1
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Zeni C, Komiya Y, Habas R. Formin Binding Protein 1 (FNBP1) regulates non-canonical Wnt signaling and vertebrate gastrulation. Dev Biol 2024; 515:18-29. [PMID: 38945423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The Formin protein Daam1 is required for Wnt-induced cytoskeletal changes during gastrulation, though how it accomplishes this remains unresolved. Here we report the characterization of Formin Binding Protein 1 (FNBP1) as a binding partner of Daam1. The interaction of Daam1 with FNBP1 and its domains required for this interaction were delineated. Immunofluorescence studies showed FNBP1 co-localizes with Daam1, and is an integral component of the actin cytoskeletal complex that is responsive to Wnt stimulation. Specifically, FNBP1 can induce intracellular tubule-like structures and localize to focal adhesions suggesting a role for FNBP1 in cell migration. Functional FNBP1 studies in Xenopus embryos uncover a critical role for FNBP1 in regulating vertebrate gastrulation. Additionally, suboptimal doses of Daam1 and FNBP1 synergize to produce severe gastrulation defects, indicating FNBP1 and Daam1 may function within the same signaling pathway. These results together show FNBP1 is an integral component of Daam1-regulated non-canonical Wnt signaling required for vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Zeni
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Yuko Komiya
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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2
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Sui L, Dahmann C. A cellular tilting mechanism important for dynamic tissue shape changes and cell differentiation in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1794-1808.e5. [PMID: 38692272 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in three-dimensional cell shape are important for tissue form and function. In the developing Drosophila eye, photoreceptor differentiation requires the progression across the tissue of an epithelial fold known as the morphogenetic furrow. Morphogenetic furrow progression involves apical cell constriction and movement of apical cell edges. Here, we show that cells progressing through the morphogenetic furrow move their basal edges in opposite direction to their apical edges, resulting in a cellular tilting movement. We further demonstrate that cells generate, at their basal side, oriented, force-generating protrusions. Knockdown of the protein kinase Src42A or photoactivation of a dominant-negative form of the small GTPase Rac1 reduces protrusion formation. Impaired protrusion formation stalls basal cell movement and slows down morphogenetic furrow progression and photoreceptor differentiation. This work identifies a cellular tilting mechanism important for the generation of dynamic tissue shape changes and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sui
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dahmann
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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3
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Li X, Huebner RJ, Williams MLK, Sawyer J, Peifer M, Wallingford JB, Thirumalai D. Emergence of cellular nematic order is a conserved feature of gastrulation in animal embryos. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.11.603175. [PMID: 39071444 PMCID: PMC11275887 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.603175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cells undergo dramatic changes in morphology during embryogenesis, yet how these changes affect the formation of ordered tissues remains elusive. Here we find that the emergence of a nematic liquid crystal phase occurs in cells during gastrulation in the development of embryos of fish, frogs, and fruit flies. Moreover, the spatial correlations in all three organisms are long-ranged and follow a similar power-law decay( y ∼ x - α ) with α less than unity for the nematic order parameter, suggesting a common underlying physical mechanism unifies events in these distantly related species. All three species exhibit similar propagation of the nematic phase, reminiscent of nucleation and growth phenomena. Finally, we use a theoretical model along with disruptions of cell adhesion and cell specification to characterize the minimal features required for formation of the nematic phase. Our results provide a framework for understanding a potentially universal features of metazoan embryogenesis and shed light on the advent of ordered structures during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Margot L K Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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4
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Li X, Huebner RJ, Williams MLK, Sawyer J, Peifer M, Wallingford JB, Thirumalai D. Emergence of cellular nematic order is a conserved feature of gastrulation in animal embryos. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2407.12124v1. [PMID: 39070041 PMCID: PMC11275694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cells undergo dramatic changes in morphology during embryogenesis, yet how these changes affect the formation of ordered tissues remains elusive. Here we find that the emergence of a nematic liquid crystal phase occurs in cells during gastrulation in the development of embryos of fish, frogs, and fruit flies. Moreover, the spatial correlations in all three organisms are long-ranged and follow a similar power-law decay( y ∼ x - α ) with α less than unity for the nematic order parameter, suggesting a common underlying physical mechanism unifies events in these distantly related species. All three species exhibit similar propagation of the nematic phase, reminiscent of nucleation and growth phenomena. Finally, we use a theoretical model along with disruptions of cell adhesion and cell specification to characterize the minimal features required for formation of the nematic phase. Our results provide a framework for understanding a potentially universal features of metazoan embryogenesis and shed light on the advent of ordered structures during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Margot L K Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Lau K, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. Development 2024; 151:dev202596. [PMID: 38814743 PMCID: PMC11234264 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral to calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. Time-lapse light-sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D in the CM above the eye, and exhibit protrusive and crawling activity more apically. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements and protrusive activity. Loss of CM-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of Osx+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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6
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Brauns F, Claussen NH, Lefebvre MF, Wieschaus EF, Shraiman BI. The Geometric Basis of Epithelial Convergent Extension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.30.542935. [PMID: 37398061 PMCID: PMC10312603 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Shape changes of epithelia during animal development, such as convergent extension, are achieved through concerted mechanical activity of individual cells. While much is known about the corresponding large scale tissue flow and its genetic drivers, fundamental questions regarding local control of contractile activity on cellular scale and its embryo-scale coordination remain open. To address these questions, we develop a quantitative, model-based analysis framework to relate cell geometry to local tension in recently obtained timelapse imaging data of gastrulating Drosophila embryos. This analysis provides a systematic decomposition of cell shape changes and T1-rearrangements into internally driven, active, and externally driven, passive, contributions. Our analysis provides evidence that germ band extension is driven by active T1 processes that self-organize through positive feedback acting on tensions. More generally, our findings suggest that epithelial convergent extension results from controlled transformation of internal force balance geometry which combines the effects of bottom-up local self-organization with the top-down, embryo-scale regulation by gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Brauns
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Nikolas H. Claussen
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew F. Lefebvre
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Eric F. Wieschaus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Boris I. Shraiman
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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7
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Zhu Y, Tesone Z, Tan M, Hardin J. TIAM-1 regulates polarized protrusions during dorsal intercalation in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo through both its GEF and N-terminal domains. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261509. [PMID: 38345070 PMCID: PMC10949065 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mediolateral cell intercalation is a morphogenetic strategy used throughout animal development to reshape tissues. Dorsal intercalation in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo involves the mediolateral intercalation of two rows of dorsal epidermal cells to create a single row that straddles the dorsal midline, and thus is a simple model to study cell intercalation. Polarized protrusive activity during dorsal intercalation requires the C. elegans Rac and RhoG orthologs CED-10 and MIG-2, but how these GTPases are regulated during intercalation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we characterized the role of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) TIAM-1 in regulating actin-based protrusive dynamics during dorsal intercalation. We found that TIAM-1 can promote formation of the main medial lamellipodial protrusion extended by intercalating cells through its canonical GEF function, whereas its N-terminal domains function to negatively regulate the generation of ectopic filiform protrusions around the periphery of intercalating cells. We also show that the guidance receptor UNC-5 inhibits these ectopic filiform protrusions in dorsal epidermal cells and that this effect is in part mediated via TIAM-1. These results expand the network of proteins that regulate basolateral protrusive activity during directed rearrangement of epithelial cells in animal embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Zhu
- Genetics PhD Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zoe Tesone
- Cellular and Molecular Biology PhD Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Minyi Tan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeff Hardin
- Genetics PhD Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology PhD Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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Schauer A, Pranjic-Ferscha K, Hauschild R, Heisenberg CP. Robust axis elongation by Nodal-dependent restriction of BMP signaling. Development 2024; 151:dev202316. [PMID: 38372390 PMCID: PMC10911127 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Embryogenesis results from the coordinated activities of different signaling pathways controlling cell fate specification and morphogenesis. In vertebrate gastrulation, both Nodal and BMP signaling play key roles in germ layer specification and morphogenesis, yet their interplay to coordinate embryo patterning with morphogenesis is still insufficiently understood. Here, we took a reductionist approach using zebrafish embryonic explants to study the coordination of Nodal and BMP signaling for embryo patterning and morphogenesis. We show that Nodal signaling triggers explant elongation by inducing mesendodermal progenitors but also suppressing BMP signaling activity at the site of mesendoderm induction. Consistent with this, ectopic BMP signaling in the mesendoderm blocks cell alignment and oriented mesendoderm intercalations, key processes during explant elongation. Translating these ex vivo observations to the intact embryo showed that, similar to explants, Nodal signaling suppresses the effect of BMP signaling on cell intercalations in the dorsal domain, thus allowing robust embryonic axis elongation. These findings suggest a dual function of Nodal signaling in embryonic axis elongation by both inducing mesendoderm and suppressing BMP effects in the dorsal portion of the mesendoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schauer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | | | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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9
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Devitt CC, Weng S, Bejar-Padilla VD, Alvarado J, Wallingford JB. PCP and Septins govern the polarized organization of the actin cytoskeleton during convergent extension. Curr Biol 2024; 34:615-622.e4. [PMID: 38199065 PMCID: PMC10887425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) requires the coordinated action of the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins1,2 and the actin cytoskeleton,3,4,5,6 but this relationship remains incompletely understood. For example, PCP signaling orients actomyosin contractions, yet actomyosin is also required for the polarized localization of PCP proteins.7,8 Moreover, the actin-regulating Septins play key roles in actin organization9 and are implicated in PCP and CE in frogs, mice, and fish5,6,10,11,12 but execute only a subset of PCP-dependent cell behaviors. Septin loss recapitulates the severe tissue-level CE defects seen after core PCP disruption yet leaves overt cell polarity intact.5 Together, these results highlight the general fact that cell movement requires coordinated action by distinct but integrated actin populations, such as lamella and lamellipodia in migrating cells13 or medial and junctional actin populations in cells engaged in apical constriction.14,15 In the context of Xenopus mesoderm CE, three such actin populations are important, a superficial meshwork known as the "node-and-cable" system,4,16,17,18 a contractile network at deep cell-cell junctions,6,19 and mediolaterally oriented actin-rich protrusions, which are present both superficially and deeply.4,19,20,21 Here, we exploited the amenability of the uniquely "two-dimensional" node and cable system to probe the relationship between PCP proteins, Septins, and the polarization of this actin network. We find that the PCP proteins Vangl2 and Prickle2 and Septins co-localize at nodes, and that the node and cable system displays a cryptic, PCP- and Septin-dependent anteroposterior (AP) polarity in its organization and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Devitt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shinuo Weng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - José Alvarado
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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de Jong MA, Adegeest E, Bérenger-Currias NMLP, Mircea M, Merks RMH, Semrau S. The shapes of elongating gastruloids are consistent with convergent extension driven by a combination of active cell crawling and differential adhesion. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011825. [PMID: 38306399 PMCID: PMC10866519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastruloids have emerged as highly useful in vitro models of mammalian gastrulation. One of the most striking features of 3D gastruloids is their elongation, which mimics the extension of the embryonic anterior-posterior axis. Although axis extension is crucial for development, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated in mammalian species. Gastruloids provide an opportunity to study this morphogenic process in vitro. Here, we measure and quantify the shapes of elongating gastruloids and show, by Cellular Potts model simulations based on a novel, optimized algorithm, that convergent extension, driven by a combination of active cell crawling and differential adhesion can explain the observed shapes. We reveal that differential adhesion alone is insufficient and also directly observe hallmarks of convergent extension by time-lapse imaging of gastruloids. Finally, we show that gastruloid elongation can be abrogated by inhibition of the Rho kinase pathway, which is involved in convergent extension in vivo. All in all, our study demonstrates, how gastruloids can be used to elucidate morphogenic processes in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esmée Adegeest
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Mircea
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Semrau
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Ioratim-Uba A, Liverpool TB, Henkes S. Mechanochemical Active Feedback Generates Convergence Extension in Epithelial Tissue. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:238301. [PMID: 38134807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.238301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Convergence extension, the simultaneous elongation of tissue along one axis while narrowing along a perpendicular axis, occurs during embryonic development. A fundamental process that contributes to shaping the organism, it happens in many different species and tissue types. Here, we present a minimal continuum model, that can be directly linked to the controlling microscopic biochemistry, which shows spontaneous convergence extension. It is comprised of a 2D viscoelastic active material with a mechanochemical active feedback mechanism coupled to a substrate via friction. Robust convergent extension behavior emerges beyond a critical value of the activity parameter and is controlled by the boundary conditions and the coupling to the substrate. Oscillations and spatial patterns emerge in this model when internal dissipation dominates over friction, as well as in the active elastic limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Henkes
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
- Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CA, The Netherlands
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12
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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570300. [PMID: 38106005 PMCID: PMC10723314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral for calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. During apical expansion, we found that mouse calvarial primordia have consistent cellular proliferation, density, and survival with complex tissue scale deformations, raising the possibility that morphogenetic movements underlie expansion. Time lapse light sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed that calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D to converge supraorbital arch mesenchyme mediolaterally and extend it apically. In contrast, progenitors located further apically exhibited protrusive and crawling activity. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand, Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements, protrusive activity, and a flattened head shape. Loss of cranial mesenchyme-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of OSX+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin cytoskeleton protein along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis and provide tissue level cues for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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13
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Weng S, Devitt CC, Nyaoga BM, Havnen AE, Alvarado J, Wallingford JB. New tools reveal PCP-dependent polarized mechanics in the cortex and cytoplasm of single cells during convergent extension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566066. [PMID: 37986924 PMCID: PMC10659385 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding biomechanics of biological systems is crucial for unraveling complex processes like tissue morphogenesis. However, current methods for studying cellular mechanics in vivo are limited by the need for specialized equipment and often provide limited spatiotemporal resolution. Here we introduce two new techniques, Tension by Transverse Fluctuation (TFlux) and in vivo microrheology, that overcome these limitations. They both offer time-resolved, subcellular biomechanical analysis using only fluorescent reporters and widely available microscopes. Employing these two techniques, we have revealed a planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent mechanical gradient both in the cell cortex and the cytoplasm of individual cells engaged in convergent extension. Importantly, the non-invasive nature of these methods holds great promise for its application for uncovering subcellular mechanical variations across a wide array of biological contexts. Summary Non-invasive imaging-based techniques providing time-resolved biomechanical analysis at subcellular scales in developing vertebrate embryos.
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Seo HS, Yu D, Popov I, Tao J, Angermeier A, Sha B, Axelrod JD, Chang C, Wang J. Prickle and Ror modulate Dishevelled-Vangl interaction to regulate non-canonical Wnt signaling during convergent extension. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555374. [PMID: 37693429 PMCID: PMC10491138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is a fundamental morphogenetic process where oriented cell behaviors lead to polarized extension of diverse tissues. In vertebrates, regulation of CE requires both non-canonical Wnt, its co-receptor Ror, and "core members" of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. PCP was originally identified as a mechanism to coordinate the cellular polarity in the plane of static epithelium, where core proteins Frizzled (Fz)/ Dishevelled (Dvl) and Van Gogh-like (Vangl)/ Prickel (Pk) partition to opposing cell cortex. But how core PCP proteins interact with each other to mediate non-canonical Wnt/ Ror signaling during CE is not clear. We found previously that during CE, Vangl cell-autonomously recruits Dvl to the plasma membrane but simultaneously keeps Dvl inactive. In this study, we show that non-canonical Wnt induces Dvl to transition from Vangl to Fz. PK inhibits the transition, and functionally synergize with Vangl to suppress Dvl during CE. Conversely, Ror is required for the transition, and functionally antagonizes Vangl. Biochemically, Vangl interacts directly with both Ror and Dvl. Ror and Dvl do not bind directly, but can be cofractionated with Vangl. We propose that Pk assists Vangl to function as an unconventional adaptor that brings Dvl and Ror into a complex to serves two functions: 1) simultaneously preventing both Dvl and Ror from ectopically activating non-canonical Wnt signaling; and 2) relaying Dvl to Fz for signaling activation upon non-canonical Wnt induced dimerization of Fz and Ror.
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15
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Zhu Y, Hardin J. TIAM-1 regulates polarized protrusions during dorsal intercalation in the C. elegans embryo through both its GEF and N-terminal domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550374. [PMID: 37546890 PMCID: PMC10402040 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Mediolateral cell intercalation is a morphogenetic strategy used throughout animal development to reshape tissues. Dorsal intercalation in the C. elegans embryo involves the mediolateral intercalation of two rows of dorsal epidermal cells to create a single row that straddles the dorsal midline, and so is a simple model to study cell intercalation. Polarized protrusive activity during dorsal intercalation requires the C. elegans Rac and RhoG orthologs CED-10 and MIG-2, but how these GTPases are regulated during intercalation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we characterize the role of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), TIAM-1, in regulating actin-based protrusive dynamics during dorsal intercalation. We find that TIAM-1 can promote protrusion formation through its canonical GEF function, while its N-terminal domains function to negatively regulate this activity, preventing the generation of ectopic protrusions in intercalating cells. We also show that the guidance receptor UNC-5 inhibits ectopic protrusive activity in dorsal epidermal cells, and that this effect is in part mediated via TIAM-1. These results expand the network of proteins that regulate basolateral protrusive activity during directed cell rearrangement. Summary statement TIAM-1 activates the Rac pathway to promote protrusion formation via its GEF domain, while its N-terminal domains suppress ectopic protrusions during dorsal intercalation in the C. elegans embryo.
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16
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Emig AA, Williams MLK. Gastrulation morphogenesis in synthetic systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:3-13. [PMID: 35817656 PMCID: PMC9825685 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell culture allow researchers to generate not only most embryonic cell types, but also morphologies of many embryonic structures, entirely in vitro. This recreation of embryonic form from naïve cells, known as synthetic morphogenesis, has important implications for both developmental biology and regenerative medicine. However, the capacity of stem cell-based models to recapitulate the morphogenetic cell behaviors that shape natural embryos remains unclear. In this review, we explore several examples of synthetic morphogenesis, with a focus on models of gastrulation and surrounding stages. By varying cell types, source species, and culture conditions, researchers have recreated aspects of primitive streak formation, emergence and elongation of the primary embryonic axis, neural tube closure, and more. Here, we describe cell behaviors within in vitro/ex vivo systems that mimic in vivo morphogenesis and highlight opportunities for more complete models of early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Emig
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Margot L K Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
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17
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Xu Y, Cheng Y, Chen AT, Bao Z. A compound PCP scheme underlies sequential rosettes-based cell intercalation. Development 2023; 150:dev201493. [PMID: 36975724 PMCID: PMC10263146 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The formation of sequential rosettes is a type of collective cell behavior recently discovered in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo that mediates directional cell migration through sequential formation and resolution of multicellular rosettes involving the migrating cell and its neighboring cells along the way. Here, we show that a planar cell polarity (PCP)-based polarity scheme regulates sequential rosettes, which is distinct from the known mode of PCP regulation in multicellular rosettes during the process of convergent extension. Specifically, non-muscle myosin (NMY) localization and edge contraction are perpendicular to that of Van Gogh as opposed to colocalizing with Van Gogh. Further analyses suggest a two-component polarity scheme: one being the canonical PCP pathway with MIG-1/Frizzled and VANG-1/Van Gogh localized to the vertical edges, the other being MIG-1/Frizzled and NMY-2 localized to the midline/contracting edges. The NMY-2 localization and contraction of the midline edges also required LAT-1/Latrophilin, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor that has not been shown to regulate multicellular rosettes. Our results establish a distinct mode of PCP-mediated cell intercalation and shed light on the versatile nature of the PCP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yunsheng Cheng
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allison T. Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Serre JM, Slabodnick MM, Goldstein B, Hardin J. SRGP-1/srGAP and AFD-1/afadin stabilize HMP-1/⍺-catenin at rosettes to seal internalization sites following gastrulation in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010507. [PMID: 36867663 PMCID: PMC10016700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of gastrulation is the establishment of germ layers by internalization of cells initially on the exterior. In C. elegans the end of gastrulation is marked by the closure of the ventral cleft, a structure formed as cells internalize during gastrulation, and the subsequent rearrangement of adjacent neuroblasts that remain on the surface. We found that a nonsense allele of srgp-1/srGAP leads to 10-15% cleft closure failure. Deletion of the SRGP-1/srGAP C-terminal domain led to a comparable rate of cleft closure failure, whereas deletion of the N-terminal F-BAR region resulted in milder defects. Loss of the SRGP-1/srGAP C-terminus or F-BAR domain results in defects in rosette formation and defective clustering of HMP-1/⍺-catenin in surface cells during cleft closure. A mutant form of HMP-1/⍺-catenin with an open M domain can suppress cleft closure defects in srgp-1 mutant backgrounds, suggesting that this mutation acts as a gain-of-function allele. Since SRGP-1 binding to HMP-1/⍺-catenin is not favored in this case, we sought another HMP-1 interactor that might be recruited when HMP-1/⍺-catenin is constitutively open. A good candidate is AFD-1/afadin, which genetically interacts with cadherin-based adhesion later during embryonic elongation. AFD-1/afadin is prominently expressed at the vertex of neuroblast rosettes in wildtype, and depletion of AFD-1/afadin increases cleft closure defects in srgp-1/srGAP and hmp-1R551/554A/⍺-catenin backgrounds. We propose that SRGP-1/srGAP promotes nascent junction formation in rosettes; as junctions mature and sustain higher levels of tension, the M domain of HMP-1/⍺-catenin opens, allowing maturing junctions to transition from recruitment of SRGP-1/srGAP to AFD-1/afadin. Our work identifies new roles for ⍺-catenin interactors during a process crucial to metazoan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Serre
- Program in Genetics University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark M. Slabodnick
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Knox University, Galesburg, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff Hardin
- Program in Genetics University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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19
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Huebner RJ, Wallingford JB. Dishevelled controls bulk cadherin dynamics and the stability of individual cadherin clusters during convergent extension. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:br26. [PMID: 36222834 PMCID: PMC9727802 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals are shaped through the movement of large cellular collectives. Such morphogenetic processes require cadherin-based cell adhesion to maintain tissue cohesion and planar cell polarity to coordinate movement. Despite a vast literature surrounding cadherin-based adhesion and planar cell polarity, it is unclear how these molecular networks interface. Here we investigate the relationship between cadherins and planar cell polarity during gastrulation cell movements in Xenopus laevis. We first assessed bulk cadherin localization and found that cadherins were enriched at a specific subset of morphogenetically active cell-cell junctions. We then found that cadherin and actin had coupled temporal dynamics and that disruption of planar cell polarity uncoupled these dynamics. Next, using superresolution time-lapse microscopy and quantitative image analysis, we were able to measure the lifespan and size of individual cadherin clusters. Finally, we show that planar cell polarity not only controls the size of cadherin clusters but, more interestingly, regulates cluster stability. These results reveal an intriguing link between two essential cellular properties, adhesion and planar polarity, and provide insight into the molecular control of morphogenetic cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712,*Address correspondence to: John B. Wallingford ()
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20
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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21
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Houston DW, Elliott KL, Coppenrath K, Wlizla M, Horb ME. Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants. Development 2022; 149:dev200552. [PMID: 35946588 PMCID: PMC9515810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions (e.g. amphibian dorsal morula, mammalian anterior visceral endoderm) require stabilised nuclear β-catenin, but the role of localised Wnt ligand signalling activity in their establishment remains unclear. In Xenopus, dorsal β-catenin is initiated by vegetal microtubule-mediated symmetry breaking in the fertilised egg, known as 'cortical rotation'. Localised wnt11b mRNA and ligand-independent activators of β-catenin have been implicated in dorsal β-catenin activation, but the extent to which each contributes to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here, we describe a CRISPR-mediated maternal-effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L. We find that wnt11b is maternally required for robust dorsal axis formation and for timely gastrulation, and zygotically for left-right asymmetry. Importantly, we show that vegetal microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs. In addition, we show that activated Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 and Dishevelled lack behaviour consistent with roles in early β-catenin stabilisation, and that neither is regulated by Wnt11b. This work thus implicates Wnt11b in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than in comprising the determinants themselves. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Kelsey Coppenrath
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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22
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Christodoulou N, Skourides PA. Distinct spatiotemporal contribution of morphogenetic events and mechanical tissue coupling during Xenopus neural tube closure. Development 2022; 149:275604. [PMID: 35662330 PMCID: PMC9340557 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube closure (NTC) is a fundamental process during vertebrate development and is indispensable for the formation of the central nervous system. Here, using Xenopus laevis embryos, live imaging, single-cell tracking, optogenetics and loss-of-function experiments, we examine the roles of convergent extension and apical constriction, and define the role of the surface ectoderm during NTC. We show that NTC is a two-stage process with distinct spatiotemporal contributions of convergent extension and apical constriction at each stage. Convergent extension takes place during the first stage and is spatially restricted at the posterior tissue, whereas apical constriction occurs during the second stage throughout the neural plate. We also show that the surface ectoderm is mechanically coupled with the neural plate and its movement during NTC is driven by neural plate morphogenesis. Finally, we show that an increase in surface ectoderm resistive forces is detrimental for neural plate morphogenesis. Summary: Detailed characterization of the contribution of distinct morphogenetic processes and mechanical tissue coupling during neural tube closure, a process indispensable for central nervous system formation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neophytos Christodoulou
- University of Cyprus Department of Biological Sciences , , P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Paris A. Skourides
- University of Cyprus Department of Biological Sciences , , P.O. Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia , Cyprus
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23
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Cote LE, Feldman JL. Won’t You be My Neighbor: How Epithelial Cells Connect Together to Build Global Tissue Polarity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887107. [PMID: 35800889 PMCID: PMC9253303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues form continuous barriers to protect against external environments. Within these tissues, epithelial cells build environment-facing apical membranes, junction complexes that anchor neighbors together, and basolateral surfaces that face other cells. Critically, to form a continuous apical barrier, neighboring epithelial cells must align their apico-basolateral axes to create global polarity along the entire tissue. Here, we will review mechanisms of global tissue-level polarity establishment, with a focus on how neighboring epithelial cells of different origins align their apical surfaces. Epithelial cells with different developmental origins and/or that polarize at different times and places must align their respective apico-basolateral axes. Connecting different epithelial tissues into continuous sheets or tubes, termed epithelial fusion, has been most extensively studied in cases where neighboring cells initially dock at an apical-to-apical interface. However, epithelial cells can also meet basal-to-basal, posing several challenges for apical continuity. Pre-existing basement membrane between the tissues must be remodeled and/or removed, the cells involved in docking are specialized, and new cell-cell adhesions are formed. Each of these challenges can involve changes to apico-basolateral polarity of epithelial cells. This minireview highlights several in vivo examples of basal docking and how apico-basolateral polarity changes during epithelial fusion. Understanding the specific molecular mechanisms of basal docking is an area ripe for further exploration that will shed light on complex morphogenetic events that sculpt developing organisms and on the cellular mechanisms that can go awry during diseases involving the formation of cysts, fistulas, atresias, and metastases.
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24
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Weng S, Huebner RJ, Wallingford JB. Convergent extension requires adhesion-dependent biomechanical integration of cell crawling and junction contraction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110666. [PMID: 35476988 PMCID: PMC9119128 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent extension (CE) is an evolutionarily conserved collective cell movement that elongates several organ systems during development. Studies have revealed two distinct cellular mechanisms, one based on cell crawling and the other on junction contraction. Whether these two behaviors collaborate is unclear. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that crawling and contraction act both independently and jointly but that CE is more effective when they are integrated via mechano-reciprocity. We thus developed a computational model considering both crawling and contraction. This model recapitulates the biomechanical efficacy of integrating the two modes and further clarifies how the two modes and their integration are influenced by cell adhesion. Finally, we use these insights to understand the function of an understudied catenin, Arvcf, during CE. These data are significant for providing interesting biomechanical and cell biological insights into a fundamental morphogenetic process that is implicated in human neural tube defects and skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuo Weng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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25
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Huebner RJ, Weng S, Lee C, Sarıkaya S, Papoulas O, Cox RM, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. ARVCF catenin controls force production during vertebrate convergent extension. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1119-1131.e5. [PMID: 35476939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The design of an animal's body plan is encoded in the genome, and the execution of this program is a mechanical progression involving coordinated movement of proteins, cells, and whole tissues. Thus, a challenge to understanding morphogenesis is connecting events that occur across various length scales. Here, we describe how a poorly characterized adhesion effector, Arvcf catenin, controls Xenopus head-to-tail axis extension. We find that Arvcf is required for axis extension within the intact organism but not within isolated tissues. We show that the organism-scale phenotype results from a defect in tissue-scale force production. Finally, we determine that the force defect results from the dampening of the pulsatile recruitment of cell adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins to membranes. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of Arvcf function during axis extension and produce an insight into how a cellular-scale defect in adhesion results in an organism-scale failure of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shinuo Weng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sena Sarıkaya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachael M Cox
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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26
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Deconstructing gastrulation at single-cell resolution. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1861-1868.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Meilhac SM. Shaping the mouse heart tube from the second heart field epithelium. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 73:101896. [PMID: 35026527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As other tubular organs, the embryonic heart develops from an epithelial sheet of cells, referred to as the heart field. The second heart field, which lies in the dorsal pericardial wall, constitutes a transient cell reservoir, integrating patterning and polarity cues. Conditional mutants have shown that impairment of the epithelial architecture of the second heart field is associated with congenital heart defects. Here, taking the mouse as a model, we review the epithelial properties of the second heart field and how they are modulated upon cardiomyocyte differentiation. Compared to other cases of tubulogenesis, the cellular dynamics in the second heart field are only beginning to be revealed. A challenge for the future will be to unravel key physical forces driving heart tube morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmquist-Gomes
- Université de Paris, Imagine- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Université de Paris, Imagine- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, F-75015, France.
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28
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Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
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29
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Nestor-Bergmann A, Blanchard GB, Hervieux N, Fletcher AG, Étienne J, Sanson B. Adhesion-regulated junction slippage controls cell intercalation dynamics in an Apposed-Cortex Adhesion Model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009812. [PMID: 35089922 PMCID: PMC8887740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell intercalation is a key cell behaviour of morphogenesis and wound healing, where local cell neighbour exchanges can cause dramatic tissue deformations such as body axis extension. Substantial experimental work has identified the key molecular players facilitating intercalation, but there remains a lack of consensus and understanding of their physical roles. Existing biophysical models that represent cell-cell contacts with single edges cannot study cell neighbour exchange as a continuous process, where neighbouring cell cortices must uncouple. Here, we develop an Apposed-Cortex Adhesion Model (ACAM) to understand active cell intercalation behaviours in the context of a 2D epithelial tissue. The junctional actomyosin cortex of every cell is modelled as a continuous viscoelastic rope-loop, explicitly representing cortices facing each other at bicellular junctions and the adhesion molecules that couple them. The model parameters relate directly to the properties of the key subcellular players that drive dynamics, providing a multi-scale understanding of cell behaviours. We show that active cell neighbour exchanges can be driven by purely junctional mechanisms. Active contractility and cortical turnover in a single bicellular junction are sufficient to shrink and remove a junction. Next, a new, orthogonal junction extends passively. The ACAM reveals how the turnover of adhesion molecules regulates tension transmission and junction deformation rates by controlling slippage between apposed cell cortices. The model additionally predicts that rosettes, which form when a vertex becomes common to many cells, are more likely to occur in actively intercalating tissues with strong friction from adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy B. Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- LIPHY, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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30
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Vetrova AA, Lebedeva TS, Saidova AA, Kupaeva DM, Kraus YA, Kremnyov SV. From apolar gastrula to polarized larva: Embryonic development of a marine hydroid, Dynamena pumila. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:795-825. [PMID: 34787911 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In almost all metazoans examined to this respect, the axial patterning system based on canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling operates throughout the course of development. In most metazoans, gastrulation is polar, and embryos develop morphological landmarks of axial polarity, such as blastopore under control/regulation from cWnt signaling. However, in many cnidarian species, gastrulation is morphologically apolar. The question remains whether сWnt signaling providing the establishment of a body axis controls morphogenetic processes involved in apolar gastrulation. RESULTS In this study, we focused on the embryonic development of Dynamena pumila, a cnidarian species with apolar gastrulation. We thoroughly described cell behavior, proliferation, and ultrastructure and examined axial patterning in the embryos of this species. We revealed that the first signs of morphological polarity appear only after the end of gastrulation, while molecular prepatterning of the embryo does exist during gastrulation. We have shown experimentally that in D. pumila, the direction of the oral-aboral axis is highly robust against perturbations in cWnt activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that morphogenetic processes are uncoupled from molecular axial patterning during gastrulation in D. pumila. Investigation of D. pumila might significantly expand our understanding of the ways in which morphological polarization and axial molecular patterning are linked in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Vetrova
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Lebedeva
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleena A Saidova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Kupaeva
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Kraus
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Kremnyov
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Creighton JH, Jessen JR. Core pathway proteins and the molecular basis of planar polarity in the zebrafish gastrula. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:17-25. [PMID: 34635444 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The planar polarization of cells and subcellular structures is critical for embryonic development. Coordination of this polarity can provide cells a sense of direction in relation to the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral body axes. Fly epithelia use a core pathway comprised of transmembrane (Van Gogh/Strabismus, Frizzled, and Flamingo/Starry night) and cytoplasmic (Prickle or Spiny-legs, Dishevelled, and Diego) proteins to communicate directional information between cells and thereby promote the uniform orientation of structures such as hairs. In the zebrafish gastrula, planar polarity underlies complex cellular processes, including directed migration and intercalation, that are required to shape the embryo body. Like other vertebrates, the zebrafish genome encodes homologs of each core protein, and it is well-established that polarized gastrula cell behaviors are regulated by some of them. However, it is unknown whether a conserved six-member core protein pathway regulates planar polarity during zebrafish gastrulation. Here, we review our current understanding of core protein function as it relates to two specific examples of planar polarity, the dorsal convergence of lateral gastrula cells and the mediolateral intercalation of midline cells. We consider the hallmarks of fly planar polarity and discuss data regarding asymmetric protein localization and function, and the intercellular communication of polarity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Creighton
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.
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32
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Basta LP, Hill-Oliva M, Paramore SV, Sharan R, Goh A, Biswas A, Cortez M, Little KA, Posfai E, Devenport D. New mouse models for high resolution and live imaging of planar cell polarity proteins in vivo. Development 2021; 148:271988. [PMID: 34463728 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The collective polarization of cellular structures and behaviors across a tissue plane is a near universal feature of epithelia known as planar cell polarity (PCP). This property is controlled by the core PCP pathway, which consists of highly conserved membrane-associated protein complexes that localize asymmetrically at cell junctions. Here, we introduce three new mouse models for investigating the localization and dynamics of transmembrane PCP proteins: Celsr1, Fz6 and Vangl2. Using the skin epidermis as a model, we characterize and verify the expression, localization and function of endogenously tagged Celsr1-3xGFP, Fz6-3xGFP and tdTomato-Vangl2 fusion proteins. Live imaging of Fz6-3xGFP in basal epidermal progenitors reveals that the polarity of the tissue is not fixed through time. Rather, asymmetry dynamically shifts during cell rearrangements and divisions, while global, average polarity of the tissue is preserved. We show using super-resolution STED imaging that Fz6-3xGFP and tdTomato-Vangl2 can be resolved, enabling us to observe their complex localization along junctions. We further explore PCP fusion protein localization in the trachea and neural tube, and discover new patterns of PCP expression and localization throughout the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena P Basta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Michael Hill-Oliva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032USA
| | - Sarah V Paramore
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Rishabh Sharan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Audrey Goh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA.,Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marvin Cortez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Katherine A Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544USA
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33
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Balaraju AK, Hu B, Rodriguez JJ, Murry M, Lin F. Glypican 4 regulates planar cell polarity of endoderm cells by controlling the localization of Cadherin 2. Development 2021; 148:dev199421. [PMID: 34131730 PMCID: PMC8313861 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling has been implicated in endoderm morphogenesis. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are unclear. We found that, during convergence and extension (C&E) in zebrafish, gut endodermal cells are polarized mediolaterally, with GFP-Vangl2 enriched at the anterior edges. Endoderm cell polarity is lost and intercalation is impaired in the absence of glypican 4 (gpc4), a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan that promotes Wnt/PCP signaling, suggesting that this signaling is required for endodermal cell polarity. Live imaging revealed that endoderm C&E is accomplished by polarized cell protrusions and junction remodeling, which are impaired in gpc4-deficient endodermal cells. Furthermore, in the absence of gpc4, Cadherin 2 expression on the endodermal cell surface is increased as a result of impaired Rab5c-mediated endocytosis, which partially accounts for the endodermal defects in these mutants. These findings indicate that Gpc4 regulates endodermal planar cell polarity during endoderm C&E by influencing the localization of Cadherin 2. Thus, our study uncovers a new mechanism by which Gpc4 regulates planar cell polarity and reveals the role of Wnt/PCP signaling in endoderm morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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34
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Devitt CC, Lee C, Cox RM, Papoulas O, Alvarado J, Shekhar S, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Twinfilin1 controls lamellipodial protrusive activity and actin turnover during vertebrate gastrulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs254011. [PMID: 34060614 PMCID: PMC8325956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of the actin cytoskeleton is a key aspect of essentially all animal cell movements. Experiments in single migrating cells and in vitro systems have provided an exceptionally deep understanding of actin dynamics. However, we still know relatively little of how these systems are tuned in cell-type-specific ways, for example in the context of collective cell movements that sculpt the early embryo. Here, we provide an analysis of the actin-severing and depolymerization machinery during vertebrate gastrulation, with a focus on Twinfilin1 (Twf1) in Xenopus. We find that Twf1 is essential for convergent extension, and loss of Twf1 results in a disruption of lamellipodial dynamics and polarity. Moreover, Twf1 loss results in a failure to assemble polarized cytoplasmic actin cables, which are essential for convergent extension. These data provide an in vivo complement to our more-extensive understanding of Twf1 action in vitro and provide new links between the core machinery of actin regulation and the specialized cell behaviors of embryonic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Devitt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachael M. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - José Alvarado
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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35
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Gorfinkiel N, Martinez Arias A. The cell in the age of the genomic revolution: Cell Regulatory Networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203720. [PMID: 34252599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years an intense activity in the areas of advanced microscopy and quantitative cell biology has put the focus on the morphogenetic events that shape embryos. The interest in these processes is taking place against the backdrop of genomic studies, particularly of global patterns of gene expression at the level of single cells, which cannot fully account for the way cells build tissues and organs. Here we discuss the need to integrate the activity of genes with that of cells and propose the need to develop a framework, based on cellular processes and cell interactions, that parallels that which has been created for gene activity in the form of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs). We begin to do this by suggesting elements for building Cell Regulatory Networks (CRNs). In the same manner that GRNs create schedules of gene expression that result in the emergence of cell fates over time, CRNs create tissues and organs i.e. space. We also suggest how GRNs and CRNs might interact in the building of embryos through feedback loops involving mechanics and tissue tectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, José Antonio Nováis 12, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Doctor Aiguader 88, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Krneta-Stankic V, Corkins ME, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Kloc M, Gladden AB, Miller RK. The Wnt/PCP formin Daam1 drives cell-cell adhesion during nephron development. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109340. [PMID: 34233186 PMCID: PMC8629027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin junctions facilitate assembly and disassembly of cell contacts that drive development and homeostasis of epithelial tissues. In this study, using Xenopus embryonic kidney and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, we investigate the role of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) formin Daam1 (Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1) in regulating E-cadherin-based intercellular adhesion. Using live imaging, we show that Daam1 localizes to newly formed cell contacts in the developing nephron. Furthermore, analyses of junctional filamentous actin (F-actin) upon Daam1 depletion indicate decreased microfilament localization and slowed turnover. We also show that Daam1 is necessary for efficient and timely localization of junctional E-cadherin, mediated by Daam1’s formin homology domain 2 (FH2). Finally, we establish that Daam1 signaling promotes organized movement of renal cells. This study demonstrates that Daam1 formin junctional activity is critical for epithelial tissue organization. How cells remodel their adhesions through cell-surface proteins such as E-cadherin is a central question in epithelial tissue biology. Krneta-Stankic et al. show that the Wnt/PCP formin Daam1 regulates cytoskeletal membrane dynamics and E-cadherin localization within developing nephrons. These findings provide a new framework for studying cell-cell adhesion and nephron morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark E Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew B Gladden
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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37
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Qiu Y, Fung L, Schilling TF, Nie Q. Multiple morphogens and rapid elongation promote segmental patterning during development. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009077. [PMID: 34161317 PMCID: PMC8259987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate hindbrain is segmented into rhombomeres (r) initially defined by distinct domains of gene expression. Previous studies have shown that noise-induced gene regulation and cell sorting are critical for the sharpening of rhombomere boundaries, which start out rough in the forming neural plate (NP) and sharpen over time. However, the mechanisms controlling simultaneous formation of multiple rhombomeres and accuracy in their sizes are unclear. We have developed a stochastic multiscale cell-based model that explicitly incorporates dynamic morphogenetic changes (i.e. convergent-extension of the NP), multiple morphogens, and gene regulatory networks to investigate the formation of rhombomeres and their corresponding boundaries in the zebrafish hindbrain. During pattern initiation, the short-range signal, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), works together with the longer-range morphogen, retinoic acid (RA), to specify all of these boundaries and maintain accurately sized segments with sharp boundaries. At later stages of patterning, we show a nonlinear change in the shape of rhombomeres with rapid left-right narrowing of the NP followed by slower dynamics. Rapid initial convergence improves boundary sharpness and segment size by regulating cell sorting and cell fate both independently and coordinately. Overall, multiple morphogens and tissue dynamics synergize to regulate the sizes and boundaries of multiple segments during development. In segmental pattern formation, chemical gradients control gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner to specify distinct gene expression domains. Despite the stochasticity inherent to such biological processes, precise and accurate borders form between segmental gene expression domains. Previous work has revealed synergy between gene regulation and cell sorting in sharpening borders that are initially rough. However, it is still poorly understood how size and boundary sharpness of multiple segments are regulated in a tissue that changes dramatically in its morphology as the embryo develops. Here we develop a stochastic multiscale cell-base model to investigate these questions. Two novel strategies synergize to promote accurate segment formation, a combination of long- and short-range morphogens plus rapid tissue convergence, with one responsible for pattern initiation and the other enabling pattern refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Qiu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lianna Fung
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TFS); (QN)
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TFS); (QN)
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38
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Torban E, Sokol SY. Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:369-385. [PMID: 33547419 PMCID: PMC8967065 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue plane. Originally discovered and studied in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP is now widely recognized in vertebrates, where it is implicated in organogenesis. Specific sets of PCP genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by these genes become asymmetrically distributed to opposite sides of cells within a tissue plane and guide many processes that include changes in cell shape and polarity, collective cell movements or the uniform distribution of cell appendages. A unifying characteristic of these processes is that they often involve rearrangement of actomyosin. Mutations in PCP genes can cause malformations in organs of many animals, including humans. In the past decade, strong evidence has accumulated for a role of the PCP pathway in kidney development including outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud and podocyte development. Defective PCP signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney disorders of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract spectrum. Understanding the origins, molecular constituents and cellular targets of PCP provides insights into the involvement of PCP molecules in normal kidney development and how dysfunction of PCP components may lead to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Block E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4A3J1.,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
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39
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The origin and the mechanism of mechanical polarity during epithelial folding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:94-107. [PMID: 34059419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are sheet-like tissue structures that line the inner and outer surfaces of animal bodies and organs. Their remarkable ability to actively produce, or passively adapt to, complex surface geometries has fascinated physicists and biologists alike for centuries. The most simple and yet versatile process of epithelial deformation is epithelial folding, through which curved shapes, tissue convolutions and internal structures are produced. The advent of quantitative live imaging, combined with experimental manipulation and computational modeling, has rapidly advanced our understanding of epithelial folding. In particular, a set of mechanical principles has emerged to illustrate how forces are generated and dissipated to instigate curvature transitions in a variety of developmental contexts. Folding a tissue requires that mechanical loads or geometric changes be non-uniform. Given that polarity is the most distinct and fundamental feature of epithelia, understanding epithelial folding mechanics hinges crucially on how forces become polarized and how polarized differential deformation arises, for which I coin the term 'mechanical polarity'. In this review, five typical modules of mechanical processes are distilled from a diverse array of epithelial folding events. Their mechanical underpinnings with regard to how forces and polarity intersect are analyzed to accentuate the importance of mechanical polarity in the understanding of epithelial folding.
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40
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Huebner RJ, Malmi-Kakkada AN, Sarıkaya S, Weng S, Thirumalai D, Wallingford JB. Mechanical heterogeneity along single cell-cell junctions is driven by lateral clustering of cadherins during vertebrate axis elongation. eLife 2021; 10:e65390. [PMID: 34032216 PMCID: PMC8205493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis is governed by the interplay of molecular signals and mechanical forces across multiple length scales. The last decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of the dynamics of protein localization and turnover at subcellular length scales, and at the other end of the spectrum, of mechanics at tissue-level length scales. Integrating the two remains a challenge, however, because we lack a detailed understanding of the subcellular patterns of mechanical properties of cells within tissues. Here, in the context of the elongating body axis of Xenopus embryos, we combine tools from cell biology and physics to demonstrate that individual cell-cell junctions display finely-patterned local mechanical heterogeneity along their length. We show that such local mechanical patterning is essential for the cell movements of convergent extension and is imparted by locally patterned clustering of a classical cadherin. Finally, the patterning of cadherins and thus local mechanics along cell-cell junctions are controlled by Planar Cell Polarity signaling, a key genetic module for CE that is mutated in diverse human birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Abdul Naseer Malmi-Kakkada
- Department of Chemistry, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta UniversityAugustaGeorgia
| | - Sena Sarıkaya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Shinuo Weng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of TexasAustinUnited States
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41
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Abstract
The generation of organismal form - morphogenesis - arises from forces produced at the cellular level. In animal cells, much of this force is produced by the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we review how mechanisms of actin-based force generation are deployed during animal morphogenesis to sculpt organs and organisms. Furthermore, we consider how cytoskeletal forces are coupled through cell adhesions to propagate across tissues, and discuss cases where cytoskeletal force or adhesion is patterned across a tissue to direct shape changes. Together, our review provides a conceptual framework that reflects our current understanding of animal morphogenesis and gives perspectives on future opportunities for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nathaniel Clarke
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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42
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Tamada M, Shi J, Bourdot KS, Supriyatno S, Palmquist KH, Gutierrez-Ruiz OL, Zallen JA. Toll receptors remodel epithelia by directing planar-polarized Src and PI3K activity. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1589-1602.e9. [PMID: 33932332 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are essential for animal development and survival, with conserved roles in innate immunity, tissue patterning, and cell behavior. The mechanisms by which Toll receptors signal to the nucleus are well characterized, but how Toll receptors generate rapid, localized signals at the cell membrane to produce acute changes in cell polarity and behavior is not known. We show that Drosophila Toll receptors direct epithelial convergent extension by inducing planar-polarized patterns of Src and PI3-kinase (PI3K) activity. Toll receptors target Src activity to specific sites at the membrane, and Src recruits PI3K to the Toll-2 complex through tyrosine phosphorylation of the Toll-2 cytoplasmic domain. Reducing Src or PI3K activity disrupts planar-polarized myosin assembly, cell intercalation, and convergent extension, whereas constitutive Src activity promotes ectopic PI3K and myosin cortical localization. These results demonstrate that Toll receptors direct cell polarity and behavior by locally mobilizing Src and PI3K activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tamada
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay Shi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kia S Bourdot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Supriyatno
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl H Palmquist
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar L Gutierrez-Ruiz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Papakrivopoulou E, Jafree DJ, Dean CH, Long DA. The Biological Significance and Implications of Planar Cell Polarity for Nephrology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:599529. [PMID: 33716764 PMCID: PMC7952641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.599529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space underpins how the kidney develops and responds to disease. The process by which cells orientate themselves within the plane of a tissue is termed planar cell polarity. In this Review, we discuss how planar cell polarity and the proteins that underpin it govern kidney organogenesis and pathology. The importance of planar cell polarity and its constituent proteins in multiple facets of kidney development is emphasised, including ureteric bud branching, tubular morphogenesis and nephron maturation. An overview is given of the relevance of planar cell polarity and its proteins for inherited human renal diseases, including congenital malformations with unknown aetiology and polycystic kidney disease. Finally, recent work is described outlining the influence of planar cell polarity proteins on glomerular diseases and highlight how this fundamental pathway could yield a new treatment paradigm for nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Papakrivopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Clinique Saint Jean, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,UCL MB/Ph.D. Programme, Faculty of Medical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Kakebeen AD, Huebner RJ, Shindo A, Kwon K, Kwon T, Wills AE, Wallingford JB. A temporally resolved transcriptome for developing "Keller" explants of the Xenopus laevis dorsal marginal zone. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:717-731. [PMID: 33368695 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explanted tissues from vertebrate embryos reliably develop in culture and have provided essential paradigms for understanding embryogenesis, from early embryological investigations of induction, to the extensive study of Xenopus animal caps, to the current studies of mammalian gastruloids. Cultured explants of the Xenopus dorsal marginal zone ("Keller" explants) serve as a central paradigm for studies of convergent extension cell movements, yet we know little about the global patterns of gene expression in these explants. RESULTS In an effort to more thoroughly develop this important model system, we provide here a time-resolved bulk transcriptome for developing Keller explants. CONCLUSIONS The dataset reported here provides a useful resource for those using Keller explants for studies of morphogenesis and provide genome-scale insights into the temporal patterns of gene expression in an important tissue when explanted and grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Asako Shindo
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kujin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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45
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Larionova D, Lesot H, Huysseune A. Miniaturization: How many cells are needed to build a tooth? Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1021-1035. [PMID: 33452709 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organs that develop early in life, and are replaced by a larger version as the animal grows, often represent a miniature version of the adult organ. Teeth constituting the first functional dentition in small-sized teleost fish, such as medaka (Oryzias latipes), are examples of such miniature organs. With a dentin cone as small as the size of one human cell, or even smaller, these teeth raise the question how many dentin-producing cells (odontoblasts) are required to build such a tooth, and whether this number can be as little as one. RESULTS Based on detailed observations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TEM-based 3D-reconstructions, we show that only one mesenchymal cell qualifies as a true odontoblast. A second mesenchymal cell potentially participates in dentin formation, but only at a late stage of tooth development. Moreover, the fate of these cells appears to be specified very early during tooth development. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that in this system, one single odontoblast fulfills roles normally exerted by a large and communicating cell population. First-generation teeth in medaka thus provide an exciting model to study integration of multiple functions into a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Larionova
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hervé Lesot
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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46
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Collinet C, Lecuit T. Programmed and self-organized flow of information during morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:245-265. [PMID: 33483696 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How the shape of embryos and organs emerges during development is a fundamental question that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Tissue dynamics arise from a small set of cell behaviours, including shape changes, cell contact remodelling, cell migration, cell division and cell extrusion. These behaviours require control over cell mechanics, namely active stresses associated with protrusive, contractile and adhesive forces, and hydrostatic pressure, as well as material properties of cells that dictate how cells respond to active stresses. In this Review, we address how cell mechanics and the associated cell behaviours are robustly organized in space and time during tissue morphogenesis. We first outline how not only gene expression and the resulting biochemical cues, but also mechanics and geometry act as sources of morphogenetic information to ultimately define the time and length scales of the cell behaviours driving morphogenesis. Next, we present two idealized modes of how this information flows - how it is read out and translated into a biological effect - during morphogenesis. The first, akin to a programme, follows deterministic rules and is hierarchical. The second follows the principles of self-organization, which rests on statistical rules characterizing the system's composition and configuration, local interactions and feedback. We discuss the contribution of these two modes to the mechanisms of four very general classes of tissue deformation, namely tissue folding and invagination, tissue flow and extension, tissue hollowing and, finally, tissue branching. Overall, we suggest a conceptual framework for understanding morphogenetic information that encapsulates genetics and biochemistry as well as mechanics and geometry as information modules, and the interplay of deterministic and self-organized mechanisms of their deployment, thereby diverging considerably from the traditional notion that shape is fully encoded and determined by genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France. .,Collège de France, Paris, France.
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Ninomiya H, Intoh A, Ishimine H, Onuma Y, Ito Y, Michiue T, Tazaki A, Kato M. Application of a human mesoderm tissue elongation system in vitro derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to risk assessment for teratogenic chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126124. [PMID: 32092576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic compounds from the mother's diet and medication in addition to genetic factors and infection during pregnancy remain risks for various congenital disorders and misbirth. To ensure the safety of food and drugs for pregnant women, establishment of an in vitro system that morphologically resembles human tissues has been long desired. In this study, we focused on dorsal mesoderm elongation, one of the critical early development events for trunk formation, and we established in vitro autonomous elongating tissues from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This artificial tissue elongation is regulated by MYOSIN II and FGF signaling, and is diminished by methylmercury or retinoic acid (RA), similar to in vivo human developmental disabilities. Moreover, our method for differentiation of hiPSCs requires only a short culture period, and the elongation is cell number-independent. Therefore, our in vitro human tissue elongation system is a potential tool for risk assessment assays for identification of teratogenic chemicals via human tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ninomiya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Intoh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Health Care in Universities, Nagoya, Japan; Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Stem Cell Technologies Lab, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 8916-5, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hisako Ishimine
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Onuma
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Tazaki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Health Care in Universities, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan; Voluntary Body for International Health Care in Universities, Nagoya, Japan.
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48
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Serrano Nájera G, Weijer CJ. Cellular processes driving gastrulation in the avian embryo. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103624. [PMID: 32562871 PMCID: PMC7511600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation consists in the dramatic reorganisation of the epiblast, a one-cell thick epithelial sheet, into a multilayered embryo. In chick, the formation of the internal layers requires the generation of a macroscopic convection-like flow, which involves up to 50,000 epithelial cells in the epiblast. These cell movements locate the mesendoderm precursors into the midline of the epiblast to form the primitive streak. There they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, ingress into the embryo and migrate outward to populate the inner embryonic layers. This review covers what is currently understood about how cell behaviours ultimately cause these morphogenetic events and how they are regulated. We discuss 1) how the biochemical patterning of the embryo before gastrulation creates compartments of differential cell behaviours, 2) how the global epithelial flows arise from the coordinated actions of individual cells, 3) how the cells delaminate individually from the epiblast during the ingression, and 4) how cells move after the ingression following stereotypical migration routes. We conclude by exploring new technical advances that will facilitate future research in the chick model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cornelis J Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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49
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Abstract
Gastrulation is a critical early morphogenetic process of animal development, during which the three germ layers; mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm, are rearranged by internalization movements. Concurrent epiboly movements spread and thin the germ layers while convergence and extension movements shape them into an anteroposteriorly elongated body with head, trunk, tail and organ rudiments. In zebrafish, gastrulation follows the proliferative and inductive events that establish the embryonic and extraembryonic tissues and the embryonic axis. Specification of these tissues and embryonic axes are controlled by the maternal gene products deposited in the egg. These early maternally controlled processes need to generate sufficient cell numbers and establish the embryonic polarity to ensure normal gastrulation. Subsequently, after activation of the zygotic genome, the zygotic gene products govern mesoderm and endoderm induction and germ layer patterning. Gastrulation is initiated during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, a process that entails both activation of the zygotic genome and downregulation of the maternal transcripts. Genomic studies indicate that gastrulation is largely controlled by the zygotic genome. Nonetheless, genetic studies that investigate the relative contributions of maternal and zygotic gene function by comparing zygotic, maternal and maternal zygotic mutant phenotypes, reveal significant contribution of maternal gene products, transcripts and/or proteins, that persist through gastrulation, to the control of gastrulation movements. Therefore, in zebrafish, the maternally expressed gene products not only set the stage for, but they also actively participate in gastrulation morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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50
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Sun J, Macabenta F, Akos Z, Stathopoulos A. Collective Migrations of Drosophila Embryonic Trunk and Caudal Mesoderm-Derived Muscle Precursor Cells. Genetics 2020; 215:297-322. [PMID: 32487692 PMCID: PMC7268997 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm migration in the Drosophila embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Zsuzsa Akos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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