1
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Illig M, Jahnke K, Weise LP, Scheffold M, Mersdorf U, Drechsler H, Zhang Y, Diez S, Kierfeld J, Göpfrich K. Triggered contraction of self-assembled micron-scale DNA nanotube rings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2307. [PMID: 38485920 PMCID: PMC10940629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Contractile rings are formed from cytoskeletal filaments during cell division. Ring formation is induced by specific crosslinkers, while contraction is typically associated with motor protein activity. Here, we engineer DNA nanotubes and peptide-functionalized starPEG constructs as synthetic crosslinkers to mimic this process. The crosslinker induces bundling of ten to hundred DNA nanotubes into closed micron-scale rings in a one-pot self-assembly process yielding several thousand rings per microliter. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the detailed architectural properties of the DNA rings observed in electron microscopy. Theory and simulations predict DNA ring contraction - without motor proteins - providing mechanistic insights into the parameter space relevant for efficient nanotube sliding. In agreement between simulation and experiment, we obtain ring contraction to less than half of the initial ring diameter. DNA-based contractile rings hold promise for an artificial division machinery or contractile muscle-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Illig
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Biophysical Engineering Group, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Jahnke
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Biophysical Engineering Group, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), 9 Oxford Street, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lukas P Weise
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marlene Scheffold
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Biophysical Engineering Group, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mersdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Biophysical Engineering Group, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Tübingen University, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering and Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan Kierfeld
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44221, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Biophysical Engineering Group, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Cortes DB, Maddox PS, Nédéléç FJ, Maddox AS. Contractile ring composition dictates kinetics of in silico contractility. Biophys J 2023; 122:3611-3629. [PMID: 36540027 PMCID: PMC10541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constriction kinetics of the cytokinetic ring are expected to depend on dynamic adjustment of contractile ring composition, but the impact of ring component abundance dynamics on ring constriction is understudied. Computational models generally assume that contractile networks maintain constant total amounts of components, which is not always true. To test how compositional dynamics affect constriction kinetics, we first measured F-actin, non-muscle myosin II, septin, and anillin during Caenorhabditis elegans zygotic mitosis. A custom microfluidic device that positioned the cell with the division plane parallel to a light sheet allowed even illumination of the cytokinetic ring. Measured component abundances were implemented in a three-dimensional agent-based model of a membrane-associated contractile ring. With constant network component amounts, constriction completed with biologically unrealistic kinetics. However, imposing the measured changes in component quantities allowed this model to elicit realistic constriction kinetics. Simulated networks were more sensitive to changes in motor and filament amounts than those of crosslinkers and tethers. Our findings highlight the importance of network composition for actomyosin contraction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Paul S Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Francois J Nédéléç
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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3
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Cumberworth A, Ten Wolde PR. Constriction of Actin Rings by Passive Crosslinkers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:038401. [PMID: 37540881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.038401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In many organisms, cell division is driven by the constriction of a cytokinetic ring, which consists of actin filaments and crosslinking proteins. While it has long been believed that the constriction is driven by motor proteins, it has recently been discovered that passive crosslinkers that do not turn over fuel are able to generate enough force to constrict actin filament rings. To study the ring constriction dynamics, we develop a model that includes the driving force of crosslinker condensation and the opposing forces of friction and filament bending. We analyze the constriction force as a function of ring topology and crosslinker concentration, and predict forces that are sufficient to constrict an unadorned plasma membrane. Our model also predicts that actin-filament sliding arises from an interplay between filament rotation and crosslinker hopping, producing frictional forces that are low compared with those of crosslinker-mediated microtubule sliding.
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4
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Abstract
Non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) motors are the major contractile machines in most cell types. Unsurprisingly, these ubiquitously expressed actin-based motors power a plethora of subcellular, cellular and multicellular processes. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the biochemical properties and mechanisms of regulation of this myosin. We highlight the central role of NM2 in multiple fundamental cellular processes, which include cell migration, cytokinesis, epithelial barrier function and tissue morphogenesis. In addition, we highlight recent studies using advanced imaging technologies that have revealed aspects of NM2 assembly hitherto inaccessible. This article will hopefully appeal to both cytoskeletal enthusiasts and investigators from outside the cytoskeleton field who have interests in one of the many basic cellular processes requiring actomyosin force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Quintanilla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
| | - John A. Hammer
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jordan R. Beach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60525, USA
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5
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McCartney B, Dudin O. Cellularization across eukaryotes: Conserved mechanisms and novel strategies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102157. [PMID: 36857882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotes form multinucleated cells during their development. Some cells persist as such during their lifetime, others choose to cleave each nucleus individually using a specialized cytokinetic process known as cellularization. What is cellularization and how is it achieved across the eukaryotic tree of life? Are there common pathways among all species supporting a shared ancestry, or are there key differences, suggesting independent evolutionary paths? In this review, we discuss common strategies and key mechanistic differences in how cellularization is executed across vastly divergent eukaryotic species. We present a number of novel methods and non-model organisms that may provide important insight into the evolutionary origins of cellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke McCartney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Yue K, Li Y, Cao M, Shen L, Gu J, Kai L. Bottom-Up Synthetic Biology Using Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 185:1-20. [PMID: 37526707 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances in biotechnology have greatly accelerated the development of bottom-up synthetic biology. Unlike top-down approaches, bottom-up synthetic biology focuses on the construction of a minimal cell from scratch and the application of these principles to solve challenges. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems provide minimal machinery for transcription and translation, from either a fractionated cell lysate or individual purified protein elements, thus speeding up the development of synthetic cell projects. In this review, we trace the history of the cell-free technique back to the first in vitro fermentation experiment using yeast cell lysate. Furthermore, we summarized progresses of individual cell mimicry modules, such as compartmentalization, gene expression regulation, energy regeneration and metabolism, growth and division, communication, and motility. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives on the field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingqiu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lulu Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingsheng Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lei Kai
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.
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7
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Silva AM, Chan FY, Norman MJ, Sobral AF, Zanin E, Gassmann R, Belmonte JM, Carvalho AX. β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting contractile ring during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213538. [PMID: 36219157 PMCID: PMC9559602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the constriction of an actomyosin-based contractile ring and involves multiple F-actin crosslinkers. We show that partial depletion of the C. elegans cytokinetic formin generates contractile rings with low F-actin levels that constrict but are structurally fragile, and we use this background to investigate the roles of the crosslinkers plastin/PLST-1 and β-heavy-spectrin/SMA-1 during ring constriction. We show that the removal of PLST-1 or SMA-1 has opposite effects on the structural integrity of fragile rings. PLST-1 loss reduces cortical tension that resists ring constriction and makes fragile rings less prone to ruptures and regressions, whereas SMA-1 loss exacerbates structural defects, leading to frequent ruptures and cytokinesis failure. Fragile rings without SMA-1 or containing a shorter SMA-1, repeatedly rupture at the same site, and SMA-1::GFP accumulates at repair sites in fragile rings and in rings cut by laser microsurgery. These results establish that β-heavy-spectrin stabilizes the constricting ring and reveals the importance of β-heavy-spectrin size for network connectivity at low F-actin density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Norman
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Filipa Sobral
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reto Gassmann
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julio Monti Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Correspondence to Ana Xavier Carvalho:
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8
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Hui J, Stjepić V, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Wrangling Actin Assemblies: Actin Ring Dynamics during Cell Wound Repair. Cells 2022; 11:2777. [PMID: 36139352 PMCID: PMC9497110 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with continuous physiological and environmental stresses, cells of all sizes require an effective wound repair process to seal breaches to their cortex. Once a wound is recognized, the cell must rapidly plug the injury site, reorganize the cytoskeleton and the membrane to pull the wound closed, and finally remodel the cortex to return to homeostasis. Complementary studies using various model organisms have demonstrated the importance and complexity behind the formation and translocation of an actin ring at the wound periphery during the repair process. Proteins such as actin nucleators, actin bundling factors, actin-plasma membrane anchors, and disassembly factors are needed to regulate actin ring dynamics spatially and temporally. Notably, Rho family GTPases have been implicated throughout the repair process, whereas other proteins are required during specific phases. Interestingly, although different models share a similar set of recruited proteins, the way in which they use them to pull the wound closed can differ. Here, we describe what is currently known about the formation, translocation, and remodeling of the actin ring during the cell wound repair process in model organisms, as well as the overall impact of cell wound repair on daily events and its importance to our understanding of certain diseases and the development of therapeutic delivery modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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9
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Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Peifer M. Powering morphogenesis: multiscale challenges at the interface of cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33. [PMID: 35696393 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the defining features of the animal kingdom is the ability of cells to change shape and move. This underlies embryonic and postembryonic development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and wound healing. Cell shape change and motility require linkage of the cell's force-generating machinery to the plasma membrane at cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix junctions. Connections of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to cell-cell adherens junctions need to be both resilient and dynamic, preventing tissue disruption during the dramatic events of embryonic morphogenesis. In the past decade, new insights radically altered the earlier simple paradigm that suggested simple linear linkage via the cadherin-catenin complex as the molecular mechanism of junction-cytoskeleton interaction. In this Perspective we provide a brief overview of our current state of knowledge and then focus on selected examples highlighting what we view as the major unanswered questions in our field and the approaches that offer exciting new insights at multiple scales from atomic structure to tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.,Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
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10
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Mechanical actuators in microglia dynamics and function. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Moyano-Rodríguez Y, Vaquero D, Vilalta-Castany O, Foltman M, Sanchez-Diaz A, Queralt E. PP2A-Cdc55 phosphatase regulates actomyosin ring contraction and septum formation during cytokinesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:165. [PMID: 35230542 PMCID: PMC8888506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells divide and separate all their components after chromosome segregation by a process called cytokinesis to complete cell division. Cytokinesis is highly regulated by the recruitment of the components to the division site and through post-translational modifications such as phosphorylations. The budding yeast mitotic kinases Cdc28-Clb2, Cdc5, and Dbf2-Mob1 phosphorylate several cytokinetic proteins contributing to the regulation of cytokinesis. The PP2A-Cdc55 phosphatase regulates mitosis counteracting Cdk1- and Cdc5-dependent phosphorylation. This prompted us to propose that PP2A-Cdc55 could also be counteracting the mitotic kinases during cytokinesis. Here we show that in the absence of Cdc55, AMR contraction and the primary septum formation occur asymmetrically to one side of the bud neck supporting a role for PP2A-Cdc55 in cytokinesis regulation. In addition, by in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that PP2A-Cdc55 dephosphorylates the chitin synthase II (Chs2 in budding yeast) a component of the Ingression Progression Complexes (IPCs) involved in cytokinesis. Interestingly, the non-phosphorylable version of Chs2 rescues the asymmetric AMR contraction and the defective septa formation observed in cdc55∆ mutant cells. Therefore, timely dephosphorylation of the Chs2 by PP2A-Cdc55 is crucial for proper actomyosin ring contraction. These findings reveal a new mechanism of cytokinesis regulation by the PP2A-Cdc55 phosphatase and extend our knowledge of the involvement of multiple phosphatases during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Moyano-Rodríguez
- Cell Cycle Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Vaquero
- Cell Cycle Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain
| | - Odena Vilalta-Castany
- Cell Cycle Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Foltman
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanchez-Diaz
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, Santander, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ethel Queralt
- Cell Cycle Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199-203, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig 11, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Sobral AF, Chan FY, Norman MJ, Osório DS, Dias AB, Ferreira V, Barbosa DJ, Cheerambathur D, Gassmann R, Belmonte JM, Carvalho AX. Plastin and spectrin cooperate to stabilize the actomyosin cortex during cytokinesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5415-5428.e10. [PMID: 34666005 PMCID: PMC8699742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the process that partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells, requires the assembly and constriction of an equatorial actomyosin network. Different types of non-motor F-actin crosslinkers localize to the network, but their functional contribution remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a synergy between the small rigid crosslinker plastin and the large flexible crosslinker spectrin in the C. elegans one-cell embryo. In contrast to single inhibitions, co-inhibition of plastin and the βH-spectrin (SMA-1) results in cytokinesis failure due to progressive disorganization and eventual collapse of the equatorial actomyosin network. Cortical localization dynamics of non-muscle myosin II in co-inhibited embryos mimic those observed after drug-induced F-actin depolymerization, suggesting that the combined action of plastin and spectrin stabilizes F-actin in the contractile ring. An in silico model predicts that spectrin is more efficient than plastin at stabilizing the ring and that ring formation is relatively insensitive to βH-spectrin length, which is confirmed in vivo with a sma-1 mutant that lacks 11 of its 29 spectrin repeats. Our findings provide the first evidence that spectrin contributes to cytokinesis and highlight the importance of crosslinker interplay for actomyosin network integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Sobral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael J Norman
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Beatriz Dias
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Julio Monti Belmonte
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Quantitative and Computational Developmental Biology Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Protein friction and filament bending facilitate contraction of disordered actomyosin networks. Biophys J 2021; 120:4029-4040. [PMID: 34390686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We use mathematical modeling and computation to investigate how protein friction facilitates contraction of disordered actomyosin networks. We simulate two-dimensional networks using an agent-based model, consisting of a system of force-balance equations for myosin motor proteins and semiflexible actin filaments. A major advantage of our approach is that it enables direct calculation of the network stress tensor, which provides a quantitative measure of contractility. Exploiting this, we use repeated simulations of disordered networks to confirm that both protein friction and actin filament bending are required for contraction. We then use simulations of elementary two-filament systems to show that filament bending flexibility can facilitate contraction on the microscopic scale. Finally, we show that actin filament turnover is necessary to sustain contraction and prevent filament aggregation. Simulations with and without turnover also exhibit contractile pulses. However, these pulses are aperiodic, suggesting that periodic pulsation can only arise because of additional regulatory mechanisms or more complex mechanical behavior.
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14
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Yamazaki S, Ueno Y, Hosoki R, Saito T, Idehara T, Yamaguchi Y, Otani C, Ogawa Y, Harata M, Hoshina H. THz irradiation inhibits cell division by affecting actin dynamics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248381. [PMID: 34339441 PMCID: PMC8328307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological phenomena induced by terahertz (THz) irradiation are described in recent reports, but underlying mechanisms, structural and dynamical change of specific molecules are still unclear. In this paper, we performed time-lapse morphological analysis of human cells and found that THz irradiation halts cell division at cytokinesis. At the end of cytokinesis, the contractile ring, which consists of filamentous actin (F-actin), needs to disappear; however, it remained for 1 hour under THz irradiation. Induction of the functional structures of F-actin was also observed in interphase cells. Similar phenomena were also observed under chemical treatment (jasplakinolide), indicating that THz irradiation assists actin polymerization. We previously reported that THz irradiation enhances the polymerization of purified actin in vitro; our current work shows that it increases cytoplasmic F-actin in vivo. Thus, we identified one of the key biomechanisms affected by THz waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamazaki
- Terahertz Sensing and Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SY); (MH); (HH)
| | - Yuya Ueno
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hosoki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takanori Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Idehara
- Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui (FIR UF), Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui (FIR UF), Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan
| | - Chiko Otani
- Terahertz Sensing and Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Bio-Sensing Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SY); (MH); (HH)
| | - Hiromichi Hoshina
- Terahertz Sensing and Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SY); (MH); (HH)
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15
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Melo PN, Souza da Silveira M, Mendes Pinto I, Relvas JB. Morphofunctional programming of microglia requires distinct roles of type II myosins. Glia 2021; 69:2717-2738. [PMID: 34329508 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ramified morphology of microglia and the dynamics of their membrane protrusions are essential for their functions in central nervous system development, homeostasis, and disease. Although their ability to change and control shape critically depends on the actin and actomyosin cytoskeleton, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we systematically analyzed the actomyosin cytoskeleton and regulators downstream of the small GTPase RhoA in the control of microglia shape and function. Our results reveal that (i) Myh9 controls cortical tension levels and affects microglia protrusion formation, (ii) cofilin-mediated maintenance of actin turnover regulates microglia protrusion extension, and (iii) Myh10 influences microglia inflammatory activation. Overall we uncover molecular pathways that regulate microglia morphology and identify type-II myosins as important regulators of microglia biology with differential roles in the control of cell shape (Myh9) and functions (Myh10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Neves Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Graduate Programme in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Souza da Silveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Life Sciences, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Kučera O, Siahaan V, Janda D, Dijkstra SH, Pilátová E, Zatecka E, Diez S, Braun M, Lansky Z. Anillin propels myosin-independent constriction of actin rings. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4595. [PMID: 34321459 PMCID: PMC8319318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Constriction of the cytokinetic ring, a circular structure of actin filaments, is an essential step during cell division. Mechanical forces driving the constriction are attributed to myosin motor proteins, which slide actin filaments along each other. However, in multiple organisms, ring constriction has been reported to be myosin independent. How actin rings constrict in the absence of motor activity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that anillin, a non-motor actin crosslinker, indispensable during cytokinesis, autonomously propels the contractility of actin bundles. Anillin generates contractile forces of tens of pico-Newtons to maximise the lengths of overlaps between bundled actin filaments. The contractility is enhanced by actin disassembly. When multiple actin filaments are arranged into a ring, this contractility leads to ring constriction. Our results indicate that passive actin crosslinkers can substitute for the activity of molecular motors to generate contractile forces in a variety of actin networks, including the cytokinetic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kučera
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia ,grid.5583.b0000 0001 2299 8025Present Address: CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Grenoble, France
| | - Valerie Siahaan
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Daniel Janda
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Sietske H. Dijkstra
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Eliška Pilátová
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Eva Zatecka
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Stefan Diez
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257B CUBE – Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419537.d0000 0001 2113 4567Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Braun
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Prague West, Czechia
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17
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Ghilardi SJ, Aronson MS, Sgro AE. Ventral stress fibers induce plasma membrane deformation in human fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1707-1723. [PMID: 34191528 PMCID: PMC8684729 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane are important in many eukaryotic cellular processes. During these processes, actin structures deform the cell membrane outward by applying forces parallel to the fiber’s major axis (as in migration) or they deform the membrane inward by applying forces perpendicular to the fiber’s major axis (as in the contractile ring during cytokinesis). Here we describe a novel actin–membrane interaction in human dermal myofibroblasts. When labeled with a cytosolic fluorophore, the myofibroblasts displayed prominent fluorescent structures on the ventral side of the cell. These structures are present in the cell membrane and colocalize with ventral actin stress fibers, suggesting that the stress fibers bend the membrane to form a “cytosolic pocket” that the fluorophores diffuse into, creating the observed structures. The existence of this pocket was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. While dissolving the stress fibers, inhibiting fiber protein binding, or inhibiting myosin II binding of actin removed the observed pockets, modulating cellular contractility did not remove them. Taken together, our results illustrate a novel actin–membrane bending topology where the membrane is deformed outward rather than being pinched inward, resembling the topological inverse of the contractile ring found in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Ghilardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark S Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allyson E Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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18
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Morano AA, Dvorin JD. The Ringleaders: Understanding the Apicomplexan Basal Complex Through Comparison to Established Contractile Ring Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:656976. [PMID: 33954122 PMCID: PMC8089483 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.656976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin contractile ring is a key feature of eukaryotic cytokinesis, conserved across many eukaryotic kingdoms. Recent research into the cell biology of the divergent eukaryotic clade Apicomplexa has revealed a contractile ring structure required for asexual division in the medically relevant genera Toxoplasma and Plasmodium; however, the structure of the contractile ring, known as the basal complex in these parasites, remains poorly characterized and in the absence of a myosin II homolog, it is unclear how the force required of a cytokinetic contractile ring is generated. Here, we review the literature on the basal complex in Apicomplexans, summarizing what is known about its formation and function, and attempt to provide possible answers to this question and suggest new avenues of study by comparing the Apicomplexan basal complex to well-studied, established cytokinetic contractile rings and their mechanisms in organisms such as S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster. We also compare the basal complex to structures formed during mitochondrial and plastid division and cytokinetic mechanisms of organisms beyond the Opisthokonts, considering Apicomplexan diversity and divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Morano
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Goodson HV, Kelley JB, Brawley SH. Cytoskeletal diversification across 1 billion years: What red algae can teach us about the cytoskeleton, and vice versa. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000278. [PMID: 33797088 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton has a central role in eukaryotic biology, enabling cells to organize internally, polarize, and translocate. Studying cytoskeletal machinery across the tree of life can identify common elements, illuminate fundamental mechanisms, and provide insight into processes specific to less-characterized organisms. Red algae represent an ancient lineage that is diverse, ecologically significant, and biomedically relevant. Recent genomic analysis shows that red algae have a surprising paucity of cytoskeletal elements, particularly molecular motors. Here, we review the genomic and cell biological evidence and propose testable models of how red algal cells might perform processes including cell motility, cytokinesis, intracellular transport, and secretion, given their reduced cytoskeletons. In addition to enhancing understanding of red algae and lineages that evolved from red algal endosymbioses (e.g., apicomplexan parasites), these ideas may also provide insight into cytoskeletal processes in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua B Kelley
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Susan H Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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20
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Wang K, Okada H, Bi E. Comparative Analysis of the Roles of Non-muscle Myosin-IIs in Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast, Fission Yeast, and Mammalian Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593400. [PMID: 33330476 PMCID: PMC7710916 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile ring, which plays critical roles in cytokinesis in fungal and animal cells, has fascinated biologists for decades. However, the basic question of how the non-muscle myosin-II and actin filaments are assembled into a ring structure to drive cytokinesis remains poorly understood. It is even more mysterious why and how the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and humans construct the ring structure with one, two, and three myosin-II isoforms, respectively. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of the roles of the non-muscle myosin-IIs in cytokinesis in these three model systems, with the goal of defining the common and unique features and highlighting the major questions regarding this family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangji Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hiroki Okada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Somboon P, Soontorngun N. An actin depolymerizing agent 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q of Xylaria sp. BCC 1067 enhanced antifungal action of azole drugs through ROS-mediated cell death in yeast. Microbiol Res 2020; 243:126646. [PMID: 33227681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a highly conserved phenomenon among all living organisms and a major veritable public health problem worldwide. Repetitive uses of antibiotics lead to antimicrobial drug resistance. Here, 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q (ECQ) was isolated from endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BCC 1067 and, its chemical structure was determined via chromatographic and spectral methods. ECQ displayed an antifungal activity with low MIC50 of 410 and 55 mg/l in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild-type and ScΔpdr5 strains, respectively. ECQ was a new inducer and potential substrate of key multi-drug efflux pumps S. cerevisiae ScPdr5 and Candida albicans CaCdr1. ECQ targeted actin filament, disrupting actin dynamics of yeast cells. ECQ also sensitized the ScΔsrv2 mutant, lacking suppressor of RasVal19. Overexpression of ScPDR5 or CaCDR1 genes prevented aggregation of actin and alleviated antifungal effect of ECQ. Additionally, ECQ induced high accumulation of reactive oxygen species, caused plasma membrane leakage and decreased yeast cell survival. Importantly, a discovery of ECQ implied a cellular connection between multi-drug resistance and actin stability, an important determinant of transporter mediated-drug resistance mechanism. Combination of ECQ and antifungal azoles displayed promising drug synergy against S. cerevisiae strains expressing multi-drug transporters, thereby providing potential solution for antifungal therapy and chemotherapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichayada Somboon
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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22
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Edreira T, Celador R, Manjón E, Sánchez Y. A novel checkpoint pathway controls actomyosin ring constriction trigger in fission yeast. eLife 2020; 9:59333. [PMID: 33103994 PMCID: PMC7661037 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast, the septation initiation network (SIN) ensures temporal coordination between actomyosin ring (CAR) constriction with membrane ingression and septum synthesis. However, questions remain about CAR regulation under stress conditions. We show that Rgf1p (Rho1p GEF), participates in a delay of cytokinesis under cell wall stress (blankophor, BP). BP did not interfere with CAR assembly or the rate of CAR constriction, but did delay the onset of constriction in the wild type cells but not in the rgf1Δ cells. This delay was also abolished in the absence of Pmk1p, the MAPK of the cell integrity pathway (CIP), leading to premature abscission and a multi-septated phenotype. Moreover, cytokinesis delay correlates with maintained SIN signaling and depends on the SIN to be achieved. Thus, we propose that the CIP participates in a checkpoint, capable of triggering a CAR constriction delay through the SIN pathway to ensure that cytokinesis terminates successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Edreira
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén Celador
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elvira Manjón
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Pernier J, Morchain A, Caorsi V, Bertin A, Bousquet H, Bassereau P, Coudrier E. Myosin 1b flattens and prunes branched actin filaments. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247403. [PMID: 32895245 PMCID: PMC7522023 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile and morphological cellular processes require a spatially and temporally coordinated branched actin network that is controlled by the activity of various regulatory proteins, including the Arp2/3 complex, profilin, cofilin and tropomyosin. We have previously reported that myosin 1b regulates the density of the actin network in the growth cone. Here, by performing in vitro F-actin gliding assays and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we show that this molecular motor flattens (reduces the branch angle) in the Arp2/3-dependent actin branches, resulting in them breaking, and reduces the probability of new branches forming. This experiment reveals that myosin 1b can produce force sufficient enough to break up the Arp2/3-mediated actin junction. Together with the former in vivo studies, this work emphasizes the essential role played by myosins in the architecture and dynamics of actin networks in different cellular regions.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pernier
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratory Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, C.N.R.S. UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Morchain
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Bousquet
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratory Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, C.N.R.S. UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Coudrier
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratory Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, C.N.R.S. UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
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24
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Domingues HS, Urbanski MM, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Almaktari A, Irfan A, Hernandez Y, Wang H, Relvas JB, Rubinstein B, Melendez-Vasquez CV, Pinto IM. Pushing myelination - developmental regulation of myosin expression drives oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs232264. [PMID: 32620697 PMCID: PMC7426197 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the central nervous system myelin-forming cells providing axonal electrical insulation and higher-order neuronal circuitry. The mechanical forces driving the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into myelinating oligodendrocytes are largely unknown, but likely require the spatiotemporal regulation of the architecture and dynamics of the actin and actomyosin cytoskeletons. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of myosin motors during oligodendrocyte development. We report that oligodendrocyte differentiation is regulated by the synchronized expression and non-uniform distribution of several members of the myosin network, particularly non-muscle myosins 2B and 2C, which potentially operate as nanomechanical modulators of cell tension and myelin membrane expansion at different cell stages.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sofia Domingues
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mateusz M Urbanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amr Almaktari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Azka Irfan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yamely Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - João Bettencourt Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Boris Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Carmen V Melendez-Vasquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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25
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Cell size sets the diameter of the budding yeast contractile ring. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2952. [PMID: 32528053 PMCID: PMC7289848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of subcellular structures and organelles with a well-defined size is a key requirement for cell function, yet our understanding of the underlying size control mechanisms is limited. While budding yeast cell polarization and subsequent assembly of a septin ring at the site of bud formation has been successfully used as a model for biological self-assembly processes, the mechanisms that set the size of the septin ring at the bud neck are unknown. Here, we use live-cell imaging and genetic manipulation of cell volume to show that the septin ring diameter increases with cell volume. This cell-volume-dependence largely accounts for modulations of ring size due to changes in ploidy and genetic manipulation of cell polarization. Our findings suggest that the ring diameter is set through the dynamic interplay of septin recruitment and Cdc42 polarization, establishing it as a model for size homeostasis of self-assembling organelles. Budding yeast cell polarization is known to self-assemble, but it is still not clear what controls the size of the resulting septin ring. Here the authors show that the septin ring diameter is set by cell volume, ensuring that larger cells have larger rings.
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26
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Bond Type and Discretization of Nonmuscle Myosin II Are Critical for Simulated Contractile Dynamics. Biophys J 2020; 118:2703-2717. [PMID: 32365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors drive cytoskeletal rearrangements to change cell shape. Myosins are the motors that move, cross-link, and modify the actin cytoskeleton. The primary force generator in contractile actomyosin networks is nonmuscle myosin II (NMMII), a molecular motor that assembles into ensembles that bind, slide, and cross-link actin filaments (F-actin). The multivalence of NMMII ensembles and their multiple roles have confounded the resolution of crucial questions, including how the number of NMMII subunits affects dynamics and what affects the relative contribution of ensembles' cross-linking versus motoring activities. Because biophysical measurements of ensembles are sparse, modeling of actomyosin networks has aided in discovering the complex behaviors of NMMII ensembles. Myosin ensembles have been modeled via several strategies with variable discretization or coarse graining and unbinding dynamics, and although general assumptions that simplify motor ensembles result in global contractile behaviors, it remains unclear which strategies most accurately depict cellular activity. Here, we used an agent-based platform, Cytosim, to implement several models of NMMII ensembles. Comparing the effects of bond type, we found that ensembles of catch-slip and catch motors were the best force generators and binders of filaments. Slip motor ensembles were capable of generating force but unbound frequently, resulting in slower contractile rates of contractile networks. Coarse graining of these ensemble types from two sets of 16 motors on opposite ends of a stiff rod to two binders, each representing 16 motors, reduced force generation, contractility, and the total connectivity of filament networks for all ensemble types. A parallel cluster model, previously used to describe ensemble dynamics via statistical mechanics, allowed better contractility with coarse graining, though connectivity was still markedly reduced for this ensemble type with coarse graining. Together, our results reveal substantial tradeoffs associated with the process of coarse graining NMMII ensembles and highlight the robustness of discretized catch-slip ensembles in modeling actomyosin networks.
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27
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Samandar Eweis D, Plastino J. Roles of Actin in the Morphogenesis of the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103652. [PMID: 32455793 PMCID: PMC7279410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell shape changes that ensure asymmetric cell divisions are crucial for correct development, as asymmetric divisions allow for the formation of different cell types and therefore different tissues. The first division of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo has emerged as a powerful model for understanding asymmetric cell division. The dynamics of microtubules, polarity proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton are all key for this process. In this review, we highlight studies from the last five years revealing new insights about the role of actin dynamics in the first asymmetric cell division of the early C. elegans embryo. Recent results concerning the roles of actin and actin binding proteins in symmetry breaking, cortical flows, cortical integrity, and cleavage furrow formation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dureen Samandar Eweis
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Plastino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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28
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Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals-Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030672. [PMID: 32164332 PMCID: PMC7140605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.
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29
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Lenz M. Reversal of contractility as a signature of self-organization in cytoskeletal bundles. eLife 2020; 9:51751. [PMID: 32149609 PMCID: PMC7082124 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bundles of cytoskeletal filaments and molecular motors generate motion in living cells, and have internal structures ranging from very organized to apparently disordered. The mechanisms powering the disordered structures are debated, and existing models predominantly predict that they are contractile. We reexamine this prediction through a theoretical treatment of the interplay between three well-characterized internal dynamical processes in cytoskeletal bundles: filament assembly and disassembly, the attachement-detachment dynamics of motors and that of crosslinking proteins. The resulting self-organization is easily understood in terms of motor and crosslink localization, and allows for an extensive control of the active bundle mechanics, including reversals of the filaments’ apparent velocities and the possibility of generating extension instead of contraction. This reversal mirrors some recent experimental observations, and provides a robust criterion to experimentally elucidate the underpinnings of both actomyosin activity and the dynamics of microtubule/motor assemblies in vitro as well as in diverse intracellular structures ranging from contractile bundles to the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lenz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LPTMS, Orsay, France.,PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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30
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Mamun MAA, Katayama T, Cao W, Nakamura S, Maruyama JI. A novel Pezizomycotina-specific protein with gelsolin domains regulates contractile actin ring assembly and constriction in perforated septum formation. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:964-982. [PMID: 31965663 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Septum formation in fungi is equivalent to cytokinesis. It differs mechanistically in filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina) from that of ascomycete yeasts by the retention of a central septal pore in the former group. However, septum formation in both groups is accomplished by contractile actin ring (CAR) assembly and constriction. The specific components regulating septal pore organization during septum formation are poorly understood. In this study, a novel Pezizomycotina-specific actin regulatory protein GlpA containing gelsolin domains was identified using bioinformatics. A glpA deletion mutant exhibited increased distances between septa, abnormal septum morphology and defective regulation of septal pore closure. In glpA deletion mutant hyphae, overaccumulation of actin filament (F-actin) was observed, and the CAR was abnormal with improper assembly and failure in constriction. In wild-type cells, GlpA was found at the septum formation site similarly to the CAR. The N-terminal 329 residues of GlpA are required for its localization to the septum formation site and essential for proper septum formation, while its C-terminal gelsolin domains are required for the regular CAR dynamics during septum formation. Finally, in this study we elucidated a novel Pezizomycotina-specific actin modulating component, which participates in septum formation by regulating the CAR dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Katayama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei Cao
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Nakamura
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Cytokinesis in Eukaryotic Cells: The Furrow Complexity at a Glance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020271. [PMID: 31979090 PMCID: PMC7072619 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplication cycle is the fascinating process that, starting from a cell, results in the formation of two daughter cells and it is essential for life. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, it is a very complex phase, and is a concert of forces, remodeling, trafficking, and cell signaling. All of the steps of cell division must be properly coordinated with each other to faithfully segregate the genetic material and this task is fundamental for generating viable cells. Given the importance of this process, molecular pathways and proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this review, we describe symmetric and asymmetric cell division in animal cell and in a model organism, budding yeast. In addition, we illustrate the surveillance mechanisms that ensure a proper cell division and discuss the connections with normal cell proliferation and organs development and with the occurrence of human diseases.
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32
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Pollard TD. Myosins in Cytokinesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:233-244. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Osório DS, Chan FY, Saramago J, Leite J, Silva AM, Sobral AF, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. Crosslinking activity of non-muscle myosin II is not sufficient for embryonic cytokinesis in C. elegans. Development 2019; 146:dev.179150. [PMID: 31582415 PMCID: PMC6857588 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis in animal cells requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring. Non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis, but the role of its motor activity remains unclear. Here, we examine cytokinesis in C. elegans embryos expressing non-muscle myosin motor mutants generated by genome editing. Two non-muscle motor-dead myosins capable of binding F-actin do not support cytokinesis in the one-cell embryo, and two partially motor-impaired myosins delay cytokinesis and render rings more sensitive to reduced myosin levels. Further analysis of myosin mutants suggests that it is myosin motor activity, and not the ability of myosin to crosslink F-actin, that drives the alignment and compaction of F-actin bundles during contractile ring assembly, and that myosin motor activity sets the pace of contractile ring constriction. We conclude that myosin motor activity is required at all stages of cytokinesis. Finally, characterization of the corresponding motor mutations in C. elegans major muscle myosin shows that motor activity is required for muscle contraction but is dispensable for F-actin organization in adult muscles. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: The motor activity of non-muscle myosin II is essential for cytokinesis and contributes to all stages of the process in C. elegans embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Leite
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Sobral
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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34
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Kobb AB, Rothenberg KE, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Actin and myosin dynamics are independent during Drosophila embryonic wound repair. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2901-2912. [PMID: 31553671 PMCID: PMC6822589 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-11-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell movements play a central role in embryonic development, tissue repair, and metastatic disease. Cell movements are often coordinated by supracellular networks formed by the cytoskeletal protein actin and the molecular motor nonmuscle myosin II. During wound closure in the embryonic epidermis, the cells around the wound migrate collectively into the damaged region. In Drosophila embryos, mechanical tension stabilizes myosin at the wound edge, facilitating the assembly of a supracellular myosin cable around the wound that coordinates cell migration. Here, we show that actin is also stabilized at the wound edge. However, loss of tension or myosin activity does not affect the dynamics of actin at the wound margin. Conversely, pharmacological stabilization of actin does not affect myosin levels or dynamics around the wound. Together, our data suggest that actin and myosin are independently regulated during embryonic wound closure, thus conferring robustness to the embryonic wound healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Kobb
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Katheryn E Rothenberg
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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35
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The observation of high hypotonicity manipulating cell division. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02095. [PMID: 31508515 PMCID: PMC6726586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a morphological manipulation of cell division which was achieved by changing the environment from isotonic to highly hypotonic. Cells at telophase were observed to undergo a morphological reversal to anaphase, with the contractile ring being reopened and the cell shape reversing from dumb-bell back to spherical. Once restored to isosmotic environment, the reversed cells would either continue to divide or instead to form binuclear cells that further proliferated in runaway fashions. The immunofluorescent staining of tubulins and myosin II indicated that the hypotonic stress affected the accumulation of tubulins and myosin II at the contractile ring. Distinct from previous studies using specific chemical reagents, the present study provides a simple method to manipulate cell division. The morphological reversal is the adaption of dividing cells to the environmental change. The observation opens a new window to understand cell division mechanisms and runaways.
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36
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Division in synthetic cells. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:551-558. [PMID: 33523162 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is one of the most fundamental processes of life, and so far the only known way of how living systems can come into existence at all. Consequently, its reconstitution in any artificial cell system that will have to be built from the bottom-up is a notoriously complex but an important task. In this short review, I discuss several approaches how to realize division of cell-like compartments, from simply relying on the physical principles of destabilization by growth, or applying external forces, to the design of self-assembling and self-organizing machineries that may autonomously accomplish this task in response to external or internal cues.
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37
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Müller MT, Schempp R, Lutz A, Felder T, Felder E, Miklavc P. Interaction of microtubules and actin during the post-fusion phase of exocytosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11973. [PMID: 31427591 PMCID: PMC6700138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is the intracellular trafficking step where a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release vesicle content. Actin and microtubules both play a role in exocytosis; however, their interplay is not understood. Here we study the interaction of actin and microtubules during exocytosis in lung alveolar type II (ATII) cells that secrete surfactant from large secretory vesicles. Surfactant extrusion is facilitated by an actin coat that forms on the vesicle shortly after fusion pore opening. Actin coat compression allows hydrophobic surfactant to be released from the vesicle. We show that microtubules are localized close to actin coats and stay close to the coats during their compression. Inhibition of microtubule polymerization by colchicine and nocodazole affected the kinetics of actin coat formation and the extent of actin polymerisation on fused vesicles. In addition, microtubule and actin cross-linking protein IQGAP1 localized to fused secretory vesicles and IQGAP1 silencing influenced actin polymerisation after vesicle fusion. This study demonstrates that microtubules can influence actin coat formation and actin polymerization on secretory vesicles during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabitha Müller
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schempp
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anngrit Lutz
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatiana Felder
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edward Felder
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pika Miklavc
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, M54WT, Salford, United Kingdom.
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38
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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39
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Wang S, O’Shaughnessy B. Anchoring of actin to the plasma membrane enables tension production in the fission yeast cytokinetic ring. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2053-2064. [PMID: 31216223 PMCID: PMC6727776 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokinetic ring generates tensile force that drives cell division, but how tension emerges from the relatively disordered ring organization remains unclear. Long ago, a musclelike sliding filament mechanism was proposed, but evidence for sarcomeric order is lacking. Here we present quantitative evidence that in fission yeast, ring tension originates from barbed-end anchoring of actin filaments to the plasma membrane, providing resistance to myosin forces that enables filaments to develop tension. The role of anchoring was highlighted by experiments on isolated fission yeast rings, where sections of ring became unanchored from the membrane and shortened ∼30-fold faster than normal. The dramatically elevated constriction rates are unexplained. Here we present a molecularly explicit simulation of constricting partially anchored rings as studied in these experiments. Simulations accurately reproduced the experimental constriction rates and showed that following anchor release, a segment becomes tensionless and shortens via a novel noncontractile reeling-in mechanism at about the velocity of load-free myosin II. The ends are reeled in by barbed end-anchored actin filaments in adjacent segments. Other actin anchoring schemes failed to constrict rings. Our results quantitatively support a specific organization and anchoring scheme that generate tension in the cytokinetic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Wang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Ben O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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40
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Abstract
Contractile actin networks take on various functions in cells. How disordered actin networks contract is still poorly understood. A recent study proposes a contractile mechanism that is driven by actin disassembly and required to prevent chromosome losses in starfish oocytes.
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41
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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42
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Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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43
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Mangione MC, Gould KL. Molecular form and function of the cytokinetic ring. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/12/jcs226928. [PMID: 31209062 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells, amoebas and yeast divide using a force-generating, actin- and myosin-based contractile ring or 'cytokinetic ring' (CR). Despite intensive research, questions remain about the spatial organization of CR components, the mechanism by which the CR generates force, and how other cellular processes are coordinated with the CR for successful membrane ingression and ultimate cell separation. This Review highlights new findings about the spatial relationship of the CR to the plasma membrane and the arrangement of molecules within the CR from studies using advanced microscopy techniques, as well as mechanistic information obtained from in vitro approaches. We also consider advances in understanding coordinated cellular processes that impact the architecture and function of the CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- MariaSanta C Mangione
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Network Contractility During Cytokinesis-from Molecular to Global Views. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050194. [PMID: 31109067 PMCID: PMC6572417 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last stage of cell division, which partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells. It requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring that consists of a filamentous contractile network of actin and myosin. Network contractility depends on network architecture, level of connectivity and myosin motor activity, but how exactly is the contractile ring network organized or interconnected and how much it depends on motor activity remains unclear. Moreover, the contractile ring is not an isolated entity; rather, it is integrated into the surrounding cortex. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the cell cortex and cortical behaviors are expected to impact contractile ring functioning. Due to the complexity of the process, experimental approaches have been coupled to theoretical modeling in order to advance its global understanding. While earlier coarse-grained descriptions attempted to provide an integrated view of the process, recent models have mostly focused on understanding the behavior of an isolated contractile ring. Here we provide an overview of the organization and dynamics of the actomyosin network during cytokinesis and discuss existing theoretical models in light of cortical behaviors and experimental evidence from several systems. Our view on what is missing in current models and should be tested in the future is provided.
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Malik-Garbi M, Ierushalmi N, Jansen S, Abu-Shah E, Goode BL, Mogilner A, Keren K. Scaling behaviour in steady-state contracting actomyosin networks. NATURE PHYSICS 2019; 15:509-516. [PMID: 31754369 PMCID: PMC6871652 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin network flows are crucial for many cellular processes including cell division and motility, morphogenesis and transport. How local remodeling of actin architecture tunes stress production and dissipation and regulates large-scale network flows remains poorly understood. Here, we generate contracting actomyosin networks with rapid turnover in vitro, by encapsulating cytoplasmic Xenopus egg extracts into cell-sized 'water-in-oil' droplets. Within minutes, the networks reach a dynamic steady-state with continuous inward flow. The networks exhibit homogeneous, density-independent contraction for a wide range of physiological conditions, implying that the myosin-generated stress driving contraction and the effective network viscosity have similar density dependence. We further find that the contraction rate is roughly proportional to the network turnover rate, but this relation breaks down in the presence of excessive crosslinking or branching. Our findings suggest that cells use diverse biochemical mechanisms to generate robust, yet tunable, actin flows by regulating two parameters: turnover rate and network geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Malik-Garbi
- Department of Physics, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Niv Ierushalmi
- Department of Physics, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Silvia Jansen
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Enas Abu-Shah
- Department of Physics, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Network Biology Research Laboratories and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Hu J, Cheng S, Wang H, Li X, Liu S, Wu M, Liu Y, Wang X. Distinct roles of two myosins in C. elegans spermatid differentiation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000211. [PMID: 30990821 PMCID: PMC6485759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, interconnected haploid spermatids segregate undesired cellular contents into residual bodies (RBs) before detaching from RBs. It is unclear how this differentiation process is controlled to produce individual spermatids or motile spermatozoa. Here, we developed a live imaging system to visualize and investigate this process in C. elegans. We found that non-muscle myosin 2 (NMY-2)/myosin II drives incomplete cytokinesis to generate connected haploid spermatids, which are then polarized to segregate undesired cellular contents into RBs under the control of myosin II and myosin VI. NMY-2/myosin II extends from the pseudo-cleavage furrow formed between two haploid spermatids to the spermatid poles, thus promoting RB expansion. In the meantime, defective spermatogenesis 15 (SPE-15)/myosin VI migrates from spermatids towards the expanding RB to promote spermatid budding. Loss of myosin II or myosin VI causes distinct cytoplasm segregation defects, while loss of both myosins completely blocks RB formation. We found that the final separation of spermatids from RBs is achieved through myosin VI-mediated cytokinesis, while myosin II is dispensable at this step. SPE-15/myosin VI and F-actin form a detergent-resistant actomyosin VI ring that undergoes continuous contraction to promote membrane constriction between spermatid and RB. We further identified that RGS-GAIP-interacting protein C terminus (GIPC)-1 and GIPC-2 cooperate with myosin VI to regulate contractile ring formation and spermatid release. Our study reveals distinct roles of myosin II and myosin VI in spermatid differentiation and uncovers a novel myosin VI-mediated cytokinesis process that controls spermatid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiya Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Zimmermann D, Kovar DR. Feeling the force: formin's role in mechanotransduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 56:130-140. [PMID: 30639952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental cellular processes such as division, polarization, and motility require the tightly regulated spatial and temporal assembly and disassembly of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton has been long viewed as a central player facilitating diverse mechanotransduction pathways due to the notion that it is capable of receiving, processing, transmitting, and generating mechanical stresses. Recent work has begun to uncover the roles of mechanical stresses in modulating the activity of key regulatory actin-binding proteins and their interactions with actin filaments, thereby controlling the assembly (formin and Arp2/3 complex) and disassembly (ADF/Cofilin) of actin filament networks. In this review, we will focus on discussing the current molecular understanding of how members of the formin protein family sense and respond to forces and the potential implications for formin-mediated mechanotransduction in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Zimmermann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 76-361F, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, United States.
| | - David R Kovar
- The University of Chicago, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 90 E. 58th Street, CSLC 212, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Cortes DB, Dawes A, Liu J, Nickaeen M, Strychalski W, Maddox AS. Unite to divide - how models and biological experimentation have come together to reveal mechanisms of cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/24/jcs203570. [PMID: 30563924 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the fundamental and ancient cellular process by which one cell physically divides into two. Cytokinesis in animal and fungal cells is achieved by contraction of an actomyosin cytoskeletal ring assembled in the cell cortex, typically at the cell equator. Cytokinesis is essential for the development of fertilized eggs into multicellular organisms and for homeostatic replenishment of cells. Correct execution of cytokinesis is also necessary for genome stability and the evasion of diseases including cancer. Cytokinesis has fascinated scientists for well over a century, but its speed and dynamics make experiments challenging to perform and interpret. The presence of redundant mechanisms is also a challenge to understand cytokinesis, leaving many fundamental questions unresolved. For example, how does a disordered cytoskeletal network transform into a coherent ring? What are the long-distance effects of localized contractility? Here, we provide a general introduction to 'modeling for biologists', and review how agent-based modeling and continuum mechanics modeling have helped to address these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 407 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adriana Dawes
- Departments of Mathematics and of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 100 Math Tower, 231 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, 50 South Drive, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masoud Nickaeen
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Cell Biology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 407 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Molecular mechanisms of contractile-ring constriction and membrane trafficking in cytokinesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1649-1666. [PMID: 30448943 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis from plants to humans, with a focus on contribution of membrane trafficking to cytokinesis. Selection of the division site in fungi, metazoans, and plants is reviewed, as well as the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring in fungi and metazoans. We also provide an introduction to exocytosis and endocytosis, and discuss how they contribute to successful cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. The conservation in the coordination of membrane deposition and cytoskeleton during cytokinesis in fungi, metazoans, and plants is highlighted.
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Agarwal P, Zaidel-Bar R. Principles of Actomyosin Regulation In Vivo. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 29:150-163. [PMID: 30385150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton is responsible for most force-driven processes in cells and tissues. How it assembles into the necessary structures at the right time and place is an important question. Here, we focus on molecular mechanisms of actomyosin regulation recently elucidated in animal models, and highlight several common principles that emerge. The architecture of the actomyosin network - an important determinant of its function - results from actin polymerization, crosslinking and turnover, localized myosin activation, and contractility-driven self-organization. Spatiotemporal regulation is achieved by tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of Rho GTPase regulators. Subcellular anchor points of actomyosin structures control the outcome of their contraction, and molecular feedback mechanisms dictate whether they are transient, cyclic, or persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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