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Miao Y, Pourquié O. Cellular and molecular control of vertebrate somitogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:517-533. [PMID: 38418851 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Segmentation is a fundamental feature of the vertebrate body plan. This metameric organization is first implemented by somitogenesis in the early embryo, when paired epithelial blocks called somites are rhythmically formed to flank the neural tube. Recent advances in in vitro models have offered new opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie somitogenesis. Notably, models derived from human pluripotent stem cells introduced an efficient proxy for studying this process during human development. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of somitogenesis gained from both in vivo studies and in vitro studies. We deconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamics of somitogenesis into four distinct modules: dynamic events in the presomitic mesoderm, segmental determination, somite anteroposterior polarity patterning, and epithelial morphogenesis. We first focus on the segmentation clock, as well as signalling and metabolic gradients along the tissue, before discussing the clock and wavefront and other models that account for segmental determination. We then detail the molecular and cellular mechanisms of anteroposterior polarity patterning and somite epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Kim D, Olson JM, Cooper JA. N-cadherin dynamically regulates pediatric glioma cell migration in complex environments. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401057. [PMID: 38477830 PMCID: PMC10937189 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are highly invasive and essentially incurable. Glioma cells migrate between neurons and glia, along axon tracts, and through extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and underlying the pia. Mechanisms that allow adaptation to such complex environments are poorly understood. N-cadherin is highly expressed in pediatric gliomas and associated with shorter survival. We found that intercellular homotypic N-cadherin interactions differentially regulate glioma migration according to the microenvironment, stimulating migration on cultured neurons or astrocytes but inhibiting invasion into reconstituted or astrocyte-deposited extracellular matrix. N-cadherin localizes to filamentous connections between migrating leader cells but to epithelial-like junctions between followers. Leader cells have more surface and recycling N-cadherin, increased YAP1/TAZ signaling, and increased proliferation relative to followers. YAP1/TAZ signaling is dynamically regulated as leaders and followers change position, leading to altered N-cadherin levels and organization. Together, the results suggest that pediatric glioma cells adapt to different microenvironments by regulating N-cadherin dynamics and cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Kim
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Cooper
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Chen J, Liu Y, Lan J, Liu H, Tang Q, Li Z, Qiu X, Hu W, Xie J, Feng Y, Qin L, Zhang X, Liu J, Chen L. Identification and validation of COL6A1 as a novel target for tumor electric field therapy in glioblastoma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14802. [PMID: 38887185 PMCID: PMC11183175 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain malignancy. Novel therapeutic modalities like tumor electric field therapy (TEFT) have shown promise, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is implicated in GBM progression, warranting investigation into TEFT-ECM interplay. METHODS T98G cells were treated with TEFT (200 kHz, 2.2 V/m) for 72 h. Collagen type VI alpha 1 (COL6A1) was identified as hub gene via comprehensive bioinformatic analysis based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and public glioma datasets. TEFT intervention models were established using T98G and Ln229 cell lines. Pre-TEFT and post-TEFT GBM tissues were collected for further validation. Focal adhesion pathway activity was assessed by western blot. Functional partners of COL6A1 were identified and validated by co-localization and survival analysis. RESULTS TEFT altered ECM-related gene expression in T98G cells, including the hub gene COL6A1. COL6A1 was upregulated in GBM and associated with poor prognosis. Muti-database GBM single-cell analysis revealed high-COL6A1 expression predominantly in malignant cell subpopulations. Differential expression and functional enrichment analyses suggested COL6A1 might be involved in ECM organization and focal adhesion. Western blot (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments revealed that TEFT significantly inhibited expression of COL6A1, hindering its interaction with ITGA5, consequently suppressing the FAK/Paxillin/AKT pathway activity. These results suggested that TEFT might exert its antitumor effects by downregulating COL6A1 and thereby inhibiting the activity of the focal adhesion pathway. CONCLUSION TEFT could remodel the ECM of GBM cells by downregulating COL6A1 expression and inhibiting focal adhesion pathway. COL6A1 could interact with ITGA5 and activate the focal adhesion pathway, suggesting that it might be a potential therapeutic target mediating the antitumor effects of TEFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLABeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support ForceKunmingChina
| | - Jinxin Lan
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLABeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryHainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General HospitalHainanChina
| | - Qingyun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support ForceKunmingChina
| | - Ze Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLABeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoguang Qiu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wentao Hu
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- School of MedicineNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support ForceKunmingChina
| | - Yaping Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support ForceKunmingChina
| | - Lilin Qin
- Zhejiang Cancer HospitalZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support ForceKunmingChina
| | - Jialin Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLABeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ling Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLABeijingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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Daulagala AC, Cetin M, Nair-Menon J, Jimenez DW, Bridges MC, Bradshaw AD, Sahin O, Kourtidis A. The epithelial adherens junction component PLEKHA7 regulates ECM remodeling and cell behavior through miRNA-mediated regulation of MMP1 and LOX. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596237. [PMID: 38853930 PMCID: PMC11160653 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial adherens junctions (AJs) are cell-cell adhesion complexes that are influenced by tissue mechanics, such as those emanating from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we introduce a mechanism whereby epithelial AJs can also regulate the ECM. We show that the AJ component PLEKHA7 regulates levels and activity of the key ECM remodeling components MMP1 and LOX in well-differentiated colon epithelial cells, through the miR-24 and miR-30c miRNAs. PLEKHA7 depletion in epithelial cells results in LOX-dependent ECM remodeling in culture and in the colonic mucosal lamina propria in mice. Furthermore, PLEKHA7-depleted cells exhibit increased migration and invasion rates that are MMP1- and LOX- dependent, and form colonies in 3D cultures that are larger in size and acquire aberrant morphologies in stiffer matrices. These results reveal an AJ-mediated mechanism, through which epithelial cells drive ECM remodeling to modulate their behavior, including acquisition of phenotypes that are hallmarks of conditions such as fibrosis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Daulagala
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Metin Cetin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Joyce Nair-Menon
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Douglas W. Jimenez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mary Catherine Bridges
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Amy D. Bradshaw
- Department of Medicine, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Antonis Kourtidis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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5
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Jülich D, Holley SA. Live imaging of Fibronectin 1a-mNeonGreen and Fibronectin 1b-mCherry knock-in alleles during early zebrafish development. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203900. [PMID: 38218338 PMCID: PMC10947920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Within the developing embryo, cells assemble and remodel their surrounding extracellular matrix during morphogenesis. Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein and is a ligand for several members of the Integrin adhesion receptor family. Here, we compare the expression pattern and loss of function phenotypes of the two zebrafish fibronectin paralogs fn1a and fn1b. We engineered two fluorescently tagged knock-in alleles to facilitate live in vivo imaging of the Fibronectin matrix. Genetic complementation experiments indicate that the knock-in alleles are fully functional. Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry are co-localized in ECM fibers on the surface of the paraxial mesoderm and myotendinous junction. In 5-days old zebrafish larvae, Fn1a-mNeonGreen predominantly localizes to the branchial arches, heart ventricle, olfactory placode and within the otic capsule while Fn1b-mCherry is deposited at the pericardium, proximal convoluted tubule, posterior hindgut and at the ventral mesoderm/cardinal vein. We examined Fn1a-mNeonGreen and Fn1b-mCherry in maternal zygotic integrin α5 mutants and integrin β1a; β1b double mutants and find distinct requirements for these Integrins in assembling the two Fibronectins into ECM fibers in different tissues. Rescue experiments via mRNA injection indicate that the two fibronectins are not fully inter-changeable. Lastly, we examined cross-regulation between the two Fibronectins and find fn1a is necessary for normal Fn1b fibrillogenesis in the presomitic mesoderm, but fn1b is dispensable for the normal pattern of Fn1a deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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6
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Ly M, Schimmer C, Hawkins R, E Rothenberg K, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Integrin-based adhesions promote cell-cell junction and cytoskeletal remodelling to drive embryonic wound healing. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261138. [PMID: 37970744 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryos repair wounds rapidly, with no inflammation or scarring. Embryonic wound healing is driven by the collective movement of the cells around the lesion. The cells adjacent to the wound polarize the cytoskeletal protein actin and the molecular motor non-muscle myosin II, which accumulate at the wound edge forming a supracellular cable around the wound. Adherens junction proteins, including E-cadherin, are internalized from the wound edge and localize to former tricellular junctions at the wound margin, in a process necessary for cytoskeletal polarity. We found that the cells adjacent to wounds in the Drosophila embryonic epidermis polarized Talin, a core component of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions, which preferentially accumulated at the wound edge. Integrin knockdown and inhibition of integrin binding delayed wound closure and reduced actin polarization and dynamics around the wound. Additionally, disrupting integrins caused a defect in E-cadherin reinforcement at tricellular junctions along the wound edge, suggesting crosstalk between integrin-based and cadherin-based adhesions. Our results show that cell-ECM adhesion contributes to embryonic wound repair and reveal an interplay between cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion in the collective cell movements that drive rapid wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ly
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Clara Schimmer
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Raymond Hawkins
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Katheryn E Rothenberg
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Kim D, Olson JM, Cooper JA. N-cadherin dynamically regulates pediatric glioma cell migration in complex environments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.04.535599. [PMID: 38260559 PMCID: PMC10802396 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.535599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas are highly invasive and essentially incurable. Glioma cells migrate between neurons and glia, along axon tracts, and through extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and underlying the pia. Mechanisms that allow adaptation to such complex environments are poorly understood. N-cadherin is highly expressed in pediatric gliomas and associated with shorter survival. We found that inter-cellular homotypic N-cadherin interactions differentially regulate glioma migration according to the microenvironment, stimulating migration on cultured neurons or astrocytes but inhibiting invasion into reconstituted or astrocyte-deposited extracellular matrix. N-cadherin localizes to filamentous connections between migrating leader cells but to epithelial-like junctions between followers. Leader cells have more surface and recycling N-cadherin, increased YAP1/TAZ signaling, and increased proliferation relative to followers. YAP1/TAZ signaling is dynamically regulated as leaders and followers change position, leading to altered N-cadherin levels and organization. Together, the results suggest that pediatric glioma cells adapt to different microenvironments by regulating N-cadherin dynamics and cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Kim
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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8
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Liu Z, Ji P, Liu H, Yu L, Zhang SM, Liu P, Zhang XZ, Luo GF, Shang Z. FNIII14 Peptide-Enriched Membrane Nanocarrier to Disrupt Stromal Barriers through Reversing CAFs for Augmenting Drug Penetration in Tumors. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9963-9971. [PMID: 37729438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Given the key roles of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in shaping tumor stroma, this study shows a CAF-associated ITGB1-inactivating peptide-enriched membrane nanodelivery system (designated as PMNPs-D) to simultaneously target CAFs and tumor cells for boosted chemotherapy through promoted drug perfusion. In the structure of PMNPs-D, the PLGA-based inner core is loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, and the outer surface is cloaked by hybrid biomembranes with the insertion of integrin β1 (ITGB1) inhibiting peptide (i.e., FNIII14). After prolonged blood circulation and actively targeting in tumor sites, PMNPs-D can respond to CAF-overexpressed fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) to trigger the release of FNIII14, which will bind to ITGB1 and inhibit CAFs' biological function in producing the stromal matrix, thereby loosening the condensed stromal structure and enhancing the permeability of nanotherapeutics in tumors. As a result, this tailor-designed nanosystem shows substantial tumor inhibition and metastasis retardation in aggressive adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) tumor-harboring mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Feng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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Kojima T, Nakamura T, Saito J, Hidaka Y, Akimoto T, Inoue H, Chick CN, Usuki T, Kaneko M, Miyagi E, Ishikawa Y, Yokoyama U. Hydrostatic pressure under hypoxia facilitates fabrication of tissue-engineered vascular grafts derived from human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:209-222. [PMID: 37793599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Biologically compatible vascular grafts are urgently required. The scaffoldless multi-layered vascular wall is considered to offer theoretical advantages, such as facilitating cells to form cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions and natural extracellular matrix networks. Simple methods are desired for fabricating physiological scaffoldless tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Here, we showed that periodic hydrostatic pressurization under hypoxia (HP/HYP) facilitated the fabrication of multi-layered tunica media entirely from human vascular smooth muscle cells. Compared with normoxic atmospheric pressure, HP/HYP increased expression of N-myc downstream-regulated 1 (NDRG1) and the collagen-cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. HP/HYP increased N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion via NDRG1, cell-matrix interaction (i.e., clustering of integrin α5β1 and fibronectin), and collagen fibrils. We then fabricated vascular grafts using HP/HYP during repeated cell seeding and obtained 10-layered smooth muscle grafts with tensile rupture strength of 0.218-0.396 MPa within 5 weeks. Implanted grafts into the rat aorta were endothelialized after 1 week and patent after 5 months, at which time most implanted cells had been replaced by recipient-derived cells. These results suggest that HP/HYP enables fabrication of scaffoldless human vascular mimetics that have a spatial arrangement of cells and matrices, providing potential clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) are theoretically more biocompatible than prosthetic materials in terms of mechanical properties and recipient cell-mediated tissue reconstruction. Although some promising results have been shown, TEVG fabrication processes are complex, and the ideal method is still desired. We focused on the environment in which the vessels develop in utero and found that mechanical loading combined with hypoxia facilitated formation of cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions and natural extracellular matrix networks in vitro, which resulted in the fabrication of multi-layered tunica media entirely from human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. These scaffoldless TEVGs, produced using a simple process, were implantable and have potential clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kojima
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Junichi Saito
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yuko Hidaka
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Taisuke Akimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hana Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Christian Nanga Chick
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Toyonobu Usuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Etsuko Miyagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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10
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Yamaguchi H, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin Cells, From Vascular Development to Blood Pressure Sensing. Hypertension 2023; 80:1580-1589. [PMID: 37313725 PMCID: PMC10526986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic and neonatal life, renin cells contribute to the assembly and branching of the intrarenal arterial tree. During kidney arteriolar development renin cells are widely distributed throughout the renal vasculature. As the arterioles mature, renin cells differentiate into smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and mesangial cells. In adult life, renin cells are confined to the tips of the renal arterioles, thus their name juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are sensors that release renin to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Three major mechanisms control renin release: (1) β-adrenergic stimulation, (2) macula densa signaling, and (3) the renin baroreceptor, whereby a decrease in arterial pressure leads to increased renin release whereas an increase in pressure results in decrease renin release. Cells from the renin lineage exhibit plasticity in response to hypotension or hypovolemia, whereas relentless, chronic stimulation induces concentric arterial and arteriolar hypertrophy, leading to focal renal ischemia. The renin cell baroreceptor is a nuclear mechanotransducer within the renin cell that transmits external forces to the chromatin to regulate Ren1 gene expression. In addition to mechanotransduction, the pressure sensor of the renin cell may enlist additional molecules and structures including soluble signals and membrane proteins such as gap junctions and ion channels. How these various components integrate their actions to deliver the exact amounts of renin to meet the organism needs is unknown. This review describes the nature and origins of renin cells, their role in kidney vascular development and arteriolar diseases, and the current understanding of the blood pressure sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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11
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Valat A, Fourel L, Sales A, Machillot P, Bouin AP, Fournier C, Bosc L, Arboléas M, Bourrin-Reynard I, Wagoner Johnson AJ, Bruckert F, Albigès-Rizo C, Picart C. Interplay between integrins and cadherins to control bone differentiation upon BMP-2 stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1027334. [PMID: 36684447 PMCID: PMC9846056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1027334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Upon BMP-2 stimulation, the osteoblastic lineage commitment in C2C12 myoblasts is associated with a microenvironmental change that occurs over several days. How does BMP-2 operate a switch in adhesive machinery to adapt to the new microenvironment and to drive bone cell fate is not well understood. Here, we addressed this question for BMP-2 delivered either in solution or physically bound of a biomimetic film, to mimic its presentation to cells via the extracellular matrix (ECM). Methods: Biommetics films were prepared using a recently developed automated method that enable high content studies of cellular processes. Comparative gene expressions were done using RNA sequencing from the encyclopedia of the regulatory elements (ENCODE). Gene expressions of transcription factors, beta chain (1, 3, 5) integrins and cadherins (M, N, and Cad11) were studied using quantitative PCR. ECM proteins and adhesion receptor expressions were also quantified by Western blots and dot blots. Their spatial organization in and around cells was studied using immuno-stainings. The individual effect of each receptor on osteogenic transcription factors and alkaline phosphatase expression were studied using silencing RNA of each integrin and cadherin receptor. The organization of fibronectin was studied using immuno-staining and quantitative microscopic analysis. Results: Our findings highlight a switch of integrin and cadherin expression during muscle to bone transdifferentiation upon BMP-2 stimulation. This switch occurs no matter the presentation mode, for BMP-2 presented in solution or via the biomimetic film. While C2C12 muscle cells express M-cadherin and Laminin-specific integrins, the BMP-2-induced transdifferentiation into bone cells is associated with an increase in the expression of cadherin-11 and collagen-specific integrins. Biomimetic films presenting matrix-bound BMP-2 enable the revelation of specific roles of the adhesive receptors depending on the transcription factor. Discussion: While β3 integrin and cadherin-11 work in concert to control early pSMAD1,5,9 signaling, β1 integrin and Cadherin-11 control RunX2, ALP activity and fibronectin organization around the cells. In contrast, while β1 integrin is also important for osterix transcriptional activity, Cadherin-11 and β5 integrin act as negative osterix regulators. In addition, β5 integrin negatively regulates RunX2. Our results show that biomimetic films can be used to delinate the specific events associated with BMP-2-mediated muscle to bone transdifferentiation. Our study reveals how integrins and cadherins work together, while exerting distinct functions to drive osteogenic programming. Different sets of integrins and cadherins have complementary mechanical roles during the time window of this transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Valat
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Fourel
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Adria Sales
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Bouin
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Carole Fournier
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Bosc
- U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mélanie Arboléas
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Ingrid Bourrin-Reynard
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Amy J. Wagoner Johnson
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Franz Bruckert
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- U1209 Institut for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS 5309, University Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France,*Correspondence: Corinne Albigès-Rizo, ; Catherine Picart,
| | - Catherine Picart
- Grenoble Institute of Engineering, CNRS UMR 5628, LMGP, Grenoble, France,U1292 Biosanté, INSERM, CEA, CNRS EMR 5000 Biomimetism and Regenerative Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France,*Correspondence: Corinne Albigès-Rizo, ; Catherine Picart,
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12
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Schinner C, Xu L, Franz H, Zimmermann A, Wanuske MT, Rathod M, Hanns P, Geier F, Pelczar P, Liang Y, Lorenz V, Stüdle C, Maly PI, Kauferstein S, Beckmann BM, Sheikh F, Kuster GM, Spindler V. Defective Desmosomal Adhesion Causes Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy by Involving an Integrin-αVβ6/TGF-β Signaling Cascade. Circulation 2022; 146:1610-1626. [PMID: 36268721 PMCID: PMC9674449 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty tissue replacement, systolic dysfunction, and life-threatening arrhythmias. A substantial proportion of ACM is caused by mutations in genes of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the relevance of defective desmosomal adhesion for ACM development and progression. METHODS We mutated the binding site of DSG2 (desmoglein-2), a crucial desmosomal adhesion molecule in cardiomyocytes. This DSG2-W2A mutation abrogates the tryptophan swap, a central interaction mechanism of DSG2 on the basis of structural data. Impaired adhesive function of DSG2-W2A was confirmed by cell-cell dissociation assays and force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscopy. The DSG2-W2A knock-in mouse model was analyzed by echocardiography, ECG, and histologic and biomolecular techniques including RNA sequencing and transmission electron and superresolution microscopy. The results were compared with ACM patient samples, and their relevance was confirmed in vivo and in cardiac slice cultures by inhibitor studies applying the small molecule EMD527040 or an inhibitory integrin-αVβ6 antibody. RESULTS The DSG2-W2A mutation impaired binding on molecular level and compromised intercellular adhesive function. Mice bearing this mutation develop a severe cardiac phenotype recalling the characteristics of ACM, including cardiac fibrosis, impaired systolic function, and arrhythmia. A comparison of the transcriptome of mutant mice with ACM patient data suggested deregulated integrin-αVβ6 and subsequent transforming growth factor-β signaling as driver of cardiac fibrosis. Blocking integrin-αVβ6 led to reduced expression of profibrotic markers and reduced fibrosis formation in mutant animals in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We show that disruption of desmosomal adhesion is sufficient to induce a phenotype that fulfils the clinical criteria to establish the diagnosis of ACM, confirming the dysfunctional adhesion hypothesis. Deregulation of integrin-αVβ6 and transforming growth factor-β signaling was identified as a central step toward fibrosis. A pilot in vivo drug test revealed this pathway as a promising target to ameliorate fibrosis. This highlights the value of this model to discern mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and to identify and test novel treatment options for ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Henriette Franz
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aude Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maitreyi Rathod
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility (F.G.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland (F.G.)
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models (P.P.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piotr I. Maly
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silke Kauferstein
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
| | - Britt M. Beckmann
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.K., B.M.B.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (B.M.B.)
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (Y.L., F.S.)
| | - Gabriela M. Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland (L.X., V.L., G.M.K.)
- Division of Cardiology (G.M.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, Section Anatomy (C. Schinner, H.F., A.Z., M.-T.W., M.R., P.H., C. Stüdle, P.I.M., V.S.), University of Basel, Switzerland
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Adherens junctions stimulate and spatially guide integrin activation and extracellular matrix deposition. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111091. [PMID: 35858563 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins and integrins are intrinsically linked through the actin cytoskeleton and are largely responsible for the mechanical integrity and organization of tissues. We show that cadherin clustering stimulates and spatially guides integrin activation. Adherens junction (AJ)-associated integrin activation depends on locally generated tension and does not require extracellular matrix ligands. It leads to the creation of primed integrin clusters, which spatially determine where focal adhesions will form if ligands are present and where ligands will be deposited. AJs that display integrin activation are targeted by microtubules facilitating their disassembly via caveolin-based endocytosis, showing that integrin activation impacts the stability of the core cadherin complex. Thus, the interplay between cadherins and integrins is more intimate than what was once believed and is rooted in the capacity of active integrins to be stabilized via AJ-generated tension. Altogether, our data establish a mechanism of cross-regulation between cadherins and integrins.
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14
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Li J, Peng L, Chen Q, Ye Z, Zhao T, Hou S, Gu J, Hang Q. Integrin β1 in Pancreatic Cancer: Expressions, Functions, and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143377. [PMID: 35884437 PMCID: PMC9318555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving the survival rate of PC patients. Emerging studies show that integrins might contribute to the pathogenesis of PC. This review presents the various signaling pathways that are mediated by integrins in PC and emphasizes the multiple functions of integrin β1 in malignant behaviors of PC. It also discusses the clinical significance of integrin β1 as well as integrin β1-based therapy in PC patients. Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by rapid progression and a high mortality rate. The current treatment is still based on surgical treatment, supplemented by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and new methods of combining immune and molecular biological treatments are being explored. Despite this, the survival rate of PC patients is still very disappointing. Therefore, clarifying the molecular mechanism of PC pathogenesis and developing precisely targeted drugs are key to improving PC prognosis. As the most common β subunit of the integrin family, integrin β1 has been proved to be closely related to the vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and survival of PC patients, and treatment targeting integrin β1 in PC has gained initial success in animal models. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways by which integrins are involved in PC, focusing on the roles of integrin β1 in the malignant behaviors of PC. Additionally, recent studies regarding the feasibility of integrin β1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in PC are also discussed. Finally, we present the progress of several integrin β1-based clinical trials to highlight the potential of integrin β1 as a target for personalized therapy in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Liyao Peng
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Ziping Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China;
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Sicong Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.L.); (S.H.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 81-8558, Japan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Q.H.); Tel.: +86-13-8145-8885 (Q.H.)
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Gomes de Almeida P, Rifes P, Martins-Jesus AP, Pinheiro GG, Andrade RP, Thorsteinsdóttir S. Cell–Fibronectin Interactions and Actomyosin Contractility Regulate the Segmentation Clock and Spatio-Temporal Somite Cleft Formation during Chick Embryo Somitogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132003. [PMID: 35805087 PMCID: PMC9266262 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin is essential for somite formation in the vertebrate embryo. Fibronectin matrix assembly starts as cells emerge from the primitive streak and ingress in the unsegmented presomitic mesoderm (PSM). PSM cells undergo cyclic waves of segmentation clock gene expression, followed by Notch-dependent upregulation of meso1 in the rostral PSM which induces somite cleft formation. However, the relevance of the fibronectin matrix for these molecular processes remains unknown. Here, we assessed the role of the PSM fibronectin matrix in the spatio-temporal regulation of chick embryo somitogenesis by perturbing (1) extracellular fibronectin matrix assembly, (2) integrin–fibronectin binding, (3) Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activity and (4) non-muscle myosin II (NM II) function. We found that integrin–fibronectin engagement and NM II activity are required for cell polarization in the nascent somite. All treatments resulted in defective somitic clefts and significantly perturbed meso1 and segmentation clock gene expression in the PSM. Importantly, inhibition of actomyosin-mediated contractility increased the period of hairy1/hes4 oscillations from 90 to 120 min. Together, our work strongly suggests that the fibronectin–integrin–ROCK–NM II axis regulates segmentation clock dynamics and dictates the spatio-temporal localization of somitic clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes de Almeida
- cE3c—CHANGE, Departmento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.G.d.A.); (P.R.); (G.G.P.)
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.P.M.-J.); (R.P.A.)
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rifes
- cE3c—CHANGE, Departmento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.G.d.A.); (P.R.); (G.G.P.)
| | - Ana P. Martins-Jesus
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.P.M.-J.); (R.P.A.)
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo G. Pinheiro
- cE3c—CHANGE, Departmento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.G.d.A.); (P.R.); (G.G.P.)
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.P.M.-J.); (R.P.A.)
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel P. Andrade
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (A.P.M.-J.); (R.P.A.)
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir
- cE3c—CHANGE, Departmento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.G.d.A.); (P.R.); (G.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Yamaguchi N, Knaut H. Focal adhesion-mediated cell anchoring and migration: from in vitro to in vivo. Development 2022; 149:275460. [PMID: 35587444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions have been studied extensively using cells cultured in vitro. These studies indicate that focal adhesion (FA)-based cell-extracellular matrix interactions are essential for cell anchoring and cell migration. Whether FAs play a similarly important role in vivo is less clear. Here, we summarize the formation and function of FAs in cultured cells and review how FAs transmit and sense force in vitro. Using examples from animal studies, we also describe the role of FAs in cell anchoring during morphogenetic movements and cell migration in vivo. Finally, we conclude by discussing similarities and differences in how FAs function in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Smith SJ, Guillon E, Holley SA. The roles of inter-tissue adhesion in development and morphological evolution. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275268. [PMID: 35522159 PMCID: PMC9264361 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of how neighboring tissues physically interact with each other, inter-tissue adhesion, is an emerging field at the interface of cell biology, biophysics and developmental biology. Inter-tissue adhesion can be mediated by either cell-extracellular matrix adhesion or cell-cell adhesion, and both the mechanisms and consequences of inter-tissue adhesion have been studied in vivo in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the many functions of inter-tissue adhesion in development and evolution. Inter-tissue adhesion can couple the motion of adjacent tissues, be the source of mechanical resistance that constrains morphogenesis, and transmit tension required for normal development. Tissue-tissue adhesion can also create mechanical instability that leads to tissue folding or looping. Transient inter-tissue adhesion can facilitate tissue invasion, and weak tissue adhesion can generate friction that shapes and positions tissues within the embryo. Lastly, we review studies that reveal how inter-tissue adhesion contributes to the diversification of animal morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jacquelyn Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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18
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Thomson L, Muresan L, Steventon B. The zebrafish presomitic mesoderm elongates through compaction-extension. Cells Dev 2021. [PMID: 34597846 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.434927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate embryos the presomitic mesoderm becomes progressively segmented into somites at the anterior end while extending along the anterior-posterior axis. A commonly adopted model to explain how this tissue elongates is that of posterior growth, driven in part by the addition of new cells from uncommitted progenitor populations in the tailbud. However, in zebrafish, much of somitogenesis is associated with an absence of overall volume increase, and posterior progenitors do not contribute new cells until the final stages of somitogenesis. Here, we perform a comprehensive 3D morphometric analysis of the paraxial mesoderm and reveal that extension is linked to a volumetric decrease and an increase in cell density. We also find that individual cells decrease in volume over successive somite stages. Live cell tracking confirms that much of this tissue deformation occurs within the presomitic mesoderm progenitor zone and is associated with non-directional rearrangement. Taken together, we propose a compaction-extension mechanism of tissue elongation that highlights the need to better understand the role tissue intrinsic and extrinsic forces in regulating morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Thomson
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Leila Muresan
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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The zebrafish presomitic mesoderm elongates through compaction-extension. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203748. [PMID: 34597846 PMCID: PMC7612712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate embryos the presomitic mesoderm becomes progressively segmented into somites at the anterior end while extending along the anterior-posterior axis. A commonly adopted model to explain how this tissue elongates is that of posterior growth, driven in part by the addition of new cells from uncommitted progenitor populations in the tailbud. However, in zebrafish, much of somitogenesis is associated with an absence of overall volume increase, and posterior progenitors do not contribute new cells until the final stages of somitogenesis. Here, we perform a comprehensive 3D morphometric analysis of the paraxial mesoderm and reveal that extension is linked to a volumetric decrease and an increase in cell density. We also find that individual cells decrease in volume over successive somite stages. Live cell tracking confirms that much of this tissue deformation occurs within the presomitic mesoderm progenitor zone and is associated with non-directional rearrangement. Taken together, we propose a compaction-extension mechanism of tissue elongation that highlights the need to better understand the role tissue intrinsic and extrinsic forces in regulating morphogenesis.
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20
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Balaraju AK, Hu B, Rodriguez JJ, Murry M, Lin F. Glypican 4 regulates planar cell polarity of endoderm cells by controlling the localization of Cadherin 2. Development 2021; 148:dev199421. [PMID: 34131730 PMCID: PMC8313861 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling has been implicated in endoderm morphogenesis. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are unclear. We found that, during convergence and extension (C&E) in zebrafish, gut endodermal cells are polarized mediolaterally, with GFP-Vangl2 enriched at the anterior edges. Endoderm cell polarity is lost and intercalation is impaired in the absence of glypican 4 (gpc4), a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan that promotes Wnt/PCP signaling, suggesting that this signaling is required for endodermal cell polarity. Live imaging revealed that endoderm C&E is accomplished by polarized cell protrusions and junction remodeling, which are impaired in gpc4-deficient endodermal cells. Furthermore, in the absence of gpc4, Cadherin 2 expression on the endodermal cell surface is increased as a result of impaired Rab5c-mediated endocytosis, which partially accounts for the endodermal defects in these mutants. These findings indicate that Gpc4 regulates endodermal planar cell polarity during endoderm C&E by influencing the localization of Cadherin 2. Thus, our study uncovers a new mechanism by which Gpc4 regulates planar cell polarity and reveals the role of Wnt/PCP signaling in endoderm morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Sun G, Guillon E, Holley SA. Integrin intra-heterodimer affinity inversely correlates with integrin activatability. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109230. [PMID: 34107244 PMCID: PMC8227800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors composed of an α and β subunit that mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. We previously studied integrin α5β1 activation during zebrafish somitogenesis, and in the present study, we characterize the integrin αV fibronectin receptors. Integrins are activated via a conformational change, and we perform single-molecule biophysical measurements of both integrin activation via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and integrin intra-heterodimer stability via fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in living embryos. We find that integrin heterodimers that exhibit robust cell surface expression, including αVβ3, αVβ5, and αVβ6, are never activated in this in vivo context, even in the presence of fibronectin matrix. In contrast, activatable integrins, such as integrin αVβ1, and alleles of αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ6 that are biased to the active conformation exhibit poor cell surface expression and have a higher intra-heterodimer dissociation constant (KD). These observations suggest that a weak integrin intra-heterodimer affinity decreases integrin cell surface stability and increases integrin activatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Arthropod segmentation and vertebrate somitogenesis are leading fields in the experimental and theoretical interrogation of developmental patterning. However, despite the sophistication of current research, basic conceptual issues remain unresolved. These include: (i) the mechanistic origins of spatial organization within the segment addition zone (SAZ); (ii) the mechanistic origins of segment polarization; (iii) the mechanistic origins of axial variation; and (iv) the evolutionary origins of simultaneous patterning. Here, I explore these problems using coarse-grained models of cross-regulating dynamical processes. In the morphogenetic framework of a row of cells undergoing axial elongation, I simulate interactions between an 'oscillator', a 'switch' and up to three 'timers', successfully reproducing essential patterning behaviours of segmenting systems. By comparing the output of these largely cell-autonomous models to variants that incorporate positional information, I find that scaling relationships, wave patterns and patterning dynamics all depend on whether the SAZ is regulated by temporal or spatial information. I also identify three mechanisms for polarizing oscillator output, all of which functionally implicate the oscillator frequency profile. Finally, I demonstrate significant dynamical and regulatory continuity between sequential and simultaneous modes of segmentation. I discuss these results in the context of the experimental literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Clark
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 210 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Trinity College Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Trinity Street, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, UK
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23
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Banavar SP, Carn EK, Rowghanian P, Stooke-Vaughan G, Kim S, Campàs O. Mechanical control of tissue shape and morphogenetic flows during vertebrate body axis elongation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8591. [PMID: 33883563 PMCID: PMC8060277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shaping embryonic tissues into their functional morphologies requires cells to control the physical state of the tissue in space and time. While regional variations in cellular forces or cell proliferation have been typically assumed to be the main physical factors controlling tissue morphogenesis, recent experiments have revealed that spatial variations in the tissue physical (fluid/solid) state play a key role in shaping embryonic tissues. Here we theoretically study how the regional control of fluid and solid tissue states guides morphogenetic flows to shape the extending vertebrate body axis. Our results show that both the existence of a fluid-to-solid tissue transition along the anteroposterior axis and the tissue surface tension determine the shape of the tissue and its ability to elongate unidirectionally, with large tissue tensions preventing unidirectional elongation and promoting blob-like tissue expansions. We predict both the tissue morphogenetic flows and stresses that enable unidirectional axis elongation. Our results show the existence of a sharp transition in the structure of morphogenetic flows, from a flow with no vortices to a flow with two counter-rotating vortices, caused by a transition in the number and location of topological defects in the flow field. Finally, comparing the theoretical predictions to quantitative measurements of both tissue flows and shape during zebrafish body axis elongation, we show that the observed morphogenetic events can be explained by the existence of a fluid-to-solid tissue transition along the anteroposterior axis. These results highlight the role of spatiotemporally-controlled fluid-to-solid transitions in the tissue state as a physical mechanism of embryonic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samhita P Banavar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emmet K Carn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Payam Rowghanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Georgina Stooke-Vaughan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Cell stretchers and the LINC complex in mechanotransduction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 702:108829. [PMID: 33716002 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How cells respond to mechanical forces from the surrounding environment is critical for cell survival and function. The LINC complex is a central component in the mechanotransduction pathway that transmits mechanical information from the cell surface to the nucleus. Through LINC complex functionality, the nucleus is able to respond to mechanical stress by altering nuclear structure, chromatin organization, and gene expression. The use of specialized devices that apply mechanical strain to cells have been central to investigating how mechanotransduction occurs, how cells respond to mechanical stress, and the role of the LINC complexes in these processes. A large variety of designs have been reported for these devices, with the most common type being cell stretchers. Here we highlight some of the salient features of cell stretchers and suggest some key parameters that should be considered when using these devices. We provide a brief overview of how the LINC complexes contribute to the cellular responses to mechanical strain. And finally, we suggest that stretchers may be a useful tool to study aging.
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25
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Barcelona‐Estaje E, Dalby MJ, Cantini M, Salmeron‐Sanchez M. You Talking to Me? Cadherin and Integrin Crosstalk in Biomaterial Design. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002048. [PMID: 33586353 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While much work has been done in the design of biomaterials to control integrin-mediated adhesion, less emphasis has been put on functionalization of materials with cadherin ligands. Yet, cell-cell contacts in combination with cell-matrix interactions are key in driving embryonic development, collective cell migration, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and cancer metastatic processes, among others. This review focuses on the incorporation of both cadherin and integrin ligands in biomaterial design, to promote what is called the "adhesive crosstalk." First, the structure and function of cadherins and their role in eliciting mechanotransductive processes, by themselves or in combination with integrin mechanosensing, are introduced. Then, biomaterials that mimic cell-cell interactions, and recent applications to get insights in fundamental biology and tissue engineering, are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barcelona‐Estaje
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Marco Cantini
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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26
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Daliri K, Pfannkuche K, Garipcan B. Effects of physicochemical properties of polyacrylamide (PAA) and (polydimethylsiloxane) PDMS on cardiac cell behavior. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1156-1172. [PMID: 33427281 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01986k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture is commonly applied in laboratories around the world. Cultured cells are either of primary origin or established cell lines. Such transformed cell lines are increasingly replaced by pluripotent stem cell derived organotypic cells with more physiological properties. The quality of the culture conditions and matrix environment is of considerable importance in this regard. In fact, mechanical cues of the extracellular matrix have substantial effects on the cellular physiology. This is especially true if contractile cells such as cardiomyocytes are cultured. Therefore, elastic biomaterials have been introduced as scaffolds in 2D and 3D culture models for different cell types, cardiac cells among them. In this review, key aspects of cell-matrix interaction are highlighted with focus on cardiomyocytes and chemical properties as well as strengths and potential pitfalls in using two commonly applied polymers for soft matrix engineering, polyacrylamide (PAA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Daliri
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Robert Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Robert Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany. and Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany and Marga-and-Walter-Boll Laboratory for Cardiac Tissue Engineering, University of Cologne, Germany and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Cengelkoy, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey.
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27
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Veenvliet JV, Bolondi A, Kretzmer H, Haut L, Scholze-Wittler M, Schifferl D, Koch F, Guignard L, Kumar AS, Pustet M, Heimann S, Buschow R, Wittler L, Timmermann B, Meissner A, Herrmann BG. Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites. Science 2021; 370:370/6522/eaba4937. [PMID: 33303587 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-implantation embryogenesis is a highly dynamic process comprising multiple lineage decisions and morphogenetic changes that are inaccessible to deep analysis in vivo. We found that pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) form aggregates that upon embedding in an extracellular matrix compound induce the formation of highly organized "trunk-like structures" (TLSs) comprising the neural tube and somites. Comparative single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that this process is highly analogous to mouse development and follows the same stepwise gene-regulatory program. Tbx6 knockout TLSs developed additional neural tubes mirroring the embryonic mutant phenotype, and chemical modulation could induce excess somite formation. TLSs thus reveal an advanced level of self-organization and provide a powerful platform for investigating post-implantation embryogenesis in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V Veenvliet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Adriano Bolondi
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Haut
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Scholze-Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Schifferl
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederic Koch
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Léo Guignard
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sampath Kumar
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milena Pustet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Heimann
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Buschow
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Herrmann
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Veenvliet JV, Herrmann BG. Modeling mammalian trunk development in a dish. Dev Biol 2020; 474:5-15. [PMID: 33347872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian post-implantation development comprises the coordination of complex lineage decisions and morphogenetic processes shaping the embryo. Despite technological advances, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of these processes and of the self-organization capabilities of stem cells and their descendants remains elusive. Building synthetic embryo-like structures from pluripotent embryonic stem cells in vitro promises to fill these knowledge gaps and thereby may prove transformative for developmental biology. Initial efforts to model the post-implantation embryo resulted in structures with compromised morphology (gastruloids). Recent approaches employing modified culture media, an extracellular matrix surrogate or extra-embryonic stem cells, however, succeeded in establishing embryo-like architecture. For example, embedding of gastruloids in Matrigel unlocked self-organization into trunk-like structures with bilateral somites and a neural tube-like structure, together with gut tissue and primordial germ cell-like cells. In this review, we describe the currently available models, discuss how these can be employed to acquire novel biological insights, and detail the imminent challenges for improving current models by in vitro engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V Veenvliet
- Dept. of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Herrmann
- Dept. of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Naganathan S, Oates A. Patterning and mechanics of somite boundaries in zebrafish embryos. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:170-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Dawes ML, Soeller C, Scholpp S. Studying molecular interactions in the intact organism: fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in the living zebrafish embryo. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:507-519. [PMID: 33067656 PMCID: PMC7609432 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell behaviour and function is determined through the interactions of a multitude of molecules working in concert. To observe these molecular dynamics, biophysical studies have been developed that track single interactions. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is an optical biophysical technique that non-invasively resolves single molecules through recording the signal intensity at the femtolitre scale. However, recording the behaviour of these biomolecules using in vitro-based assays often fails to recapitulate the full range of variables in vivo that directly confer dynamics. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in observing the state of these biomolecules within living organisms such as the zebrafish Danio rerio. In this review, we explore the advancements of FCS within the zebrafish and compare and contrast these findings to those found in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dawes
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christian Soeller
- Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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31
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Zuidema A, Wang W, Sonnenberg A. Crosstalk between Cell Adhesion Complexes in Regulation of Mechanotransduction. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000119. [PMID: 32830356 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces regulate numerous biological processes during development, physiology, and pathology. Forces between the external environment and intracellular actin cytoskeleton are primarily transmitted through integrin-containing focal adhesions and cadherin-containing adherens junctions. Crosstalk between these complexes is well established and modulates the mechanical landscape of the cell. However, integrins and cadherins constitute large families of adhesion receptors and form multiple complexes by interacting with different ligands, adaptor proteins, and cytoskeletal filaments. Recent findings indicate that integrin-containing hemidesmosomes oppose force transduction and traction force generation by focal adhesions. The cytolinker plectin mediates this crosstalk by coupling intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton. Similarly, cadherins in desmosomes might modulate force generation by adherens junctions. Moreover, mechanotransduction can be influenced by podosomes, clathrin lattices, and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. This review discusses mechanotransduction by multiple integrin- and cadherin-based cell adhesion complexes, which together with the associated cytoskeleton form an integrated network that allows cells to sense, process, and respond to their physical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Zuidema
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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32
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Haage A, Wagner K, Deng W, Venkatesh B, Mitchell C, Goodwin K, Bogutz A, Lefebvre L, Van Raamsdonk CD, Tanentzapf G. Precise coordination of cell-ECM adhesion is essential for efficient melanoblast migration during development. Development 2020; 147:dev.184234. [PMID: 32580934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoblasts disperse throughout the skin and populate hair follicles through long-range cell migration. During migration, cells undergo cycles of coordinated attachment and detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Embryonic migration processes that require cell-ECM attachment are dependent on the integrin family of adhesion receptors. Precise regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion is important for many developmental migration events. However, the mechanisms that regulate integrin-mediated adhesion in vivo in melanoblasts are not well understood. Here, we show that autoinhibitory regulation of the integrin-associated adapter protein talin coordinates cell-ECM adhesion during melanoblast migration in vivo Specifically, an autoinhibition-defective talin mutant strengthens and stabilizes integrin-based adhesions in melanocytes, which impinges on their ability to migrate. Mice with defective talin autoinhibition exhibit delays in melanoblast migration and pigmentation defects. Our results show that coordinated integrin-mediated cell-ECM attachment is essential for melanoblast migration and that talin autoinhibition is an important mechanism for fine-tuning cell-ECM adhesion during cell migration in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Haage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58202, ND, USA
| | - Kelsey Wagner
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bhavya Venkatesh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Aaron Bogutz
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Louis Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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33
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Khadilkar RJ, Ho KYL, Venkatesh B, Tanentzapf G. Integrins Modulate Extracellular Matrix Organization to Control Cell Signaling during Hematopoiesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3316-3329.e5. [PMID: 32649911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During hematopoiesis, progenitor cells receive and interpret a diverse array of regulatory signals from their environment. These signals control the maintenance of the progenitors and regulate the production of mature blood cells. Integrins are well known in vertebrates for their roles in hematopoiesis, particularly in assisting in the migration to, as well as the physical attachment of, progenitors to the niche. However, whether and how integrins are also involved in the signaling mechanisms that control hematopoiesis remains to be resolved. Here, we show that integrins play a key role during fly hematopoiesis in regulating cell signals that control the behavior of hematopoietic progenitors. Integrins can regulate hematopoiesis directly, via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, and indirectly, by directing extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly and/or maintenance. ECM organization and density controls blood progenitor behavior by modulating multiple signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Hedgehog (Hh). Furthermore, we show that integrins and the ECM are reduced following infection, which may assist in activating the immune response. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how integrins can shape the signaling environment around hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin Y L Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bhavya Venkatesh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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34
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Abstract
Chronic fatty liver disease is common worldwide. This disease is a spectrum of disease states, ranging from simple steatosis (fat accumulation) to inflammation, and eventually to fibrosis and cirrhosis if untreated. The fibrotic stage of chronic liver disease is primarily characterized by robust accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagens) that ultimately impairs the function of the organ. The role of the ECM in early stages of chronic liver disease is less well-understood, but recent research has demonstrated that several changes in the hepatic ECM in prefibrotic liver disease are not only present but may also contribute to disease progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the established and proposed changes to the hepatic ECM that may contribute to inflammation during earlier stages of disease development, and to discuss potential mechanisms by which these changes may mediate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Dolin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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35
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Guillon E, Das D, Jülich D, Hassan AR, Geller H, Holley S. Fibronectin is a smart adhesive that both influences and responds to the mechanics of early spinal column development. eLife 2020; 9:48964. [PMID: 32228864 PMCID: PMC7108867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An extracellular matrix of Fibronectin adheres the neural tube to the two flanking columns of paraxial mesoderm and is required for normal vertebrate development. Here, we find that the bilaterally symmetric interfaces between the zebrafish neural tube and paraxial mesoderm function as optimally engineered adhesive lap joints with rounded edges, graded Fibronectin ‘adhesive’ and an arced adhesive spew filet. Fibronectin is a ‘smart adhesive’ that remodels to the lateral edges of the neural tube-paraxial mesoderm interfaces where shear stress is highest. Fibronectin remodeling is mechanically responsive to contralateral variation morphogenesis, and Fibronectin-mediated inter-tissue adhesion is required for bilaterally symmetric morphogenesis of the paraxial mesoderm. Strikingly, however, perturbation of the Fibronectin matrix rescues the neural tube convergence defect of cadherin 2 mutants. Therefore, Fibronectin-mediated inter-tissue adhesion dynamically coordinates bilaterally symmetric morphogenesis of the vertebrate trunk but predisposes the neural tube to convergence defects that lead to spina bifida. In embryos, the spinal cord starts out as a flat sheet of cells that curls up to form a closed cylinder called the neural tube. The folding tube is attached to the surrounding tissues through an extracellular matrix of proteins and sugars. Overlapping strands of a protein from the extracellular matrix called Fibronectin connect the neural tube to adjacent tissues, like a kind of biological glue. However, it remained unclear what effect this attachment had on the embryonic development of the spinal cord. Connecting two overlapping objects with glue to form what is known as an ‘adhesive lap joint’ is common in fields such as woodworking and aeronautical engineering. The glue in these joints comes under shearing stress whenever the two objects it connects try to pull apart. But, thanks to work in engineering, it is possible to predict how different joints will perform under tension. Now, Guillon et al. have deployed these engineering principles to shed light on neural tube development. Using zebrafish embryos and computational models, Guillon et al. investigated what happens when the strength of the adhesive lap joints in the developing spine changes. This revealed that Fibronectin works like a smart adhesive: rather than staying in one place like a conventional glue, it moves around. As the neural tube closes, cells remodel the Fibronectin, concentrating it on the areas under the highest stress. This seemed to both help and hinder neural tube development. On the one hand, by anchoring the tube equally to the left and right sides of the embryo, the Fibronectin glue helped the spine to develop symmetrically. On the other hand, the strength of the adhesive lap joints made it harder for the neural tube to curl up and close. If the neural tube fails to close properly, it can lead to birth defects like spina bifida. One of the best-known causes of these birth defects in humans is a lack of a vitamin known as folic acid. Cell culture experiments suggest that this might have something to do with the mechanics of the cells during development. It may be that faulty neural tubes could close more easily if they were able to unglue themselves from the surrounding tissues. Further use of engineering principles could shed more light on this idea in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Guillon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Dörthe Jülich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Abdel-Rahman Hassan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Hannah Geller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Scott Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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Corallo D, Donadon M, Pantile M, Sidarovich V, Cocchi S, Ori M, De Sarlo M, Candiani S, Frasson C, Distel M, Quattrone A, Zanon C, Basso G, Tonini GP, Aveic S. LIN28B increases neural crest cell migration and leads to transformation of trunk sympathoadrenal precursors. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1225-1242. [PMID: 31601998 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein LIN28B regulates developmental timing and determines stem cell identity by suppressing the let-7 family of microRNAs. Postembryonic reactivation of LIN28B impairs cell commitment to differentiation, prompting their transformation. In this study, we assessed the extent to which ectopic lin28b expression modulates the physiological behavior of neural crest cells (NCC) and governs their transformation in the trunk region of developing embryos. We provide evidence that the overexpression of lin28b inhibits sympathoadrenal cell differentiation and accelerates NCC migration in two vertebrate models, Xenopus leavis and Danio rerio. Our results highlight the relevance of ITGA5 and ITGA6 in the LIN28B-dependent regulation of the invasive motility of tumor cells. The results also establish that LIN28B overexpression supports neuroblastoma onset and the metastatic potential of malignant cells through let-7a-dependent and let-7a-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Corallo
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
| | - Michael Donadon
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Pantile
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Viktoryia Sidarovich
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simona Cocchi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michela Ori
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam De Sarlo
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Candiani
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Wien, Austria
| | - Alessandro Quattrone
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Women and Child Health, Haematology-Oncology Clinic, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Tonini
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy. .,Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are structurally and compositionally diverse networks of collagenous and noncollagenous glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and associated molecules that together comprise the metazoan matrisome. Proper deposition and assembly of ECM is of profound importance to cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and the morphogenesis of tissues and organ systems that define sequential steps in the development of all animals. Importantly, it is now clear that the instructive influence of a particular ECM at various points in development reflects more than a simple summing of component parts; cellular responses also reflect the dynamic assembly and changing topology of embryonic ECM, which in turn affect its biomechanical properties. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how biophysical features attributed to ECM, such as stiffness and viscoelasticity, play important roles in the sculpting of embryonic tissues and the regulation of cell fates. Forces generated within cells and tissues are transmitted both through integrin-based adhesions to ECM, and through cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesions; the resulting short- and long-range deformations of embryonic tissues drive morphogenesis. This coordinate regulation of cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesive machinery has emerged as a common theme in a variety of developmental processes. In this review we consider select examples in the embryo where ECM is implicated in setting up tissue barriers and boundaries, in resisting pushing or pulling forces, or in constraining or promoting cell and tissue movement. We reflect on how each of these processes contribute to morphogenesis.
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Organization of Embryonic Morphogenesis via Mechanical Information. Dev Cell 2019; 49:829-839.e5. [PMID: 31178400 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic organizers establish gradients of diffusible signaling molecules to pattern the surrounding cells. Here, we elucidate an additional mechanism of embryonic organizers that is a secondary consequence of morphogen signaling. Using pharmacological and localized transgenic perturbations, 4D imaging of the zebrafish embryo, systematic analysis of cell motion, and computational modeling, we find that the vertebrate tail organizer orchestrates morphogenesis over distances beyond the range of morphogen signaling. The organizer regulates the rate and coherence of cell motion in the elongating embryo using mechanical information that is transmitted via relay between neighboring cells. This mechanism is similar to a pressure front in granular media and other jammed systems, but in the embryo the mechanical information emerges from self-propelled cell movement and not force transfer between cells. The propagation likely relies upon local biochemical signaling that affects cell contractility, cell adhesion, and/or cell polarity but is independent of transcription and translation.
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Lee JH, Kim DH, Lee HH, Kim HW. Role of nuclear mechanosensitivity in determining cellular responses to forces and biomaterials. Biomaterials 2019; 197:60-71. [PMID: 30641265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineers use biomaterials or apply forces to alter cell behaviors and cure damaged/diseased tissues. The external physical cues perceived by cells are transduced intracellularly along the mechanosensitive machineries, including subcellular adhesion molecules and cytoskeletons. The signals are further channeled to a nucleus through the physical links of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton or the biochemical translocation of transcription factors. Thus, the external cues are thought to affect directly or indirectly the nucleus and the genetic transcriptional process, ultimately determining cell fate. Here we communicate the importance of such mechanotransductory processes in cell and tissue engineering where external forces- or biomaterials-related physical cues essentially regulate cellular behaviors, with an emphasis on the mechanosensing and signaling along the road to a nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 20841, South Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Labus J, Wöltje K, Stolte KN, Häckel S, Kim KS, Hildmann A, Danker K. IL-1β promotes transendothelial migration of PBMCs by upregulation of the FN/α 5β 1 signalling pathway in immortalised human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:99-111. [PMID: 30342992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is often associated with pathological changes in the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused by disassembly of tight and adherens junctions that under physiological conditions are important for the maintenance of the BBB integrity. Consequently, in inflammation the BBB becomes dysfunctional, facilitating leukocyte traversal of the barrier and accumulation of immune cells within the brain. The extracellular matrix (ECM) also contributes to BBB integrity but the significance of the main ECM receptors, the β1 integrins also expressed on endothelial cells, is less well understood. To evaluate whether β1 integrin function is affected during inflammation and impacts barrier function, we used a transformed human brain microvascular endothelial cell (THBMEC)-based Interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory in vitro BBB model. We demonstrate that IL-1β increases cell-matrix adhesion and induces a redistribution of active β1 integrins to the basal surface. In particular, binding of α5β1 integrin to its ligand fibronectin is enhanced and α5β1 integrin-dependent signalling is upregulated. Additionally, localisation of the tight junction protein claudin-5 is altered. Blockade of the α5β1 integrin reduces the IL-1β-induced transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These data imply that IL-1β-induced inflammation not only destabilizes tight junctions but also increases α5β1 integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion to fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Labus
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wöltje
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Natalie Stolte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Häckel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 200 North Wolfe Street, 21287 Baltimore, USA
| | - Annette Hildmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Wang J, Yin Y, Lau S, Sankaran J, Rothenberg E, Wohland T, Meier-Schellersheim M, Knaut H. Anosmin1 Shuttles Fgf to Facilitate Its Diffusion, Increase Its Local Concentration, and Induce Sensory Organs. Dev Cell 2018; 46:751-766.e12. [PMID: 30122631 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors induce and pattern sensory organs, but how their distribution is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM) is largely unclear. To address this question, we analyzed the diffusion behavior of Fgf10 molecules during sensory organ formation in the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium. In this tissue, secreted Fgf10 induces organ formation at a distance from its source. We find that most Fgf10 molecules are highly diffusive and move rapidly through the ECM. We identify Anosmin1, which when mutated in humans causes Kallmann Syndrome, as an ECM protein that binds to Fgf10 and facilitates its diffusivity by increasing the pool of fast-moving Fgf10 molecules. In the absence of Anosmin1, Fgf10 levels are reduced and organ formation is impaired. Global overexpression of Anosmin1 slows the fast-moving Fgf10 molecules and results in Fgf10 dispersal. These results suggest that Anosmin1 liberates ECM-bound Fgf10 and shuttles it to increase its signaling range.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jagadish Sankaran
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Roycroft A, Szabó A, Bahm I, Daly L, Charras G, Parsons M, Mayor R. Redistribution of Adhesive Forces through Src/FAK Drives Contact Inhibition of Locomotion in Neural Crest. Dev Cell 2018; 45:565-579.e3. [PMID: 29870718 PMCID: PMC5988567 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion is defined as the behavior of cells to cease migrating in their former direction after colliding with another cell. It has been implicated in multiple developmental processes and its absence has been linked to cancer invasion. Cellular forces are thought to govern this process; however, the exact role of traction through cell-matrix adhesions and tension through cell-cell adhesions during contact inhibition of locomotion remains unknown. Here we use neural crest cells to address this and show that cell-matrix adhesions are rapidly disassembled at the contact between two cells upon collision. This disassembly is dependent upon the formation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions and driven by Src and FAK activity. We demonstrate that the loss of cell-matrix adhesions near the contact leads to a buildup of tension across the cell-cell contact, a step that is essential to drive cell-cell separation after collision. Focal adhesions disassemble at cell-cell contacts in contact inhibition of locomotion FA disassembly at the cell contact during CIL requires N-cadherin/Src/FAK signaling Cell separation during CIL involves a buildup of tension across the cell contact
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Isabel Bahm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Liam Daly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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44
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Veerapathiran S, Wohland T. Fluorescence techniques in developmental biology. J Biosci 2018; 43:541-553. [PMID: 30002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced fluorescence techniques, commonly known as the F-techniques, measure the kinetics and the interactions of biomolecules with high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Applications of the F-techniques, which were initially limited to cells, were further extended to study in vivo protein organization and dynamics in whole organisms. The integration of F-techniques with multi-photon microscopy and light-sheet microscopy widened their applications in the field of developmental biology. It became possible to penetrate the thick tissues of living organisms and obtain good signal-to-noise ratio with reduced photo-induced toxicity. In this review, we discuss the principle and the applications of the three most commonly used F-techniques in developmental biology: Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching (FRAP), Fo¨ rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS and FCCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
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Lin CY, He JY, Zeng CW, Loo MR, Chang WY, Zhang PH, Tsai HJ. microRNA-206 modulates an Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis in newly forming somites to maintain and stabilize the somite boundary formation of zebrafish embryos. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170009. [PMID: 28701377 PMCID: PMC5541343 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNA-206 (miR-206) is known to regulate proliferation and differentiation of muscle fibroblasts, the role of miR-206 in early-stage somite development is still unknown. During somitogenesis of zebrafish embryos, reticulon4a (rtn4a) is specifically repressed by miR-206. The somite boundary was defective, and actin filaments were crossing over the boundary in either miR-206-knockdown or rtn4a-overexpressed embryos. In these treated embryos, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4a (cxcr4a) was reduced, while thrombospondin 3a (thbs3a) was increased. The defective boundary was phenocopied in either cxcr4a-knockdown or thbs3a-overexpressed embryos. Repression of thbs3a expression by cxcr4a reduced the occurrence of the boundary defect. We demonstrated that cxcr4a is an upstream regulator of thbs3a and that defective boundary cells could not process epithelialization in the absence of intracellular accumulation of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) in boundary cells. Therefore, in the newly forming somites, miR-206-mediated downregulation of rtn4a increases cxcr4a. This activity largely decreases thbs3a expression in the epithelial cells of the somite boundary, which causes epithelialization of boundary cells through mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and eventually leads to somite boundary formation. Collectively, we suggest that miR-206 mediates a novel pathway, the Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis, that allows boundary cells to undergo MET and form somite boundaries in the newly forming somites of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu He
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Moo-Rumg Loo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yen Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kimelman D, Smith NL, Lai JKH, Stainier DYR. Regulation of posterior body and epidermal morphogenesis in zebrafish by localized Yap1 and Wwtr1. eLife 2017; 6:e31065. [PMID: 29283341 PMCID: PMC5773182 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryo undergoes a series of dramatic morphological changes as the body extends to form the complete anterior-posterior axis during the somite-forming stages. The molecular mechanisms regulating these complex processes are still largely unknown. We show that the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivators Yap1 and Wwtr1 are specifically localized to the presumptive epidermis and notochord, and play a critical and unexpected role in posterior body extension by regulating Fibronectin assembly underneath the presumptive epidermis and surrounding the notochord. We further find that Yap1 and Wwtr1, also via Fibronectin, have an essential role in the epidermal morphogenesis necessary to form the initial dorsal and ventral fins, a process previously thought to involve bending of an epithelial sheet, but which we now show involves concerted active cell movement. Our results reveal how the Hippo pathway transcriptional program, localized to two specific tissues, acts to control essential morphological events in the vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kimelman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Natalie L Smith
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jason Kuan Han Lai
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Didier YR Stainier
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
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Venhuizen JH, Zegers MM. Making Heads or Tails of It: Cell-Cell Adhesion in Cellular and Supracellular Polarity in Collective Migration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027854. [PMID: 28246177 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is paramount to morphogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer. To migrate directionally and reach their site of destination, migrating cells must distinguish a front and a rear. In addition to polarizing individually, cell-cell interactions in collectively migrating cells give rise to a higher order of polarity, which allows them to move as a supracellular unit. Rather than just conferring adhesion, emerging evidence indicates that cadherin-based adherens junctions intrinsically polarize the cluster and relay mechanical signals to establish both intracellular and supracellular polarity. In this review, we discuss the various functions of adherens junctions in polarity of migrating cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Venhuizen
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M Zegers
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sato Y, Nagatoshi K, Hamano A, Imamura Y, Huss D, Uchida S, Lansford R. Basal filopodia and vascular mechanical stress organize fibronectin into pillars bridging the mesoderm-endoderm gap. Development 2017; 144:281-291. [PMID: 28096216 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells may exchange information with other cells and tissues by exerting forces on the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibronectin (FN) is an important ECM component that forms fibrils through cell contacts and creates directionally biased geometry. Here, we demonstrate that FN is deposited as pillars between widely separated germ layers, namely the somitic mesoderm and the endoderm, in quail embryos. Alongside the FN pillars, long filopodia protrude from the basal surfaces of somite epithelial cells. Loss-of-function of Ena/VASP, α5β1-integrins or talin in the somitic cells abolished the FN pillars, indicating that FN pillar formation is dependent on the basal filopodia through these molecules. The basal filopodia and FN pillars are also necessary for proper somite morphogenesis. We identified a new mechanism contributing to FN pillar formation by focusing on cyclic expansion of adjacent dorsal aorta. Maintenance of the directional alignment of the FN pillars depends on pulsatile blood flow through the dorsal aortae. These results suggest that the FN pillars are specifically established through filopodia-mediated and pulsating force-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan .,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kei Nagatoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hamano
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Yuko Imamura
- Graduate School of Science, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - David Huss
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Das D, Chatti V, Emonet T, Holley SA. Patterned Disordered Cell Motion Ensures Vertebral Column Symmetry. Dev Cell 2017; 42:170-180.e5. [PMID: 28743003 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanics of posterior embryonic growth must be dynamically regulated to ensure bilateral symmetry of the spinal column. Throughout vertebrate trunk elongation, motile mesodermal progenitors undergo an order-to-disorder transition via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and sort symmetrically into the left and right paraxial mesoderm. We combine theoretical modeling of cell migration in a tail-bud-like geometry with experimental data analysis to assess the importance of ordered and disordered cell motion. We find that increasing order in cell motion causes a phase transition from symmetric to asymmetric body elongation. In silico and in vivo, overly ordered cell motion converts normal anisotropic fluxes into stable vortices near the posterior tail bud, contributing to asymmetric cell sorting. Thus, disorder is a physical mechanism that ensures the bilateral symmetry of the spinal column. These physical properties of the tissue connect across scales such that patterned disorder at the cellular level leads to the emergence of organism-level order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Veena Chatti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thierry Emonet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Scott A Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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