelial and non-epithelial cell types at an assortment of subcellular locations. Some of these cell types also utilize the centrosomal MTOC, while others rely exclusively on ncMTOCs. The impressive variety of ncMTOCs being discovered provides novel insight into the diverse functions of MTOCs in cells and tissues. This review highlights our current knowledge of the composition, assembly, and functional roles of centrosomal and non-centrosomal MTOCs in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M L Tillery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Caitlyn Blake-Hedges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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50
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Malerød L, Le Borgne R, Lie-Jensen A, Eikenes ÅH, Brech A, Liestøl K, Stenmark H, Haglund K. Centrosomal ALIX regulates mitotic spindle orientation by modulating astral microtubule dynamics. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797741. [PMID: 29858227 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle (MS) is tightly regulated, but the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we report a novel role for the multifunctional adaptor protein ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) in regulating MS orientation in addition to its well-established role in cytokinesis. We show that ALIX is recruited to the pericentriolar material (PCM) of the centrosomes and promotes correct orientation of the MS in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila stem cells and epithelial cells, and symmetrically dividing Drosophila and human epithelial cells. ALIX-deprived cells display defective formation of astral microtubules (MTs), which results in abnormal MS orientation. Specifically, ALIX is recruited to the PCM via Drosophila Spindle defective 2 (DSpd-2)/Cep192, where ALIX promotes accumulation of γ-tubulin and thus facilitates efficient nucleation of astral MTs. In addition, ALIX promotes MT stability by recruiting microtubule-associated protein 1S (MAP1S), which stabilizes newly formed MTs. Altogether, our results demonstrate a novel evolutionarily conserved role of ALIX in providing robustness to the orientation of the MS by promoting astral MT formation during asymmetric and symmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Malerød
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,Equipe labélisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Anette Lie-Jensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åsmund Husabø Eikenes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway .,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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