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Kumari N, Ahirwar R, Yadav A, Ramakrishnan L, Sagar SK, Mondal PR. ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Cross Sectional Study of Rural Population. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1008-1020. [PMID: 37507644 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The D allele has been identified as being linked to cardiovascular disease since the discovery of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE gene, this polymorphism has been found to have significant associations with a variety of cardiovascular risk factors. Recent findings indicate a rising prevalence of metabolic disorders among rural populations in developing nations. Research on health matters has been predominantly focused on urban populations, with relatively less attention given to their rural counterparts Hence, the present study attempts to estimate the prevalence of ACE gene I/D polymorphism and explore its association with various cardiovascular risk factors among Rural Yadav population from India. In the present study, 207 (Male 47, Female 160) members of the Yadav community participated in the cross-sectional study. All the socio-demographic factors, somatometric (anthropometric) variables, and the intravenous blood was collected and Physiological (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose and lipid profile) parameters were measured as recommended by the American Heart Association, allele-specific PCR of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism was carried out, the PCR products were genotyped on 2% agarose gel Electrophoresis and ACE gene polymorphism was analysed for its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. Among the analysed individuals, 34 (16.4%) were found to have the II genotype, 58 (28.0%) had the ID genotype, and 115 (55.6%) had the DD genotype. The allele frequency of the I allele was found to be 0.31, and the frequency of the D allele was 0.69. The frequency of the DD genotype was found to be significantly higher among individuals with high TC, high TG, and low non-HDL levels (p value < 0.05). When considered collectively, the findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the DD genotype of ACE polymorphism represents a correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Ahirwar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Amarjeet Yadav
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Surender Kumar Sagar
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110036, India
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Atiku SM, Kasozi D, Campbell K. Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE1 and ACE2): A Plausible Explanation for the Global Variation in COVID-19 Prevalence. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2023; 2023:9668008. [PMID: 37051471 PMCID: PMC10085651 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9668008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Although it is common knowledge that the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral infections have an uneven impact globally, the reasons for this are still indistinct. The absence of equivalent capacities worldwide in screening, testing, and reporting of cases is one of the ideas put forward to explain this discrepancy. The molecular developments are noteworthy, particularly the role played by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACEs (ACE1 and ACE2). The virus can enter the host cell thanks to the transmembrane protein ACE2, which is a homolog of ACE1. Objectives. With a focus on the I/D genotype of ACE1 and the rs2285666 SNV of ACE2, we elucidated the prevalence of SNPs in ACE1 and ACE2 in various geographic locations. We examined the relationship between these SNPs and the global patterns of COVID-19 prevalence. Methods. 66 of the 127 articles obtained using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google directly conformed to the search terms; geographical distribution of viral infections, the prevalence of COVID-19, ACE1, ACE2, SNPs, and prevalence of the DD genotype, and rs2285666. Results. The DD genotype of ACE1 and the rs2285666 SNV of ACE2 are vital in their gene expression and contribute greatly to viral disease susceptibility, development, and severity. There was generally a high prevalence of the DD genotype in Europe and America, where COVID-19 had a more devastating effect than in Asia and Africa. The prevalence of the SNV rs2285666 varied in the following order: East Asia> South Asia >America>Europe >Africa. However, there were conflicting agreements in the association of rs2285666 with COVID-19 susceptibility and prevalence. Conclusion. The ACE1 DD genotype and COVID-19 prevalence have been positively linked in a number of studies. The ACE2 rs2285666 SNV, however, has yielded no definitive results. To determine the relationship between these SNVs and COVID-19 incidence, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Mahjub Atiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, P. O. Box 725 Arua, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Habib Medical School Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O. Box 7689 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Kasozi
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, OG.076 / O2.037, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
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Shitomi-Jones LM, Akam L, Hunter D, Singh P, Mastana S. Genetic Risk Scores for the Determination of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in North India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3729. [PMID: 36834424 PMCID: PMC9959290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the fastest-growing noncommunicable multifactorial and polygenic diseases, which leads to many health complications and significant morbidity and mortality. South Asians have a high genetic predisposition to T2DM, with India being home to one in six diabetics. This study investigates the association of selected genetic polymorphisms with T2DM risk and develops a polygenic risk score (PRS). METHODS A case-control study recruited fully consented participants from a population of Jat Sikhs in north India. DNA samples were genotyped for a range of polymorphisms and odds ratios were calculated under several genetic association models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were produced for combinations of the PRS and clinical parameters. RESULTS The GSTT1(rs17856199), GSTM1(rs366631), GSTP1(rs1695), KCNQ1(rs2237892), ACE(rs4646994), and TCF7L2(rs12255372; rs7903146; rs7901695) polymorphisms were associated with increased T2DM risk (p ≤ 0.05). No association was observed with IGF2BP2(rs4402960) or PPARG2(rs1801282). The weighted PRS was found to be significantly higher in patients (mean = 15.4, SD = 3.24) than controls (mean = 11.9, SD = 3.06), and t(454) = -12.2 (p < 0.001). The ROC curve analysis found the weighted PRS in combination with clinical variables to be the most effective predictor of T2DM (area under the curve = 0.844, 95%CI = 0.0.808-0.879). CONCLUSIONS Several polymorphisms were associated with T2DM risk. PRS based on even a limited number of loci improves the prediction of the disease. This may provide a useful method for determining T2DM susceptibility for clinical and public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mitsuko Shitomi-Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Liz Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David Hunter
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Puneetpal Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Leicestershire, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism and related risk factors in impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes: a study among two tribal populations of North-East India. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1037-1044. [PMID: 34757597 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a serious public health concern in India, even the indigenous tribal populations are not left unaffected. The present study aims to understand the association of major risk factors i.e. obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ACE I/D polymorphism with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among two different Mendelian populations of North East India. METHODS Demographic, somatometric, physiological variables along with fasting blood samples were collected from 609 individuals. The participants were screened for ACE I/D polymorphism. RESULTS ACE I/D polymorphism was found to follow HWE among Liangmai tribe but not among Mizo tribe. Distribution of DD genotype/D allele was found to be significantly higher for T2D among Mizo tribe. Significant association were observed between DD genotype/D allele of ACE I/D polymorphism and TC as well as LDL with both IFG and T2D only in Mizo tribe. CONCLUSIONS The present study is an example of gene-environment interaction where DD genotype or D allele and dyslipidemia (high TC and high LDL) are posing risk for IFG and T2D both independently and in combination only among Mizo tribe with relatively less physical activity attributed to their residence in less hilly terrain however Liangmai tribe which resides in high hilly terrain shows no such association.
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Association of APOE genotype with lipid profiles and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Korean population. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:725-735. [PMID: 33864613 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with chronic hyperglycemia and lipid metabolism. A previous genome-wide association study revealed the TOMM40-APOE region as novel locus for T2DM susceptibility. OBJECTIVE This association study was conducted to determine the genetic effects of APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on T2DM susceptibility and lipid profiles in a Korean population. METHODS A total of 6 tagging SNPs, including rs7412 and rs429358, were selected for ε genotype analysis and genotyped in 1436 subjects, consisting of 352 T2DM patients and 1084 unaffected controls. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses were conducted and there were no significant associations among the APOE 6 tagging SNPs, ε genotypes, and haplotypes with T2DM susceptibility. To investigate the association of the APOE tagging SNPs with the lipid profiles, a regression analysis was conducted. As a result, rs7412 was significantly associated with the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (Pcorr = 2.30 × 10-5 and 3.39 × 10-13, respectively) in the unaffected controls. The ε2 allele and ε3 allele were significantly associated with the TC (Pcorr = 4.46 × 10-6 and 0.02, respectively) and LDL levels (Pcorr = 3.54 × 10-14 and 0.0006, respectively) in the unaffected controls. Further analysis of only the unaffected controls was conducted. As a result, the APOE alleles ε2 and ε3 showed a significant association with the TC and LDL levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study may help in understanding APOE polymorphisms and ε alleles and lipid profiles, which have been highly linked to T2DM, in a Korean population.
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Srirojnopkun C, Kietrungwilaikul K, Boonsong K, Thongpoonkaew J, Jeenduang N. Association of APOE and CETP TaqIB Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Med Res 2019; 49:479-485. [PMID: 30853126 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) play an important role in the lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia is one of the complications that found in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of APOE and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms with T2DM and its related metabolic parameters in Southern Thai population. Study subjects were 241 T2DM patients and 275 healthy controls. The APOE and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. APOE polymorphism showed a statistical difference in allele frequencies (p = 0.025) and genotype distributions (p <0.001) between T2DM patients and healthy controls. The E4 carriers were associated with a significantly higher TC, and/or LDL-C levels compared to the E2 and E3 carriers, respectively in all subjects and healthy controls. Moreover, CETP TaqIB B2B2 genotype was significantly higher HDL-C levels compared with B1B1, and B1B2 genotypes in all subjects, and T2DM patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that APOE and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms were not associated with T2DM. In conclusion, APOE and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms might not be the genetic risk factors for T2DM in Southern Thai population, however, APOE and CETP TaqIB polymorphisms were associated with serum lipids in healthy controls and T2DM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatinun Srirojnopkun
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kridtaporn Kietrungwilaikul
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Katesaraphorn Boonsong
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Jetnarong Thongpoonkaew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Nutjaree Jeenduang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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El Ashmawi AA, Hassan NE, Zarouk WA, Mira MF, Khalil A, El-Masry SA, El-Saeed GS, El Hussieny MS, Dwidar OH. Mother-daughter genetic relationship in central obesity. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epag.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Moser VA, Pike CJ. Obesity Accelerates Alzheimer-Related Pathology in APOE4 but not APOE3 Mice. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0077-17.2017. [PMID: 28612048 PMCID: PMC5469027 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0077-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is modified by both genetic and environmental risk factors, which are believed to interact to cooperatively modify pathogenesis. Although numerous genetic and environmental risk factors for AD have been identified, relatively little is known about potential gene-environment interactions in regulating disease risk. The strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4). An important modifiable risk factor for AD is obesity, which has been shown to increase AD risk in humans and accelerate development of AD-related pathology in rodent models. Potential interactions between APOE4 and obesity are suggested by the literature but have not been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, we evaluated this relationship by studying the effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) in the EFAD mouse model, which combines familial AD transgenes with human APOE3 or APOE4. Male E3FAD and E4FAD mice were maintained for 12 weeks on either a control diet or a Western diet high in saturated fat and sugars. We observed that metabolic outcomes of DIO were similar in E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Importantly, our data showed a significant interaction between diet and APOE genotype on AD-related outcomes in which Western diet was associated with robust increases in amyloid deposits, β-amyloid burden, and glial activation in E4FAD but not in E3FAD mice. These findings demonstrate an important gene-environment interaction in an AD mouse model that suggests that AD risk associated with obesity is strongly influenced by APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Zheng L, Li Q. WITHDRAWN: Impact of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and additional gene-obesity interaction on type 2 diabetes risk in a Chinese Han old population. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016:S1871-403X(16)30010-2. [PMID: 27061988 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Anhui Institute of Geriatrics, Ma Anshan, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Anhui Institute of Geriatrics, Ma Anshan, Anhui Province, China.
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Kanimozhi V, Palanivel K, Kadalmani B, Krikun G, Taylor HS. Apolipoprotein E Induction in Syrian Hamster Testis Following Tributyltin Exposure. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1006-1014. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719114522519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kanimozhi
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Palanivel
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Kadalmani
- Department of Animal Science, School of life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Das M, Pal S, Ghosh A. Synergistic effects of ACE (I/D) and Apo E (Hha I) gene polymorphisms on obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose level among the adult Asian Indians: A population-based study from Calcutta, India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17:101-104. [PMID: 23776860 PMCID: PMC3659874 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to determine the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) Hha I gene polymorphisms with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose levels in Asian Indian population. A total of 350 (184 men and 166 women) adult (30 years and above) Asian Indians of Calcutta and suburb participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, fat mass, and blood glucose measures were collected. Out of 350 subjects, a sample of 139 individuals was collected randomly for genotyping (adjusted for age and sex). The ACE and Apo E genotypes were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was observed that neither ACE (I/D) nor Apo E (Hha I) gene polymorphisms showed any significant association with body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, fasting, and post meal blood glucose levels. Even synergistically (ACE + Apo E), these two polymorphisms showed no significant association with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose level. ACE (I/D), Apo E (Hha I), as well as ACE + Apo E seem to have no significant association with obesity, fat mass, and blood glucose levels in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Das
- Department of Anthropology, Sree Chaitanya College, Habra, West Bengal, India
| | - Susil Pal
- Human Genetic Engineering Research Centre, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
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Das M, Pal S, Ghosh A. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and dyslipidaemia in adult Asian Indians: A population based study from Calcutta, India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2011; 14:87-91. [PMID: 20300302 PMCID: PMC2840797 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.45000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM: The study was aimed to determine the association of Apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene polymorphisms on lipid levels in Asian Indian population. METHODS: A total of 350 (184 males and 166 females) adult (30 years and above) Asian Indians of Calcutta and suburb participated in the study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, and blood glucose measures were collected. Out of 350 subjects, a sample of 70 individuals was selected randomly for genotyping after adjusting for age and sex. The apo E gene polymorphisms were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The apo E polymorphism showed significant association with dyslipidaemia (P=0.0135) with ε3/4 combination has had the highest occurrence of dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome (MS) followed by ε4/4 <ε3/3 <ε2/4 <ε2/3 in decreasing order. CONCLUSIONS: The ε4 allele of apo E gene independent of other risk factors is associated with dyslipidaemia in particular with low HDLc and high TC: HDLc ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Das
- Post Graduate Department of Anthropology, Sree Chaitanya College, Habra, West Bengal, India
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Imran M, Ansarullah, Bajpai P, Ramachandran AV, Misra A, Yadav M, Begum R. ACE gene I/D polymorphism in type 2 diabetes: the Gujarat population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1474651411412662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohamad Imran
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Ansarullah
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratima Bajpai
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - AV Ramachandran
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Manjusha Yadav
- Shreenath Hospital, Subhanpura, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Mehri S, Baudin B, Mahjoub S, Zaroui A, Bénéteau-Burnat B, Mechmeche R, Hammami M, Ben Arab S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism in a Tunisian healthy and acute myocardial infarction population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:85-91. [PMID: 20059382 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is controversial. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of the ACE I/D polymorphism on AMI compared with the healthy controls and its relationship with serum ACE activity in a Tunisian population. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 119 patients with AMI were compared with 238 healthy controls from the same geographical area. ACE genotyping was determined by polymerase chain reaction, and serum ACE activity was measured with N-[3-(2-furylacryloyl]-L-phenylalanyl-L-glycyl-L-glycine as substrate. RESULTS The ACE I/D polymorphism was significantly different between patients and controls (p < 0.0001). The frequencies of the DD genotype and the D allele were statistically higher in patients with AMI as compared with the controls and were associated with increased risk of AMI (DD vs. ID and II: odds ratio = 4.27, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval = 2.65-6.86; D vs. I: odds ratio = 3.15, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval = 2.26-4.40). This association was independent of other cardiovascular risk factors but dyslipidemia (p = 0.002) that was not represented in AMI patients with II genotype and in a lower extent with hypertension (p < 0.05). Serum ACE activity was significantly higher in AMI patients with ACE DD genotype compared with the subjects with ID or II genotype (p = 0.034) and was not correlated with other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS ACE DD genotype associated with higher serum ACE activity is increased in the studied population and might be clinically useful as markers to assess risk for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounira Mehri
- Unity of Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
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Adak S, Sengupta S, Chowdhury S, Bhattacharyya M. Co-existence of risk and protective haplotypes of Calpain 10 gene to type 2 diabetes in the eastern Indian population. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2010; 7:63-8. [PMID: 20368234 DOI: 10.1177/1479164109351370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Linkage and association studies have detected a role for Calpain-10 (CAPN10) polymorphisms in susceptibility to T2DM in many populations. This study aimed to evaluate possible associations between three SNPs in the CAPN10 (UCSNPs -43, -19 and -63) gene and T2DM in the east Indian population. The distribution of genotype frequency of UCSNP-63 varied significantly between T2DM patients and controls under a dominant model. The uncommon (T) allele (OR = 3.74, 95% CI: 1.44-9.7) of the UCSNP-63 and haplotype 112 (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.17-9.9) were associated with increased risk of T2DM. On the contrary, the most common haplotype 121 (OR = 0.70 95% CI: 0.50-0.99) was associated with a reduced risk for T2DM. In our population a novel 111/112-haplotype combination created by the CAPN10 UCSNP-43, -19 and -63 was associated with risk of T2DM. Haplotypes 112 and 121 with opposite genetic influences also co-exist in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Adak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India 2Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Government of West Bengal, India
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Niu W, Qi Y, Gao P, Zhu D. Angiotensin converting enzyme D allele is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes: evidence from a meta-analysis. Endocr J 2010; 57:431-8. [PMID: 20160398 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been inconsistent with both positive, null and negative results. We thereby performed a meta-analysis from all English-published reports to examine ACE I/D polymorphism in association with T2D risk. Case-control studies were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science as of Dec 10, 2009. A total of 14 studies with 1985 patients with T2D and 4602 controls were finally identified. Random-effects model was applied irrespective of between-study heterogeneity. Study quality was assessed in duplicate. Compared with ACE I allele, presence of D allele conferred a significant increased risk for T2D (OR=1.33; 95% CI, 1.10-1.61; p=0.003). This trend was potentiated after comparing homozygotes of D allele with I allele with a 90% increased risk (p=0.0008). Carriers of D allele had a moderate increased risk for T2D compared with the II genotype carriers (OR=1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.72; p=0.02), whereas under recessive model this effect was significantly enhanced (OR=1.73; 95% CI, 1.26-2.38; p=0.0008). Subgroup analyses indicated significant association for population-based study design only, as well as among populations from Africa and Europe ancestries rather than from Asia ancestry. No publication bias was observed using the fail-safe number at the level of 0.05. Our results demonstrated that ACE D allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2D, and this effect appeared to be additive. Moreover, this association was more prominent for population-based studies and among Africans and Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Das M, Pal S, Ghosh A. Synergistic effects of ACE (I/D) and ApoE (HhaI) gene polymorphisms among the adult Asian Indians with and without metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86:e58-61. [PMID: 19800705 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 350 (184 males and 166 females) adults participated in the study. A sample of 138 individuals was selected randomly for genotyping. The synergistic effect of ACE (I/D) and ApoE (HhaI) on metabolic syndrome (MS) showed that individuals with e4/4+D/D combination had the highest occurrence of metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Das
- Department of Anthropology, Sree Chaitanya College, West Bengal, India
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Tavilani H, Pourmotabbed T. Butyrylcholinesterase K variant and the APOE-epsilon 4 allele work in synergy to increase the risk of coronary artery disease especially in diabetic patients. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2083-91. [PMID: 19685167 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that butyrylcholinesterase-K (BCHE-K, G1615A/Ala539Thr) variant increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In addition, we have found that the presence of APOE-epsilon 4 allele augments the risk of CAD in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM/CAD). Here we explored the concomitant presences of two alleles of the BCHE-K and APOE-epsilon 4 in increasing the risk of CAD or diabetes in T2DM patients with or without CAD and CAD patients without T2DM. This case-control study comprised 631 subjects undergoing their first coronary angiography. They were matched and randomly assigned into four groups: type II diabetic patients with no sign of CAD (T2DM), type II diabetic patients with CAD/ND (T2DM/CAD), CAD patients with no sign of diabetes (CAD/ND), and healthy individuals (NCAD/ND). BCHE-K variant and APOE genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP and serum lipid level was measured enzymatically. We found that BCHE-K and APOE-epsilon 4 allele act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD in both T2DM, non-diabetic and total CAD (TCAD = T2DM/CAD + CAD/ND) individuals. The level of synergy 1.5 and 1.2 fold are higher in CAD patients (OR = 4.5; P = 0.011) with T2DM than the non-diabetic CAD patients (OR = 3.07; P = 0.024) and TCAD patients (OR = 3.74; P = 0.018), respectively. The CAD subjects with and without T2DM and TCAD patients carrying both APOE-epsilon 4 allele and BCHE-K had significantly lower plasma HDL-C (P values = 0.008, 0.047, and 0.036, respectively) and higher plasma LDL-C (P values = 0.025, 0.048, and 0.04, respectively), than that of the control carriers both APOE-epsilon 4 and BCHE-K. We have found that BCHE-K and APOE-epsilon 4 allele not only act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD, particularly in T2DM subjects in population from western Iran, who have high levels of LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C, suggesting that a specific therapeutic intervention should be considered for these particular groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Avenue, P.O. Box 67148, Kermanshah, 69914, Iran.
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Zhou JB, Yang JK, Lu JK, An YH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:67-73. [PMID: 19655271 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes was investigated in many studies with conflicting results. To clarify this conflict, we performed a meta-analysis on recent previous reports on ACE gene polymorphism and its correlation to type 2 diabetes. A total of 15,166 subjects from 24 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Summary odds ratios (ORs) were estimated. Potential sources of heterogeneity and bias were explored. The D variant was associated with a 14% increased risk of T2D relative to the I variant (OR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04-1.24). In subgroup analysis, Caucasian and East Asians showed significant association. No association was found in the Turkish groups. No publication bias was observed in this meta-analysis by using the Egger method (tau = 1.63, P = 0.12), as well as the Begg's test (z = 1.66, P = 0.10). Cumulative meta-analysis for the allelic contrast showed a trend of association as information accumulated. These data suggested that the variant of ACE I/D had a moderate positive association with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Singh P, Singh M, Kaur T. Role of apolipoproteins E and A-I: epistatic villains of triglyceride mediation in coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2009; 134:410-2. [PMID: 18378026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The epistatic effects of ApoE (HhaI) and ApoA-I (PstI) genes as the genetic modulators of lipid levels were investigated in 165 angiographically verified CHD patients and 120 controls of Punjab, a northwest province of India. It has been revealed that of all the genotypic combinations of ApoE and ApoA-I, E4 allele carriers (E4+) with P1P2 genotype (ApoA-I/PstI) had higher risk of CHD (OR 2.99, CI 1.31-6.8, P<0.01) which exacerbated (OR 3.44, CI 1.45-8.15, P<0.01) after adjustment with the confounders. Individually, neither ApoA-I nor ApoE was found to be associated with TG levels however, pairwise epistasis (additive x additive model) explored their significant synergistic contributions with raised TG levels (P<0.01).
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Baroudi T, Bouhaha R, Moran-Moguel C, Sanchez-Corona J, Ben Maiz H, Kammoun Abid H, Benammar-Elgaaied A. Association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with type 2 diabetes in two ethnic groups of Jerba Island in Tunisia. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:35-40. [PMID: 19286757 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on the prediction of type 2 diabetes in two ethnic populations from Jerba Island,Tunisia. Methods. In this study, we analysed the genotypic and the allelic distributions of the ACE I/D polymorphism and conducted a case/control association study between healthy normoglycaemic controls and diabetic patients in the two studied groups.ACE gene polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction in 272 individuals consisting of 172 diabetic subjects and 100 controls. Results.The genotype frequencies for DD, ID and II were 75.50%, 19.60% and 4.89% inArabs and 76.66%, 16.66% and 6.67% in Berbers, respectively, in the case group, and 42.85%, 35.71% and 21.43% inArabs and 57.50%, 22.50% and 20.00% in Berbers, respectively, in the control group.The DD frequency was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p<0.001), suggesting that the DD genotype is associated with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in our study populations. Conclusions.The current investigation provides new evidence regarding the role of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Jerbian populations. Furthermore, it underlines the importance of ethnicity, which should be considered in all studies aiming to test the genetic effects on the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Baroudi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar II University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Bouhaha
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar II University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chrystine Moran-Moguel
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centre of Biomedical Research for West, The Mexican Institute of the Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jose Sanchez-Corona
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centre of Biomedical Research for West, The Mexican Institute of the Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hedi Ben Maiz
- Hospital Charles Nicolle, Internal Medicine A, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Amel Benammar-Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, El Manar II University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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Liu YI, Wise PH, Butte AJ. The "etiome": identification and clustering of human disease etiological factors. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10 Suppl 2:S14. [PMID: 19208189 PMCID: PMC2646245 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-s2-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to human diseases. Most common diseases are influenced by a large number of genetic and environmental factors, most of which individually have only a modest effect on the disease. Though genetic contributions are relatively well characterized for some monogenetic diseases, there has been no effort at curating the extensive list of environmental etiological factors. Results From a comprehensive search of the MeSH annotation of MEDLINE articles, we identified 3,342 environmental etiological factors associated with 3,159 diseases. We also identified 1,100 genes associated with 1,034 complex diseases from the NIH Genetic Association Database (GAD), a database of genetic association studies. 863 diseases have both genetic and environmental etiological factors available. Integrating genetic and environmental factors results in the "etiome", which we define as the comprehensive compendium of disease etiology. Clustering of environmental factors may alert clinicians of the risks of added exposures, or synergy in interventions to alter these factors. Clustering of both genetic and environmental etiological factors puts genes in the context of environment in a quantitative manner. Conclusion In this paper, we obtained a comprehensive list of associations between disease and environmental factors using MeSH annotation of MEDLINE articles. It serves as a summary of current knowledge between etiological factors and diseases. By combining the environmental etiological factors and genetic factors from GAD, we computed the "etiome" profile for 863 diseases. Comparing diseases across these profiles may have utility for clinical medicine, basic science research, and population-based science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi I Liu
- Stanford Medical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype and Acute Pancreatitis in TurkeyThe renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme which activates RAS. The ACE intron 16 insertion/ deletion (I/D) polymorphism is associated with ACE activity and is considered to be a risk factor for several inflammatory processes. We investigated this polymorphism in 68 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and 157 healthy Turkish control subjects. Patients were evaluated with ultrasonography, abdominal tomography and laboratory markers and grouped by status for diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and both these diseases and by etiology. Genotyping of the I/D polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DD genotype was more prevalent in healthy controls, however, genotype II was significantly more frequent in AP patients (p <0.05). In severe AP patients, the genotype II frequency was significantly higher than in controls (p <0.05). Acute pancreatitis patients with both DM and HT had lower frequencies of genotype DD and of the D allele, and higher frequencies of genotype II and of the I allele than patients with either DM or HT (p <0.05).
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Profenno LA, Faraone SV. Diabetes and overweight associate with non-APOE4 genotype in an Alzheimer's disease population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:822-9. [PMID: 18189240 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), and studies suggest that pathogenic effects of diabetes and insulin resistance may be associated with non-APOE4 AD. Therefore, we examined association of the APOE4 allele with diabetes in an AD population. Retrospective and cross-sectional clinical and APOE-genotype data on 465 cases with probable or definite AD previously ascertained by the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative were analyzed by regression analysis. Dependent variables included presence of APOE4 alleles and AD onset age. Diabetes was the independent variable and covariates included gender, hypertension, and other potentially confounding variables. We also examined for interactions involving weight status as overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for insulin resistance, diabetes and AD. Prevalence of diabetes was 13% among AD cases without an APOE4 allele and 5-6% among AD cases with one or two APOE4 alleles. Odds ratio for diabetes was 0.26 [95% CI: 0.09-0.73; P = 0.011] by APOE4 status after adjusting for all covariates. Diabetes did not associate with AD onset age. Among other independent variables included in the model, APOE4 and diuretic medication treatment were associated with AD onset age. In a subset of cases with body mass index determinations, overweight also exhibited an inverse association with APOE4 and associated with decreased non-APOE4 AD onset age. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with diabetes and overweight are enriched in AD cases without an APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Profenno
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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van Valkengoed IGM, Stronks K, Hahntow IN, Hoekstra JBL, Holleman F. The angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and differences in fasting plasma glucose in Hindustani Surinamese, African Surinamese and ethnic Dutch: the population-based SUNSET-study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81:e12-4. [PMID: 18439702 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and glycemic state. Diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose and mean fasting glucose were not associated with genotype among Hindustani Surinamese, African Surinamese and Dutch participants. Our results cast (further) doubts on the association between ACE and glycemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene G M van Valkengoed
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, J2-207 Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Arfa I, Abid A, Nouira S, Elloumi-Zghal H, Malouche D, Mannai I, Zorgati MM, Ben Alaya N, Rebai A, Zouari B, Ben Ammar S, Ben Rayana MC, Hmida S, Blousa-Chabchoub S, Abdelhak S. Lack of association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (I/D) polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in Tunisian type 2 diabetic patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2008; 9:32-6. [DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2008.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is associated with diabetic nephropathy and type 2 diabetes in the Tunisian population.Design. A case-control study was conducted among 141 unrelated type 2 diabetic patients with (90 patients) or without nephropathy (51 patients) and 103 non-diabetic controls with normal fasting blood glucose. Genotyping was performed using a nested polymerase chain reaction amplification in order to identify correctly heterozygous individuals.Results. The distribution of DD, ID and II genotypes did not significantly differ between type 2 diabetic patients with or without nephropathy (DD: 44%; ID: 46%; II: 10% vs. DD: 41%; ID: 47 %; II: 12%, respectively).There was also no significant statistical difference between the genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the (I/D) polymorphism in all type 2 diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic controls with normal fasting blood glucose (DD: 43%; ID: 46%; II: 11% vs. DD: 37%; ID: 48% ;II: 15%, respectively).Conclusions. In the present preliminary study, the (I/D) polymorphis within the ACE gene is likely not associated with diabetic nephropathy nor with type 2 diabetes in the Tunisian studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Arfa
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Sonia Nouira
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia, sonia.abdelhak @pasteur.rns.tn
| | - Houda Elloumi-Zghal
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhafer Malouche
- Engineering school of statistic and information analysis (LEGI-EPT-ESSAIT), University of 7th November at Carthage Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Mannai
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia, Engineering school of statistic and information analysis (LEGI-EPT-ESSAIT), University of 7th November at Carthage Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Majdi Zorgati
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nissaf Ben Alaya
- Laboratory of Epidemiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Béchir Zouari
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School University of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Slim Ben Ammar
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Slama Hmida
- National Center of Blood Transfusion Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Molecular Investigation of Genetic Orphan Diseases Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Tunis, Tunisia
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Nomani H, Tavilani H, Pourmotabbed T. The presence of apolipoprotein epsilon4 and epsilon2 alleles augments the risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:1150-6. [PMID: 17689519 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that there is a relationship between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and the severity of coronary artery disease in type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study specifically aimed to examine whether APOE polymorphism in association with serum lipids-lipoproteins level is a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients living in western of Iran. METHODS The APOE genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP in 152 angiographically documented diabetic CAD patients, 262 non-diabetic (ND) individuals with CAD and 300 unrelated controls (normal coronary artery cases without diabetes) and serum lipid level was measured enzymatically. RESULTS The APOE-epsilon4 and epsilon2 allele frequencies were significantly higher in the CAD/T2DM and CAD/ND patients than in the control group (p<0.001). Our study demonstrated a significant association between APOE polymorphism and the level of plasma lipids with CAD/T2DM (p=0.001) and CAD/ND (p=0.026) patients. The CAD subjects with T2DM and ND patients carrying APOE-epsilon4 allele had lower plasma HDL-C level (p<0.001), (p=0.008) but had higher plasma LDL-C (p=0.01), total cholesterol (p=0.002), (p=0.03) and TG (p<0.001), (p=0.042) than that of the APOE-epsilon3 carriers, respectively. However, carriers of APOE-epsilon2 had significantly higher levels of plasma TG only. OR of APOE-epsilon4 and epsilon2 alleles in CAD/T2DM and CAD/ND patients were found to be 2.98 (p=0.001),1.86 (p=0.001), 2 (p=0.001), and 1.65 (p=0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The major finding of the present case-control study is that T2DM patients carrying APOE-epsilon2 and epsilon4 alleles have a higher risk of developing CAD than ND patients in the western population of Iran, with APOE-epsilon4 being more closely associated with CAD than the APOE-epsilon2 allele. These results indicated that carriers of APOE-epsilon4 allele have a distinct plasma lipids profile and carrier of this allele with low levels of HDL-C and with high levels of LDL-C may be susceptible to CAD and myocardial infarction specially in diabetic patients. This suggests that a therapeutic modality should be considered for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:170-96. [PMID: 17940437 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3280d5f7e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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