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Ribeiro PM, Querido SMR, Back-Brito GN, Mota AJ, Koga-Ito CY, Jorge AOC. Research on Candida dubliniensis in a Brazilian yeast collection obtained from cardiac transplant, tuberculosis, and HIV-positive patients, and evaluation of phenotypic tests using agar screening methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:81-6. [PMID: 21763095 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to research Candida dubliniensis among isolates present in a Brazilian yeast collection and to evaluate the main phenotypic methods for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis from oral cavity. A total of 200 isolates, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis obtained from heart transplant patients under immunosuppressive therapy, tuberculosis patients under antibiotic therapy, HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy, and healthy subjects, were analyzed using the following phenotypic tests: formation and structural arrangement of chlamydospores on corn meal agar, casein agar, tobacco agar, and sunflower seed agar; growth at 45 °C; and germ tube formation. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a preliminary screen for C. dubliniensis, 48 of the 200 isolates on corn meal agar, 30 of the 200 on casein agar, 16 of the 200 on tobacco agar, and 15 of the 200 on sunflower seed agar produced chlamydoconidia; 27 of the 200 isolates showed no or poor growth at 45 °C. All isolates were positive for germ tube formation. These isolates were considered suggestive of C. dubliniensis. All of them were subjected to PCR analysis using C. dubliniensis-specific primers. C. dubliniensis isolates were not found. C. dubliniensis isolates were not recovered in this study done with immunocompromised patients. Sunflower seed agar was the medium with the smallest number of isolates of C. albicans suggestive of C. dubliniensis. None of the phenotypic methods was 100% effective for discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Monteiro Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, São José dos Campos Dental School, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is increasing as an opportunistic pathogen causing candidemia and candidiasis worldwide. In addition, other non-albicans Candida species are now also associated with pertinent infections. These include the closely related C. dubliniensis, which shares many phenotypic similarities with C. albicans. These similarities pose problems in the identification of isolates and have previously led to misidentification of these species. As a result, several identification techniques based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics have been developed to differentiate between these Candida species. This review will focus on the similarities and differences between these two Candida species highlighting different identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Abstract
Candida africana is a recently described opportunistic yeast pathogen that has been linked to vaginal candidiasis. This yeast was first described, in 1995, as atypical chlamydospore-negative Candida albicans strain, and subsequently proposed as a new Candida species on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics clearly different from those of typical C. albicans isolates. Phylogenetic studies based on the comparison of ribosomal DNA sequences demonstrated that C. africana and C. albicans isolates are too closely related to draw any conclusions regarding the status of a new species. Therefore, on the basis of these studies, some authors considered C. africana as a biovar of C. albicans even if genetic differences may be found if additional regions of genomic DNA are sequenced. The taxonomic situation of C. africana and its phylogenetic relationship with other Candida species is still controversial and remains, at present, a matter of debate. Our goal is to review the current knowledge about C. africana and highlight the development of rapid and accurate tests for its discrimination from C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea. Furthermore, through the analysis of literature data, we have found that C. africana has a worldwide distribution and a considerable number of features making its study particularly interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Romeo
- Department of Life Sciences Marcello Malpighi, Section of Microbiological, Genetic and Molecular Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Scheid LA, Mario DAN, Heins-Vaccari EM, Santuario JM, Alves SH. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans with the use of killer toxins. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:161-2. [PMID: 20602027 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report the ability of killer toxins, previously used as biotyping techniques, as a new tool to differentiate C. albicans from C. dubliniensis. The susceptibility of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis to killer toxins ranged from 33.9 to 93.3% and from 6.67 to 93.3%, respectively.
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DRBC agar: a new tool for Candida dubliniensis identification. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:155-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Loreto ES, Scheid LA, Nogueira CW, Zeni G, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Candida dubliniensis: Epidemiology and Phenotypic Methods for Identification. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:431-43. [PMID: 20490751 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erico Silva Loreto
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Khlif M, Sellami A, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. [Candida dubliniensis: Identification methods and epidemiologic implication]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:166-72. [PMID: 19046828 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis was recently described (1995) associated with oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. This organism is very closely related to the pathogenic human yeast, Candida albicans, and share a great number of phenotypic and genotypic characters. This great similarity limits the discrimination between these two species. Several phenotypic and molecular methods were developed. The phenotypic methods are simply used in routine discrimination between these two species and depend on the growth at high temperature, sugar assimilation, growth on special mediums and chlamydospore production…; but these methods are insensitive in discrimination between these two species. The molecular biology methods are highly reliable and able to confirm rapidly the identification of this species. In this article, we will review the various studies run out concerning the methods deployed for the identification of C. dubliniensis as well as the epidemiological implication of this new pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khlif
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, faculté de médecine de Sfax, avenue Magida-Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
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Molecular epidemiology of Candida albicans and its closely related yeasts Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:212-4. [PMID: 18987171 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01540-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a molecular study to determine the occurrence of Candida albicans, Candida africana, and Candida dubliniensis in different clinical samples. The study provides new insights into the epidemiology of candidiasis in hospitalized patients in three hospitals in southern Italy. It also reports the first detailed epidemiological data concerning the occurrence of C. africana in clinical samples.
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Blanco MT, Sacristán B, Beteta A, Fernández-Calderón MC, Hurtado C, Pérez-Giraldo C, Gómez-García AC. Cellular surface hydrophobicity as an additional phenotypic criterion applied to differentiate strains of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 60:129-31. [PMID: 17900846 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) determination as an additional criterion to differentiate Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis. Our results show that C. albicans when grown at 37 degrees C in Sabouraud is always hydrophilic, and C. dubliniensis presents high CSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Blanco
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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de Loreto ÉS, Pozzatti P, Alves Scheid L, Santurio D, Morais Santurio J, Alves SH. Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on rosemary extract agar and oregano extract agar. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:172-7. [PMID: 18484650 PMCID: PMC6649199 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a recently described pathogenic species which shares many phenotypic features with Candida albicans and therefore, may be misidentified in microbiological laboratories. Because molecular methods can be onerous and unfeasible in routine mycological laboratories with restricted budgets such as those in developing countries, phenotypic techniques have been encouraged in the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of these species. We examined the colony morphology and chlamydospore production of 30 C. dubliniensis isolates and 100 C. albicans isolates on two new proposed media: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract agar (REA) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract agar (OEA). These substrates are traditionally used as spices and medicinal herbs. In both of these media, all C. dubliniensis isolates (100%) showed rough colonies with peripheral hyphal fringes and abundant chlamydospores after 24 to 48 hr of incubation at 25 degrees C. In contrast, under the same conditions, all isolates of C. albicans (100%) showed smooth colonies without hyphal fringes or chlamydospores. In conclusion, REA and OEA offer a simple, rapid, and inexpensive screening media for the differentiation of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érico Silva de Loreto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pozzatti
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliane Alves Scheid
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Deise Santurio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Paugam A, Baixench MT, Viguié C. [An update on Candida dubliniensis]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 38:1-7. [PMID: 18065177 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eleven years ago, Irish authors, using molecular biology, demonstrated the existence of Candida dubliniensis, a new species of Candida close to Candida albicans. Initially isolated from AIDS patients with oral candidiasis, this species was detected, even in immunocompetent patients. Recently, with new, easy to implement identification tests (latex, immunochromatography), numerous epidemiological studies were undertaken. In most studies, C. dubliniensis was most often identified in the oral cavity. In the absence of HIV infection, the proportion C. dubliniensis/C. albicans ranged from 1 to 5% but it increased to 15-20% in case of HIV infection. It should be stressed that, from an experimental point of view, the acquisition of a secondary resistance to fluconazole is more quickly obtained with C. dubliniensis that with C. albicans, this resistance remains exceptionally observed in clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paugam
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, groupe hospitalier Cochin-Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
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CHRYSSANTHOU E, FERNANDEZ V, PETRINI B. Performance of commercial latex agglutination tests for the differentiation ofCandida dubliniensisandCandida albicansin routine diagnostics. APMIS 2007; 115:1281-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0643.2007.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Staib P, Morschhäuser J. Chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis? an enigmatic developmental programme. Mycoses 2007; 50:1-12. [PMID: 17302741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydospore formation has served for a long time for identification of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, but the biological function of these structures still remains a secret. They have been proposed to allow survival in harsh environmental conditions, but this assumption remains to be proven. Chlamydospores are produced only by the two closely related species C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis, whose natural habitats are humans and warm-blooded animals, but not by other Candida species that are also found outside animal hosts. However, no role in the pathogenesis of Candida infections has been assigned to these unusual cells and only a limited number of studies have been conducted in the past to unravel their function. The development of new molecular tools and the recent discovery of mating in C. albicans have also restimulated investigations to understand the morphogenesis and function of chlamydospores. The finding that chlamydospore formation is differentially controlled by certain environmental signals in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis has opened new approaches to study the regulation of this morphogenetic programme. These studies have already identified genes and signalling pathways that are required for chlamydospore production and should lead to a detailed understanding of this fascinating developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Staib
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
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