1
|
Hu D, Xu F, Gao Z, Chen K, Guo W, Wang Z, Li S, Feng C. Pleiotropic immunoregulation by growth-blocking peptide in Ostrinia furnacalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:270-282. [PMID: 38329162 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Insects rely on their innate immune system to eliminate pathogenic microbes. As a system component, cytokines transmit intercellular signals to control immune responses. Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) is a member of the stress-responsive peptide family of cytokines found in several orders of insects, including Drosophila. However, the physiological role of GBP in defence against pathogens is not thoroughly understood. In this study, we explored the functions of GBP in a lepidopteran pest, Ostrinia furnacalis. Injection of recombinant O. furnacalis GBP (OfGBP) precursor (proGBP) and chemically synthesised GBP significantly induced the transcription of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other immunity-related genes including immune deficiency (IMD) and Dorsal. The level of OfGBP mRNA was upregulated after bacterial infection. Knockdown of OfGBP expression led to a decrease in IMD, Relish, MyD88 and Dorsal mRNA levels. OfGBP induced phenoloxidase activity and affected hemocyte behaviours in O. furnacalis larvae. In summary, GBP is a potent cytokine, effectively regulating AMP synthesis, melanization response and cellular immunity to eliminate invading pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zupeng Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Guo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zitian Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han IS, Hua J, White JS, O'Connor JT, Nassar LS, Tro KJ, Page-McCaw A, Hutson MS. After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor promotes the restoration of tension in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar66. [PMID: 38536445 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin ∼10 min after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy S Han
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Junmin Hua
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - James S White
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - James T O'Connor
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Lila S Nassar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Kaden J Tro
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ono M, Matsumura T, Sung EJ, Koyama T, Ochiai M, Shears SB, Hayakawa Y. Drosophila cytokine GBP2 exerts immune responses and regulates GBP1 expression through GPCR receptor Mthl10. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 167:104086. [PMID: 38295885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Growth-blocking peptide (GBP), an insect cytokine, was first found in armyworm Mythimna separata. A functional analogue of GBP, stress-responsive peptide (SRP), was also identified in the same species. SRP gene expression has been demonstrated to be enhanced by GBP, indicating that both cytokines are organized within a hierarchical regulatory network. Although GBP1 (CG15917) and GBP2 (CG11395) have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, immunological functions have only been characterized for GBP1. It is expected that the biological responses of two structurally similar peptides should be coordinated, but there is little information on this topic. Here, we demonstrate that GBP2 replicates the GBP1-mediated cellular immune response from Drosophila S2 cells. Moreover, the GBP2-induced response was silenced by pre-treatment with dsRNA targeting the GBP receptor gene, Mthl10. Furthermore, treatment of S2 cells with GBP2 enhanced GBP1 expression levels, but GBP1 did not affect GBP2 expression. GBP2 derived enhancement of GBP1 expression was not observed in the presence of GBP1, indicating that GBP2 is an upstream expressional regulator of a GBP1/GBP2 cytokine network. GBP2-induced enhancement of GBP1 expression was not observed in Mthl10 knockdown cells. Enhancement of GBP2 expression was observed in both Drosophila larvae and S2 cells under heat stress conditions; expressional enhancement of both GBP1 and GBP2 was eliminated in Mthl10 knockdown cells and larvae. Finally, Ca2+ mobilization assay in GCaMP3-expressing S2 cells demonstrated that GBP2 mobilizes Ca2+ upstream of Mthl10. Our finding revealed that Drosophila GBP1 and GBP2 control immune responses as well as their own expression levels through a hierarchical cytokine network, indicating that Drosophila GBP1/GBP2 system can be a simple model that is useful to investigate the detailed regulatory mechanism of related cytokine complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ono
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Eui Jae Sung
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Masanori Ochiai
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yoichi Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmad M, Wu S, Guo X, Perrimon N, He L. Sensing of dietary amino acids and regulation of calcium dynamics in adipose tissues through Adipokinetic hormone in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.04.583442. [PMID: 38496667 PMCID: PMC10942355 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.04.583442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and the subsequent metabolic responses are fundamental functions of animals, closely linked to diseases such as type 2 diabetes and various obesity-related diseases. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model for investigating metabolism and its associated disorders. In this study, we used live-cell imaging to demonstrate that the fly functional homolog of mammalian glucagon, Adipokinetic hormone (AKH), secreted from AKH hormone-producing cells (APCs) in the corpora cardiaca, stimulates intracellular Ca 2+ waves in the larval fat body/adipose tissue to promote lipid metabolism. Further, we show that specific dietary amino acids activate the APCs, leading to increased intracellular Ca 2+ and subsequent AKH secretion. Finally, a comparison of Ca 2+ dynamics in larval and adult fat bodies revealed different mechanisms of regulation, highlighting the interplay of pulses of AKH secretion, extracellular diffusion of the hormone, and intercellular communication through gap junctions. Our study underscores the suitability of Drosophila as a powerful model for exploring real-time nutrient sensing and inter-organ communication dynamics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehaffey TM, Hecht CA, White JS, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Live imaging basement membrane assembly under the pupal notum epithelium. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001105. [PMID: 38525127 PMCID: PMC10958205 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Basement membranes are sheet-like extracellular matrices containing Collagen IV, and they are conserved across the animal kingdom. Basement membranes usually line the basal surfaces of epithelia, where they contribute to structure, maintenance, and signaling. Although adult epithelia contact basement membranes, in early embryos the epithelia contact basement membranes only after basement membranes are assembled in embryogenesis. In Drosophila , the pupal notum epithelium is a useful model for live imaging epithelial cell behaviors, yet it is unclear when the basement membrane assembles in the pupa, as pupae are undergoing metamorphosis, similar to embryogenesis. To characterize the basement membrane in the pupal notum, we used spinning disk fluorescent microscopy to visualize Collagen IV subunit Vkg-GFP and adherens junction protein p120ctnRFP. Bright punctae of Vkg-GFP were observed in the X-Y plane, possibly representing Vkg-containing cells. We found that a thin continuous Vkg-containing basement membrane was evident at 14 h APF, which became more enriched with Vkg-GFP over the next 6 h, indicating the basement membrane is still assembling during that time. Live imaging of the pupal notum during this time could provide insight into formation, assembly, and repair of the basement membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Mehaffey
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chloe A. Hecht
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - James S. White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
White J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wounding increases nuclear ploidy in wound-proximal epidermal cells of the Drosophila pupal notum. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001067. [PMID: 38495588 PMCID: PMC10943363 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After injury, tissues must replace cell mass and genome copy number. The mitotic cycle is one mechanism for replacement, but non-mitotic strategies have been observed in quiescent tissues to restore tissue ploidy after wounding. Here we report that nuclei of the mitotically capable Drosophila pupal notum enlarged following nearby laser ablation. Measuring DNA content, we determined that nuclei within 100 µm of a laser-wound increased their ploidy to ~8C, consistent with one extra S-phase. These data indicate non-mitotic repair strategies are not exclusively utilized by quiescent tissues and may be an underexplored wound repair strategy in mitotic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han I, Hua J, White JS, O'Connor JT, Nassar LS, Tro KJ, Page-McCaw A, Hutson MS. After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor promotes the restoration of tension in epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.31.543122. [PMID: 37398151 PMCID: PMC10312550 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension, we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin about 10 minutes after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Han
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Junmin Hua
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - James S White
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - James T O'Connor
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Lila S Nassar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kaden J Tro
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stricker AM, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Piezo initiates transient production of collagen IV to repair damaged basement membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.573147. [PMID: 38187749 PMCID: PMC10769369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.573147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Basement membranes are sheets of extracellular matrix separating tissue layers and providing mechanical support. Their mechanical properties are determined largely by their most abundant protein, Collagen IV (Col4). Although basement membranes are repaired after damage, little is known about how. To wit, since basement membrane is extracellular it is unknown how damage is detected, and since Col4 is long-lived it is unknown how it is regulated to avoid fibrosis. Using the basement membrane of the adult Drosophila midgut as a model, we show that repair is distinct from maintenance. In healthy conditions, midgut Col4 originates from the fat body, but after damage, a subpopulation of enteroblasts we term "matrix menders" transiently express Col4, and Col4 from these cells is required for repair. Activation of the mechanosensitive channel Piezo is required for matrix menders to upregulate Col4, and the signal to initiate repair is a reduction in basement membrane stiffness. Our data suggests that mechanical sensitivity may be a general property of Col4-producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrie M. Stricker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao C, M’Angale PG, Wang S, Lemieux A, Thomson T. Identifying new players in structural synaptic plasticity through dArc1 interrogation. iScience 2023; 26:108048. [PMID: 37876812 PMCID: PMC10590816 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation, expansion, and pruning of synapses, known as structural synaptic plasticity, is needed for learning and memory, and perturbation of plasticity is associated with many neurological disorders and diseases. Previously, we observed that the Drosophila homolog of Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (dArc1), forms a capsid-like structure, associates with its own mRNA, and is transported across synapses. We demonstrated that this transfer is needed for structural synaptic plasticity. To identify mRNAs that are modified by dArc1 in presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic muscle, we disrupted the expression of dArc1 and performed genomic analysis with deep sequencing. We found that dArc1 affects the expression of genes involved in metabolism, phagocytosis, and RNA-splicing. Through immunoprecipitation we also identified potential mRNA cargos of dArc1 capsids. This study suggests that dArc1 acts as a master regulator of plasticity by affecting several distinct and highly conserved cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xiao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - P. Githure M’Angale
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shuhao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Adrienne Lemieux
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Travis Thomson
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu H, Ahmad S, Duan Z, Shi J, Tang X, Dong Q, Xi C, Ge L, Wu T, Tan Y. The Jinggangmycin-induced Mthl2 gene regulates the development and stress resistance in Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105630. [PMID: 37945234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Methuselah (Mth) belongs to the GPCR family B, which regulates various biological processes and stress responses. The previous transcriptome data showed jinggangmycin (JGM)-induced Mthl2 expression. However, its detailed functional role remained unclear in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål. In adult N. lugens, the Mthl2 gene showed dominant expressions, notably in ovaries and fat body tissues. The 3rd instar nymphs treated with JGM increased starvation, oxidative stress, and high temperature (34 °C) tolerance of the adults. On the contrary, under dsMthl2 treatment, completely opposite phenotypes were observed. The lipid synthesis genes (DGAT1and PNPLA3) of both females and males treated with JGM in the nymphal stage were observed with high expressions, while the lipolysis of the Lipase 3 gene was observed with low expressions. The JGM increased triglyceride (TG) content, fat body droplet size, and the number of fat body droplets. The same treatment also increased the Glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. An increase in the heat shock protein (HSP70 and HSP90) expression levels was also observed under JGM treatment but not dsMthl2. The current study demonstrated the influential role of the Mthl genes, particularly the Mthl2 gene, in modulating the growth and development and stress-responsiveness in N. lugens. Thus, providing a platform for future applied research programs controlling N. lugens population in rice fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheraz Ahmad
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhirou Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Junting Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoqiao Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuanyuan Xi
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Linquan Ge
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China.
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yongan Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
White JS, Su JJ, Ruark EM, Hua J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wound-Induced Syncytia Outpace Mononucleate Neighbors during Drosophila Wound Repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.25.546442. [PMID: 37425719 PMCID: PMC10327115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
All organisms have evolved to respond to injury. Cell behaviors like proliferation, migration, and invasion replace missing cells and close wounds. However, the role of other wound-induced cell behaviors is not understood, including the formation of syncytia (multinucleated cells). Wound-induced epithelial syncytia were first reported around puncture wounds in post-mitotic Drosophila epidermal tissues, but have more recently been reported in mitotically competent tissues such as the Drosophila pupal epidermis and zebrafish epicardium. The presence of wound-induced syncytia in mitotically active tissues suggests that syncytia offer adaptive benefits, but it is unknown what those benefits are. Here, we use in vivo live imaging to analyze wound-induced syncytia in mitotically competent Drosophila pupae. We find that almost half the epithelial cells near a wound fuse to form large syncytia. These syncytia use several routes to speed wound repair: they outpace diploid cells to complete wound closure; they reduce cell intercalation during wound closure; and they pool the resources of their component cells to concentrate them toward the wound. In addition to wound healing, these properties of syncytia are likely to contribute to their roles in development and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S. White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
| | - Jasmine J. Su
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Elizabeth M. Ruark
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Junmin Hua
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heron R, Amato C, Wood W, Davidson AJ. Understanding the diversity and dynamics of in vivo efferocytosis: Insights from the fly embryo. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:27-44. [PMID: 37589239 PMCID: PMC10952863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The clearance of dead and dying cells, termed efferocytosis, is a rapid and efficient process and one that is critical for organismal health. The extraordinary speed and efficiency with which dead cells are detected and engulfed by immune cells within tissues presents a challenge to researchers who wish to unravel this fascinating process, since these fleeting moments of uptake are almost impossible to catch in vivo. In recent years, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) embryo has emerged as a powerful model to circumvent this problem. With its abundance of dying cells, specialist phagocytes and relative ease of live imaging, the humble fly embryo provides a unique opportunity to catch and study the moment of cell engulfment in real-time within a living animal. In this review, we explore the recent advances that have come from studies in the fly, and how live imaging and genetics have revealed a previously unappreciated level of diversity in the efferocytic program. A variety of efferocytic strategies across the phagocytic cell population ensure efficient and rapid clearance of corpses wherever death is encountered within the varied and complex setting of a multicellular living organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Heron
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Clelia Amato
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Will Wood
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andrew J. Davidson
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- School of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Webb G, Zhao XE. Bifurcation analysis of critical values for wound closure outcomes in wound healing experiments. J Math Biol 2023; 86:66. [PMID: 37004561 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear partial differential equation containing a nonlocal advection term and a diffusion term is analyzed to study wound closure outcomes in wound healing experiments. There is an extensive literature of similar models for wound healing experiments. In this paper we study the character of wound closure in these experiments in terms of the sensing radius of cells and the force of cell-cell adhesion. We prove a bifurcation result which differentiates uniform closure of the wound from nonuniform closure of the wound, based on a critical value [Formula: see text] of the force of cell-cell adhesion parameter [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text] the steady state solution [Formula: see text] of the model is stable and the wound closes uniformly. For [Formula: see text] the steady state solution [Formula: see text] of the model is unstable and the wound closes nonuniformly. We provide numerical simulations of the model to illustrate our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Webb
- Mathematics Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA.
| | - Xinyue Evelyn Zhao
- Mathematics Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Byatt TC, Martin P. Parallel repair mechanisms in plants and animals. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286774. [PMID: 36706000 PMCID: PMC9903144 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms have acquired mechanisms for repairing themselves after accidents or lucky escape from predators, but how analogous are these mechanisms across phyla? Plants and animals are distant relatives in the tree of life, but both need to be able to efficiently repair themselves, or they will perish. Both have an outer epidermal barrier layer and a circulatory system that they must protect from infection. However, plant cells are immotile with rigid cell walls, so they cannot raise an animal-like immune response or move away from the insult, as animals can. Here, we discuss the parallel strategies and signalling pathways used by plants and animals to heal their tissues, as well as key differences. A more comprehensive understanding of these parallels and differences could highlight potential avenues to enhance healing of patients' wounds in the clinic and, in a reciprocal way, for developing novel alternatives to agricultural pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Byatt
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Velagala V, Soundarrajan DK, Unger MF, Gazzo D, Kumar N, Li J, Zartman J. The multimodal action of G alpha q in coordinating growth and homeostasis in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523049. [PMID: 36711848 PMCID: PMC9881979 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background G proteins mediate cell responses to various ligands and play key roles in organ development. Dysregulation of G-proteins or Ca 2+ signaling impacts many human diseases and results in birth defects. However, the downstream effectors of specific G proteins in developmental regulatory networks are still poorly understood. Methods We employed the Gal4/UAS binary system to inhibit or overexpress Gαq in the wing disc, followed by phenotypic analysis. Immunohistochemistry and next-gen RNA sequencing identified the downstream effectors and the signaling cascades affected by the disruption of Gαq homeostasis. Results Here, we characterized how the G protein subunit Gαq tunes the size and shape of the wing in the larval and adult stages of development. Downregulation of Gαq in the wing disc reduced wing growth and delayed larval development. Gαq overexpression is sufficient to promote global Ca 2+ waves in the wing disc with a concomitant reduction in the Drosophila final wing size and a delay in pupariation. The reduced wing size phenotype is further enhanced when downregulating downstream components of the core Ca 2+ signaling toolkit, suggesting that downstream Ca 2+ signaling partially ameliorates the reduction in wing size. In contrast, Gαq -mediated pupariation delay is rescued by inhibition of IP 3 R, a key regulator of Ca 2+ signaling. This suggests that Gαq regulates developmental phenotypes through both Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent mechanisms. RNA seq analysis shows that disruption of Gαq homeostasis affects nuclear hormone receptors, JAK/STAT pathway, and immune response genes. Notably, disruption of Gαq homeostasis increases expression levels of Dilp8, a key regulator of growth and pupariation timing. Conclusion Gαq activity contributes to cell size regulation and wing metamorphosis. Disruption to Gαq homeostasis in the peripheral wing disc organ delays larval development through ecdysone signaling inhibition. Overall, Gαq signaling mediates key modules of organ size regulation and epithelial homeostasis through the dual action of Ca 2+ -dependent and independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
16
|
Contractile and expansive actin networks in Drosophila: Developmental cell biology controlled by network polarization and higher-order interactions. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:99-129. [PMID: 37100525 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Actin networks are central to shaping and moving cells during animal development. Various spatial cues activate conserved signal transduction pathways to polarize actin network assembly at sub-cellular locations and to elicit specific physical changes. Actomyosin networks contract and Arp2/3 networks expand, and to affect whole cells and tissues they do so within higher-order systems. At the scale of tissues, actomyosin networks of epithelial cells can be coupled via adherens junctions to form supracellular networks. Arp2/3 networks typically integrate with distinct actin assemblies, forming expansive composites which act in conjunction with contractile actomyosin networks for whole-cell effects. This review explores these concepts using examples from Drosophila development. First, we discuss the polarized assembly of supracellular actomyosin cables which constrict and reshape epithelial tissues during embryonic wound healing, germ band extension, and mesoderm invagination, but which also form physical borders between tissue compartments at parasegment boundaries and during dorsal closure. Second, we review how locally induced Arp2/3 networks act in opposition to actomyosin structures during myoblast cell-cell fusion and cortical compartmentalization of the syncytial embryo, and how Arp2/3 and actomyosin networks also cooperate for the single cell migration of hemocytes and the collective migration of border cells. Overall, these examples show how the polarized deployment and higher-order interactions of actin networks organize developmental cell biology.
Collapse
|
17
|
Turley J, Chenchiah IV, Liverpool TB, Weavers H, Martin P. What good is maths in studies of wound healing? iScience 2022; 25:104778. [PMID: 35996582 PMCID: PMC9391517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an aspect of normal physiology that we all take for granted until it goes wrong, such as, for example, the scarring that results from a severe burn, or those patients who suffer from debilitating chronic wounds that fail to heal. Ever since wound repair research began as a discipline, clinicians and basic scientists have collaborated to try and understand the cell and molecular mechanisms that underpin healthy repair in the hope that this will reveal clues for the therapeutic treatment of pathological healing. In recent decades mathematicians and physicists have begun to join in with this important challenge. Here we describe examples of how mathematical modeling married to biological experimentation has provided insights that biology alone could not fathom. To date, these studies have largely focused on wound re-epithelialization and inflammation, but we also discuss other components of wound healing that might be ripe for similar interdisciplinary approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Turley
- School of Mathematics, Fry Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Isaac V. Chenchiah
- School of Mathematics, Fry Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | | | - Helen Weavers
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Webb G. The force of cell-cell adhesion in determining the outcome in a nonlocal advection diffusion model of wound healing. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:8689-8704. [PMID: 35942731 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A model of wound healing is presented to investigate the connection of the force of cell-cell adhesion to the sensing radius of cells in their spatial environment. The model consists of a partial differential equation with nonlocal advection and diffusion terms, describing the movement of cells in a spatial environment. The model is applied to biological wound healing experiments to understand incomplete wound closure. The analysis demonstrates that for each value of the force of adhesion parameter, there is a critical value of the sensing radius above which complete wound healing does not occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Webb
- Mathematics Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
O’Connor JT, Shannon EK, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Mounting Drosophila pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the dorsal thorax. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101396. [PMID: 35600923 PMCID: PMC9117934 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the preparation of Drosophilamelanogaster pupae for laser ablation and live imaging of the notum (dorsal thorax). Because the pupa is stationary, it can be continuously live imaged for multiple days if desired, making it ideal for studying wound signaling and repair, from before laser ablation through wound closure. In this protocol, we demonstrate the processes of staging, partially dissecting, mounting, wounding, and live imaging the pupal notum, with the wounding occurring during the live imaging process. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to O’Connor et al. (2021b). The Drosophila pupa is an attractive model to study wound repair in vivo The dorsal thorax epithelium is accessible after partial dissection of the pupal case Pupae are mounted on a cover glass and wounded by laser ablation Pupae are imaged live during wounding through wound closure to analyze signaling/repair
Publisher's note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
Collapse
|
20
|
Okamoto N, Watanabe A. Interorgan communication through peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:152-176. [PMID: 35499154 PMCID: PMC9067537 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2061834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, endocrine factors such as hormones and cytokines regulate development and homoeostasis through communication between different organs. For understanding such interorgan communications through endocrine factors, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as an excellent model system due to conservation of essential endocrine systems between flies and mammals and availability of powerful genetic tools. In Drosophila and other insects, functions of neuropeptides or peptide hormones from the central nervous system have been extensively studied. However, a series of recent studies conducted in Drosophila revealed that peptide hormones derived from peripheral tissues also play critical roles in regulating multiple biological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour. Here, we summarise recent advances in understanding target organs/tissues and functions of peripherally derived peptide hormones in Drosophila and describe how these hormones contribute to various biological events through interorgan communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:35-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
22
|
O’Connor J, Akbar FB, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Zones of cellular damage around pulsed-laser wounds. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253032. [PMID: 34570791 PMCID: PMC8476025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After a tissue is wounded, cells surrounding the wound adopt distinct wound-healing behaviors to repair the tissue. Considerable effort has been spent on understanding the signaling pathways that regulate immune and tissue-resident cells as they respond to wounds, but these signals must ultimately originate from the physical damage inflicted by the wound. Tissue wounds comprise several types of cellular damage, and recent work indicates that different types of cellular damage initiate different types of signaling. Hence to understand wound signaling, it is important to identify and localize the types of wound-induced cellular damage. Laser ablation is widely used by researchers to create reproducible, aseptic wounds in a tissue that can be live-imaged. Because laser wounding involves a combination of photochemical, photothermal and photomechanical mechanisms, each with distinct spatial dependencies, cells around a pulsed-laser wound will experience a gradient of damage. Here we exploit this gradient to create a map of wound-induced cellular damage. Using genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins, we monitor damaged cellular and sub-cellular components of epithelial cells in living Drosophila pupae in the seconds to minutes following wounding. We hypothesized that the regions of damage would be predictably arrayed around wounds of varying sizes, and subsequent analysis found that all damage radii are linearly related over a 3-fold range of wound size. Thus, around laser wounds, the distinct regions of damage can be estimated after measuring any one. This report identifies several different types of cellular damage within a wounded epithelial tissue in a living animal. By quantitatively mapping the size and placement of these different types of damage, we set the foundation for tracing wound-induced signaling back to the damage that initiates it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James O’Connor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Fabiha Bushra Akbar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|